El Citigroup Center (anteriormente Citicorp Center y también conocido por su dirección, 601 Lexington Avenue ) es un rascacielos de oficinas en el barrio Midtown Manhattan de la ciudad de Nueva York . Construido en 1977 para albergar la sede de Citibank , tiene 915 pies (279 m) de altura y 59 pisos con 1.3 millones de pies cuadrados (120,000 m 2 ) de espacio para oficinas. El edificio fue diseñado por el arquitecto Hugh Stubbins , el arquitecto asociado Emery Roth & Sons y el ingeniero estructural William LeMessurier .
Centro Citigroup | |
---|---|
Nombres alternativos | 601 Lexington Avenue |
Información general | |
Tipo | Oficina |
Localización | 153 East 53rd Street , Nueva York, NY 10022 |
Coordenadas | 40 ° 45′31 ″ N 73 ° 58′13 ″ O / 40.758533 ° N 73.970314 ° WCoordenadas : 40 ° 45′31 ″ N 73 ° 58′13 ″ O / 40.758533 ° N 73.970314 ° W |
Comenzó la construcción | Abril de 1974 |
Terminado | 6 de octubre de 1976 |
Apertura | 12 de octubre de 1977 |
Costo | US $ 195 millones (equivalente a $ 833 millones) |
Dueño | Propiedades de Boston |
Altura | |
Arquitectónico | 915 pies (279 m) |
Detalles técnicos | |
Recuento de pisos | 59 |
Superficie del piso | 1.654.020 pies cuadrados (153.663 m 2 ) |
Ascensores / ascensores | 38 |
Diseño y construcción | |
Arquitecto | Hugh Stubbins , Emery Roth & Sons |
Desarrollador | Citicorp |
Ingeniero estructural | William LeMessurier y James Ruderman |
Referencias | |
[1] [2] | |
Hito de la ciudad de Nueva York | |
Designado | 6 de diciembre de 2016 [3] |
Numero de referencia. | 2582 [3] |
601 Lexington Avenue ocupa gran parte de una manzana delimitada en el sentido de las agujas del reloj desde el oeste por Lexington Avenue , 54th Street , Third Avenue y 53rd Street . El edificio tiene una parte superior en ángulo de 45 ° con una base sobre cuatro pilotes , así como un anexo de oficinas de seis pisos al este. La torre domina la Iglesia Evangélica Luterana de San Pedro en Lexington Avenue y 54th Street, una estructura de granito independiente diseñada simultáneamente por Stubbins. También en la base es una plaza hundida, un área comercial, y entradas a la iglesia y el metro de Nueva York 's Estación Lexington Avenue / calle 51 . Los pisos de las torres están sostenidos por tirantes de carga apilados en forma de galones invertidos . Tras la finalización del Citicorp Center, recibió críticas mixtas de críticos arquitectónicos, pero también varios elogios arquitectónicos.
La adquisición de terrenos para lo que se convirtió en Citicorp Center comenzó en 1968 y tomó cinco años. La Iglesia de San Pedro vendió su terreno con la condición de que se construyera una nueva iglesia debajo de la torre. El diseño se anunció en julio de 1973 y la estructura se completó en octubre de 1977. Menos de un año después de la finalización del edificio, se realizaron reparaciones de emergencia después de que se descubrió que la torre era vulnerable al colapso debido al viento. El edificio fue adquirido por Boston Properties y Citicorp Center pasó a llamarse 601 Lexington Avenue en la década de 2000. La Comisión de Preservación de Monumentos Históricos de la Ciudad de Nueva York designó 601 Lexington Avenue como un símbolo de la ciudad en 2016. A lo largo de los años, el atrio, la plaza y otros espacios públicos se han renovado.
Sitio
El Citigroup Center está en 601 Lexington Avenue en el vecindario Midtown Manhattan de la ciudad de Nueva York . Ocupa gran parte de una manzana delimitada por Lexington Avenue al oeste, 54th Street al norte, Third Avenue al este y 53rd Street al sur. El terreno cubre 70,572 pies cuadrados (6,556.4 m 2 ) con un frente de 200 pies (61 m) en Lexington Avenue y una profundidad de 325 pies (99 m). [4] El único otro edificio en el bloque es 880 Third Avenue, una estructura de 18 pisos en 53rd Street y Third Avenue. [4] [5] Otros edificios cercanos incluyen 599 Lexington Avenue al sur, 100 East 53rd Street y Seagram Building al suroeste, 399 Park Avenue al oeste, la Sinagoga Central al noroeste y el Lipstick Building al este. . [4] El Metro de Nueva York 's estación de la calle Lexington Avenue / 51a (servido por el 6 , <6> , E y M trenes) está justo debajo de 601 Lexington Avenue. [6]
El mobiliario urbano personalizado, como quioscos, mástiles y postes de alumbrado público, se diseñó para las aceras alrededor de 601 Lexington Avenue y se instaló en 1978. [7] [8] Los postes de alumbrado público fueron diseñados por la empresa Designetics, con sede en Nueva Jersey, y contienen una cruz cruciforme. sección, con farolas en la parte superior. Tres pilones, en las esquinas noroeste, noreste y suroeste del bloque, [a] contienen pilones personalizados con semáforos para peatones y vehículos. Se colocan siete torres en el medio del bloque. Los pilones se diseñaron inicialmente con un "acabado negro brillante" que contrastaba con la fachada de aluminio de la torre . [7] [9] [8] Para 2016, estos pilones se habían pintado de gris. [7] Las torres fueron descritas por The New Yorker en 2017 como "torres escultóricas dignas de Brancusi". [10]
Se adquirieron y demolieron 31 estructuras para dar paso al actual Citigroup Center. [5] [11] Las estructuras anteriores en el sitio eran en gran parte casas de piedra rojiza. [12] Algunos de estos edificios contenían restaurantes, desde tiendas más pequeñas hasta el exclusivo Café Chauveron. [12] [13] El sitio también contenía las Cámaras Médicas en la calle 54 y era propiedad de cuarenta médicos. [12] [14] El único inquilino restante de estas estructuras es la Iglesia Evangélica Luterana de San Pedro, cuyo santuario en Lexington Avenue y 54th Street, en la esquina noroeste de la cuadra, fue reconstruido cuando se desarrolló el Citigroup Center. [5] [11]
Diseño
601 Lexington Avenue, también conocida como Citigroup Center y Citicorp Center, [3] [15] fue diseñada por el arquitecto Hugh Stubbins como la sede del First National City Bank (más tarde Citibank), junto con el arquitecto asociado Emery Roth & Sons . [15] [16] [17] De los directores de Hugh A. Stubbins & Associates, el arquitecto Peter Woytuk estuvo más involucrado en el diseño, mientras que el gerente de proyecto W. Easley Hammer supervisó la construcción. [18] [19] Además, Edward Larrabee Barnes fue el arquitecto consultor, [2] [17] [19] y LeMessurier Associates y James Ruderman fueron los ingenieros estructurales. [16] [20] El contratista general fue HRH Construction Corporation [18] [20] [21] y el contratista de acero fue Bethlehem Steel . [20] [22] Se contrataron varios otros contratistas para suministrar material para el edificio. [23]
