La censura cinematográfica en China implica la prohibición de películas consideradas inadecuadas para su estreno o la edición de dichas películas para eliminar el contenido objetado por los gobiernos tanto de la República de China (ROC) como de la República Popular China (PRC). En China continental, las películas son revisadas por la Administración de Cine de China (CFA, chino :国家 电影 局) bajo el Departamento de Publicidad del Partido Comunista Chino (PCCh) que dicta si, cuándo y cómo se estrena una película. [1] El CFA es independiente de la NRTA ( chino :广电 总局) bajo el Consejo de Estado( Chino :国务院).
La larga historia de la censura cinematográfica de la República de China es un preludio de la de la República Popular China, pero la lista exhaustiva de películas en esta página se centrará en la República Popular China, que todavía es un estado de partido único y asumió el control de la República de China en el control de China continental después de la Guerra Civil China . La República de China ha intentado instaurar un sistema de clasificación basado en la edad desde noviembre de 1948, se convirtió en una democracia desde la década de 1980 y técnicamente eliminó los requisitos de censura en su ley de cine en 2015; la República de China todavía emite ocasionalmente la calificación de 'Restringido' para una serie de escenarios que se indican a continuación.
Historia
República de China
1912 hasta 1949
En 1911, bajo la dinastía Qing , la Oficina Autónoma de Shanghai emitió el primer reglamento sobre el contenido de las películas, prohibiendo el "contenido obsceno". Las violaciones del reglamento se castigaban con la revocación de la licencia de un teatro para proyectar películas. [2]
Bajo el Kuomintang (KMT), el gobierno prohibió las películas extranjeras por promover el cristianismo, citado como negatividad que afecta a la sociedad china, y por incluir secuestros e historias de amor con "deseo carnal". Las películas de wuxia y shenguai fueron prohibidas por promover "la superstición y el pensamiento no científico", y se pensó que wuxia estaba propagando la anarquía e inculcando la rebelión. [3]
En noviembre de 1930, el Yuan Legislativo promulgó una Ley de Censura Cinematográfica (en chino :電影 檢查 法 - 中華民國 19 年), que requería que se editaran, eliminaran o prohibieran cuatro tipos de contenidos de películas: [4]
- Duele el orgullo de la raza china
- Viola tres principios del pueblo
- Impide la buena moral o atenta contra el orden público
- Aboga por la superstición y la herejía
En enero de 1931, el Yuan Ejecutivo estableció formalmente el Comité de Censura Cinematográfica, poniendo el control de la censura en manos del gobierno central por primera vez. El comité tenía la tarea de revisar las películas producidas localmente y las películas internacionales distribuidas en China. [5] En marzo de 1934, el gobierno enmendó la Ley de Censura Cinematográfica, reestructurando el Comité para incluir miembros de la industria cinematográfica designados por el Yuan Ejecutivo y renombrarlo como Comité Central de Censura Cinematográfica. [6] La ley fue enmendada cuatro veces más antes de que el KMT perdiera la guerra civil y huyera a Taiwán en 1949. En noviembre de 1948 ( chino :電影 檢查 法 - 中華民國 37 年), la referencia a los "Tres principios del pueblo "se eliminó y" los intereses de la República de China no pueden ser ofendidos "se agregó en una enmienda. El artículo 10 de la ley de 1948 también dio origen a un sistema de clasificación de películas en una etapa muy temprana, utilizando la edad de 12 años como límite para la restricción de contenido. [7]
1949 hasta 1983
La República de China recuperó su posición en Taiwán. En 1955 ( chino :電影 檢查 法 - 中華民國 44 年), [8] 1956 ( chino :電影 檢查 法 - 中華民國 45 年), [9] [10] y 1958 ( chino :電影 檢查 法 - 中華民國 47年), [11] se produjeron cuatro enmiendas más a la ley sin revisar los criterios principales. La ley pasó a denominarse Motion Picture Act (en chino :電影 法 - 中華民國 72 年) [12] en noviembre de 1983 y amplió los criterios de censura para incluir lo siguiente:
- Daña los intereses nacionales o el orgullo racial
- Viola la política nacional o la ordenanza gubernamental.
