Caterpillar Inc. (a menudo abreviado como CAT ) es una corporación estadounidense Fortune 100 que diseña, desarrolla, diseña, fabrica, comercializa y vende maquinaria , motores , productos financieros y seguros a clientes a través de una red mundial de distribuidores . Es el mayor fabricante de equipos de construcción del mundo. [3] [4] [7] En 2018, Caterpillar ocupó el puesto 65 en la lista Fortune 500 [8] y el número 238 en la lista Global Fortune 500. [9] La acción de Caterpillar es un componente delPromedio industrial Dow Jones . [10]
Tipo | Público |
---|---|
Negociado como | |
Industria | Maquinaria pesada Motores Servicios financieros |
Predecesor | CL Best Holt Manufacturing Company |
Fundado | 15 de abril de 1925 California , EE. UU. |
Fundador | CL mejor |
Sede | Deerfield, Illinois , Estados Unidos |
Área de servicio | Mundial |
Gente clave | Jim Umpleby (presidente |
Productos | |
Servicios | Lista de servicios |
Ingresos | US $ 53,80 mil millones (2019) [1] |
Ingresos de explotación | US $ 8.290 millones (2019) [1] |
Lngresos netos | US $ 6.090 millones (2019) [1] |
Los activos totales | 78.450 millones de dólares EE.UU. (2019) [1] |
Equidad total | US $ 14.620 millones (2019) [1] |
Número de empleados | 102 300 (2019) [2] |
Subsidiarias | Lista de subsidiarias
|
Sitio web | oruga .com |
Notas al pie / referencias [3] [4] [5] [6] |
Caterpillar Inc. tiene sus orígenes en la fusión en 1925 de Holt Manufacturing Company y CL Best Tractor Company, creando una nueva entidad, Caterpillar Tractor Company con sede en California. [11] En 1986, la empresa se reorganizó como una corporación de Delaware con el nombre actual de Caterpillar Inc. Su sede se encuentra en Deerfield, Illinois ; anunció en enero de 2017 que en el transcurso de ese año, trasladaría su sede de Peoria, Illinois, a Deerfield, Illinois, eliminando los planes de 2015 de construir un nuevo complejo de oficinas centrales de $ 800 millones en el centro de Peoria. [12] [13]
La compañía también otorga licencias y comercializa una línea de ropa y botas de trabajo bajo su nombre Cat / Caterpillar. [14] [15] La maquinaria Caterpillar es reconocible por su librea de marca registrada "Caterpillar Yellow" y el logotipo "CAT". [dieciséis]
Historia
Orígenes
Los tractores de vapor de la década de 1890 y principios de 1900 eran extremadamente pesados, a veces pesaban 1,000 libras (450 kg) por caballo de fuerza , y a menudo se hundían en la tierra de las tierras de cultivo del Delta del Valle de San Joaquín que rodeaban Stockton, California . Benjamin Holt intentó solucionar el problema aumentando el tamaño y el ancho de las ruedas hasta 7,5 pies (2,3 m) de alto y 6 pies (1,8 m) de ancho, produciendo un tractor de 46 pies (14 m) de ancho, pero esto también hizo que el tractores cada vez más complejos, costosos y difíciles de mantener.
Otra solución considerada fue colocar un camino de tablones temporal delante del tractor de vapor, pero esto requería mucho tiempo, era costoso e interfería con el movimiento de tierras. Holt pensó en envolver las ruedas con los tablones. Reemplazó las ruedas de un vaporizador Holt de 40 caballos de fuerza (30 kW), No. 77, con un juego de rieles de madera atornillados a cadenas. El día de Acción de Gracias, el 24 de noviembre de 1904, probó con éxito la máquina actualizada arando la empapada tierra delta de la isla Roberts . [17]
Al mismo tiempo, Richard Hornsby & Sons en Grantham, Lincolnshire, Inglaterra, desarrolló un vehículo con orugas de placas de acero, que patentó en 1904. Este tractor se manejaba mediante el frenado diferencial de las orugas y no requería el volante del timón delantero para dirigir, lo que es el primero en hacerlo. Se fabricaron y vendieron varios tractores para operar en el Yukón , uno de los cuales estuvo en funcionamiento hasta 1927, y todavía existen restos. Hornsby encontró un mercado limitado para su tractor, por lo que vendieron su patente a Holt en 1911, el mismo año que Holt registró la marca "Caterpillar".
Se informó que el fotógrafo de la compañía Charles Clements observó que el tractor se arrastraba como una oruga , [18] y Holt aprovechó la metáfora. "Caterpillar es. ¡Ese es el nombre!" [17] Sin embargo, algunas fuentes atribuyen este nombre a los soldados británicos que habían presenciado pruebas del tractor Hornsby en julio de 1907. Dos años más tarde, Holt vendió sus primeros tractores sobre orugas a vapor por 5.500 dólares, unos 128.000 dólares en la actualidad. Cada lado presentaba un bastidor de riel que medía 30 pulgadas (760 mm) de alto por 42 pulgadas (1,100 mm) de ancho y tenían 9 pies (2,7 m) de largo. Las pistas eran listones de secuoya de 3 pulgadas (76 mm) por 4 pulgadas (100 mm) . [17]
Holt recibió la primera patente para una vía continua práctica para su uso con un tractor el 7 de diciembre de 1907, por su mejorado "Motor de tracción" ("mejora en los vehículos, y especialmente de la clase de motor de tracción; e incluyó soportes de plataforma de viaje sin fin sobre los cuales se lleva el motor "). [19]
Establecimiento inicial en Peoria (1910) y traslado de la sede a Deerfield (2017)
El 2 de febrero de 1910, [20] Holt abrió una planta en East Peoria , Illinois , dirigida por su sobrino Pliny Holt. Allí, Pliny conoció al comerciante de implementos agrícolas Murray Baker , quien sabía de una fábrica vacía que se había construido recientemente para fabricar implementos agrícolas y motores de tracción a vapor . Baker, quien más tarde se convirtió en el primer vicepresidente ejecutivo de lo que se convirtió en Caterpillar Tractor Company, escribió a la sede de Holt en Stockton y describió la planta de la en quiebra Colean Manufacturing Co. de East Peoria. El 25 de octubre de 1909, Pliny Holt compró la fábrica [21] e inmediatamente comenzó a operar con 12 empleados. [22] Holt la incorporó como Holt Caterpillar Company, aunque no registró el nombre Caterpillar hasta el 2 de agosto de 1910. [20]
La incorporación de una planta en el Medio Oeste , a pesar del considerable capital necesario para reacondicionar la planta, resultó tan rentable que solo dos años después, la empresa empleaba a 625 personas y exportaba tractores a Argentina, Canadá y México. [23] Los tractores se construyeron tanto en Stockton como en East Peoria. [24] [25]
El 31 de enero de 2017, la compañía anunció planes para trasladar su sede de Peoria a Deerfield, Illinois , a fines de 2017. [26] La nueva ubicación en 500 Lake Cook Road es el antiguo emplazamiento de una planta Fiatallis que fabricaba cargadoras de ruedas. durante muchos años.
