Bruselas ( francés : Bruxelles [bʁysɛl] ( escucha ) o[bʁyksɛl] ( escuchar ) ; Holandés : Brussel [ˈBrʏsəl] ( escuchar ) ), oficialmente la Región de Bruselas-Capital [7] [8] (francés: Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; [a] holandés: Bruselas Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ), [b] es una región de Bélgica que comprende 19 municipios , incluida la ciudad de Bruselas , que es la capital de Bélgica . [9] La Región de Bruselas-Capital se encuentra en la parte central del país y forma parte tanto de la Comunidad Francesa de Bélgica [10] como de la Comunidad Flamenca., [11] pero está separada de la Región Flamenca (dentro de la cual forma un enclave ) y la Región Valona . [12] [13] Bruselas es la región más densamente poblada y más rica de Bélgica en términos de PIB per cápita . [14] Cubre 162 km 2 (63 millas cuadradas), un área relativamente pequeña en comparación con las otras dos regiones, y tiene una población de más de 1,2 millones. [15] El área metropolitana de Bruselas, cinco veces más grande, comprende más de 2,5 millones de personas, lo que la convierte en la más grande de Bélgica. [16] [17] [18] También es parte de una gran conurbación que se extiende hacia Gante , Amberes , Lovaina y Brabante Valón , hogar de más de 5 millones de personas. [19]
Bruselas Bruselas ( francés ) Bruselas ( holandés ) | |
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Un collage con varias vistas de Bruselas, Arriba: Vista del distrito de negocios del Barrio Norte , 2a a la izquierda: Evento de alfombra floral en la Grand Place , 2a a la derecha: Ayuntamiento y área de Mont des Arts , 3a: Parque del Cincuentenario , 4a a la izquierda: Manneken Pis , Cuarto centro: Catedral de San Miguel y Santa Gudula , cuarto a la derecha: Columna del Congreso , Abajo: Palacio Real de Bruselas | |
Bandera | |
Apodos: Capital de Europa, [1] Ciudad del cómic [2] | |
Bruselas Ubicación de Bruselas en Bélgica | |
Coordenadas: 50 ° 51′N 4 ° 21′E / 50.850 ° N 4.350 ° E / 50,850; 4.350Coordenadas : 50 ° 51'N 4 ° 21'E / 50.850 ° N 4.350 ° E / 50,850; 4.350 | |
País | Bélgica |
Comunidad | Comunidad francesa Comunidad flamenca |
Establecido | C. 580 |
Fundado | 979 |
Región | 18 de junio de 1989 |
Capital | Ciudad de bruselas |
Municipios | Lista
|
Gobierno | |
• Ejecutivo | Gobierno de la Región de Bruselas-Capital |
• Partidos gobernantes (2014-19) | PS , FDF , cdH ; Open Vld , sp.a , CD&V |
• Ministro-Presidente | Rudi Vervoort (PS) |
• Legislatura | Parlamento de la Región de Bruselas-Capital |
• Altavoz | Charles Picqué (PS) |
Área [3] | |
• Región / ciudad | 162,4 km 2 (62,7 millas cuadradas) |
Elevación | 13 m (43 pies) |
Población (1 de enero de 2019) [4] | |
• Región / ciudad | 1.208.542 |
• Estimación (1 de enero de 2020) | 1.212.352 |
• Densidad | 7.400 / km 2 (19.000 / millas cuadradas) |
• Metro | 2.500.000 |
Demonym (s) | fr Bruxellois (e) , nl Brusselaar / Brusselse |
Demografía | |
• Idiomas | Francés holandés |
Zona horaria | UTC + 1 ( CET ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC + 2 ( CEST ) |
ISO 3166 | BE-BRU |
Códigos postales) | 42 códigos postales |
Código (s) de área | 02 |
PIB (nominal) [5] | 2019 |
- total | 87.000 millones de euros (99.000 millones de dólares) |
- Per cápita | € 71,100 ($ 81210) |
GeoTLD | .Bruselas |
IDH (2018) | 0,946 [6] muy alto · 1º |
Sitio web | be.brussels |
Bruselas pasó de ser un pequeño asentamiento rural en el río Senne a convertirse en una importante ciudad-región de Europa. Desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , ha sido un importante centro de política internacional y hogar de numerosas organizaciones internacionales, políticos, diplomáticos y funcionarios públicos. [20] Bruselas es la capital de facto de la Unión Europea , ya que alberga varias de las principales instituciones de la UE , incluidos sus poderes administrativo-legislativo , ejecutivo-político y legislativo (aunque el poder judicial se encuentra en Luxemburgo y el El Parlamento se reúne una minoría del año en Estrasburgo ). [21] [22] [c] Su nombre se utiliza a veces de forma metonímica para describir la UE y sus instituciones. [23] [24] La secretaría del Benelux y la sede de la OTAN también se encuentran en Bruselas. [25] [26] Como capital económica de Bélgica y uno de los principales centros financieros de Europa Occidental con Euronext Bruselas , está clasificada como una ciudad global Alfa . [27] Bruselas es un centro para el tráfico ferroviario, por carretera y aéreo, [28] a veces se ha ganado el sobrenombre de "Encrucijada de Europa". [29] El metro de Bruselas es el único sistema de tránsito rápido de Bélgica. Además, tanto su aeropuerto como sus estaciones de tren son las más grandes y concurridas del país. [30] [31]
Históricamente de habla holandesa, Bruselas vio un cambio de idioma al francés desde finales del siglo XIX. [32] La Región de Bruselas-Capital es oficialmente bilingüe en francés y holandés, [33] [34] a pesar de que el francés es ahora la lengua franca con más del 90% de los habitantes que pueden hablarlo. [35] [36] Bruselas también se está volviendo cada vez más multilingüe. Casi un tercio de la población habla inglés como segundo idioma y muchos inmigrantes y expatriados también hablan otros idiomas. [35] [37]
Bruselas es conocida por su cocina y gastronomía, [38] así como por sus hitos históricos y arquitectónicos; algunos de ellos están registrados como sitios del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO . [39] Las principales atracciones incluyen su histórica Grand Place , Manneken Pis , el Atomium e instituciones culturales como La Monnaie / De Munt y los Museos de Arte e Historia . Debido a su larga tradición de cómics belgas , Bruselas también es aclamada como la capital del cómic . [2] [40]
Toponimia
Etimología
La teoría más común del origen del nombre Bruselas es que deriva del antiguo holandés Bruocsella , Broekzele o Broeksel , que significa "pantano" ( bruoc / broek ) y "hogar" ( sella / zele / sel ) o "hogar en el pantano". [41] San Vindicianus , obispo de Cambrai , hizo la primera referencia registrada al lugar Brosella en 695, [42] cuando todavía era una aldea . Los nombres de todos los municipios de la Región de Bruselas-Capital también son de origen holandés , a excepción de Evere , que es celta .
Pronunciación
En francés , Bruxelles se pronuncia[bʁysɛl] (la x se pronuncia / s / , como en inglés , y la s finales muda) y en holandés, Brussel se pronuncia[ˈBrʏsəl] . Los habitantes de Bruselas son conocidos en francés como Bruxellois (pronunciado[bʁysɛlwa] (escuchar )) y en holandés comoBrusselaars(pronunciado[ˈBrʏsəlaːrs] ). En el dialecto brabantiano de Bruselas (conocido como Bruselas , y también llamado a veces Marols ), [43] se les llama Brusseleers [44] o Brusseleirs .
Originalmente, la x escrita indicaba el grupo / k s / . En la pronunciación del francés belga , así como en el holandés, la k finalmente desapareció y la z se convirtió en s , como se refleja en la ortografía holandesa actual , mientras que en la forma francesa más conservadora , la ortografía se mantuvo. [45] La pronunciación / k s / en francés solo data del siglo XVIII, pero esta modificación no afectó el uso tradicional de Bruselas. En Francia , las pronunciaciones[bʁyksɛl] y[bʁyksɛlwa] (para bruxellois ) se escuchan a menudo, pero son bastante raros en Bélgica. [46]
Historia
Ducado de Brabante 1183-1430
Países Bajos de Borgoña 1430–1482
Habsburgo, Países Bajos 1482-1556
Países Bajos españoles 1556-1714
Países Bajos austríacos 1714-1746
Reino de Francia 1746-1749
Países Bajos austríacos 1749–1794
Primera República Francesa 1795–1804
Primer Imperio Francés 1804-1815
Reino Unido de los Países Bajos 1815-1830
Historia temprana
La historia de Bruselas está íntimamente ligada a la de Europa Occidental . Vestigios de asentamientos humanos se remontan a la Edad de Piedra , con vestigios y topónimos relacionados con la civilización de los megalitos , dólmenes y menhires ( Plattesteen en la ciudad de Bruselas y Tomberg en Woluwe-Saint-Lambert , por ejemplo). Durante la antigüedad tardía , la región fue el hogar de la ocupación romana , como lo atestiguan las pruebas arqueológicas descubiertas en el sitio actual de Tour & Taxis . [47] [48] Tras la decadencia del Imperio Romano Occidental , se incorporó al Imperio franco .
El origen del asentamiento que se convertiría en Bruselas se encuentra en la construcción de Saint Gaugericus de una capilla en una isla en el río Senne alrededor de 580. [49] [Se necesita una mejor fuente ] La fundación oficial de Bruselas generalmente se sitúa alrededor de 979, cuando Duke Carlos de la Baja Lotaringia transfirió las reliquias de Santa Gudula desde Moorsel (ubicada en la actual provincia de Flandes Oriental ) a la capilla de San Gaugericus. Carlos construiría la primera fortificación permanente de la ciudad, haciéndolo en esa misma isla.
Edad media
Lambert I de Lovaina , conde de Lovaina , ganó el condado de Bruselas alrededor del año 1000 al casarse con la hija de Carlos. Por su ubicación a orillas del Senne, en una importante ruta comercial entre Brujas y Gante , y Colonia , Bruselas se convirtió en un centro comercial especializado en el comercio textil. La ciudad creció con bastante rapidez y se extendió hacia la ciudad alta ( áreas de Treurenberg , Coudenberg y Sablon / Zavel ), donde había un menor riesgo de inundaciones. A medida que creció a una población de alrededor de 30,000, las marismas circundantes se drenaron para permitir una mayor expansión. Por esta época, se iniciaron las obras de lo que hoy es la Catedral de San Miguel y Santa Gúdula (1225), en sustitución de una antigua iglesia románica . En 1183, los condes de Lovaina se convirtieron en duques de Brabante . Brabante, a diferencia del condado de Flandes, no era feudo del rey de Francia, sino que se incorporó al Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico . A principios del siglo XIII, se construyeron las primeras Fortificaciones de Bruselas , [50] y después de esto, la ciudad creció significativamente. Para permitir la expansión de la ciudad, se levantó un segundo conjunto de murallas entre 1356 y 1383. Aún se pueden ver huellas de estas murallas, aunque el pequeño anillo , una serie de calzadas que delimitan el centro histórico de la ciudad, sigue su curso anterior.