Forma y fachada
El Citigroup Center tiene 59 pisos de altura, con su techo a unos 915 pies (279 m) sobre el nivel del suelo. [3] [1] [2] [b] Excluyendo los números de piso no utilizados en la base, contiene 46 pisos de oficinas. [26] [27] En el momento de su finalización, Citicorp Center era el séptimo edificio más alto del mundo. [24] [25] Además de la torre principal de 59 pisos, hay un anexo de oficinas de seis pisos en 159 East 53rd Street, que se extiende al este hasta Third Avenue e incluye parte de la explanada comercial del edificio. [25] [28] Las fachadas de la torre y su anexo están diseñadas de manera similar. [29]
La fachada está realizada en aluminio anodizado y paneles de vidrio reflectante. [29] [30] [31] Cada segmento de fachada mide 3,7 por 2,7 m (12 por 9 pies) y consta de paneles de vidrio y placas de aluminio. [32] Como medida de ahorro de energía, las ventanas de vidrio se fabricaron como dos cristales, cuyo interior se revistió con cromado . [7] [30] [31] Las ventanas de cada piso están separadas por enjutas de aluminio al ras . [33] Las enjutas fueron fabricadas por Flour City Architectural Metals, una empresa con sede en Glen Cove, Nueva York . [29] [34] El aluminio es de color plateado, como el del edificio Pepsi-Cola y el One Chase Manhattan Plaza , porque Stubbins pensó que un color oscuro no permitiría a los observadores "ver la sombra y la sombra". [29] Los paneles de metal se equiparon con el doble de aislamiento que se consideraba normal en el momento de la construcción. El aluminio fue pulido para reflejar el calor de la luz solar. [7] [30] [31]
El techo de 601 Lexington Avenue tiene 160 pies (49 m) de altura y se inclina en un ángulo de 45 grados hacia el sur. [25] [28] [c] Antes de que se anunciaran los planos oficiales en 1973, los arquitectos tenían la intención de que el techo fuera terrazas para apartamentos, [36] [37] que habrían mirado hacia el oeste. [29] [37] Habría alrededor de 100 apartamentos, [38] [39] pero el Departamento de Planificación Urbana de la Ciudad de Nueva York no aprobaría un cambio de zonificación para permitir ese uso. [29] [39] [27] Luego, los arquitectos rotaron el techo hacia el sur [37] [40] para acomodar colectores solares de placa plana que podrían producir agua caliente, que se usaría para deshumidificar el aire y reducir la energía de enfriamiento. [3] [41] A partir de febrero de 1975, los ingenieros del Instituto de Tecnología de Massachusetts llevaron a cabo un estudio de viabilidad de doce meses para la instalación de dicho sistema. [28] [42] [43] Posteriormente, el sistema fue descartado, ya sea debido a los bajos ahorros, [44] [45] [46] refinamiento de los sistemas mecánicos, [31] o disputas con el proveedor. [7] Sin embargo, el diseño se mantuvo; Stubbins escribió que el techo "alivia la uniformidad de las torres de techo plano que proliferan en el centro de la ciudad". [47] [48] El techo también fue equipado con paneles solares en 1983, cuando Consolidated Edison y Citibank patrocinaron una prueba de panel solar de cuatro años. [7] [49]
Exterior spaces
Plaza
A large plaza 12 feet (3.7 m) beneath street level was built along with Citicorp Center and designed by landscape architect Hideo Sasaki.[50] The plaza was included under the 1961 Zoning Resolution,[50] which allowed New York City developers a zoning "bonus" for including open space in front of their buildings.[51] While many developers took advantage of the "bonus", the New York City Planning Commission found in 1975 that many of these plazas ranged from "bleak, forlorn places" to "forbidding and downright hostile".[52][53] In response, the City Planning Commission's Urban Design Group had been formed in 1967 to determine how to improve plaza designs,[50][54] influencing the commission's decision to modify the zoning laws in 1975.[50][53] The design of 601 Lexington Avenue's plaza was finalized in 1973, before these rule changes were enacted.[50] However, the plaza included many of the same features that were proposed in the rule change, such as an outdoor plaza, a covered pedestrian area, and an arcade running through the city block.[50][55]
The plaza has an area of 6,000 square feet (560 m2).[56] Its presence allowed the tower to be designed with a maximum floor area ratio of 18:1, higher than the 15:1 ratio specified for the area.[27] The plaza is accessed by a set of stairs extending northeast from the corner of Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street.[50][57] On the south side of the plaza is an entrance to the Lexington Avenue/51st Street subway station.[58][59] This subway entrance replaces two staircases from the street, which were demolished to make way for Citicorp Center.[50] The north side of the plaza contains the entrance to St. Peter's Church and the east side contains an entrance to the lower lobby.[60] During the plaza's construction, the developers collaborated with the numerous public agencies with a stake in the project, including the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which operated the subway station.[33]
The plaza, interior shopping concourse, and sidewalks all initially contained brown brick floor pavers. There was also originally a fountain at the center of the plaza, which was designed to conceal noise from the environs, similar to the fountain at nearby Paley Park.[60] 601 Lexington Avenue's fountain was demolished in 2017.[61]
St. Peter's Lutheran Church