- Agita a otros para que cometan delitos o desobedezcan las leyes.
- Pone en peligro la salud de los adolescentes o los niños tanto física como psicológicamente
- Altera el orden público o impide la buena moral.
- Defiende la herejía ridícula o engaña a la opinión pública
- Difama a personas virtuosas del pasado o distorsiona hechos históricos
El artículo 30 de la ley de 1983 redujo la línea de corte de edad de 12 a 6 para dictar si la visualización debe ser restringida o no.
1983 hasta la década de 2010
El KMT practicó la ley marcial hasta julio de 1987. Después de levantarla, el Yuan Ejecutivo, oa través de su Oficina de Información del Gobierno (GIO) ahora disuelta , promulgó reglamentos para llevar a cabo dicha ley revisada a partir de 1987 ( chino :中華民國 七十 六年 八月 三十 一日 行政院 臺 七 十六 聞 字 第二 ○ 二 ○ 八號 函 核定) [13] y 1988 ( chino :中華民國 七十 七年 一月 一日 行政院 新聞 局 (77) 銘 影二字 第 ○○○○ 二 號令 發布). [14] Las regulaciones de entonces revisaron el sistema de clasificación de películas, clasificando las películas en tres categorías (Audiencia general / Orientación de los padres / Restringida) según la edad. [14] [15] Las categorías se expandieron a cuatro (Público general / Protegido / Orientación de los padres / Restringido) en 1994 ( chino :中華民國 八十 三年 四月 一日 行政院 新聞 局 (83) 強 影 二字 第○ 四 一 五八 號令 發布 修正 第二 條 、 第三 條 、 第五 條 至 第十一條 條文). [dieciséis]
La ley de películas reformuló el requisito de censura en junio de 2015. Para controlar el requisito del sistema de clasificación desde una perspectiva legislativa, el artículo 9 de la nueva Ley de Cinematografía ( chino :電影 法 - 中華民國 104 年), promulgada por el Yuan Legislativo, sostiene que Las películas y sus anuncios no se proyectarán si no se les otorga una calificación por parte de la autoridad central competente, que convocará una comisión de calificación para calificar las películas. Los miembros de la comisión serán representantes de agencias gubernamentales y académicos y expertos que tengan experiencia académica o práctica en campos relacionados. Las conclusiones de la comisión se harán públicas y se enumerarán los fundamentos claros de las calificaciones otorgadas. [17] [18] El artículo 10 sostiene que si las películas y sus anuncios infringen las restricciones o prohibiciones establecidas en la ley, la autoridad central competente no otorgará calificación. El Ministerio de Cultura establecido por el Yuan Ejecutivo especifica además que no más de un tercio de los miembros del comité pueden provenir de la Oficina de Desarrollo de la Industria Audiovisual y Musical . [19]
El sistema de clasificación se expandió en cinco categorías el 16 de octubre de 2015 según las regulaciones ( chino :中華民國 104 年 10 月 16 日文 影 字 第 10420350091 號令 修正 發布) elaborado de acuerdo con la Ley de Cinematografía. [20]
![6+](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/GSRR_P_logo.svg/50px-GSRR_P_logo.svg.png)
![12+](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/GSRR_PG_12_logo.svg/50px-GSRR_PG_12_logo.svg.png)
![15+](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/GSRR_PG_15_logo.svg/50px-GSRR_PG_15_logo.svg.png)
![18+](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GSRR_R_logo.svg/50px-GSRR_R_logo.svg.png)
- 0+: Público general ( chino :普遍 級o普): la visualización está permitida para el público de todas las edades.
- 6+: protegido ( chino :保護 級o護): no se permite la visualización a niños menores de 6 años; Los niños de entre 6 y 11 años deberán estar acompañados y orientados por sus padres, profesores, personas mayores o familiares o amigos adultos.