Temprano moderno
En el siglo XV, el matrimonio entre la heredera Margarita III de Flandes y Felipe el Temerario , duque de Borgoña , produjo un nuevo duque de Brabante de la Casa de Valois (a saber , Antoine , su hijo). En 1477, el duque de Borgoña Carlos el Temerario murió en la batalla de Nancy . A través del matrimonio de su hija María de Borgoña (que nació en Bruselas) con el emperador Maximiliano I del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico , los Países Bajos cayeron bajo la soberanía de los Habsburgo . Brabante se integró en este estado compuesto, y Bruselas floreció como la capital principesca de los prósperos Países Bajos borgoñones , también conocidos como las Diecisiete Provincias . Después de la muerte de María en 1482, su hijo Felipe el Hermoso sucedió como duque de Borgoña y Brabante.
Felipe murió en 1506, y fue sucedido por su hijo Carlos V, quien luego también se convirtió en Rey de España (coronado en la Catedral de San Miguel y Santa Gudula ) e incluso en Emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico a la muerte de su abuelo Maximiliano I, Santo Emperador romano en 1519. Carlos era ahora el gobernante de un Imperio Habsburgo "en el que el sol nunca se pone" con Bruselas como su principal capital. [51] [52] Fue en el complejo del Palacio de Coudenberg donde Carlos V fue declarado mayor de edad en 1515, y fue allí en 1555 donde abdicó de todas sus posesiones y pasó los Países Bajos de los Habsburgo a Felipe II de España . Este impresionante palacio, famoso en toda Europa, se había expandido enormemente desde que se convirtió por primera vez en la sede de los duques de Brabante, pero fue destruido por un incendio en 1731.
En el siglo XVII, Bruselas fue un centro de la industria del encaje . En 1695, durante la Guerra de los Nueve Años , el rey Luis XIV de Francia envió tropas para bombardear Bruselas con artillería . Junto con el incendio resultante, fue el evento más destructivo en toda la historia de Bruselas. La Grand Place fue destruida, junto con 4.000 edificios, un tercio de todos los edificios de la ciudad. La reconstrucción del centro de la ciudad , efectuada durante los años siguientes, cambió profundamente su aspecto y dejó numerosos vestigios aún hoy visibles.
Tras el Tratado de Utrecht en 1713, la soberanía española sobre el sur de los Países Bajos se transfirió a la rama austriaca de la Casa de Habsburgo. Este evento inició la era de los Países Bajos austríacos . Bruselas fue capturada por Francia en 1746, durante la Guerra de Sucesión de Austria , pero fue devuelta a Austria tres años después. Permaneció con Austria hasta 1795, cuando el sur de los Países Bajos fue capturado y anexado por Francia, y la ciudad se convirtió en la capital del departamento de Dyle . El dominio francés terminó en 1815, con la derrota de Napoleón en el campo de batalla de Waterloo , ubicado al sur de la actual Región de Bruselas-Capital. Con el Congreso de Viena , los Países Bajos del Sur se unieron al Reino Unido de los Países Bajos , bajo Guillermo I de Orange . El antiguo departamento de Dyle se convirtió en la provincia de Brabante del Sur, con Bruselas como capital.
Tardío moderno
En 1830, la revolución belga comenzó en Bruselas, después de una representación de la ópera La Muette de Portici de Auber en el Teatro Real de La Monnaie . [53] La ciudad se convirtió en la capital y sede del gobierno de la nueva nación. Brabante del Sur pasó a llamarse simplemente Brabante , con Bruselas como su centro administrativo. El 21 de julio de 1831, Leopoldo I , el primer rey de los belgas , ascendió al trono, emprendiendo la destrucción de las murallas de la ciudad y la construcción de numerosos edificios.
Después de la independencia, Bruselas sufrió muchos más cambios. Se convirtió en un centro financiero gracias a las decenas de empresas puestas en marcha por la Société Générale de Belgique . La Revolución Industrial y la construcción del Canal Bruselas-Charleroi trajeron prosperidad a la ciudad a través del comercio y la fabricación. La Universidad Libre de Bruselas se estableció en 1834 y la Universidad de Saint-Louis en 1858. En 1835, el primer ferrocarril de pasajeros construido fuera de Inglaterra unió el municipio de Molenbeek con Mechelen . [54] [55]
Durante el siglo XIX, la población de Bruselas creció considerablemente; de unas 80.000 a más de 625.000 personas para la ciudad y sus alrededores. El Senne se había convertido en un grave peligro para la salud y, de 1867 a 1871, bajo el mandato del entonces alcalde de la ciudad , Jules Anspach , todo su recorrido a través del área urbana quedó completamente cubierto . Esto permitió la renovación urbana y la construcción de edificios modernos de estilo hausmannien a lo largo de los bulevares centrales , característicos del centro de Bruselas hoy. De este período datan edificios como la Bolsa de Bruselas (1873), el Palacio de Justicia (1883) y la Iglesia Real de Santa María (1885). Este desarrollo continuó durante el reinado del rey Leopoldo II . La Exposición Internacional de 1897 contribuyó a la promoción de la infraestructura. Entre otras cosas, el Palacio de las Colonias
(actual Museo Real de África Central ), en el suburbio de Tervuren , se conectó con la capital mediante la construcción de un gran callejón de 11 km de largo .siglo 20
Durante el siglo XX, la ciudad acogió varias ferias y conferencias, incluida la Conferencia Solvay sobre Física y Química, y tres ferias mundiales: la Exposición Internacional de Bruselas de 1910 , la Exposición Internacional de Bruselas de 1935 y la Feria Mundial de Bruselas de 1958 ( Expo ' 58 ). Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial , Bruselas fue una ciudad ocupada , pero las tropas alemanas no causaron mucho daño. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial , fue nuevamente ocupado por las fuerzas alemanas y se salvó de daños importantes, antes de ser liberado por la División Blindada de la Guardia Británica el 3 de septiembre de 1944. El aeropuerto de Bruselas , en el suburbio de Zaventem , data de la ocupación.
Después de la guerra, Bruselas experimentó una amplia modernización. La construcción de la conexión Norte-Sur , que une las principales estaciones de ferrocarril de la ciudad, se completó en 1952, mientras que el primer premetro (tranvía subterráneo) se terminó en 1969, [56] y la primera línea del metro se inauguró en 1976 . [57] a partir de la década de 1960, Bruselas se convirtió en el de facto capital de lo que sería la Unión Europea , y muchas oficinas modernas se construyeron. Se permitió que el desarrollo prosiguiera sin tener en cuenta la estética de los edificios más nuevos, y se demolieron numerosos hitos arquitectónicos para dar paso a edificios más nuevos que a menudo chocaban con su entorno, dando nombre al proceso de Brusselisation .
Contemporáneo
La Región de Bruselas-Capital se formó el 18 de junio de 1989, después de una reforma constitucional en 1988. [58] Es una de las tres regiones federales de Bélgica , junto con Flandes y Valonia , y tiene estatus bilingüe. [7] [8] El iris amarillo es el emblema de la región (refiriéndose a la presencia de estas flores en el sitio original de la ciudad) y su bandera oficial presenta una versión estilizada. [59]
En los últimos años, Bruselas se ha convertido en un lugar importante para eventos internacionales. En 2000, ella y otras ocho ciudades europeas fueron nombradas Capital Europea de la Cultura . [60] En 2014, la ciudad fue sede de la 40ª cumbre del G7 . [61]
El 22 de marzo el año 2016 , tres coordinadas bombas de clavos fueron detonados por ISIL en Bruselas-dos en el aeropuerto de Bruselas en Zaventem y uno en la estación de metro Maalbeek / Maelbeek -producto de 32 víctimas y tres atacantes suicidas murieron y 330 personas resultaron heridas. Fue el acto de terrorismo más mortífero en Bélgica.
Geografía
Ubicación y topografía
Bruselas se encuentra en la parte centro-norte de Bélgica, a unos 110 kilómetros (68 millas) de la costa belga y a unos 180 km (110 millas) del extremo sur de Bélgica. Se encuentra en el corazón de la meseta de Brabantian, a unos 45 km (28 millas) al sur de Amberes ( Flandes ) y a 50 km (31 millas) al norte de Charleroi ( Valonia ). Su elevación promedio es de 57 metros (187 pies) sobre el nivel del mar , variando desde un punto bajo en el valle del Senne casi completamente cubierto , que corta la Región de Bruselas-Capital de este a oeste, hasta puntos altos en el Bosque de Sonian . en su lado sureste. Además del Senne, los arroyos tributarios como el Maalbeek y el Woluwe , al este de la región, representan importantes diferencias de elevación. Los bulevares centrales de Bruselas están a 15 metros (49 pies) sobre el nivel del mar. [62] Contrariamente a la creencia popular, el punto más alto (a 127,5 metros (418 pies)) no está cerca de la Place de l'Altitude Cent / Hoogte Honderdplein en Forest , sino en Drève des Deux Montages / Tweebergendreef en Sonian Forest. [63]
Clima
Bruselas experimenta un clima oceánico ( Köppen : Cfb ) con veranos cálidos e inviernos fríos. [64] La proximidad a las zonas costeras influye en el clima de la zona al enviar masas de aire marino desde el Océano Atlántico . humedales cercanos también aseguran un clima templado marítimo. En promedio (basado en mediciones en el período 1981-2010), hay aproximadamente 135 días de lluvia por año en la Región de Bruselas-Capital. Las nevadas son poco frecuentes, con un promedio de 24 días al año. La ciudad también experimenta a menudo tormentas eléctricas violentas en los meses de verano.