St. Peter's Lutheran Church is on the northwest corner of the Citigroup Center site, at 619 Lexington Avenue and 54th Street.[62] The exterior was designed by Stubbins and Hammer, while the interior was furnished by Vignelli Associates.[8][63][64] The church occupies the same site as its old building. The congregation permitted Citicorp to erect the skyscraper only if a new church was built at the same location, structurally unconnected to the tower. Andrew Alpern and Seymour Durst characterized the agreement as "ecumenically joining God and mammon to the benefit of both".[13][65] Additionally, at least 63 percent of the church had to contain "nothing built above it".[64][66] According to Stubbins, the lack of structural connections would give the church a "breathing space" of its own.[67]
The structure is within 601 Lexington Avenue's sunken plaza, rising about 60 feet (18 m) above ground[68] or 85 feet (26 m) in total.[8][63][64] It contains a facade of brown Caledonia granite with ashlar.[63][64][68] The roof is clad in copper coated with lead. The materials were meant to establish a distinct identity for the church while also associating it with 601 Lexington Avenue's tower.[8][64] At the top of the church, a skylight bisects the church building diagonally from southwest to northeast, allowing passersby to look into the church building.[63][68] A window facing the corner of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street overlooks the pipe organ inside.[64] Stubbins had intended the structure's shape to resemble a pair of hands "held up in prayer with light coming between them".[69] Arnaldo Pomodoro designed a bronze cross for the exterior, which was installed in 1982 and measures 8 feet (2.4 m) tall by 6 feet (1.8 m) wide.[70]
The main sanctuary is adjacent to the lower plaza,[60][71] about 5 feet (1.5 m) beneath the plaza.[60] It has a capacity of 850 seats; the center set of pews is designed to be movable so the space could host events when needed.[8] There was also a black-box theater, a library, kitchen, daycare center, clergy offices, dressing rooms, choir rooms, and lecture and community rooms.[69] Upon the church's completion, there was a two-manual, two-pedal organ with 2,175 pipes.[72] Inside the church is the Nevelson Chapel (also known as the Chapel of the Good Shepherd), which was donated by parishioner Erol Beker[73] and designed by sculptor Louise Nevelson.[71][74] The 24-seat chapel[75] measures 21 by 24 feet (6.4 by 7.3 m)[73] and contains sculptural elements on the wall including reliefs, altarpieces, and columns.[76][77][78] It was renovated in the 1980s[75] and restored from 2018 to 2019 as part of a $5.75 million renovation that was partly funded by Nevelson's Pace Gallery.[79][80] The space was described by David W. Dunlap in 2004 as the city's "most architecturally successful postwar sanctuary".[81][82]
The church's basement theater is used by the York Theatre.[83][84] St. Peter's Church also hosts a jazz ministry created by the Rev. John Garcia Gensel, who in 1965 became the Minister to the Jazz Community.[85][86] The jazz ministry has sponsored several programs over the years,[64] such as free jazz performances at the base of Citicorp Center.[87] The church has hosted memorials or funerals for jazz musicians such as Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Thelonious Monk.[64]
Structural features
The tower stories are of "trussed tube" construction.[88][89] Each of the tower stories measures 157 by 157 feet (48 by 48 m),[20][90] or 24,600 square feet (2,290 m2) total.[91] Within the tower stories, the elevators and emergency stairs are embedded in a service core at the center of each story.[92] The core is about 68 by 68 feet (21 by 21 m), while the floor space around the core is just less than 45 feet (14 m) wide.[90] Overall, 601 Lexington Avenue contains 24,000 short tons (21,000 long tons; 22,000 t) of steel, forty percent the amount used in the Empire State Building.[88][93]
Stilts
The tower is supported by four stilts measuring approximately 112 feet (34 m) high with a cross section of 24 by 24 feet (7.3 by 7.3 m).[16][28][57][d] The stilts are underneath the centers of the tower's outer edges, cantilevering 72 feet (22 m) outward from the core.[22][25][58] According to Stanley Goldstein of LeMessurier's New York City office, stilts at the center of each edge were able to withstand forces from "quartering winds" from the corners, compared to stilts that were placed at the corner. Additionally, the placement of the stilts allowed a smaller foundation than in a conventional building of similar size.[90]
Each of the individual stilts is composed of four vertical beams, of which the outer pairs are much heavier than the inner pairs.[88][95][96] This design makes each stilt similar to a vertical K-truss, which prevents the stilt from buckling.[96] Although the stilts could have theoretically been thinner, they were enlarged to give the tower a more stable appearance. Inside the stilts are emergency stairs and mechanical ducts.[88][95] In 2002, following the September 11 attacks the previous year, one of the stilts was reinforced with blast-resistant shields of steel and copper as well as steel bracing.[97][98] There is also an octagonal elevator core in the middle of the building,[29][96] which measures 63 by 72 feet (19 by 22 m)[96] and carries the structural loads from gravity.[95] Unlike on the upper stories, the elevator core contains only elevators, as the emergency staircases are within the stilts.[96]
Chevrons
Above the stilts are stacked load-bearing braces in the form of inverted chevrons, which are designed to distribute tension loads from the upper stories that are created by wind.[24][99] On each side, there are six chevrons, each of which absorb wind loads at intervals of eight stories.[22][100] The wind loads from each eight-story tier are transferred into the center of the frame, where 60-inch-wide (150 cm) "mast column transports" extend the full height of the tower.[90][100] The mast columns are 30 inches (760 mm) deep at the base, tapering to 18 feet (5.5 m) at the 40th floor. The diagonal beams that form each chevron are 14 inches (360 mm) deep and connect to structural spandrels at the top of each eight-story tier, which are 36 inches (910 mm) deep.[90] The ninth story, the lowest level above the stilts, contains a trussed frame similar in design to a cantilever bridge, where the wind loads are transferred downward into the stilts.[100][101] This story is used as a mechanical room.[101]