- 12+: Orientación de los padres 12 ( chino :輔導 十二 歲 級o輔 12 ) - No se permite la visualización a niños menores de 12 años.
- 15+: Control de los padres 15 ( chino :輔導 十五 歲 級o輔 15 ) - No se permite la visualización a menores de 15 años.
- 18+: restringido ( chino :限制級o限): no se permite la visualización a menores de 18 años.
El artículo 9 del reglamento menciona específicamente que la calificación restringida se emitirá bajo el siguiente escenario:
Donde la venta o uso de drogas ilegales, robo, secuestro, matanza u otras actividades ilegales se detallan en la trama; cuando existe la preocupación de que dicha actividad pueda ser imitada; donde el terrorismo, los eventos sangrientos, la violencia o la perversión son particularmente vívidos y aún podrían ser aceptables para personas mayores de 18 años; donde las imágenes o insinuaciones sexuales se representan vívidamente en animación, imágenes, lenguaje, texto, diálogo o sonido, pero no provocan sentimientos de vergüenza o disgusto en personas mayores de 18 años.
El artículo 235 del Código Penal de la República de China también penaliza la distribución, transmisión, venta y exhibición pública de grabaciones de video obscenas. [21] [22]
República Popular de China
1949 hasta 1988
El primer predecesor de SAPPRFT fue fundado en junio de 1949. [23] El Partido Comunista Chino (PCCh) ganó la guerra civil y fundó la nueva república el 1 de octubre de 1949 .
Con la Revolución Cultural de diez años , la industria cinematográfica fue señalada como blanco de la crítica pública. La esposa de Mao, Jiang Qing, incluyó 54 películas en la lista negra. [24]
Desde el comienzo de la reforma económica china (1978 en adelante), la industria cinematográfica de la República Popular China ha emprendido una serie de reformas descentralizadoras y privatizadoras. En enero de 1986, el predecesor de SAPPRFT finalmente se conoce como el Departamento Administrativo de Radio, Cine y Televisión (ADRFT) ( chino :广播电影电视部). [23]
1988 a la década de 2010
La ADRFT publicó su regulación de censura de películas a nivel departamental una tras otra en 1988 ( chino :电影 审查 条例 (修改稿) ), [25] en 1993 ( chino :电影 审查 暂行 规定) y en 1997 ( chino :电影 审查 规定) . [26]
Los principios básicos del documento de 1993 se reafirmaron en julio de 1996, cuando el Consejo de Estado de la República Popular China promulgó el Reglamento sobre la administración de películas ( chino : 1996 年 电影 管理 条例) a un nivel ejecutivo superior. Sus artículos 23 y 24 otorgan autoridad ejecutiva al estipular que el país adoptará un sistema de examen de películas: "películas que no hayan sido examinadas y aprobadas por el órgano de examen de películas del departamento administrativo de radio, cine y televisión del Consejo de Estado no se puede distribuir, proyectar, importar ni exportar ". [27] [28]
En marzo de 1998, la ADRFT pasó a llamarse Administración Estatal de Radio, Cine y Televisión (SARFT) (en chino :国家 广播 电影 电视 总局). [23]
En febrero de 2002, el Consejo de Estado reemplazó las regulaciones de 1996 por otras nuevas ( chino : 2002 年 电影 管理 条例). [29] [30] [31] Los artículos 24 y 25 del nuevo reglamento reiteran el sistema de censura y permanece en vigor a pesar de lo que sigue a continuación.
En diciembre de 2003, la SARFT también emitió una regulación a nivel departamental titulada Disposiciones provisionales sobre la iniciación de proyectos de guiones cinematográficos (resúmenes) y sobre el examen de películas ( chino :电影 剧本 (梗概) 立项 、 电影 片 审查 暂行 规定). [32] Esto pronto se actualizó en julio de 2004. [33] [34] Tanto las regulaciones de 1997 como las de 2004 fueron reemplazadas posteriormente por Disposiciones sobre el archivo de guiones de películas (resúmenes) y la administración de películas en junio de 2006 ( chino :电影剧本 (梗概) 备案 、 电影 片 管理 规定). [35] [36]
En marzo de 2013, el Consejo de Estado fusionó SARFT con la Administración General de Prensa y Publicaciones para formar SAPPRFT (en chino :国家 新闻 出版 广电 总局).