Datos climáticos de la región de Bruselas-Capital (1981-2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Promedio alto ° C (° F) | 5,9 (42,6) | 6,8 (44,2) | 10,5 (50,9) | 14,2 (57,6) | 18,3 (64,9) | 20,9 (69,6) | 23,3 (73,9) | 23,0 (73,4) | 19,5 (67,1) | 15,1 (59,2) | 9,8 (49,6) | 6,3 (43,3) | 14,5 (58,1) |
Media diaria ° C (° F) | 3,2 (37,8) | 3,5 (38,3) | 6,5 (43,7) | 9,5 (49,1) | 13,5 (56,3) | 16,1 (61,0) | 18,4 (65,1) | 18,0 (64,4) | 14,9 (58,8) | 11,1 (52,0) | 6,8 (44,2) | 3,8 (38,8) | 10,4 (50,7) |
Promedio bajo ° C (° F) | 0,7 (33,3) | 0,6 (33,1) | 2,9 (37,2) | 4,9 (40,8) | 8,7 (47,7) | 11,5 (52,7) | 13,6 (56,5) | 13,0 (55,4) | 10,5 (50,9) | 7,5 (45,5) | 4,5 (40,1) | 1,5 (34,7) | 6,7 (44,1) |
Promedio de precipitación mm (pulgadas) | 75,2 (2,96) | 61,6 (2,43) | 69,5 (2,74) | 51,0 (2,01) | 65,1 (2,56) | 72,1 (2,84) | 73,6 (2,90) | 76,8 (3,02) | 69,6 (2,74) | 75,0 (2,95) | 77,0 (3,03) | 81,4 (3,20) | 848,0 (33,39) |
Días de precipitación promedio (≥ 1 mm) | 12,8 | 11,1 | 12,7 | 9,9 | 11,3 | 10,5 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10,4 | 11,2 | 12,6 | 13,0 | 135,6 |
Promedio de horas de sol mensuales | 58 | 75 | 119 | 168 | 199 | 193 | 205 | 194 | 143 | 117 | sesenta y cinco | 47 | 1,583 |
Fuente: KMI / IRM [65] |
Datos climáticos de Uccle (Región de Bruselas-Capital) 1991–2020 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Registro alto ° C (° F) | 15,3 (59,5) | 20,0 (68,0) | 24,2 (75,6) | 28,7 (83,7) | 34,1 (93,4) | 38,8 (101,8) | 39,7 (103,5) | 36,5 (97,7) | 34,9 (94,8) | 27,8 (82,0) | 20,6 (69,1) | 16,7 (62,1) | 39,7 (103,5) |
Promedio alto ° C (° F) | 6,1 (43,0) | 7,1 (44,8) | 10,9 (51,6) | 15,0 (59,0) | 18,4 (65,1) | 21,2 (70,2) | 23,2 (73,8) | 23,0 (73,4) | 19,5 (67,1) | 14,9 (58,8) | 9,9 (49,8) | 6,6 (43,9) | 14,7 (58,4) |
Media diaria ° C (° F) | 3,7 (38,7) | 4,2 (39,6) | 7,1 (44,8) | 10,4 (50,7) | 13,9 (57,0) | 16,7 (62,1) | 18,7 (65,7) | 18,4 (65,1) | 15,2 (59,4) | 11,3 (52,3) | 7,2 (45,0) | 4,3 (39,7) | 10,9 (51,7) |
Promedio bajo ° C (° F) | 1,4 (34,5) | 1,5 (34,7) | 3,5 (38,3) | 6,0 (42,8) | 9,2 (48,6) | 12,0 (53,6) | 14,1 (57,4) | 13,9 (57,0) | 11,3 (52,3) | 8,1 (46,6) | 4,6 (40,3) | 2,1 (35,8) | 7,3 (45,2) |
Registro bajo ° C (° F) | −21,1 ( −6,0 ) | −18,3 (−0,9) | −13,6 (7,5) | −5,7 (21,7) | −2,2 (28,0) | 0,3 (32,5) | 4,4 (39,9) | 3,9 (39,0) | 0,0 (32,0) | −6,8 (19,8) | −12,8 (9,0) | −17,7 (0,1) | −21,1 ( −6,0 ) |
Promedio de precipitación mm (pulgadas) | 75,5 (2,97) | 65,1 (2,56) | 59,3 (2,33) | 46,7 (1,84) | 59,7 (2,35) | 70,8 (2,79) | 76,9 (3,03) | 86,5 (3,41) | 65,3 (2,57) | 67,8 (2,67) | 76,2 (3,00) | 87,4 (3,44) | 837,2 (32,96) |
Días de precipitación promedio (≥ 0.1 mm) | 18,9 | 16,9 | 15,7 | 13,1 | 14,7 | 14,1 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14,1 | 16,1 | 18,3 | 19,4 | 189,9 |
Días promedio de nieve | 3.8 | 4.9 | 2,7 | 0,6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0,1 | 1.2 | 3,7 | 17 |
Media de humedad relativa (%) | 84,1 | 80,6 | 74,8 | 69,2 | 70,2 | 71,3 | 71,5 | 72,4 | 76,8 | 81,5 | 85,1 | 86,6 | 77,0 |
Promedio de horas de sol mensuales | 59,1 | 72,9 | 125,8 | 171,3 | 198,3 | 199,3 | 203,2 | 192,4 | 154,4 | 112,6 | 65,8 | 48,6 | 1.603,7 |
Índice ultravioleta medio | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Fuente 1: Real Instituto Meteorológico [66] [67] | |||||||||||||
Fuente 2: Atlas meteorológico; [68] Máximo récord de julio de 2019 de VRT Nieuws [69] |
Bruselas como capital
Despite its name, the Brussels-Capital Region is not the capital of Belgium. Article 194 of the Belgian Constitution establishes that the capital of Belgium is the City of Brussels, the municipality in the region that is the city's core.[9]
The City of Brussels is the location of many national institutions. The Royal Palace, where the King of the Belgians exercises his prerogatives as head of state, is situated alongside Brussels' Park (not to be confused with the Royal Castle of Laeken, the official home of the Belgian Royal Family). The Palace of the Nation is located on the opposite side of this park, and is the seat of the Belgian Federal Parliament. The office of the Prime Minister of Belgium, colloquially called Law Street 16 (French: 16, rue de la Loi, Dutch: Wetstraat 16), is located adjacent to this building. It is also where the Council of Ministers holds its meetings. The Court of Cassation, Belgium's main court, has its seat in the Palace of Justice. Other important institutions in the City of Brussels are the Constitutional Court, the Council of State, the Court of Audit, the Royal Belgian Mint and the National Bank of Belgium.
The City of Brussels is also the capital of both the French Community of Belgium[10] and the Flemish Community.[12] The Flemish Parliament and Flemish Government have their seats in Brussels,[70] and so do the Parliament of the French Community and the Government of the French Community.
Municipios
French name | Dutch name | ||
---|---|---|---|
Anderlecht | Anderlecht | ||
Auderghem | Oudergem | ||
Berchem-Sainte-Agathe | Sint-Agatha-Berchem | ||
Bruxelles-Ville | Stad Brussel | ||
Etterbeek | Etterbeek | ||
Evere | Evere | ||
Forest | Vorst | ||
Ganshoren | Ganshoren | ||
Ixelles | Elsene | ||
Jette | Jette | ||
Koekelberg | Koekelberg | ||
Molenbeek-Saint-Jean | Sint-Jans-Molenbeek | ||
Saint-Gilles | Sint-Gillis | ||
Saint-Josse-ten-Noode | Sint-Joost-ten-Node | ||
Schaerbeek | Schaarbeek | ||
Uccle | Ukkel | ||
Watermael-Boitsfort | Watermaal-Bosvoorde | ||
Woluwe-Saint-Lambert | Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe | ||
Woluwe-Saint-Pierre | Sint-Pieters-Woluwe |
The 19 municipalities (French: communes, Dutch: gemeenten) of the Brussels-Capital Region are political subdivisions with individual responsibilities for the handling of local level duties, such as law enforcement and the upkeep of schools and roads within its borders.[71][72] Municipal administration is also conducted by a mayor, a council, and an executive.[72]
In 1831, Belgium was divided into 2,739 municipalities, including the 19 in the Brussels-Capital Region.[73] Unlike most of the municipalities in Belgium, the ones located in the Brussels-Capital Region were not merged with others during mergers occurring in 1964, 1970, and 1975.[73] However, several municipalities outside the Brussels-Capital Region have been merged with the City of Brussels throughout its history, including Laeken, Haren and Neder-Over-Heembeek in 1921.[74]
The largest municipality in area and population is the City of Brussels, covering 32.6 square kilometres (12.6 sq mi) and with 145,917 inhabitants; the least populous is Koekelberg with 18,541 inhabitants. The smallest in area is Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, which is only 1.1 square kilometres (0.4 sq mi), but still has the highest population density in the region, with 20,822 inhabitants per square kilometre (53,930/sq mi). Watermael-Boitsfort has the lowest population density in the region, with 1,928 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,990/sq mi).
There is much controversy on the division of 19 municipalities for a highly urbanised region, which is considered as (half of) one city by most people. Some politicians mock the "19 baronies" and want to merge the municipalities under one city council and one mayor.[75][76] That would lower the number of politicians needed to govern Brussels, and centralise the power over the city to make decisions easier, thus reduce the overall running costs. The current municipalities could be transformed into districts with limited responsibilities, similar to the current structure of Antwerp or to structures of other capitals like the boroughs in London or arrondissements in Paris, to keep politics close enough to the citizen.[77]
In early 2016, Sint-Jans-Molenbeek held a reputation as a safe haven for jihadists in relation to the support shown by some residents towards the bombers who carried out the Paris and Brussels attacks.[78][79][80][81][82]
Anderlecht
Auderghem (Oudergem)
Sint-Agatha-Berchem (Berchem-Sainte-Agathe)
City of Brussels
Etterbeek
Evere
Forest (Vorst)
Ganshoren
Ixelles (Elsene)
Jette
Koekelberg
Sint-Jans-Molenbeek (Molenbeek-Saint-Jean)
Saint-Gilles (Sint-Gillis)
Saint-Josse-ten-Noode (Sint-Joost-ten-Node)
Schaerbeek (Schaarbeek)
Uccle (Ukkel)
Watermael-Boitsfort (Watermaal-Bosvoorde)
Woluwe-Saint-Lambert (Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe)
Woluwe-Saint-Pierre (Sint-Pieters-Woluwe)
Región de Bruselas-Capital
Political status
The Brussels-Capital Region is one of the three federated regions of Belgium, alongside the Walloon Region and the Flemish Region. Geographically and linguistically, it is a bilingual enclave in the monolingual Flemish Region. Regions are one component of Belgium's institutions; the three communities being the other component. Brussels' inhabitants deal with either the French Community or the Flemish Community for matters such as culture and education, as well as a Common Community for competencies which do not belong exclusively to either Community, such as healthcare and social welfare.