Uso en la Primera Guerra Mundial
Los primeros tanques utilizados en la Primera Guerra Mundial fueron fabricados por William Foster & Co. , también en Lincolnshire, Inglaterra, y se introdujeron en el campo de batalla en 1916. Esa empresa había colaborado con Hornsby en el desarrollo de los vehículos demostrados al ejército británico en 1907. proporcionando los motores de parafina (queroseno).
Los tractores de cadenas de Holt desempeñaron un papel de apoyo en la Primera Guerra Mundial. Incluso antes de que Estados Unidos entrara formalmente en la Primera Guerra Mundial, Holt había enviado 1.200 tractores a Inglaterra, Francia y Rusia con fines agrícolas. Sin embargo, estos gobiernos enviaron los tractores directamente al frente de batalla, donde los militares los pusieron a trabajar transportando artillería y suministros. [27] Cuando estalló la Primera Guerra Mundial , la Oficina de Guerra Británica encargó un tractor Holt y lo sometió a pruebas en Aldershot . La Oficina de Guerra quedó adecuadamente impresionada y la eligió como tractor de armas. [28] Durante los siguientes cuatro años, el tractor Holt se convirtió en un importante tractor de artillería , utilizado principalmente para transportar armas medianas como el obús de 6 pulgadas , el cañón de 60 libras y más tarde el obús de 9,2 pulgadas . [29]
Los tractores Holt también fueron la inspiración para el desarrollo del tanque británico , que alteró profundamente las tácticas de guerra terrestre. [17] [30] El mayor Ernest Swinton , enviado a Francia como corresponsal de guerra del ejército , vio muy pronto el potencial de un tractor de orugas. [31] : 116 Aunque los británicos eligieron más tarde una empresa inglesa para construir sus primeros tanques, el tractor Holt se convirtió en "uno de los vehículos militares más importantes de todos los tiempos". [29]
Desafíos de posguerra
Los tractores Holt se hicieron muy conocidos durante la Primera Guerra Mundial . Los contratos militares formaron la mayor parte de la producción de la empresa. Cuando terminó la guerra, la expansión planeada de Holt para satisfacer las necesidades de los militares terminó abruptamente. Los tractores pesados que necesitaban los militares no eran adecuados para los agricultores. La situación de la empresa empeoró cuando los tractores de artillería fueron devueltos de Europa, deprimiendo los precios de los nuevos equipos y el inventario de tractores militares sin vender de Holt. La empresa luchó con la transición del auge en tiempos de guerra al colapso en tiempos de paz. Para mantener la empresa a flote, pidieron mucho dinero prestado.
CL Best Gas Tractor Company, formada por Clarence Leo Best en 1910, y principal competidor de Holt, recibió durante la guerra apoyo del gobierno, lo que le permitió suministrar a los agricultores los tractores agrícolas más pequeños que necesitaban. [32] [33] Como resultado, Best había ganado una ventaja de mercado considerable sobre Holt al final de la guerra. Best también asumió una deuda considerable para permitirle continuar con la expansión, especialmente la producción de su nuevo modelo Best 60 "Tracklayer".
Ambas empresas se vieron afectadas negativamente por la transición de una economía de tiempos de guerra a una de paz, lo que contribuyó a una depresión en todo el país , inhibiendo aún más las ventas. El 5 de diciembre de 1920, Benjamin Holt, de 71 años, murió después de una enfermedad que duró un mes. [33] [34]
Se crea la empresa Caterpillar (1925)
Los bancos y banqueros que tenían la gran deuda de la empresa obligaron a la junta directiva de Holt a aceptar a su candidato, Thomas A. Baxter, para suceder a Benjamin Holt. Baxter inicialmente eliminó los tractores grandes de la línea de productos de la compañía e introdujo modelos más pequeños enfocados en el mercado agrícola. Cuando la Ley de Ayuda Federal para Carreteras de 1921 financió un programa federal de construcción de carreteras de mil millones de dólares, Baxter comenzó a reorientar la empresa hacia la construcción de equipos de construcción de carreteras. [21] : 66 Ambas empresas también se enfrentaron a una feroz competencia de la empresa Fordson .