El 7 de noviembre de 2016, el duodécimo Comité Permanente de la Asamblea Popular Nacional en su vigésimo cuarto período de sesiones aprobó la nueva Ley de Promoción de la Industria Cinematográfica de la República Popular China (en chino :中国 电影 产业 促进 法) desde un punto de vista legislativo. La ley entró en vigor el 1 de marzo de 2017. [37] [38] [39] Aunque el país carece de un sistema de clasificación como el de la República de China o el sistema de clasificación de películas de la Motion Picture Association of America , según una traducción no oficial de la nueva ley, el artículo 16 estipula que las películas no deben tener el siguiente contenido: [40]
- Violaciones de los principios básicos de la Constitución de China , incitación a la resistencia o menoscabo de la implementación de la Constitución, las leyes o los reglamentos administrativos;
- Poner en peligro la unidad nacional, la soberanía o la integridad territorial; filtrar secretos de estado; poner en peligro la seguridad nacional; dañar la dignidad, el honor o los intereses nacionales; abogar por el terrorismo o el extremismo;
- Menospreciar las tradiciones culturales étnicas excepcionales, incitar al odio étnico o la discriminación étnica, las violaciones de las costumbres étnicas, la distorsión de la historia étnica o las figuras históricas étnicas, dañar los sentimientos étnicos o socavar la unidad étnica;
- Incitar a socavar la política religiosa nacional, abogar por cultos o supersticiones;
- Poner en peligro la moral social, perturbar el orden social, socavar la estabilidad social; promover la pornografía, los juegos de azar, el uso de drogas, la violencia o el terror; instigación de delitos o impartición de métodos delictivos;
- Violaciones de los derechos e intereses legítimos de los menores ( chino :未成年 人) o daños a la salud física y psicológica de los menores;
- Insultos de difamación de otros, o difusión de información privada de otros e infracción de los derechos e intereses legítimos de otros;
- Otro contenido prohibido por leyes o regulaciones administrativas.
El artículo 20 de la ley estipula que las películas para las que no existe licencia de lanzamiento no pueden transmitirse a través de Internet, redes de telecomunicaciones o redes de radio y televisión, ni grabarse como productos de audio o video, excepto bajo otras estipulaciones. Si la película puede hacer que los menores ( chino :未成年 人) y otras audiencias se sientan incómodos física o psicológicamente, debería haber un recordatorio. [41] Sin embargo, en una entrevista de marzo de 2017 con la Televisión Central de China (CCTV), el director de cine de SAPPRFT, el Sr. Zhang Hongsen ( chino :张宏森) [42], dijo que era inexacto que los medios de comunicación etiquetaran la guía para menores como manual / eufemística. clasificación y fue una mala interpretación o sobreinterpretación de la nueva ley. [43] [44]
El artículo 21 estipula además que solo las películas con la licencia de estreno pueden presentarse para la consideración de un festival de cine o una exhibición. Ha habido circunstancias en las que una película parece recortada por motivos comerciales, pero el 1 de junio de 2017, la SAPPRFT emitió un aviso que prohibía la difusión de las llamadas "versión completa", "versión sin cortar" y "escenas eliminadas". , etc.en cualquier plataforma, incluidos, entre otros, en línea, Internet móvil, transmisión de televisión. [45] [46] [47]
El 30 de junio de 2017, la Asociación de Servicios de Netcasting de China, un organismo de la industria de la radiodifusión en línea sujeto a SAPPRFT y el Ministerio de Asuntos Civiles , [48] emitió un conjunto de directrices, señalando un control detallado sobre todas las formas de contenido web audiovisual, incluidas las películas. [49] Prohiben explícitamente que los sitios web de los más de 600 miembros de la asociación, que incluyen CCTV, Phoenix Television , Hunan Television , Dragon Television , Jiangsu Television , Zhejiang Television , Tencent , Youku , IQiyi , Sohu , etc., [50] muestren muchas cosas, incluidas, entre otras, las siguientes:
- Difamación de líderes revolucionarios, héroes, Ejército Popular de Liberación , policía armada, aparato de seguridad nacional, aparato de seguridad pública, poder judicial, etc;
- Pornografía y gusto barato: prostitución, violación, masturbación, incesto, homosexualidad, hentai, agresión sexual, violencia sexual, aventuras extramatrimoniales, aventuras de una noche , libertad sexual, intercambio de esposas , escenas prolongadas o provocativas de intimidad física ;
- Ideología feudal que es pseudociencia : posesión espiritual , reencarnación , brujería , etc.