Since the split of Brabant in 1995, the Brussels Region does not belong to any of the provinces of Belgium, nor is it subdivided into provinces itself. Within the Region, 99% of the areas of provincial jurisdiction are assumed by the Brussels regional institutions and community commissions. Remaining is only the governor of Brussels-Capital and some aides, analogously to provinces. Its status is roughly akin to that of a federal district.
Institutions
The Brussels-Capital Region is governed by a parliament of 89 members (72 French-speaking, 17 Dutch-speaking—parties are organised on a linguistic basis) and an eight-member regional cabinet consisting of a minister-president, four ministers and three state secretaries. By law, the cabinet must comprise two French-speaking and two Dutch-speaking ministers, one Dutch-speaking secretary of state and two French-speaking secretaries of state. The minister-president does not count against the language quota, but in practice every minister-president has been a bilingual francophone. The regional parliament can enact ordinances (French: ordonnances, Dutch: ordonnanties), which have equal status as a national legislative act.
19 of the 72 French-speaking members of the Brussels Parliament are also members of the Parliament of the French Community of Belgium, and, until 2004, this was also the case for six Dutch-speaking members, who were at the same time members of the Flemish Parliament. Now, people voting for a Flemish party have to vote separately for 6 directly elected members of the Flemish Parliament.
Agglomeration of Brussels
Before the creation of the Brussels-Capital Region, regional competences in the 19 municipalities were performed by the Brussels Agglomeration. The Brussels Agglomeration was an administrative division established in 1971. This decentralised administrative public body also assumed jurisdiction over areas which, elsewhere in Belgium, were exercised by municipalities or provinces.[83]
The Brussels Agglomeration had a separate legislative council, but the by-laws enacted by it did not have the status of a legislative act. The only election of the council took place on 21 November 1971. The working of the council was subject to many difficulties caused by the linguistic and socio-economic tensions between the two communities.
After the creation of the Brussels-Capital Region, the Brussels Agglomeration was never formally abolished, although it no longer has a purpose.
Comunidades francesa y flamenca
The French Community and the Flemish Community exercise their powers in Brussels through two community-specific public authorities: the French Community Commission (French: Commission communautaire française or COCOF) and the Flemish Community Commission (Dutch: Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie or VGC). These two bodies each have an assembly composed of the members of each linguistic group of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region. They also have a board composed of the ministers and secretaries of state of each linguistic group in the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region.
The French Community Commission has also another capacity: some legislative powers of the French Community have been devolved to the Walloon Region (for the French language area of Belgium) and to the French Community Commission (for the bilingual language area).[84] The Flemish Community, however, did the opposite; it merged the Flemish Region into the Flemish Community.[85] This is related to different conceptions in the two communities, one focusing more on the Communities and the other more on the Regions, causing an asymmetrical federalism. Because of this devolution, the French Community Commission can enact decrees, which are legislative acts.
Common Community Commission
A bi-communitarian public authority, the Common Community Commission (French: Commission communautaire commune, COCOM, Dutch: Gemeenschappelijke Gemeenschapscommissie, GGC) also exists. Its assembly is composed of the members of the regional parliament, and its board are the ministers—not the secretaries of state—of the region, with the minister-president not having the right to vote. This commission has two capacities: it is a decentralised administrative public body, responsible for implementing cultural policies of common interest. It can give subsidies and enact by-laws. In another capacity, it can also enact ordinances, which have equal status as a national legislative act, in the field of the welfare powers of the communities: in the Brussels-Capital Region, both the French Community and the Flemish Community can exercise powers in the field of welfare, but only in regard to institutions that are unilingual (for example, a private French-speaking retirement home or the Dutch-speaking hospital of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel). The Common Community Commission is responsible for policies aiming directly at private persons or at bilingual institutions (for example, the centres for social welfare of the 19 municipalities). Its ordinances have to be enacted with a majority in both linguistic groups. Failing such a majority, a new vote can be held, where a majority of at least one third in each linguistic group is sufficient.
Instituciones internacionales
Brussels has, since World War II, become the administrative centre of many international organisations. The European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) have their main institutions in the city, along with many other international organisations such as the World Customs Organization and EUROCONTROL, as well as international corporations. Brussels is third in the number of international conferences it hosts,[86] also becoming one of the largest convention centres in the world.[87] The presence of the EU and the other international bodies has, for example, led to there being more ambassadors and journalists in Brussels than in Washington D.C.[88] International schools have also been established to serve this presence.[87] The "international community" in Brussels numbers at least 70,000 people.[89] In 2009, there were an estimated 286 lobbying consultancies known to work in Brussels.[90]
European Union
Brussels serves as de facto capital of the European Union, hosting the major political institutions of the Union.[21] The EU has not declared a capital formally, though the Treaty of Amsterdam formally gives Brussels the seat of the European Commission (the executive branch of government) and the Council of the European Union (a legislative institution made up from executives of member states).[91][full citation needed][92][full citation needed] It locates the formal seat of European Parliament in Strasbourg, where votes take place, with the council, on the proposals made by the commission. However, meetings of political groups and committee groups are formally given to Brussels, along with a set number of plenary sessions. Three quarters of Parliament sessions now take place at its Brussels hemicycle.[93] Between 2002 and 2004, the European Council also fixed its seat in the city.[94] In 2014, the Union hosted a G7 summit in the city.[61]
Brussels, along with Luxembourg and Strasbourg, began to host European institutions in 1957, soon becoming the centre of activities, as the Commission and Council based their activities in what has become the European Quarter, in the east of the city.[91] Early building in Brussels was sporadic and uncontrolled, with little planning. The current major buildings are the Berlaymont building of the commission, symbolic of the quarter as a whole, the Justus Lipsius building of the Council and the Espace Léopold of the Parliament.[92] Today, the presence has increased considerably, with the Commission alone occupying 865,000 m2 (9,310,000 sq ft) within the European Quarter (a quarter of the total office space in Brussels[21]). The concentration and density has caused concern that the presence of the institutions has created a ghetto effect in that part of the city.[95] However, the European presence has contributed significantly to the importance of Brussels as an international centre.[88]
Eurocontrol
The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, commonly known as Eurocontrol, is an international organisation which coordinates and plans air traffic control across European airspace. The corporation was founded in 1960 and has 41 member states. Its headquarters are located in Haren, on the northeast perimeter of the City of Brussels.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
The Treaty of Brussels, which was signed on 17 March 1948 between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, was a prelude to the establishment of the intergovernmental military alliance which later became the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).[96] Today, the alliance consists of 29 independent member countries across North America and Europe. Several countries also have diplomatic missions to NATO through embassies in Belgium. Since 1949, a number of NATO Summits have been held in Brussels,[97] the most recent taking place in May 2017.[98] The organisation's political and administrative headquarters are located on Boulevard Léopold III/Leopold III-laan in Haren, Brussels.[99] A new €750 million headquarters building begun in 2010 and was completed in 2017.[100]
Demografía
Population
Brussels is located in one of the most urbanised regions of Europe, between Paris, London, the Rhine-Ruhr (Germany), and the Randstad (Netherlands). The Brussels-Capital Region has a population of around 1.2 million and has witnessed, in recent years, a remarkable increase in its population. In general, the population of Brussels is younger than the national average, and the gap between rich and poor is wider.[101]
Brussels is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond the region's limits. Sometimes referred to as the urban area of Brussels (French: aire urbaine de Bruxelles, Dutch: stedelijk gebied van Brussel) or Greater Brussels (French: Grand-Bruxelles, Dutch: Groot-Brussel), this area extends over a large part of the two Brabant provinces, including much of the surrounding arrondissement of Halle-Vilvoorde and some small parts of the arrondissement of Leuven in Flemish Brabant, as well as the northern part of Walloon Brabant.
The metropolitan area of Brussels is divided into three levels. Firstly, the central agglomeration (within the regional borders), with a population of 1,218,255 inhabitants.[15] Adding the closest suburbs (French: banlieues, Dutch: buitenwijken) gives a total population of 1,831,496. Including the outer commuter zone (Brussels Regional Express Network (RER/GEN) area), the population is 2,676,701.[17][18] Brussels is also part of a wider diamond-shaped conurbation, with Ghent, Antwerp and Leuven, which has about 4.4 million inhabitants (a little more than 40% of the Belgium's total population).[19][102]
[verification needed] | 01-07-2004[103] | 01-07-2005[103] | 01-07-2006[103] | 01-01-2008[103] | 01-01-2015[103] | 01-01-2019[103] | 01-01-2020[103] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brussels-Capital Region[103][verification needed] | 1.004.239 | 1.012.258 | 1.024.492 | 1.048.491 | 1.181.272 | 1.208.542 | 1.218.255 |
-- of which legal immigrants[103][verification needed] | 262.943 | 268.009 | 277.682 | 295.043 | 385.381 | 450.000 | ? |
Nationalities
France | 64,218 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Romania | 41,858 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Morocco | 34,984 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Italy | 33,718 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Spain | 28,480 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Poland | 23,182 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portugal | 19,440 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgaria | 12,143 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Germany | 10,674 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Greece | 9,407 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Brussels is home to a large number of immigrants and people of immigrant background. At the last Belgian census in 1991, 63.7% of inhabitants in Brussels-Capital Region answered that they were Belgian citizens, born as such in Belgium.[105][106] However, there have been numerous individual or familial migrations towards Brussels since the end of the 18th century, including political refugees (Karl Marx, Victor Hugo, Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Léon Daudet, for example), from neighbouring or more distant countries, as well as labour migrants, former foreign students or expatriates, and many Belgian families in Brussels can claim at least one foreign grandparent.