Entre 1907 y 1918, Best y Holt habían gastado alrededor de 1,5 millones de dólares en honorarios legales peleándose entre sí en una serie de demandas por infracción de patentes , marcas comerciales y contractuales . [35] Harry H. Fair, de la casa de corretaje de bonos de Pierce, Fair & Company de San Francisco, había ayudado a financiar la deuda de C. L. Best y los accionistas de Holt se acercaron a él para hablar sobre las dificultades financieras de su empresa. Fair recomendó que las dos empresas se fusionen. En abril y mayo de 1925, C. L. Best, económicamente más fuerte, se fusionó con el líder del mercado Holt Caterpillar para formar Caterpillar Tractor Co. [36]
La nueva empresa tuvo su sede en San Leandro hasta 1930, cuando bajo los términos de la fusión, se trasladó a Peoria. [22] Baxter había sido destituido como director ejecutivo a principios de 1925, y Clarence Leo Best asumió el título de director ejecutivo y permaneció en ese puesto hasta octubre de 1951. [32]
La compañía Caterpillar consolidó sus líneas de productos, ofreciendo solo cinco tractores de cadenas: el de 2 toneladas , 5 toneladas y 10 toneladas de la antigua línea de productos de Holt Manufacturing Company y los Caterpillar 30 y Caterpillar 60 de CL Best Tractor Co. antigua línea de productos. Los modelos de 10 y 5 toneladas se descontinuaron en 1926. En 1928, se descontinuó el de 2 toneladas. Las ventas el primer año fueron de US $ 13 millones. En 1929, las ventas subieron a 52,8 millones de dólares y Caterpillar siguió creciendo durante la Gran Depresión de la década de 1930.
Caterpillar adoptó el motor diesel para reemplazar los motores de gasolina. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial , los productos Caterpillar ganaron fama con los Seabees , batallones de construcción de la Armada de los Estados Unidos , que construyeron aeródromos y otras instalaciones en el Teatro de Operaciones del Pacífico . Caterpillar ocupó el puesto 44 entre las corporaciones estadounidenses en el valor de los contratos de producción militar en tiempos de guerra. [37] Durante el auge de la construcción de la posguerra, la empresa creció a un ritmo rápido y lanzó su primera empresa fuera de los EE. UU. En 1950, lo que marcó el comienzo del desarrollo de Caterpillar en una corporación multinacional .
En 2018, Caterpillar estaba en proceso de reestructuración, cerrando un centro de demostración en Panamá y una planta de fabricación de motores en Illinois. [38]
Expansión en mercados en desarrollo
Caterpillar construyó su primera instalación rusa en la ciudad de Tosno , ubicada cerca de San Petersburgo, Rusia . Se completó en 16 meses, se ocupó en noviembre de 1999 y comenzó a fabricar componentes de máquinas en 2000. [39] Se construyó la primera subestación eléctrica en el Óblast de Leningrado desde que el gobierno comunista se disolvió el 26 de diciembre de 1991. La instalación fue construida bajo las duras condiciones invernales, donde la temperatura estaba por debajo de -13 ° F (-25 ° C). La construcción de la instalación estuvo a cargo del Grupo Lemminkäinen en Helsinki, Finlandia . [ cita requerida ]
La instalación de Caterpillar Suzhou, República Popular de China , de $ 125 millones , fabrica cargadoras de ruedas medianas y motoniveladoras, principalmente para el mercado asiático. La primera máquina estaba programada para la producción en marzo de 2009. URS Ausino, en San Francisco, California, gestiona la construcción de las instalaciones. [ cita requerida ]
Caterpillar fabrica en Brasil desde 1960. [40] En 2010, la empresa anunció planes para ampliar aún más la producción de retroexcavadoras y cargadoras de ruedas pequeñas con una nueva fábrica. [41]
Caterpillar también ha estado fabricando máquinas, motores y grupos electrógenos en la India. Caterpillar tiene tres instalaciones en la India, que se encuentran en Tamil Nadu (Thiruvallur y Hosur) y Maharastra (Aurangabad).
Adquisiciones
Además de aumentar las ventas de sus productos principales, gran parte del crecimiento de Caterpillar se ha realizado a través de adquisiciones, que incluyen:
Sociedad o activo adquirido | Localización | Fecha | Adquirido de | Productos | Notas |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trackson | Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Estados Unidos | 1951 [42] | Traxcavadoras (cargadoras sobre orugas) y tiendetubos | "Traxcavator" se convirtió en una marca Cat | |
Towmotor Corporation | Mentor, Ohio, Estados Unidos | 1965 [43] | Montacargas | En 1992 se convirtió en Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklifts , una empresa conjunta propiedad en un 80% de Mitsubishi. | |
División Solar y División Turbomach | San Diego, California, Estados Unidos | 1981 [44] | Compañía internacional de cosechadoras | Turbinas de gas industriales | Se convirtió en Solar Turbines Incorporated , una subsidiaria de propiedad total de Caterpillar Inc. |
Balderson, Inc. | Wamego, Kansas, Estados Unidos | 1990 [45] | Balderson, Inc. | Herramientas para equipos de construcción y minería, por ejemplo, cubos, cuchillas, horquillas | El nombre de Balderson, Inc., se cambió a Caterpillar Work Tools, Inc. en 1998 y sigue siendo una subsidiaria de propiedad total de Caterpillar Inc. |
Barber-Greene Co. Inc. | Minneapolis, Minnesota, Estados Unidos | 1991 [46] | Productos de pavimentación | Productos de pavimentación Caterpillar renombrados | |
Krupp MaK Maschinenbau GmbH | Kiel , alemania | 1997 [47] [48] | Frito. Krupp GmbH | Motores diésel marinos | Renombrado MaK Motoren GmbH, una subsidiaria de propiedad total de Caterpillar Inc. y continuará usando la marca MaK. |
Motores Perkins | Peterborough , Reino Unido | 1998 [49] | LucasVarity | Pequeños motores diesel | Produce motores de las marcas Cat y Perkins. |
Ingeniería Kato | Mankato, Minnesota, Estados Unidos | 1998 [50] | Rockwell Automation, Inc. | Grandes generadores eléctricos | |
FG Wilson | Larne, Irlanda del Norte | 1999 [51] [52] | Compañía eléctrica de Emerson | Generadores, produce generadores de marca Cat y Olympian | Intercambio de activos, Emerson adquirió Kato Engineering de Caterpillar como parte de la transacción. |
División de equipos para movimiento de tierras | Chennai, India | 2000 [53] | Hindustan Motors Ltd. | Equipos de construcción | Se renombró como Caterpillar India, y el servicio y el mantenimiento son proporcionados por GMMCO Ltd. de Birla Group. |