- Muestre horror excesivo, dolor psicológico, histeria, provocando una fuerte estimulación de los sentidos y emociones con imágenes, líneas, música y efectos de sonido incómodos, etc.
Lista de películas prohibidas, parcialmente prohibidas o inéditas
Título | Año de lanzamiento original | País de origen | Notas | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Los diez Mandamientos | 1923 | Estados Unidos | Prohibido en la década de 1930 bajo una categoría de "películas supersticiosas" debido a su tema religioso que involucra a dioses y deidades. [51] | |
Ben-Hur: Una historia de Cristo | 1925 | Estados Unidos | Prohibido en la década de 1930 bajo una categoría de "películas supersticiosas" debido a su tema religioso que involucra a dioses y deidades. [51] | |
Frankenstein | 1931 | Estados Unidos | Prohibido en la categoría de "películas supersticiosas" debido a su "extrañeza" y elementos poco científicos. [51] | |
Alicia en el país de las Maravillas | 1933 | Estados Unidos | Prohibido en la categoría de "películas supersticiosas" debido a su "extrañeza" y elementos poco científicos. [51] | |
La vida de Wu Xun | 1950 | porcelana | Después del lanzamiento inicial y a pesar de los elogios de otros líderes del Partido Comunista, el presidente del PCCh, Mao Zedong, publicó un editorial que criticaba la película como "publicidad fanática de la cultura feudal" y por su "tolerancia para difamar al campesino revolucionario" y describió al personaje principal como "feudal reaccionario". regla". Mao también denunció los elogios a la película. La película se hizo conocida como "la primera película prohibida de la Nueva China". Se mostró en una muestra privada en 2005 y se lanzó en DVD en 2012. [52] | |
Todas las películas chinas anteriores a 1949 | 1951-1978 | porcelana | El presidente del PCCh, Mao Zedong, prohibió todas las películas chinas anteriores a 1949 en 1951 con el argumento de que contenían "propaganda imperialista". | |
La comedia inacabada | 1957 | porcelana | Prohibido por socavar la moral socialista y atacar al Partido. [53] [54] | |
Ben Hur | 1959 | Estados Unidos | Prohibido bajo el régimen de Mao Zedong por contener "propaganda de creencias supersticiosas, a saber, el cristianismo". [55] [56] | |
Chung Kuo, Cina | 1972 | Italia | Prohibido durante 32 años por "anti-chinos". [57] | |
Balseros | mil novecientos ochenta y dos | Hong Kong | La película fue prohibida en China continental debido a la violencia contra los refugiados vietnamitas y sus sentimientos anticomunistas. [58] También fue prohibido en Taiwán porque fue filmado en Hainan , una isla en la República Popular de China. [59] | |
Tierra amarilla | 1984 | porcelana | Prohibido luego liberado. [60] | |
Regreso al futuro | 1985 | Estados Unidos | La película fue prohibida por viajes en el tiempo. [61] El directo a video de alguna manera obtuvo aprobación. [62] | |
El ladrón de caballos | 1986 | porcelana | La película esperó ocho meses para su aprobación para su lanzamiento público. En última instancia, el director Tian Zhuangzhuang dijo a los funcionarios que volvería a editar la película según sus especificaciones, y trabajó bajo la estrecha supervisión de dos censores para cortar imágenes, incluidas partes de un entierro en el cielo . [63] [64] Tian sintió que el proceso era un "insulto" y se dedicó temporalmente a la realización de películas comerciales debido a la frustración con los censores. [63] [65] La película publicada se retiró más tarde. [60] | |