The chevrons are not visible from the exterior but can be seen from the offices inside,[24][102] in contrast to structures such as Chicago's John Hancock Center.[24][33][37] After Citicorp Center's completion, W. Easley Hammer reflected that he thought it was a mistake to conceal the chevrons,[24] while LeMessurier said that Stubbins had rejected his idea for exposed chevrons.[22][88] The chevrons were bolted to each other with over two hundred joints, which as built posed a serious structural danger.[88][103] As a result, 2-inch-thick (5.1 cm) welded steel plates were installed over each joint in 1978.[88][104]
Interior
The tower contains approximately 1.3 million square feet (120,000 m2) of rentable space.[1] The office annex to the east contains about 270,000 square feet (25,000 m2) of space.[24] According to the Department of City Planning, the building has a gross floor area of 1,654,020 square feet (153,663 m2),[4] while according to The Skyscraper Center, the building has 1,578,883 square feet (146,683.0 m2).[1]
Base
601 Lexington Avenue's main entrance lobby is at the middle of the Lexington Avenue frontage, across a footbridge that provides entrance to St. Peter's Church. The main entrance consists of a double-height glass box with steel ribs, which is 70 feet (21 m) long. The lobby was constructed as part of a 2010 renovation.[105]
There is a three-story shopping concourse at the base of the stilts, originally called the Market.[106][46] The lowest level, corresponding to the lower lobby, includes a planted atrium measuring 85 feet (26 m) high, with a skylight measuring 90 by 100 feet (27 by 30 m).[73][107] The corner of Third Avenue and 54th Street contained an entrance to the lowest level of the shopping concourse, while on 54th Street was an entrance to the second level.[107] The storefronts were designed to blend in with the plaza and street, with similar floor surfaces and transparent exterior walls.[108] Overall, the stores were intended as a commitment to the city, a corporate symbol, and a tourist attraction, according to one of Citicorp's vice presidents, Arthur E. Driscoll.[24][106] The bank presented a model train exhibition in the space each December from 1987 to 2009.[109] The shopping concourse was renamed The Shops at Citicorp Center in 1995,[110] and it is known as The Atrium as of 2016[update].[111]
Mechanical features
In the office stories, the elevators and stairs are clustered in a central core.[112] Otis Worldwide constructed the building's double-deck elevators for $7 million.[113][114] Although each of the upper or lower decks serves only odd or even floors, visitors can travel between odd and even floors using escalators.[36] Each of the twenty double-deck elevators consists of two standard elevator cabs that operate simultaneously in one shaft.[113][115]The double-deck elevators cost 25 percent more than standard elevators, but allowed a 24 percent reduction in the floor area taken up by elevators;[116] namely, twenty-six single-deck elevator shafts would have been required otherwise.[91] 601 Lexington Avenue's double-deck elevators were likely the first to be installed in New York City since 1932, when the Cities Service Building was completed.[7][28] In total, 601 Lexington Avenue has 38 elevators.[1]
Citicorp Center was also designed with other mechanical systems. At its completion, each tenant received mail from a "supermail" system. Incoming mail was sorted in the basement and transferred via lifts to each floor, where the mail was transported manually to fixed bins.[117] The building also contained 2,500 sensors to monitor the mechanical systems, such as HVAC, lighting, electrical, sprinkler, life-safety, security, and elevator systems.[115] The sloped roof includes mechanical equipment.[31]
At the building's completion, it was intended to be energy-efficient.[16][30][115] The building's water supply consisted of only cold water.[31] Heat from the building's mechanical systems was recirculated to warm the water supply and heat the office spaces. The office spaces were cooled with outside air wherever it was practical.[30] The fluorescent light bars in the ceiling, manufactured by Joseph Loring & Associates, were fitted with glass shields to spread the artificial light more efficiently, thereby requiring fewer lighting fixtures.[30][115] Even though the rooftop solar collectors were not installed, the other features allowed the building to use 42 percent less energy compared to a regular office building of the same size.[94] However, during the summer, the building used a conventional air-conditioning system, which offset the savings from the heat-deflecting facade.[91]
Citicorp Center was the city's first skyscraper to feature a tuned mass damper (TMD).[24][102] Located within the rooftop mechanical space, the TMD is designed to counteract swaying motions due to wind and reduces wind-related movement by up to fifty percent.[88][118][119] The equipment weighs 400 short tons (360 long tons; 360 t) and includes a concrete block measuring 30 by 30 by 6 feet (9.1 by 9.1 by 1.8 m).[20][24][37] The concrete block sits on a pool of oil within a steel plate and has two spring mechanisms, one each to counteract north-south and east-west movement. The equipment cost $1 million to install. By comparison, it would have cost $5 million to add mass to reduce the tower's movement,[102] namely 2,800 short tons (2,500 long tons; 2,500 t) of additional steel.[120]
Historia
National City Bank was founded in 1812[121] and, for over a century, had its headquarters in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan.[5] The company was headquartered at 52 Wall Street[122] until 1908, when it moved to 55 Wall Street.[123][124] After National City Bank and the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company merged in 1929,[125] these companies expanded into a new structure at 20 Exchange Place, completed in 1931.[126][127] City Bank Farmers Trust moved to 399 Park Avenue, one block west of the present Citigroup Center, in 1961.[128]