Oruga Elphinstone | Burnie , Australia | 2000 [54] | Elphinstone | Equipo de minería subterránea | Adquirió una participación del 50% en una empresa conjunta del socio Elphinstone, rebautizada como Caterpillar Underground Mining |
Sabre Engines Ltd. | Wimborne, Reino Unido | 2000 [55] | Sabre Group Ltd. | Motores diésel marinos | Con el nuevo nombre de Caterpillar Marine Power UK, produce motores de las marcas Cat y Perkins-Sabre. |
Bitelli SpA | Minerbio , Italia | 2000 [56] | Extendedoras de asfalto, cepilladoras en frío, compactadores y otros productos de mantenimiento de carreteras | Fusionada con los productos de pavimentación de Caterpillar | |
Wealdstone Engineering Ltd. | Rushden, Reino Unido | 2004 [57] | Refabricante de motores de gasolina y diésel | Organizado bajo los servicios de remanufactura de Caterpillar | |
Williams Technologies, Inc. | Summerville, Carolina del Sur, Estados Unidos | 2004 [57] | Delco Remy International Inc. | Refabricante de transmisiones automáticas, convertidores de par y motores. | Organizado bajo los servicios de remanufactura de Caterpillar |
Turbomach SA | Riazzino , Suiza | 2004 [58] | Babcock Borsig AG | Empaquetador de turbinas de gas industriales y sistemas relacionados | |
Carril de progreso | Albertville, Alabama | 2006 [59] [60] | One Equity Partners | Proveedor de productos y servicios de ferrocarriles y sistemas de tránsito, propietario de Electro-Motive Diesel | |
Hindustan PowerPlus Ltd. | Mathagondapalli, Tamil Nadu, India | 2006 [61] [62] | Motores Hindustan | Componentes del motor y motores diésel de servicio pesado | Compra de la empresa conjunta formada en 1988, rebautizada como Caterpillar Power India Private Ltd., fusionada con Caterpillar India en 2008 |
Eurenov SAS | Chaumont, Francia | 2007 [63] [64] | Automotive component remanufacturing | Organized under Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services | |
Forestry Division of Blount International, Inc. | Portland, Oregon, United States | 2007[63][65] | Blount International, Inc. | Timber harvesting and processing equipment, loaders and attachments | |
Shandong Engineering Machinery (SEM) | China | 2008[66] | Wheel loaders | ||
Lovat Inc. | Toronto, Ontario, Canada | 2008[67] | Tunnel boring machines | 2 April 2008: "This acquisition is Caterpillar's entry into the rapidly expanding tunnel boring machine business, and it represents an excellent strategic fit for our companies and the customers we serve around the world," – Stu Levenick, Caterpillar group president. 2 May 2013: "We continuously evaluate our strategic portfolio to ensure alignment with our long-term strategy and have concluded the tunneling business no longer fits that strategy," – Stu Levenick. Caterpillar Tunneling Canada Corporation (CTCC) have notified employees that it will exit the business and cease production at its facilities by mid-2014. | |
Shin Caterpillar Mitsubishi Ltd. | Sagami & Akashi, Japan | 2008[67][68] | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries | Construction equipment | Joint venture since 1963, after purchase of majority renamed Caterpillar Japan Ltd. |
MGE Equipamentos & Serviços Ferroviários | Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil | 2008[69][70] | Railroad equipment remanufacturing | Subsidiary of Progress Rail | |
Gremada Industries, Inc. | West Fargo, North Dakota, United States | 2008[71][72] | Gremada Industries, Inc. | Remanufacturing transmissions, torque converters, and final drives | Organized under Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services |
Twin City Signal Inc. | Hudson, Wisconsin, United States | 2008[73] | Signaling, traffic control | Division of Progress Rail | |
JCS Co., Ltd. | Yangsan City, Kyungnam, South Korea | 2009[74][75] | Jinsung T.E.C. Co., Ltd. | Seal technology | |
GE Inspection Products | Erie, Pennsylvania, United States | 2010[76] | GE Transportation | Rail inspection products | Division of Progress Rail |
FCM Rail Ltd. | Fenton, Michigan, United States | 2010[77][78] | Rail maintenance equipment leasing | Division of Progress Rail | |
Zeit Comercio e Montagem de Equipamentos Ltda | Curitiba, Parana, Brazil | 2010[79] | Automation and electrical equipment for locomotives and other industries | Acquired by MGE, a division of Progress Rail | |
Electro-Motive Diesel | La Grange, Illinois, United States | 2010[80] | Greenbriar Equity Group LLC, Berkshire Partners LLC, et al. | Railroad locomotives and large diesel engines | Wholly owned subsidiary of Progress Rail |
Underground Imaging Technologies, Inc. (UIT) | Latham, New York, United States | 2010[81] | Geophysical services, specializing in providing three-dimensional representations of underground utilities | Organized under Cat Advanced Systems Division | |
Caterpillar Xuzhou Ltd | Xuzhou, China | 2010[82] | XCMG Group | Construction equipment | Joint venture since 1995, will become wholly owned subsidiary Caterpillar Xuzhou |
CleanAIR Systems, Inc. | Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States | 2010[83] | Customized stationary aftertreatment solutions for internal combustion engines | Wholly owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. organized under Customer Services Support Division | |
MWM Holding GmbH | Mannheim, Germany | 2010[84][85] | 3i Group Plc | Gas and diesel powered generator sets | will become part of Caterpillar's Electric Power division (formerly Deutz Power Systems division of Deutz-Fahr) |
Bucyrus International, Inc. | South Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States | 2011[86][87] | Surface and underground mining equipment | Transaction closed without issuing new equity on July 8, 2011, in firm's largest acquisition ever, valued at $8.8 billion. | |
Pyroban Group Ltd | Shoreham, UK | 2011[84][88] | Fire and explosion prevention solutions for engines and equipment | ||
Berg Propulsion | Hönö, Gothenburg, Sweden | 2013[89] | Controllable-pitch propellers for the marine industry | ||
Marble Robot, Inc. | San Francisco, California, USA | 2020[90] | Robotics, machinery for groceries, prescriptions, and package delivery |
Divestitures
Caterpillar occasionally divests assets that do not align with its core competencies.