This large concentration of immigrants and their descendance includes many of Moroccan (mainly Riffian and Berber) and Turkish ancestry, together with French-speaking black Africans from former Belgian colonies, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. People of foreign origin make up nearly 70%[105][107] of the population of Brussels, most of whom have been naturalised following the great 1991 reform of the naturalisation process. About 32% of city residents are of non-Belgian European origin (mainly expatriates from France, Romania, Italy, Spain, Poland, and Portugal) and 36% are of another background, mostly from Morocco, Turkey and Sub-Saharan Africa. Among all major migrant groups from outside the EU, a majority of the permanent residents have acquired Belgian nationality.[108]
According to Statbel, the Belgian statistical office, in 2020, taking into account the nationality of birth of the parents, 74.3% of the population of the Brussels-Capital region was of foreign origin and 41.8% was of non-European origin (including 28.7% of African origin). Among those aged under 18, 88% were of foreign origin and 57% of non-European origin (including 42.4% of African origin).[109]
Languages
Historically a Dutch-speaking city (Brabantian dialect to be exact),[111][112][113] over the two past centuries[111][114] French (specifically Belgian French) has become the majority language and lingua franca in Brussels.[115] The main cause of this transition was the rapid assimilation of the local Flemish population,[116][111][117][118][113] amplified by immigration from France and Wallonia.[111][119] The rise of French in public life gradually began by the end of the 18th century,[120][121] quickly accelerating after Belgian independence.[122][123] Dutch — of which standardisation in Belgium was still very weak[124][125][123] — could not compete with French, which was the exclusive language of the judiciary, the administration, the army, education, cultural life and the media, and thus necessary for social mobility.[126][127][112][128][114] The value and prestige of the French language was universally acknowledged[112][129][116][123][130][131] to such an extent that after 1880,[132][133][124] and more particularly after the turn of the 20th century,[123] proficiency in French among Dutch-speakers in Brussels increased spectacularly.[134]
Although the majority of the population remained bilingual until the second half of the 20th century,[134][116] the original Brabantian dialect[135] was often no longer passed down from one generation to another,[136] leading to an increase of monolingual French-speakers from 1910 onwards.[129][137] From the mid-20th century, the number of monolingual French-speakers surpassed the number of mostly bilingual Flemish inhabitants.[138] This process of assimilation weakened after the 1960s,[134][139] as the language border was fixed, the status of Dutch as an official language of Belgium was reinforced,[140] and the economic centre of gravity shifted northward to Flanders.[124][132] However, with the continuing arrival of immigrants and the post-war emergence of Brussels as a centre of international politics, the relative position of Dutch continued to decline.[141][114][142][143][134][136] Furthermore, as Brussels' urban area expanded,[144] a further number of Dutch-speaking municipalities in the Brussels periphery also became predominantly French-speaking.[140][145] This phenomenon of expanding Francisation — dubbed "oil slick" by its opponents[116][146][134] — is, together with the future of Brussels,[147] one of the most controversial topics in Belgian politics.[132][127]
Today, the Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual in French and Dutch,[148] as is the administration of the 19 municipalities.[141] The creation of this bilingual, full-fledged region, with its own competencies and jurisdiction, had long been hampered by different visions of Belgian federalism. Nevertheless, some communitarian issues remain.[149][150] Flemish political parties demanded, for decades, that the Flemish part of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde (BHV) arrondissement be separated from the Brussels Region (which made Halle-Vilvoorde a monolingual Flemish electoral and judicial district). BHV was divided mid-2012. The French-speaking population regards the language border as artificial[151] and demands the extension of the bilingual region to at least all six municipalities with language facilities in the surroundings of Brussels.[d] Flemish politicians have strongly rejected these proposals.[152][153][154]
Besides, owing to migration and to its international role, Brussels is home to a growing number of foreign language speakers. Currently, the first language of roughly half of the inhabitants is not an official one of the Capital Region.[155] In 2013, academic research showed that approximately 17% of families spoke none of the official languages in the home, while in a further 23% a foreign language was used alongside French. The share of unilingual French-speaking families had fallen to 38% and that of Dutch-speaking families to 5%, while the percentage of bilingual Dutch-French families reached 17%. In 2013, French was spoken "well to perfectly" by 88% of the population and Dutch by 23% (down from 33% in 2000),[141] while the other most commonly known languages were English at 30%, Arabic at 18%, Spanish at 9%, German at 7% and Italian and Turkish at around 5%.[110] Despite the rise of English as a second language in Brussels, including as an unofficial compromise language between French and Dutch, as well as the working language for some of its international businesses and institutions, French remains the lingua franca and all public services are conducted exclusively in French or Dutch.[141]
The original dialect of Brussels (known as Brussels, and also sometimes called Marols or Marollien),[43] a form of Brabantic (the variant of Dutch spoken in the ancient Duchy of Brabant) with a significant number of loanwords from French, still survives among a small minority of inhabitants called Brusseleers[44] (or Brusseleirs), many of them quite bi- and multilingual, or educated in French and not writing in Dutch.[156][43] The ethnic and national self-identification of Brussels' inhabitants is nonetheless sometimes quite distinct from the French and Dutch-speaking communities. For the French-speakers, it can vary from Francophone Belgian, Bruxellois[46] (French demonym for an inhabitant of Brussels), Walloon (for people who migrated from the Walloon Region at an adult age); for Flemings living in Brussels, it is mainly either Dutch-speaking Belgian, Flemish or Brusselaar (Dutch demonym for an inhabitant), and often both. For the Brusseleers, many simply consider themselves as belonging to Brussels.[43]
Religions
Historically, Brussels has been predominantly Roman Catholic, especially since the expulsion of Protestants in the 16th century. This is clear from the large number of historical churches in the region, particularly in the City of Brussels. The pre-eminent Catholic cathedral in Brussels is the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula, serving as the co-cathedral of the Archdiocese of Mechelen–Brussels. On the northwestern side of the region, the National Basilica of the Sacred Heart is a Minor Basilica and parish church and the 14th largest church building in the world. The Church of Our Lady of Laeken holds the tombs of many members of the Belgian royal family, including all the former Belgian monarchs, within the Royal Crypt.
In reflection of its multicultural makeup, Brussels hosts a variety of religious communities, as well as large numbers of atheists and agnostics. Minority faiths include Islam, Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Judaism, and Buddhism. According to a 2016 survey, approximately 40% of residents of Brussels declared themselves Catholics (12% were practising Catholics and 28% were non-practising Catholics), 30% were non-religious, 23% were Muslim (19% practising, 4% non-practising), 3% were Protestants and 4% were of another religion.[157]
Recognised religions and laicism enjoy public funding and school courses. It was once the case that every pupil in an official school from 6 years old to 18 had to choose 2 hours per week of compulsory religion—or laicist—inspired morals. However, in 2015, the Belgian Constitutional court ruled religious studies could no longer be required in the primary and secondary education system.[158]
Brussels has a large concentration of Muslims, mostly of Moroccan, Turkish, Syrian and Guinean ancestry. The Great Mosque of Brussels, located in the Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, is the oldest mosque in Brussels. Belgium does not collect statistics by ethnic background, so exact figures are unknown. It was estimated that, in 2005, people of Muslim background living in the Brussels Region numbered 256,220 and accounted for 25.5% of the city's population, a much higher concentration than those of the other regions of Belgium.[159]
Regions of Belgium[159] (1 January 2016) | Total population | People of Muslim origin | % of Muslims |
---|---|---|---|
Belgium | 11,371,928 | 603,642 | 5.3% |
Brussels-Capital Region | 1,180,531 | 212,495 | 18% |
Wallonia | 3,395,942 | 149,421 | 4.4% |
Flanders | 6,043,161 | 241,726 | 4.0% |
Cultura
Architecture
The architecture in Brussels is diverse, and spans from the clashing combination of Gothic, Baroque, and Louis XIV styles on the Grand Place to the postmodern buildings of the EU institutions.[160]
Very little medieval architecture is preserved in Brussels. Buildings from that period are mostly found in the historic centre (called Îlot Sacré), Saint Géry/Sint-Goriks and Sainte-Catherine/Sint Katelijne neighbourhoods. The Brabantine Gothic Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula remains a prominent feature in the skyline of downtown Brussels. Isolated portions of the first city walls were saved from destruction and can be seen to this day. One of the only remains of the second walls is the Halle Gate. The Grand Place is the main attraction in the city centre and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998.[161] The square is dominated by the 15th century Flamboyant Town Hall, the neo-Gothic Breadhouse and the Baroque guildhalls of the former Guilds of Brussels. Manneken Pis, a fountain containing a small bronze sculpture of a urinating youth, is a tourist attraction and symbol of the city.[162]
The neoclassical style of the 18th and 19th centuries is represented in the Royal Quarter/Coudenberg area, around Brussels' Park and the Royal Square. Examples include the Royal Palace, the Church of St. James on Coudenberg, the Palace of the Nation (Parliament building), the Academy Palace, the Palace of Charles of Lorraine, the Palace of the Count of Flanders and the Egmont Palace. Other uniform neoclassical ensembles can be found around Martyrs' Square and Barricades' Square. Some additional landmarks in the centre are the Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries (1847), one of the oldest covered shopping arcades in Europe, the Congress Column (1859), the former Brussels Stock Exchange building (1873) and the Palace of Justice (1883), designed by Joseph Poelaert, in eclectic style, and reputed to be the largest building constructed in the 19th century.[163]
Located outside the centre, in a greener environment, are the Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark with its memorial arcade and nearby museums, and in Laeken, the Royal Castle of Laeken and the Royal Domain with its large greenhouses, as well as the Museums of the Far East.
Also particularly striking are the buildings in the Art Nouveau style, most famously by the Belgian architects Victor Horta, Paul Hankar and Henry Van de Velde.[164][165] Some of Brussels' municipalities, such as Schaerbeek, Etterbeek, Ixelles, and Saint-Gilles, were developed during the heyday of Art Nouveau and have many buildings in that style. The Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta—Hôtel Tassel (1893), Hôtel Solvay (1894), Hôtel van Eetvelde (1895) and the Horta Museum (1901)—have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.[166] Another example of Brussels' Art Nouveau is the Stoclet Palace (1911), by the Viennese architect Josef Hoffmann, designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in June 2009.[167]
Hôtel Tassel by Victor Horta (1893)
Stairway in Hôtel Tassel
Hôtel Ciamberlani by Paul Hankar (1897)
Former Old England department store by Paul Saintenoy (1899)
Saint-Cyr House by Gustave Strauven (1903)
Cauchie House by Paul Cauchie (1905)
Sgraffito panel in Cauchie House
Stoclet Palace by Josef Hoffmann (1911)
Art Deco structures in Brussels include the Residence Palace (1927) (now part of the Europa building), the Centre for Fine Arts (1928), the Villa Empain (1934), the Town Hall of Forest (1938), and the Flagey Building (formerly known as the Maison de la Radio) on Eugène Flagey Square (1938) in Ixelles. Some religious buildings from the interwar era were also constructed in that style, such as the Church of St. John the Baptist (1932) in Molenbeek and the Church of St. Augustine (1935) in Forest. Completed only in 1969, and combining Art Deco with neo-Byzantine elements, the Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Koekelberg is one of the largest Roman Catholic basilicas by area in the world, and its cupola provides a panoramic view of Brussels and its outskirts. Another example are the exhibition halls of the Centenary Palace, built for the 1935 World's Fair on the Heysel/Heizel Plateau in northern Brussels, and home to the Brussels Exhibition Centre (Brussels Expo).[168]
The Atomium is a symbolic 103-metre-tall (338 ft) modernist structure, located on the Heysel Plateau, which was originally built for the 1958 World's Fair (Expo '58). It consists of nine steel spheres connected by tubes, and forms a model of an iron crystal (specifically, a unit cell), magnified 165 billion times. The architect A. Waterkeyn devoted the building to science. It is now considered a landmark of Brussels.[169][170] Next to the Atomium, is Mini-Europe miniature park, with 1:25 scale maquettes of famous buildings from across Europe.