On the northwestern corner of the Citigroup site was St. Peter's Lutheran Church, which had been founded in 1862 as a German-speaking congregation.[5][e] The church's previous structure, a Gothic building designed by John G. Michel and P. Brandner,[129] was completed in 1905.[5][11][130] The congregation's previous sanctuary at Lexington Avenue and 46th Street, which it had occupied since 1871, had been demolished in 1902 for the construction of Grand Central Terminal.[5][11] The congregation, which at its peak had membership of over one thousand, had decreased to below 300 by the 1960s, prompting the congregation to consider relocating to near the United Nations headquarters.[5][11][13]
Development
Site acquisition
The lots on the St. Peter's block were acquired secretively in five and a half years starting around 1968.[5][131] The acquisition was headed by brokers Donald Schnabel and Charles McArthur of Julien J. Studley Inc.[13][132] The brokers believed that a large, continuous land lot would be worth more than the sum of each lot's individual worth, though the firm had not yet secured a client for which it was purchasing the lots.[132] Furthermore, St. Peter's Church's membership was once again increasing and they were loath to part with their property.[11] Subsequently, a Studley broker formed a company called Lexman, which then approached First National City Bank to determine their interest in the St. Peter's block, one block east of their headquarters at the time.[5][133] Lexman gradually acquired the other lots on the block.[131] Former Citicorp Chairman Walter B. Wriston reportedly made a decision to acquire several other low- and mid-rise buildings in the area, supposedly to buy out massage parlors and mom-and-pop stores in Midtown.[134]
The firm again negotiated with St. Peter's congregation in late 1969 after some lots had been acquired.[18] John White, president of James D. Landauer Associates consultants, proposed that the new structure on the site be a condominium development; i.e. the church would have a partial ownership stake in the new development.[135][136] In February 1970, the congregation signed a "letter of intent" to sell its building, as well as the air rights above the church,[135][136] to First National City Bank.[137][138] In exchange, the congregation received $9 million and was named as a condominium partner in the tower's development. Subtracting the $5 million cost of the new church building, the congregation netted a $4 million profit.[135][137][139]
By January 1971, Hugh Stubbins & Associates were hired to develop plans for a large building on the city block, and St. Peter's Church had hired Edward Larrabee Barnes to represent its design interests.[14] The Stubbins firm was then relatively inexperienced in designing high-rise buildings.[13] The New York Times characterized the site as an "annex" to First National City Bank's main building at 399 Park Avenue.[14][135] The congregation of St. Peter's Church voted in May 1971 to approve the sale and construct a new structure on the same site,[140][141] and they relocated in early 1973 to a temporary location at the Central Presbyterian Church.[142] By July 1973, land acquisition was virtually complete,[143] although the last parcel was not acquired until November 1975, when the lot at 884 Third Avenue was purchased.[135] The acquisition cost was $40 million, making the site the most expensive city block on earth.[19][138] The only lot not acquired was 880 Third Avenue, which had been completed in 1965, and which the brokers considered too new to be demolished.[13]
Construction
In addition to what became the final design, Stubbins and his associates studied at least six alternate proposals for the tower, with varying rooftop designs.[28] Early plans also called for installing stilts underneath each corner.[95] This plan was scrapped because the northwestern stilt would extend into St. Peter's Lutheran Church, and the church wanted its sanctuary to be structurally separate.[68][95] Plans for the tower were publicly disclosed on July 24, 1973.[17][138] The plans called for a 910-foot (280 m)-tall tower called Citicorp Center, raised above the street level on 112-foot (34 m) stilts. The project would also include an eight-story office annex, three stories of retail, a landscaped public plaza, and a new church building.[16][17][28] At the time, St. Peter's old church building had been demolished,[17] and First National City Bank had become known as Citibank, a subsidiary of Citicorp.[137] St. Peter's pastor Ralph E. Peterson described the project as "a very bold venture in an urban environment".[144] Under Peterson's insistence, the plans included a publicly accessible plaza with shopping.[54][112] Early plans for the church also called for it to contain a cube design,[63] though the church's final design was announced in April 1974.[69]
Groundbreaking ceremonies for the tower occurred during April 1974, though actual work did not commence for twelve months.[18] The tower's construction manager was supervised by Vivian Longo, who at the building's completion in 1977 was twenty-five years old.[46][145] Citicorp Center was one of the few large structures in Manhattan under construction during the mid-1970s.[146] At the peak of construction, three thousand people were employed on the project, and 565 workers were on site simultaneously.[18][37] The steelwork had been completed to the eighteenth floor by the end of 1975.[18] The steel frame was topped out on October 7, 1976. At the time, officials predicted Citicorp Center would be the only major structure in New York City to be completed in 1977.[24][147]