Asset Divested | Location | Date | Purchaser | Products | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Turbomach Division of Solar Turbines Incorporated | San Diego, California, United States | 1985[91] | Sunstrand Corporation | Auxiliary power units | Caterpillar's only aerospace asset, not a core competency, sold to longtime partner |
Kato Engineering | Mankato, Minnesota, United States | 1999[92] | Emerson Electric Company | Large electrical generators | Asset swap. Caterpillar acquired F.G. Wilson from Emerson as part of transaction. |
Agricultural equipment assets | DeKalb, Illinois, United States | 2002[93] | AGCO Corporation | Design, assembly and marketing of Challenger track tractors | Although founded as an agricultural equipment manufacturer, Caterpillar exited the business with this sale. |
Preferred Group of Mutual Funds | not applicable | 2006[94] | T. Rowe Price Group Inc. | Mutual funds | Caterpillar Investment Management Ltd. decided to exit the investment management business. |
Pioneer Machinery | West Columbia, South Carolina, United States | 2007[95] | Consortium of six Caterpillar dealers | Distributor of forestry equipment | |
ASV, Inc. | Grand Rapids, Minnesota, United States | 2008[96] | Terex Minnesota, Inc. | Rubber track machines | Caterpillar formerly held 23.5% of ASV outstanding shares before supporting the purchase by Terex |
Caterpillar Logistics Services | Morton, IL, United States | 2012[97][98] | Platinum Equity, LLC | Logistics Services & Warehousing Solutions | Caterpillar retains a 35% equity stake. Business renamed Neovia Logistics Services LLC |
Year | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Revenue | 20.51 | 20.19 | 22.81 | 30.31 | 36.34 | 41.52 | 44.96 | 51.32 | 32.37 | 42.59 | 60.14 | 65.88 | 55.66 | 55.18 | 47.01 | 38.54 | 45.46 | 54.72 | 53.80 |
Net Income | 0.805 | 0.798 | 1.099 | 2.035 | 2.854 | 3.537 | 3.541 | 3.557 | 0.895 | 2.700 | 4.928 | 5.397 | 6.556 | 2.452 | 2.512 | −0.067 | 0.743 | 6.147 | 6.093 |
Total Assets | 30.49 | 32.71 | 36.71 | 43.10 | 47.07 | 51.45 | 56.13 | 67.78 | 60.04 | 64.02 | 81.22 | 88.83 | 84.76 | 84.50 | 78.34 | 74.70 | 76.96 | 78.51 | 78.45 |
Employees (thousands) | 70.68 | 70.97 | 67.83 | 73.03 | 81.67 | 90.16 | 97.44 | 106.5 | 99.36 | 98.50 | 113.6 | 127.8 | 122.5 | 115.6 | 110.8 | 99.5 | 98.4 | 104.9 | 102.3 |
Líneas de negocios
Through fiscal year 2010, Caterpillar divided its products, services, and technologies into three principal lines of business: machinery, engines, and financial products for sale to private and governmental entities.[3] Starting in 2011, Caterpillar reports its financials using five business segments: construction industries, resource industries, power systems, financial products, and all other segments.[104]
Machinery
Caterpillar has a list of some 400 products for purchase through its dealer network. Caterpillar's line of machines range from tracked tractors to hydraulic excavators, backhoe loaders, motor graders, off-highway trucks, wheel loaders, agricultural tractors, and locomotives. Caterpillar machinery is used in the construction, road-building, mining, forestry, energy, transportation, and material-handling industries.
Caterpillar is the world's largest manufacturer of wheel loaders. The small size wheel loaders (SWL) are designed and manufactured at facilities in Clayton, North Carolina. The medium size (MWL) and large size (LWL) are designed at their Aurora, Illinois facility. Medium wheel loaders are manufactured at: Aurora, Illinois; Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; Gosselies, Charleroi, Belgium; Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil;[105] India; and the People's Republic of China. Large wheel loaders are manufactured exclusively in the United States on three separate assembly lines at Aurora, Illinois.
On-road trucks
Caterpillar began selling a line of on-road trucks in 2011, the Cat CT660, a Class 8 vocational truck.[106] As of March 2016, Caterpillar has ceased production of on-highway vocational trucks stating that “Remaining a viable competitor in this market would require significant additional investment to develop and launch a complete portfolio of trucks, and upon an updated review, we determined there was not a sufficient market opportunity to justify the investment,” said Ramin Younessi, vice president with responsibility for Caterpillar's Industrial Power Systems Division. “We have not yet started truck production in Victoria, and this decision allows us to exit this business before the transition occurs.”[107]
Engines and gas turbines
A portion of Caterpillar's business is in the manufacturing of diesel and natural gas engines and gas turbines which, in addition to their use in the company's own vehicles, are used as the prime movers in locomotives, semi trucks, marine vessels, and ships, as well as providing the power source for peak-load power plants and emergency generators.
Caterpillar 3116 engine was used up until 1997, when Caterpillar introduced the inline 6 cylinder 7.2 litre Caterpillar 3126 engine as its first electronic diesel engine for light trucks and buses.[108] Caterpillar decreased emissions and noise the next year in the 3126B version of the engine, and improved emissions further in 2002 with the 3126E which had an improved high-pressure oil pump and improved electronics.[108] In 2003 Caterpillar started selling a new version of this engine called the C-7 to meet increased United States emission standards that came into effect in 2004; it had the same overall design as the 3126 version, but with improved fuel injectors and electronics which included its new Advanced Combustion Emissions Reduction Technology (ACERT) system.[108] In 2007, as ultra-low-sulfur diesel became required in North America, Caterpillar updated the C7 to use common rail fuel injectors and improved ACERT electronics.[108][109]
In 1998 Caterpillar purchased Perkins Engines Company Limited of Peterborough, England, a maker of small diesel and gasoline engines. Perkins engines are used are used in various applications. Perkins engine products are dual branded with the Perkins nameplate for both loose and OEM engines, and the CAT nameplate for captive engines within Caterpillar products.