Since the second half of the 20th century, modern office towers have been built in Brussels (Madou Tower, Rogier Tower, Proximus Towers, Finance Tower, the World Trade Center, among others). There are some thirty towers, mostly concentrated in the city's main business district: the Northern Quarter (also called Little Manhattan), near Brussels-North railway station. The South Tower, standing adjacent to Brussels-South railway station, is the tallest building in Belgium, at 148 m (486 ft). Along the North–South connection, is the State Administrative City, an administrative complex in the International Style. The postmodern buildings of the Espace Léopold complete the picture.
The city's embrace of modern architecture translated into an ambivalent approach towards historic preservation, leading to the destruction of notable architectural landmarks, most famously the Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis by Victor Horta, a process known as Brusselisation.
Arts
Brussels contains over 80 museums.[171] The Royal Museums of Fine Arts has an extensive collection of various painters, such as Flemish old masters like Bruegel, Rogier van der Weyden, Robert Campin, Anthony van Dyck, Jacob Jordaens, and Peter Paul Rubens. The Magritte Museum houses the world's largest collection of the works of the surrealist René Magritte. Museums dedicated to the national history of Belgium include the BELvue Museum, the Royal Museums of Art and History, and the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History. The Musical Instruments Museum (MIM), housed in the Old England building, is part of the Royal Museums of Art and History, and is internationally renowned for its collection of over 8,000 instruments.
The Brussels Museums Council is an independent body for all the museums in the Brussels-Capital Region, covering around 100 federal, private, municipal, and community museums.[172] It promotes member museums through the Brussels Card (giving access to public transport and 30 of the 100 museums), the Brussels Museums Nocturnes (every Thursday from 5 p.m. to 10 p.m. from mid-September to mid-December) and the Museum Night Fever (an event for and by young people on a Saturday night in late February or early March).[173]
Brussels has had a distinguished artist scene for many years. The famous Belgian surrealists René Magritte and Paul Delvaux, for instance, studied and lived there, as did the avant-garde dramatist Michel de Ghelderode. The city was also home of the impressionist painter Anna Boch from the Artist Group Les XX, and includes other famous Belgian painters such as Léon Spilliaert. Brussels is also a capital of the comic strip;[2] some treasured Belgian characters are Tintin, Lucky Luke, The Smurfs, Spirou, Gaston, Marsupilami, Blake and Mortimer, Boule et Bill and Cubitus (see Belgian comics). Throughout the city, walls are painted with large motifs of comic book characters; these murals taken together are known as Brussels' Comic Book Route.[40] Also, the interiors of some metro stations are designed by artists. The Belgian Comic Strip Center combines two artistic leitmotifs of Brussels, being a museum devoted to Belgian comic strips, housed in the former Magasins Waucquez textile department store, designed by Victor Horta in the Art Nouveau style.
Brussels is well known for its performing arts scene, with the Royal Theatre of La Monnaie and the Kaaitheater among the most notable institutions. The Kunstenfestivaldesarts, an international performing arts festival, is organised every year in May in about twenty different cultural houses and theatres throughout the city.[174] The King Baudouin Stadium is a concert and competition facility with a 50,000 seat capacity, the largest in Belgium. The site was formerly occupied by the Heysel Stadium. Furthermore, the Center for Fine Arts (often referred to as BOZAR in French or PSK in Dutch), a multi-purpose centre for theatre, cinema, music, literature and art exhibitions, is home to the National Orchestra of Belgium and to the annual Queen Elisabeth Competition for classical singers and instrumentalists, one of the most challenging and prestigious competitions of the kind. Studio 4 in Le Flagey cultural centre hosts the Brussels Philharmonic.[175][176] Other concert venues include Forest National/Vorst Nationaal, the Ancienne Belgique, the Cirque Royal/Koninklijk Circus, the Botanique and Palais 12/Paleis 12. The Jazz Station in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode is a museum and archive on jazz, and a venue for jazz concerts.[177]
Folklore
Brussels' identity owes much to its rich folklore and traditions, among the liveliest in the country.
- The Ommegang, a folkloric costumed procession, commemorating the Joyous Entry of Emperor Charles V in the city in 1549, takes place every year in July. The colourful parade includes floats, traditional giant puppets, such as Saint Michael and Saint Gudula, and scores of folkloric groups, either on foot or on horseback, dressed in medieval garb. The parade ends in a pageant on the Grand Place.
- The Meyboom, an even-older folk tradition of Brussels (1308), celebrating the May tree—in fact, a bad translation of the Dutch tree of joy—takes place paradoxically on 9 August. After parading a young beech in the city, it is planted in a joyful spirit with lots of music, Brusseleir songs, and giant puppets. It was recognised as an expression of intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO, as part of the bi-national inscription "Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France".[178][179] The celebration is reminiscent of the town's long-standing (folkloric) feud with Leuven, which dates back to the Middle Ages.
- Another good introduction to the Brusseleir local dialect and way of life can be obtained at the Royal Theatre Toone, a folkloric theatre of marionettes, located a stone's throw away from the Grand Place.[180]
- The Saint-Verhaegen (often shortened to St V), a folkloric student procession, celebrating the anniversary of the founding of the Université libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, is held on 20 November.
Cultural events and festivals
Many events are organised or hosted in Brussels throughout the year. In addition, many festivals animate the Brussels scene.
The Iris Festival is the official festival of the Brussels-Capital Region and is held annually in spring.[181] The International Fantastic Film Festival of Brussels (BIFFF) is organised during the Easter holidays[182] and the Magritte Awards in February. The Festival of Europe, an open day and activities in and around the institutions of the European Union, is held on 9 May. On Belgian National Day, on 21 July, a military parade and celebrations take place on the Place des Palais/Paleizenplein and in Brussels' Park, ending with a display of fireworks in the evening.
Some summer festivities include Couleur Café Festival, a festival of world and urban music, around the end of June or early July, the Brussels Summer Festival (BSF), a music festival in August,[183] the Brussels Fair, the most important yearly fair in Brussels, lasting more than a month, in July and August,[184] and Brussels Beach, when the banks of the canal are turned into a temporary urban beach.[185] Other biennial events are the Zinneke Parade, a colourful, multicultural parade through the city, which has been held since 2000 in May, as well as the popular Flower Carpet at the Grand Place in August. Heritage Days are organised on the third weekend of September (sometimes coinciding with the car-free day) and are a good opportunity to discover the wealth of buildings, institutions and real estate in Brussels. The "Winter Wonders" animate the heart of Brussels in December; these winter activities were launched in Brussels in 2001.[186]
Cuisine
Brussels is known for its local waffle, its chocolate, its French fries and its numerous types of beers. The Brussels sprout, which has long been popular in Brussels, and may have originated there, is also named after the city.[187]
The gastronomic offer includes approximately 1,800 restaurants (including three 2-starred and ten 1-starred Michelin restaurants),[188] and a number of bars. In addition to the traditional restaurants, there are many cafés, bistros and the usual range of international fast food chains. The cafés are similar to bars, and offer beer and light dishes; coffee houses are called salons de thé. Also widespread are brasseries, which usually offer a variety of beers and typical national dishes.
Belgian cuisine is known among connoisseurs as one of the best in Europe. It is characterised by the combination of French cuisine with the more hearty Flemish fare. Notable specialities include Brussels waffles (gaufres) and mussels (usually as moules-frites, served with fries). The city is a stronghold of chocolate and pralines manufacturers with renowned companies like Côte d'Or, Neuhaus, Leonidas and Godiva. Pralines were first introduced in 1912, by Jean Neuhaus II, a Belgian chocolatier of Swiss origin, in the Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries.[189] Numerous friteries are spread throughout the city, and in tourist areas, fresh hot waffles are also sold on the street.
As well as other Belgian beers, the spontaneously fermented lambic style, brewed in and around Brussels, is widely available there and in the nearby Senne valley where the wild yeasts which ferment it have their origin. Kriek, a cherry lambic, is available in almost every bar or restaurant in Brussels.
Brussels is known as the birthplace of the Belgian endive. The technique for growing blanched endives was accidentally discovered in the 1850s at the Botanical Garden of Brussels in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.[190]
Shopping
Famous shopping areas in Brussels include the pedestrian-only Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat, the second busiest shopping street in Belgium (after the Meir, in Antwerp) with a weekly average of 230,000 visitors,[191][192] home to popular international chains (H&M, C&A, Zara, Primark), as well as the City 2 and Anspach galleries.[193] The Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries hold a variety of luxury shops and some six million people stroll through them each year.[194] The neighbourhood around Rue Antoine Dansaert/Antoine Dansaertstraat has become, in recent years, a focal point for fashion and design;[195] this main street and its side streets also feature Belgium's young and most happening artistic talent.[196]
In Ixelles, Avenue de la Toison d'Or/Gulden-Vlieslaan and Namur Gate area offer a blend of luxury shops, fast food restaurants and entertainment venues, and Chaussée d'Ixelles/Elsenesteenweg, in the mainly-Congolese Matongé district, offers a great taste of African fashion and lifestyle. The nearby Avenue Louise is lined with high-end fashion stores and boutiques, making it one of the most expensive streets in Belgium.[197]
There are shopping centres outside the inner ring: Basilix, Woluwe Shopping Center, Westland Shopping Center, and Docks Bruxsel, which opened in October 2017.[193] In addition, Brussels ranks as one of Europe's best capital cities for flea market shopping. The Old Market, on the Place du Jeu de Balle/Vossenplein, in the Marolles/Marollen neighbourhood, is particularly renowned.[198] The nearby Sablon/Zavel area is home to many of Brussels' antique dealers.[199] The Midi Market around Brussels-South station and Boulevard du Midi/Zuidlaan is reputed to be one of the largest markets in Europe.[200]
Deportes
Sport in Brussels is under the responsibility of the Communities. The Administration de l'Éducation Physique et du Sport (ADEPS) is responsible for recognising the various French-speaking sports federations and also runs three sports centres in the Brussels-Capital Region.[201] Its Dutch-speaking counterpart is Sport Vlaanderen (formerly called BLOSO).[202]
The King Baudouin Stadium (formerly Heysel Stadium) is the largest in the country and home to the national teams in football and rugby union.[203] It hosted the final of the 1972 UEFA European Football Championship, and the opening game of the 2000 edition. Several European club finals have been held at the ground, including the 1985 European Cup Final which saw 39 deaths due to hooliganism and structural collapse.[204] The King Baudouin Stadium is also home of the annual Memorial Van Damme athletics event, Belgium's foremost track and field competition, which is part of the Diamond League. Other important athletics events are the Brussels Marathon and the 20 km of Brussels.