The cornerstone for the new St. Peter's Church was laid on November 1, 1976, less than a month after the building had topped out.[148] Citibank acquired two buildings at 148 and 152 East 53rd Street, immediately south of the new tower, the next month. The company did not intend to develop the sites of these buildings, but they contained topless bars, which Citibank officials perceived would decrease the value of the tower.[149][150] The bank's vice president for real estate management, Arthur E. Driscoll, had studied vacancy rates at fourteen nearby "prime office buildings" while Citicorp Center was being developed.[151] The first tenants moved to the building in April 1977.[38] By that August, the building was 96 percent rented.[108] This high occupancy rate was in spite of the fact that space in the building rented at a higher average rate than in other buildings in the neighborhood.[37][38]
Early years
Opening
The building was dedicated on October 12, 1977.[18][94] Stubbins gave an opening speech in which he described the building as a "skyscraper for the people".[18][67] The project was the first to be completed under the purview of the Mayor's Office of Midtown Planning since its establishment a decade prior.[112] At the time of the building's opening, the Market retail complex at the base was almost totally rented.[140] Over three hundred retailers had submitted applications to operate within the space.[108] The majority of the space was rented by household furnishings retailer Conran's, which occupied 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2),[152] but some of the other retailers included restaurants serving cuisine of various countries.[106] Citibank planned to occupy 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2), or 26 stories, moving its offices to the building from five other addresses in Midtown.[37][38] The remaining stories were occupied by a variety of firms, including those in law and accounting, as well as the Consulate-General of Japan and IBM.[81]
At the time of Citicorp Center's dedication, the final design features of St. Peter's Church were being installed.[153] St. Peter's Church was dedicated on December 3, 1977,[64][154] and the Nevelson Chapel was separately dedicated the same month.[155] Initially, the tower's slanted roof created an ice problem during winter, as snow and ice would slide down the roof onto the sidewalk.[35] Furthermore, the shopping concourse was initially only lightly used and largely unknown to the public.[156] The plaza on Lexington Avenue opened by July 1978.[18] In the complex's early years, St. Peter's Church encountered fiscal deficits because of high utility costs, as well as inflation and lack of investment experience, even though the church earned money from renting out some of the other space it owned at Citicorp Center.[157] By 1980, Citicorp counted 25,000 daily visitors to the shopping concourse, but some of the stores had already closed down because of a lack of patronage.[111][158]
Engineering crisis of 1978
Due to material changes during construction, the building as initially completed was structurally unsound. LeMessurier's original design for the chevron load braces used welded joints. To save money, Bethlehem Steel changed the plans in 1974 to use bolted joints, which was accepted by LeMessurier's office but not known to the engineer himself.[22] Furthermore, according to The New Yorker, LeMessurier originally only needed to calculate wind loads from perpendicular winds under the building code; in typical buildings, loads from quartering winds at the corners would be less.[22][159] In June 1978, after an inquiry from Princeton University engineering student Diane Hartley, LeMessurier recalculated the wind loads on the building with quartering winds.[159][f] He found that, for four of the eight tiers of chevrons, such winds would create a 40 percent increase in wind loads and a 160 percent increase in load at the bolted joints.[22]
Citicorp Center's use of bolted joints and the increased loads from quartering winds would not have caused concern if these issues had been isolated from each other. However, the combination of the two findings prompted LeMessurier to run tests on the structural safety.[103] The original welded-joint design could withstand the load from straight-on and quartering winds, but a 75-mile-per-hour (121 km/h) hurricane force quartering wind would exceed the strength of the bolted-joint chevrons.[99] With the tuned mass damper active, LeMessurier estimated that a wind capable of toppling the building would occur on average once every 55 years.[162][161] If the tuned mass damper could not function due to a power outage, a wind strong enough to cause the building's collapse would occur once every 16 years on average.[162] LeMessurier also discovered that his firm had used New York City's truss safety factor of 1:1 instead of the column safety factor of 1:2.[99]
LeMessurier debated how to address the issue before ultimately contacting Stubbins's lawyer. LeMessurier then contacted Citicorp's lawyers, the latter of which hired Leslie E. Robertson as an expert adviser.[163] Citicorp accepted LeMessurier's proposal to weld steel plates over the bolted joints, and Karl Koch Erecting was hired for the welding process.[104] Very few people were made aware of the issue, besides Citicorp leadership, mayor Ed Koch, acting buildings commissioner Irving E. Minkin, and the head of the welder's union.[99][104] Starting in August 1978, construction crews installed the welded panels at night. Officials made no public mention of any possible structural issues, and the city's three major newspapers had gone on strike.[88][104] The work continued despite the threat of Hurricane Ella several weeks after the repairs started.[99][164] Repairs were completed in October 1978, before the media resumed publishing. LeMessurier claimed a wind strong enough to topple the building would only occur once every 700 years.[88][165] Stubbins and LeMessurier covered all of the repair costs, which were estimated to be several million dollars.[165] Since no structural failure occurred, the work was only publicized in a lengthy article in The New Yorker in 1995.[88][160]
1980s and 1990s