In June 2008, Caterpillar announced it would be exiting the on-highway diesel engine market in the United States before updated 2010 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standards took effect,[110] as costly changes to the engines, which only constituted a small percentage of Caterpillar's total engine sales, would be likely.[111]
In October 2010, Caterpillar announced it would buy German engine-manufacturer MWM GmbH from 3i for $810 million.[85]
Caterpillar Defense Products
The Caterpillar Defence Products[112] subsidiary, headquartered in Shrewsbury, United Kingdom, provides diesel engines, automatic transmissions, and other parts for the UK's Titan armored bridge layer, Trojan combat engineering tank, Terrier combat engineering vehicles, and tank transporters; the Romanian MLI-84 armored personnel carrier; and the Swiss Piranha III light armored vehicle, which is currently being developed for use by American light armored formations; large fleets of military trucks in both the U.S. and UK; and the CV90 family of infantry fighting vehicles used by the armies of Sweden, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Denmark.
This division also provides both propulsion engines and power generation systems to the naval shipbuilding industry, such as the Series 3512B turbocharged V-12 diesel engine for American Virginia class nuclear submarines. Caterpillar diesel engines are also used in San Antonio class amphibious transport docks, Spanish Alvaro de Bazán class frigates, British River class patrol vessels, Mexican Sierra class patrol boats,[113] and Malaysian Kedah class MEKO A-100 offshore patrol vessels.[114] The poor network security of the Caterpillar engines puts America's submarine force at risk for cyberattack.[115] In a recent interview on cybersecurity, the Navy clarified that Caterpillar actually has some of the most secure control systems and will be used as a model of how the Navy will design cyber protections into its control systems.[116]
Israel buys bulldozers for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) from Caterpillar through the U.S. government foreign aid money in their civilian configuration. The military modifications and the installment of vehicle armor are done entirely in Israel by the IDF and Israeli security contractors (Israel Military Industries and Israel Aerospace Industries).[citation needed] The IDF uses many Caterpillar machines such as bulldozers, excavators, wheel loaders, and graders mainly for engineering, earthworks, and building projects. The most famous machine in use by the IDF's Combat Engineering Corps is the heavy IDF Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer, which is being used also for combat engineering and combat missions under fire.
The Israel Defense Forces' use of highly modified Caterpillar D9 bulldozers has led to Caterpillar being criticized by activists and some shareholders.[117][118] In particular, the IDF Caterpillar D9 was involved in an incident in 2003, in which the American activist Rachel Corrie was killed by a bulldozer. A lawsuit against Caterpillar by her family and families of Palestinians, who were also killed by Caterpillar equipment, was unsuccessful.[119][120] A lawsuit against Israel and Israeli Defense Ministry was rejected by the court, ruling that her death was an accident, caused by restricted field of view from the heavily armored operators' cabin.[121] In 2014 Presbyterian Church (USA) sold its shares in Caterpillar citing the use of Caterpillar bulldozers involved in demolition and surveillance activities in the West Bank.[122][123]
Caterpillar Electronics
The Caterpillar Electronics business unit has formed Caterpillar Trimble Control Technologies LLC (CTCT), a 50:50 joint venture with Trimble Inc. CTCT develops positioning and control products for earthmoving and paving machines in the construction and mining industries, using technologies such as GNSS, optical total stations, lasers, and sonics. The products are used in a range of applications where the operator of the machine benefits from having accurate horizontal and vertical guidance. CTCT is based in Dayton, Ohio, and started its operations on April 1, 2002.
Agriculture products
Caterpillar introduced the Challenger range of agricultural tractors as the result of several development programs over a long period of time. The program started in the 1970s and involved both D6-based units and Grader power units. A parallel program was also developing wheeled high hp tractors based on using the articulated loading shovel chassis was later merged with the crawler team. The result was the Challenger Tractor and the "Mobi-Trac" system.
The Challenger has been marketed in Europe as Claas machines since 1997, with Caterpillar marketing the Claas-built Lexion combine range in the USA. Claas and Caterpillar formed a joint venture, Claas Omaha, to build combine harvesters in Omaha, Nebraska, USA under the CAT brand. In 2002, Cat sold its stake to Claas, and licensed the use of CAT and the CAT yellow livery to Claas. They are marketed as Lexion combines now.
Also in 2002, Caterpillar sold the Challenger tracked tractor business to AGCO and licensed the use of the Challenger and CAT names and livery to them. This ended Cat's venture into agriculture.
Financial products and brand licensing
Caterpillar provides financing and insurance to customers via its worldwide dealer network [3] and generates income through the licensing of the Caterpillar and CAT trademarks and logos.
Brand licensing
Caterpillar sells the right to manufacture, market, and sell products bearing the Cat trademark to licensees worldwide. Wolverine World Wide is one example, a licensee since 1994 and currently the sole company licensed to produce Cat branded footwear.[124] Other licensees sell items including scale models of Cat products, clothing, hats, luggage, watches, flashlights, shovels, knives, fans, gloves, smartphones,[125] and other consumer products.[126][127]
Operaciones
Manufacturing
Caterpillar products and components are manufactured in 110 facilities worldwide. 51 plants are located in the United States and 59 overseas plants are located in Australia (until 2015), Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech Republic, England, France, Germany, Hungary, India (Tiruvallur), Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Poland, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, and Sweden.