Cycling
Brussels is home to notable cycling races. The city is the arrival location of the Brussels Cycling Classic, formerly known as Paris–Brussels, which is one of the oldest semi classic bicycle races on the international calendar. From World War I until the early 1970s, the Six Days of Brussels was organised regularly. In the last decades of the 20th century, the Grand Prix Eddy Merckx was also held in Brussels.
Association football
R.S.C. Anderlecht, based in the Constant Vanden Stock Stadium in Anderlecht, is the most successful Belgian football club in the Belgian Pro League, with 34 titles.[205] It has also won the most major European tournaments for a Belgian side, with 6 European titles.
Brussels is also home to Union Saint-Gilloise, the most successful Belgian club before World War II, with 11 titles[206] The club was founded in Saint-Gilles but is based in nearby Forest, and plays in the Second Division. White Star Bruxelles is another football club that plays in second division. Racing White Daring Molenbeek, based in Sint-Jans-Molenbeek, and often referred to as RWDM, was a very popular football club until it was dissolved in 2002. Since 2015, its reincarnation RWDM47 is back playing in the second division.
Other Brussels clubs that played in the national series over the years were Ixelles SC, Crossing Club de Schaerbeek (born from a merger between RCS de Schaerbeek and Crossing Club Molenbeek), Scup Jette, RUS de Laeken, Racing Jet de Bruxelles, AS Auderghem, KV Wosjot Woluwe and FC Ganshoren.
Economía
Serving as the centre of administration for Belgium and Europe, Brussels' economy is largely service-oriented. It is dominated by regional and world headquarters of multinationals, by European institutions, by various local and federal administrations, and by related services companies, though it does have a number of notable craft industries, such as the Cantillon Brewery, a lambic brewery founded in 1900.[207]
Brussels has a robust economy. The region contributes to one fifth of Belgium's GDP, and its 550,000 jobs account for 17.7% of Belgium's employment.[208] Its GDP per capita is nearly double that of Belgium as a whole,[14] and it has the highest GDP per capita of any NUTS 1 region in the EU, at ~$80,000 in 2016.[209] That being said, the GDP is boosted by a massive inflow of commuters from neighbouring regions; over half of those who work in Brussels live in Flanders or Wallonia, with 230,000 and 130,000 commuters per day respectively. Conversely, only 16.0% of people from Brussels work outside Brussels (68,827 (68.5%) of them in Flanders and 21,035 (31.5%) in Wallonia).[210] Not all of the wealth generated in Brussels remains in Brussels itself, and as of December 2013[update], the unemployment among residents of Brussels is 20.4%.[211]
There are approximately 50,000 businesses in Brussels, of which around 2,200 are foreign. This number is constantly increasing and can well explain the role of Brussels in Europe. The city's infrastructure is very favourable in terms of starting up a new business. House prices have also increased in recent years, especially with the increase of young professionals settling down in Brussels, making it the most expensive city to live in Belgium.[212] In addition, Brussels holds more than 1,000 business conferences annually, making it the ninth most popular conference city in Europe.[213]
Brussels is rated as the 34th most important financial centre in the world as of 2020, according to the Global Financial Centres Index. The Brussels Stock Exchange, abbreviated to BSE, now called Euronext Brussels, is part of the European stock exchange Euronext N.V., along with Paris Bourse, Lisbon Stock Exchange and Amsterdam Stock Exchange. Its benchmark stock market index is the BEL20.
Medios de comunicación
Brussels is a centre of both media and communications in Belgium, with many Belgian television stations, radio stations, newspapers and telephone companies having their headquarters in the region. The Belgian French-language public broadcaster RTBF, the Belgian Dutch-speaking public broadcaster VRT, the two regional channels BX1 (formerly Télé Bruxelles)[214] and Bruzz (formerly TV Brussel),[215] the encrypted BeTV channel and private channels RTL-TVI and VTM are headquartered in Brussels. Some national newspapers such as Le Soir, La Libre, De Morgen and the news agency Belga are based in or around Brussels. The Belgian postal company Bpost, as well as the telecommunication companies and mobile operators Proximus, Orange Belgium and Telenet are all located there.
As English is spoken widely,[35][37] several English media organisations operate in Brussels. The most popular of these are the English-language daily news media platform and bi-monthly magazine The Brussels Times and the quarterly magazine and website The Bulletin. The multilingual pan-European news channel Euronews also maintains an office in Brussels.
Educación
Tertiary education
There are several universities in Brussels. Except for the Royal Military Academy, a military college established in 1834,[216] all universities in Brussels are private/autonomous.
The Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), a French-speaking university, with about 20,000 students, has three campuses in the city,[217] and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), its Dutch-speaking sister university, has about 10,000 students.[218] Both universities originate from a single ancestor university, founded in 1834, namely the Free University of Brussels, which was split in 1970, at about the same time the Flemish and French Communities gained legislative power over the organisation of higher education.[219]
Saint-Louis University, Brussels (also known as UCLouvain Saint-Louis – Bruxelles) was founded in 1858 and is specialised in social and human sciences, with 4,000 students, and located on two campuses in the City of Brussels and Ixelles.[220]
Still other universities have campuses in Brussels, such as the French-speaking University of Louvain (UCLouvain), which has 10,000 students in the city with its medical faculties at UCLouvain Bruxelles Woluwe since 1973,[221] in addition to its Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning[222] and UCLouvain's Dutch-speaking sister Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)[223] (offering bachelor's and master's degrees in economics & business, law, arts, and architecture; 4,400 students). In addition, the University of Kent's Brussels School of International Studies is a specialised postgraduate school offering advanced international studies.
Also a dozen of university colleges are located in Brussels, including two drama schools, founded in 1832: the French-speaking Conservatoire Royal and its Dutch-speaking equivalent, the Koninklijk Conservatorium.[224][225]
Primary and secondary education
Most of Brussels pupils between the ages of 3 and 18 go to schools organised by the French-speaking Community or the Flemish Community, with close to 80% going to French-speaking schools, and roughly 20% to Dutch-speaking schools. Due to the post-war international presence in the city, there are also a number of international schools, including the International School of Brussels, with 1,450 pupils, between the ages of 21⁄2 and 18,[226] the British School of Brussels, and the four European Schools, which provide free education for the children of those working in the EU institutions. The combined student population of the four European Schools in Brussels is around 10,000.[227]
Libraries
Brussels has a number of public or private-owned libraries on its territory.[228]
Libraries in Brussels fall under the competence of the Communities and are usually separated between French-speaking and Dutch-speaking institutions, although some are mixed.[verification needed]
Science and technology
Science and technology in Brussels is well developed with the presence of several universities and research institutes.
The Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences houses the world's largest hall completely dedicated to dinosaurs, with its collection of 30 fossilised Iguanodon skeletons.[229] The Planetarium of the Royal Observatory of Belgium is one of the largest in Europe.[230]
Healthcare
Brussels is home to a thriving pharmaceutical and health care industry which includes pioneering biotechnology research. The health sector employs 70,000 employees in 30,000 companies. There are 3,000 life sciences researchers in the city and two large science parks: Da Vinci Research Park and Erasmus Research Park. There are five university hospitals, a military hospital and more than 40 general hospitals and specialist clinics.[231]
Due to its bilingual nature, hospitals in the Brussels-Capital Region can be either monolingual French, monolingual Dutch, or bilingual, depending on their nature. University hospitals belong to one of the two linguistic communities and are thus monolingual French or Dutch by law. Other hospitals managed by a public authority must be legally bilingual. Private hospitals are legally not bound to either language, but most cater to both. However, all hospital emergency services in the Capital Region (whether part of a public or private hospital) are required to be bilingual, since patients transported by emergency ambulance cannot chose the hospital they will be brought to.[232]
Transporte
Air
The Brussels-Capital Region is served by several airports, all of which are located outside of the administrative territory of the region. The most notable are:
- Brussels-National Airport, located in the nearby Flemish municipality of Zaventem, 12 km (10 mi) east of the capital;
- Brussels South Charleroi Airport, located in Gosselies, a part of the city of Charleroi (Wallonia), some 50 km (30 mi) south-west of Brussels;
- Melsbroek Air Base, located in Steenokkerzeel, is mainly a military airport and is used in a minority way for civilian travelers.
The first two are also the main airports of Belgium.[233]
Water
Since the 16th century, Brussels has had its own harbour, the port of Brussels. It has been enlarged throughout the centuries to become the second Belgian inland port. Historically situated near the Place Sainte-Catherine/Sint-Katelijneplein, it lies today to the northwest of the region, on the Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal (commonly called Willebroek Canal), which connects Brussels to Antwerp via the Scheldt. Ships and large barges up to 4,500 tons can penetrate deep into the country, avoiding break-ups and load transfers between Antwerp and the centre of Brussels, hence reducing the cost for companies using the canal, and thus offering a competitive advantage.
Moreover, the connection of the Willebroek Canal with the Brussels–Charleroi Canal, in the very heart of the capital, creates a north–south link, by means of waterways, between the Netherlands, Flanders and the industrial zone of Hainaut (Wallonia). There, navigation can access the network of French canals, thanks to the important inclined plane of Ronquières and the lifts of Strépy-Bracquegnies.