As completed, Citicorp Center consisted of three separate ownership stakes in a condominium arrangement. One condominium was for the church while the other two were 61.55 and 32.85 percent ownership stakes in the office stories.[166] In October 1987, Citicorp sold the 61.55 percent ownership stake (consisting of the 23rd through 59th floors), along with a one-third interest in its former 399 Park Avenue headquarters, to Dai-Ichi Mutual Life Insurance Company for $670 million. Citicorp used the profits from the sale to reduce its losses, which in the first half of 1987 totaled $2.32 billion, and continued to own the remaining stories.[167][168] At the time, Citicorp was also developing One Court Square across the East River in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens.[111][169] The new building in Queens was right above the Court Square–23rd Street subway station, one stop away from the Lexington Avenue–53rd Street station beneath Citicorp Center and 399 Park Avenue. The arrangement allowed Citicorp to split its offices between the buildings.[169]
The Market shopping atrium fell into disrepair following Citicorp Center's completion.[170] In May 1995, Citicorp commenced a $15 million, eighteen-month renovation of the shopping concourse, designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects.[111][110] The brick pavers were replaced with terrazzo, new signs were installed outside each storefront, and circulation features such as the placement of escalators were rearranged.[111][170][171] The shopping concourse was renamed the Shops at Citicorp Center and bookstore Barnes & Noble was named as the anchor tenant, taking 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2).[110]
21st century
By late 2000, Dai-Ichi's broker Jones Lang LaSalle had placed the entire Citigroup Center for sale.[172][173] Dai-Ichi arranged with Citigroup, its condominium partner, to jointly sell both condominium units.[173] Richard and Eric D. Hadar, a father-and-son venture, bid $725 million for Dai-Ichi's ownership stake in January 2001. For the purchase, Eric Hadar had arranged a $525 million first mortgage from Deutsche Bank and a $150 million mezzanine loan from the government of Singapore.[172][174] The sale was delayed after Boston Properties offered to buy Dai-Ichi's stake.[175] Eric Hadar's company Allied Partners, along with Boston Properties, ultimately finalized their purchase of both condominium units that April.[176][177] The building cost $755 million, including closing costs and taxes, and Citigroup relocated to 399 Park Avenue.[178][111]
Boston Properties bought Allied Partners' stake in the Citigroup Center in 2006 for $100 million.[179][180] The same year, Boston Properties began rebranding the building as "601 Lexington Avenue".[181] A new Lexington Avenue lobby was constructed and the tower stories' entrance was relocated from 53rd Street to Lexington Avenue.[105][182] In addition, a ramp was installed on 53rd Street and a reception area was added to the northern entrance of St. Peter's Church.[111] The name change became effective in 2010.[111][183][184] Boston Properties was also considering selling naming rights to the building.[185] By 2013, Citigroup only occupied three stories at 601 Lexington Avenue.[186] The next year, Boston Properties sold a 45 percent ownership stake in 601 Lexington Avenue, along with a proportional stake at the Atlantic Wharf Office Building and 100 Federal Street in Boston, to Norges Bank Investment Management for a combined $1.5 billion.[187][188]
In mid-2016, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) proposed protecting twelve buildings in East Midtown, including 601 Lexington Avenue, in advance of proposed changes to the area's zoning.[189] At the time, Boston Properties was contemplating renovations to the building; the company filed alteration plans for the plaza that July,[56] and it was vacating the space in the office annex.[190] On December 6, 2016, the LPC designated 601 Lexington Avenue as a city landmark.[3][191][192] The designation made 601 Lexington Avenue the city's youngest landmark at that time.[191] The same month, Boston Properties announced plans to renovate the office annex, which would be rebranded 159 East 53rd Street.[193][194] Shortly afterward, in March 2017, Gensler revealed its design for a refurbished entry plaza and a new atrium space.[195][196] That June, work on the plaza commenced and the original fountain was demolished, despite being part of the landmark designation.[61] All of the space at the 159 East 53rd Street annex was leased to NYU Langone Health in 2018.[197][198] Following the completion of the renovation, in late 2019, Anna Castellani signed a lease to operate a 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) food hall at the base of 601 Lexington Avenue.[199][200]
Impacto
Critical reception
During Citicorp Center's construction, the building received large media attention, it had been one of three new office buildings in Manhattan whose plans were approved in 1974.[81] After the design was announced, Ada Louise Huxtable criticized the design in The New York Times, saying the tower "has neither romanticism nor structural rationalism but, instead, appears to have been painstakingly invented with a tortured logic through a series of pragmatic and esthetic compromises".[24][201] As the building was being completed, Huxtable took a less harsh tone to the building, saying that it contained a "clear desire for design quality" despite the drawbacks of the form and roof.[81][202] A writer for the New York Daily News said: "Put this in Cleveland and it would be the eighth wonder of the world. In New York people hardly look up."[203] Suzanne Stephens wrote for New York magazine that the building was "little more than a modern Fifties high rise in drag",[24][91] considering the rooftop and base to be wasteful with space.[91]
After the building's completion, it received mixed reception. Paul Goldberger wrote for The New York Times that the roof "is a lot more fun to look at than almost any building top in years", with a reflective facade and a varied form, but the overall design "stops short of doing anything really radical".[94] Jack Egan wrote similarly for The Washington Post, saying that the building had distinctive design features, but did not appeal to either nostalgia or novel innovation.[38] Huxtable regarded the plaza as an architectural success, but observed in January 1978 that very few people used it.[156] The interior space was described by August Heckscher II, a former New York City parks commissioner, as "an amenity in which we can all rejoice".[73][111][204] Nevertheless, Heckscher believed the atrium's silver cladding and light fixtures to be "cold" and suggestive of the indoors,[73][204] and Stephens found the space to be "claustrophobic" and a "stratified success" whose benefits did not transcend class boundaries.[73][205]