Caterpillar's historical manufacturing home is in Peoria, Illinois, which also has been the location of Caterpillar's world headquarters and core research and development activities. Although Caterpillar has contracted much of its local parts production and warehousing to third parties, Caterpillar still has four major plants in the Peoria area: the Mapleton Foundry, where diesel engine blocks and other large parts are cast; the East Peoria factory, which has assembled Caterpillar tractors for over 70 years; the Mossville engine plant, built after World War II; and the Morton parts facility.
Major facilities in Europe:
- Belgium: Gosselies (1965): Hydraulic Excavators, Medium Wheel Loaders, components (factory closed in 2016)
- France: Grenoble and Échirolles (1961): Track Type Tractors, Track Type Loaders, Wheeled Excavators, Undercarriage components
- Hungary: Gödöllő: Fabrications, Buckets
- Italy: Minerbio: Paving Products
- Poland: Sosnowiec and Janów Lubelski: Fabrications & Sub-assemblies
- Russia: Tosno: Fabrications
- UK: Leicester: Mini-excavators; Peterlee: Articulated Dump Trucks; Peterborough: Engines; Larne and Belfast: generating sets.[128]
Major facilities in Latin America:
- Mexico: Torreón, Acuna, Monterrey, Reynosa, San Luis Potosí, Tijuana
- Brazil: Campo Largo, Piracicaba, Curitiba, Hortolandia, Sete Lagoas
Remanufacturing
Major facilities in Latin America:
- Mexico: Oradel Industrial Center, Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, México (Since 1988)[129]
Distribution
Caterpillar products are distributed to end-users in nearly 200 countries through Caterpillar's worldwide network of 220 dealers. Caterpillar's dealers are independently owned and operated businesses with exclusive geographical territories. Dealers provide sales, maintenance and repair services, rental equipment, and parts[130] distribution. Finning, a dealer based in Vancouver, Canada, is Caterpillar's largest global distributor.[131] Gmmco Ltd is India's No. 1 Dealer for Caterpillar Machines.[132]
Most dealers use a management system called DBS for their day-to-day operations.
As of the first quarter of 2006, 66% of Caterpillars sales are made by one of the 63 dealers in the United States, with the remaining 34% sold by one of Caterpillar's 157 overseas dealers.[citation needed]
Management
Caterpillar has a corporate governance structure where the chairman of the board also acts as chief executive officer (CEO). The board of directors is fully independent and is made up of non-employee directors selected from outside the company. Several group presidents report to the CEO, and multiple vice presidents report to each group president.
The board has three committees: audit; compensation and human resources; governance and public policy.[133]
The behavior of all employees is governed by a code of worldwide business conduct, first published in 1974 and last amended in 2005, which sets the corporate standard for honesty and ethical behavior. Management employees are retested on this code annually.
Current board of directors
As of December 2018,[134] the board of directors was composed as follows:[135]
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On January 1, 2017, Jim Umpleby succeeded Douglas R. Oberhelman as CEO and Dave Calhoun became non-executive chairman.[136] On December 12, 2018, Umpleby was named chairman of the board as well, reversing Caterpillar's previous decision to split the CEO and chairman position.[137]
Fuerza laboral y relaciones laborales
As of December 31, 2009, Caterpillar employed 93,813 persons of whom 50,562 are located outside the United States. Current employment figures represent a decline of 17,900 employees compared the third quarter of 2008.[4] Due to the restructuring of business operations which began in the 1990s, there are 20,000 fewer union jobs in the Peoria, Illinois area while employment outside the U.S. has increased.[citation needed]
In 2020, it was reported that Caterpillar was planning to cut 700 jobs at its Northern Ireland operations.[138]
Labor practices
Caterpillar came close to bankruptcy in the early 1980s, at one point losing almost US$1 million per day due to a sharp downturn in product demand as competition with Japanese rival Komatsu increased. (At the time, Komatsu used the internal slogan "encircle Caterpillar".)[139] Caterpillar suffered further when the United States declared an embargo against the Soviet Union after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, causing the company to be unable to sell US$400 million worth of pipelaying machinery that had already been built.[140]
Due to the drastic drop in demand, Caterpillar initiated employee layoffs, which led to strikes, primarily by the members of the United Auto Workers, against Caterpillar facilities in Illinois and Pennsylvania. Several news reports at the time indicated that products were piling up so high in facilities that replacement workers could barely make their way to their work stations.
In 1992, the United Auto Workers conducted a five-month strike against Caterpillar. In response, Caterpillar threatened to replace Caterpillar's entire unionized work force. Over ten thousand UAW members struck again in 1994–1995 for 17 months, a record at that time. The strike ended with the UAW deciding to return to work without a contract despite record revenues and profits by Caterpillar.[141] In 1994, Caterpillar offered a contract to the UAW members that would have raised the salary of top workers from $35,000 to $39,000 per year. However, the UAW was seeking the same top wage of $40,000 that was paid to workers at Deere & Company in 1994.[142]
During the strikes, Caterpillar used management employees in an attempt to maintain production. It suspended research and development work, sending thousands of engineers and other non-bargained for employees into their manufacturing and assembly facilities to replace striking or locked out union members.
Rather than continuing to fight the United Auto Workers, Caterpillar chose to make itself less vulnerable to the traditional bargaining tactics of organized labor. One way was by outsourcing much of their parts production and warehouse work to outside firms. In another move, according to UAW officials and industry analysts, Caterpillar began to execute a "southern strategy".[143] This involved opening new, smaller plants, termed "focus facilities", in right-to-work states. Caterpillar opened these new facilities in Clayton and Sanford, North Carolina; Greenville, South Carolina; Corinth, Mississippi; Dyersburg, Tennessee; Griffin and LaGrange, Georgia; Seguin, Texas; and North Little Rock, Arkansas.