The importance of river traffic in Brussels makes it possible to avoid the road equivalent of 740,000 trucks per year—almost 2,000 per day—which, in addition to easing traffic problems, represents an estimated carbon dioxide saving of 51,545 tonnes per year.[234]
Train
The Brussels-Capital Region has three main train stations: Brussels-South, Brussels-Central and Brussels-North, which are also the busiest of the country.[30] Brussels-South is also served by direct high-speed rail links: to London by Eurostar trains via the Channel Tunnel (1hr 51min); to Amsterdam[235] by Thalys and InterCity connections; to Amsterdam, Paris (1hr 50min and 1hr 25min respectively as of 6 April 2015[update]), and Cologne by Thalys; and to Cologne (1hr 50min) and Frankfurt (2hr 57min) by the German ICE.
The train rails in Brussels go underground, near the centre, through the North–South connection, with Brussels Central Station also being largely underground. The tunnel itself is only six tracks wide at its narrowest point, which often causes congestion and delays due to heavy use of the route.
The City of Brussels has minor railway stations at Bockstael, Brussels-Chapel, Brussels-Congres, Brussels-Luxembourg, Brussels-Schuman, Brussels-West, Haren, Haren-South and Simonis. In the Brussels Region, there are also railways stations at Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, Boitsfort, Boondael, Bordet (Evere), Etterbeek, Evere, Forest-East, Forest-South, Jette, Meiser (Schaerbeek), Moensberg (Uccle), Saint-Job (Uccle), Schaarbeek, Uccle-Calevoet, Uccle-Stalle, Vivier d'Oie-Diesdelle (Uccle), Merode and Watermael.
City public transport
The Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company (STIB/MIVB) is the local public transport operator in Brussels. It covers the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region and some surface routes extend to the near suburbs in the other two regions.
Metro
The Brussels metro dates back to 1976,[236] but underground lines known as the premetro have been serviced by tramways since 1968. It is the only rapid transit system in Belgium (Antwerp and Charleroi both having light rail systems). The network consists of four conventional metro lines and three premetro lines. The metro-grade lines are M1, M2, M5, and M6, with some shared sections, covering a total of 40 km (25 mi).[237] As of 2017[update], the metro network within the region has a total of 69 metro and premetro stations. The metro is an important means of transport, connecting with six railway stations of the National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB), and many tram and bus stops operated by STIB/MIVB, and with Flemish De Lijn and Walloon TEC bus stops.
Trams and buses
A comprehensive bus and tram network covers the region. As of 2017[update], the Brussels tram system consists of 17 tram lines (three of which – lines T3, T4 and T7 – qualify as premetro lines). The total route length is 139 km (86 mi),[237] making it one of the largest tram networks in Europe. The Brussels bus network is complementary to the rail network. It consists of 50 bus routes and 11 night routes, spanning 445 km (277 mi).[237] Since April 2007, STIB/MIVB has been operating a night bus network called Noctis. On Fridays and Saturdays, 11 bus routes operate from midnight until 3 a.m. They run from the centre of Brussels to the outer reaches of the Brussels-Capital Region.[238]
Ticketing
An interticketing system means that a STIB/MIVB ticket holder can use the train or long-distance buses inside the region. A single journey can include multiple stages across the different modes of transport. The commuter services operated by De Lijn, TEC and NMBS/SNCB will, in the next few years,[when?] be augmented by the Brussels Regional Express Network (RER/GEN), which will connect the capital and surrounding towns. Since August 2016, paper tickets have been discontinued in favour of electronic MoBIB cards.
Other public transport
Since 2003, Brussels has had a car-sharing service operated by the Bremen company Cambio, in partnership with the STIB/MIVB and local ridesharing company Taxi Stop. In 2006, a public bicycle-sharing programme was introduced. The scheme was subsequently taken over by Villo!. Since 2008, this night-time public transport service has been supplemented by Collecto, a shared taxi system, which operates on weekdays between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m. In 2012, the Zen Car electric car-sharing scheme was launched in the university and European areas.
Road network
In medieval times, Brussels stood at the intersection of routes running north–south (the modern Rue Haute/Hoogstraat) and east–west (Chaussée de Gand/Gentsesteenweg-Rue du Marché aux Herbes/Grasmarkt-Rue de Namur/Naamsestraat). The ancient pattern of streets, radiating from the Grand Place, in large part remains, but has been overlaid by boulevards built over the River Senne, over the city walls and over the railway connection between the North and South Stations.
Today, Brussels has the most congested traffic in North America and Europe, according to US traffic information platform INRIX.[239]
These distances are as the crow flies: | |||||||||||||||||
City | Distance | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antwerp | 43.3 km (26.9 mi) N | ||||||||||||||||
Charleroi | 47.4 km (29.5 mi) S | ||||||||||||||||
Ghent | 51.0 km (31.7 mi) NW | ||||||||||||||||
Liège | 88.5 km (55.0 mi) E | ||||||||||||||||
Lille | 94.6 km (58.8 mi) SW | ||||||||||||||||
|
Brussels is the hub of a range of old national roads, the main ones being clockwise: the N1 (N to Breda), N2 (E to Maastricht), N3 (E to Aachen), N4 (SE to Luxembourg) N5 (S to Rheims), N6 (S to Maubeuge), N7 (SW to Lille), N8 (W to Koksijde) and N9 (NW to Ostend).[240] Usually named chaussées/steenwegen, these highways normally run in a straight line, but sometimes lose themselves in a maze of narrow shopping streets.
The region is skirted by the European route E19 (N-S) and the E40 (E-W), while the E411 leads away to the SE. Brussels has an orbital motorway, numbered R0 (R-zero) and commonly referred to as the Ring. It is pear-shaped, as the southern side was never built as originally conceived, owing to residents' objections.
The city centre, sometimes known as the Pentagon, is surrounded by an inner ring road, the Small Ring (French: Petite Ceinture, Dutch: Kleine Ring), a sequence of boulevards formally numbered R20 or N0. These were built upon the site of the second set of city walls following their demolition. The metro line 2 runs under much of these. Since June 2015, a number of central boulevards inside the Pentagon have become car-free, limiting transit traffic through the old city.[241]
On the eastern side of the region, the R21 or Greater Ring (French: Grande Ceinture, Dutch: Grote Ring) is formed by a string of boulevards that curves round from Laeken to Uccle. Some premetro stations (see Brussels metro) were built on that route. A little further out, a stretch numbered R22 leads from Zaventem to Saint-Job.
Servicios de seguridad y emergencia
Police
The Brussels local police, supported by the federal police, is responsible for law enforcement in Brussels. The 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region are divided into six police zones,[242] all bilingual (French and Dutch):
- 5339 Brussels Capital Ixelles: the City of Brussels and Ixelles
- 5340 Brussels West: Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, Ganshoren, Jette, Koekelberg and Molenbeek-Saint-Jean
- 5341 South: Anderlecht, Forest and Saint-Gilles
- 5342 Uccle/Watermael-Boitsfort/Auderghem: Auderghem, Uccle and Watermael-Boitsfort
- 5343 Montgomery: Etterbeek, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert et Woluwe-Saint-Pierre
- 5344 Polbruno: Evere, Saint-Josse-ten-Noode et Schaerbeek
Fire department
The Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Care Service, commonly known by its acronym SIAMU (DBDMH), operates in the 19 municipalities of Brussels.[243] It is a class X fire department and the largest fire service in Belgium in terms of annual operations, equipment, and personnel. It has 9 fire stations, spread over the entire Brussels-Capital Region, and employs about 1,000 professional firefighters. As well as preventing and fighting fires, SIAMU also provides emergency medical care services in Brussels via its centralised 100 number (and the single 112 emergency number for the 27 countries of the European Union). It is bilingual (French–Dutch).
Parques y espacios verdes
Brussels is one of the greenest capitals in Europe, with over 8,000 hectares of green spaces.[244] Vegetation cover and natural areas are higher in the outskirts, where they have limited the peri-urbanisation of the capital, but they decrease sharply towards the centre of Brussels; 10% in the central Pentagon, 30% of the municipalities in the first ring, and 71% of the municipalities in the second ring are occupied by green spaces.
Many parks and gardens, both public and privately owned, are scattered throughout the city. In addition to this, the Sonian Forest is located in its southern part and stretches out over the three Belgian regions. As of 2017[update], it has been inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the only Belgian component to the multinational inscription 'Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe'.
Brussels' Park
Mont des Arts / Kunstberg
Parc du Cinquantenaire / Jubelpark
Bois de la Cambre / Ter Kamerenbos
The Botanical Garden of Brussels
Ixelles Ponds
Forest Park
The Royal Greenhouses of Laeken
Sonian Forest
Gente notable
Relaciones Internacionales
Twin towns and sister cities
Brussels is twinned with the following cities:
- Aichi, Japan[245]
- Atlanta, United States[246][247]
- Beijing, People's Republic of China[248][247]
- Berlin, Germany[249][247]
- Brasília, Brazil[250]
- Breda, Netherlands[247]
- Casablanca, Morocco[247]
- Kyiv, Ukraine[247]
- Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo[247]
- Ljubljana, Slovenia[251][247]
- Macau[247]
- Madrid, Spain[252][247]
- Montreal, Canada[253]
- Moscow, Russia[254]
- Prague, Czech Republic[255][247]
- Tirana, Albania[256]
- Washington, D.C., United States[257][247]
Clasificaciones
- As of 2016[update], the Brussels-Capital Region is ranked the 12th largest capital city of the European Union.
Ver también
- Bourgeois of Brussels
- Brussels Regional Investment Company
- Outline of Belgium
- Seven Noble Houses of Brussels
- Statue of Europe
Notas
- ^ French pronunciation: [ʁeʒjɔ̃ də bʁysɛl kapital] (listen).
- ^ Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbrʏsəls ɦoːftˈsteːdələk xəˈʋɛst] (listen). Gewest in isolation is pronounced [ɣəˈʋɛst] (listen).
- ^ Brussels is not formally declared capital of the EU, though its position is spelled out in the Treaty of Amsterdam. See the section dedicated to this issue.
- ^ The six municipalities with language facilities around Brussels are Wemmel, Kraainem, Wezembeek-Oppem, Sint-Genesius-Rode, Linkebeek and Drogenbos.
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Bibliografía
- Wolmar, Christian (2010). Blood, Iron & Gold: How the Railways transformed the World. London: Grove Atlantic. ISBN 9781848871717.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
enlaces externos
- Brussels-Capital Region
- Official tourism website
- GIS Brussels-Capital Region
- Interactive map
- Flower Carpet in Brussels 2014