Other critics described Citicorp Center in a largely positive light. John Tauranac described the tower as the "most dramatic new skyscraper" in New York City since the completion of 30 Rockefeller Plaza several decades prior.[81][206] Architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern wrote that Citicorp Center was the summation of a "unique architectural and urbanistic character that made Fifty-third Street at once an enclave within midtown and a microcosm of midtown itself".[13] William H. Whyte particularly praised the structure as juxtaposing "a lot of elements at the right moment", particularly the exterior plaza and sidewalk.[7] The building was also praised by publications outside the New York City area.[81] The Baltimore Sun described the building as containing "simplicity [...] that goes beyond sophistication",[26] while The Observer of London called it "a unique contribution to the East Side skyline".[81]
Accolades and media
Upon Citicorp Center's completion, it received several architectural accolades. In 1978, the City Club of New York gave the building a Bard Award, which recognized "excellence in architecture and urban design".[207] The same year, it received the American Institute of Steel Construction's Architectural Award of Excellence.[20][81] The American Institute of Architects gave the building an Honor Award in 1979.[2][208][209] Furthermore, Hugh Stubbins and Associates received the AIA's R.S. Reynolds Memorial Award in 1981 for its use of aluminum in the design of Citicorp Center.[209][210][211]
The sloped roof of the building has been used for branding; for instance, it is included on the label of Chock full o'Nuts coffee.[212] The roof was also depicted in the Manhattan Mini Storage logo, where the top left corner of the first letter "M" was sloped like the Citigroup Center.[213] Additionally, since 2014, the New York Mets have sometimes used a logo that has included the Citigroup Center, as the bank also sponsors the Mets' home stadium, Citi Field.[214]
Impact of the 1978 engineering crisis
During the 1978 engineering crisis, LeMessurier was criticized for his lack of oversight that led to the issues, as well as his lack of honesty toward neighborhood residents, architects, engineers, and other members of the public when the issues were discovered. Architect Eugene Kremer discussed the ethical questions raised in this case.[215] Kremer mentioned six key points:[216]
- Analysis of wind loads. In his initial plans, LeMessurier relied only on calculations required by building codes, rather than checking all calculations.[22][215]
- Design changes. The builders had made a quick decision to use bolted joints without consulting LeMessurier.[215][22]
- Professional responsibility. Before LeMessurier decided to make Citicorp aware of the design defects, he considered concealing the issues instead, either by never bringing it up or by killing himself before anyone else found out about the defect.[215][217]
- Public statements. In press interviews and releases at the time, officials either omitted or lied about details of the defects.[215][218] For example, Henry DeFord III of Citicorp claimed the Citicorp Center could already withstand a 100-year wind[219] and that there were no "noticeable problems in the building at all".[220]
- Public safety. When Hurricane Ella threatened the city in August and September 1978, evacuation plans for the surrounding area were made in secret.[164] This was in spite of the fact that up to 200,000 people could have been killed in a potential collapse.[215]
- Advancement of professional knowledge. Concealing this problem for almost 20 years prevented ethical and engineering learning that could have taken place.[215]
Ver también
- List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
- List of tallest buildings in New York City
- List of tallest buildings in the United States
- List of tallest freestanding steel structures
Referencias
Notes
- ^ The pylons on the northwest, northeast, and southwest corners of the block correspond respectively to the corners of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street; Third Avenue and 54th Street; and Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street.[7]
- ^ The height is alternatively cited as 914 feet (279 m).[24][25]
- ^ The roof height is alternatively given as 130 feet (40 m).[35]
- ^ The column dimensions are alternatively given as 114 feet (35 m) high with a cross section of 22 by 22 feet (6.7 by 6.7 m).[94]
- ^ Schmertz 1978, p. 112, erroneously states that St. Peter's was founded at the same site in 1862.
- ^ According to The New Yorker in 1995, an unidentified male student at a New Jersey college approached LeMessurier about the problem, but the engineer initially dismissed its existence before deciding to recalculate the loads.[160][159] According to the AIA Trust, Hartley was the student in question; she had been writing a paper on the building's structural design and calculated stresses from quartering winds. Hartley's inquiry was then relayed to LeMessurier, who was separately designing a similar building with wind braces in Pittsburgh, in which a potential contractor questioned the reasons for using bolted rather than welded joints.[161] This discrepancy could be explained by the fact that Hartley only identified herself as the engineering student in 2011, years after the New Yorker article was published. According to Hartley, she had spoken with Joel S. Weinstein at LeMessurier's office.[159]
Citations
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Sources
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enlaces externos
- Official website