In 2012, the company locked out workers at a locomotive plant in London, Ontario, Canada and demanded some accept up to a 50% cut in pay, in order to become cost-competitive with comparable Caterpillar manufacturing facilities in the United States.[144] The move created controversy in Canada, with some complaining the plant was acquired under false pretenses.[145] Retail store Mark's Work Wearhouse began pulling Caterpillar boots from its shelves as a result.[146]
On May 1, 2012, 780 members of the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers Local Lodge 851 went on strike. An agreement was reached in August, resulting in a 6-year wage freeze. Striking workers expressed anger about the freeze given the company's record 2011 profits and CEO Oberhelman's 60% salary increase.[147]
Coerced labor in Xinjiang
In June 2020, it was reported that a Caterpillar clothing wholesaler, Summit Resource International, participates in a Chinese government-run labor transfer scheme that uses forced labor of Uyghurs in internment camps.[148]
Registro ambiental
Environmental stewardship
Caterpillar divisions have won Illinois Governor's Pollution Prevention Awards every year since 1997.[149] Caterpillar was awarded the 2007 Illinois Governor's Pollution Prevention Award for three projects: The Hydraulics and Hydraulic Systems business unit in Joliet implemented a flame sprayed coating for its truck suspension system, replacing a chroming process, reducing hazardous waste by 700,000 pounds annually, and saving 14 million US gallons (53,000 m3) of water. Caterpillar's Cast Metals Organization in Mapleton worked with the American Foundry Society to help produce a rule to reduce hazardous waste in scrap metal that meet strict quality requirements, and also allow foundries to continue recycling certain types of scrap and maintain a competitive cost structure. Caterpillar's Mossville Engine Center formed a team to look at used oil reuse and recycle processes that forced MEC to send large amounts of used oil off-site for recycling, and developed an updated system for reclaiming it for reuse on-site. The resulting benefits included a usage reduction of about 208,000 US gallons (790 m3) of oil per year.[150]
Caterpillar in 2004 participated in initiatives such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Clean Diesel Campaign program, which encourages retrofitting fleets of older buses and trucks with newer diesel engines that meet higher emissions standards.[151][152]
In 2005, Caterpillar donated $12 million to The Nature Conservancy in a joint effort to protect and preserve river systems in Brazil, U.S.A., and China.[153]
Caterpillar has, for many years, been a member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development based in Geneva, Switzerland[154] and has been listed on the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index each year since 2001.[155]
Clean Air Act violation
In July 1999, Caterpillar and five other diesel engine manufacturers signed a consent decree with the Justice Department and the State of California, after governmental investigations revealed violations of the Clean Air Act. The violation involves over a million diesel engines sold with defeat devices, devices that regulated emissions during pre-sale tests, but that could be disabled in favor of better performance during subsequent highway driving. Consequently, these engines "...emit up to triple the permissible level of smog-forming nitrogen oxides (NOx). In 1998 alone, these violating vehicles emitted 1.3 million tons of additional NOx – an amount equal to the emissions of 65 million cars." For this reason, Caterpillar was named the "Clean Air Villain of the Month" for August 2000 by the Clean Air Trust.[156] The consent decree provided that $83 million be paid in civil penalties and determined new deadlines for meeting emissions standards. Caterpillar, however, was successful in lobbying for an extension of deadlines they considered too severe. Even so, in October 2002, Caterpillar – the only diesel engine company (of those that signed decrees) to fail to meet the new emissions standards deadline – was forced to pay $128 million in per-engine non-conformance penalties.[157]
Controversias
Tax deferral techniques
In March 2017, when US federal agents raided Caterpillar's headquarters in Peoria Ill., it was already evident that the company engaged in aggressive measures to control tax costs. Since April 2014, the company's tax policies have been investigated by a senate subcommittee headed by Senator Carl Levin. Those investigations uncovered significant changes in Caterpillar's offshore tax strategy, culminating in the creation of the new Swiss subsidiary Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) in Geneva. In 1999, the former Caterpillar executive Daniel Schlicksup accused the company of funneling profits from replacement parts to Switzerland where it had no warehouses or factories. The Internal Revenue Service found the firm liable for a billion dollars of unpaid taxes for the years 2007 to 2009.[158]
At the same time, the architect of Caterpillar's fiscal strategy, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) came also under scrutiny, owing this to a conflict of interest, acting as Caterpillar's global tax consultant and controller.[159] The Senate uncovered documents from PWC saying the elaborate move was simply a way to evade American taxes. "We are going to have to do some dancing" one said. Another noted, "What the heck, we will all be retired when this comes up on audit."[158]
Israel Defense Forces sales
In 2004 the Office of the UN High Commissioner on Human Rights sent a warning letter to the company about its sales of bulldozers to the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and which were used in part to destroy Palestinian farms.[160][161]
Trademark claims
Caterpillar Inc. has sought the revocations of registered trademarks in the United States incorporating the word "Cat" within the market of apparel, such as "Cat & Cloud" (a cafe in Santa Cruz, California), and Keyboard Cat. The company has faced criticism for this perceived "bullying", even when the likelihood of confusion is low.[162][163][164]
Promoción, filantropía y premios
Caterpillar is a member of the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition, a Washington D.C.-based coalition of over 400 major companies and NGOs that advocates for increased funding of American diplomatic and development efforts abroad through the International Affairs Budget.[165] Economic development projects in developing countries (particularly in rural, agricultural regions) serve as new markets for Caterpillar products by improving political and economic stability and raising average incomes. 2011 recipient of the Henry C. Turner Prize for Innovation in Construction Technology from the National Building Museum.
Ver también
- G-numbers for U.S. Army Caterpillar tractors
- List of Caterpillar machines
- List of trucks
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Otras lecturas
- Orlemann, Eric C. Caterpillar Chronicle, The History of the World's Greatest Earthmovers. Minneapolis, MN: MBI Publishing Company, 2000. ISBN 978-0-7603-3673-1
enlaces externos
- NYSE: CAT
- Official website
- Business data for Caterpillar:
- Google Finance
- Yahoo! Finance
- SEC filings
- Cat Products Official Website
- Antique Caterpillar Machinery Owners Club
- Antique Caterpillar Machinery Enthusiasts
- Photos of early Holt machinery
- Caterpillar Tractor Company Photograph Collection at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School