Ju Dou | 1990 | porcelana | Prohibido en la liberación inicial, pero levantado en 1992. [60] [66] El gobierno chino dio permiso para su visualización en julio de 1992. [67] | |
Mamá | 1990 | porcelana | Lanzado en China después de una prohibición de dos años. [68] | |
Vida en una cuerda | 1991 | porcelana | Prohibido por completo. [60] | |
Levanta el farolillo rojo | 1991 | porcelana | Prohibido en el lanzamiento inicial, lanzado tres años después. [60] | |
La cometa azul | 1993 | porcelana | El Estudio de Cine de Beijing se negó a enviar el metraje en bruto a la Oficina Central de Cine para su aprobación de posproducción fuera del país, y la película se pasó de contrabando a Japón para su edición. La película se mostró en festivales internacionales de cine sin la aprobación de la Oficina Central de Cine, lo que provocó que la delegación china se retirara del Festival Internacional de Cine de Tokio y no fue aprobada para su exhibición en China. [63] Debido a que la película criticaba abiertamente las políticas gubernamentales, el director Tian Zhuangzhuang fue posteriormente prohibido en 1994 de la realización de películas; la prohibición se levantó en 1996. [69] [70] | |
Pekín bastardos | 1993 | porcelana | Prohibido por temas relacionados con la homosexualidad y jóvenes alienados. [71] | |
Adiós mi concubina | 1993 | porcelana | La película fue objeto de objeciones por su descripción de la homosexualidad, el suicidio y la violencia perpetrada bajo el gobierno comunista de Mao Zedong durante la Revolución Cultural. Se estrenó en Shanghai en julio de 1993, pero fue retirado de los cines después de dos semanas para una nueva revisión de la censura y posteriormente prohibido en agosto. Debido a que la película ganó la Palma de Oro en el Festival de Cine de Cannes , la prohibición fue recibida con protestas internacionales. [72] Sintiendo que "no había otra opción" y temiendo que perjudicara la candidatura de China para los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2000 , los funcionarios permitieron que la película se reanudara en septiembre. Este lanzamiento contó con una versión censurada; Se cortaron escenas que trataban de la Revolución Cultural y la homosexualidad, y se revisó la escena final para "suavizar el golpe del suicidio". [73] | |
Vivir | 1994 | porcelana | Prohibido debido a su descripción crítica de varias políticas y campañas del gobierno comunista. Además, a su director Zhang Yimou se le prohibió realizar películas durante dos años. [60] [74] [75] La prohibición de la película se levantó sólo en septiembre de 2008 después de que Zhang dirigiera la ceremonia de apertura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2008 . [76] | |
La plaza | 1994 | porcelana | Al director se le prohibió la realización de películas a principios de año. [77] | |
Amante del fin de semana | 1995 | porcelana | Prohibido durante dos años y luego liberado. [78] | |
Padre | 1996 | porcelana | También conocido como Baba / Babu, [60] fue prohibido, pero se llevó a casa el primer premio Golden Leopard en el Festival de Locarno en 2000. [79] | |
La sombra del emperador | 1996 | porcelana | La película, que describe la relación entre el gobierno y las artes a través de una relación ficticia del primer emperador de China y un músico de la corte, fue prohibida sin una razón declarada después del lanzamiento inicial. Se permitió que la película se mostrara nuevamente ocho meses después. [80] | |
Kundun | 1997 | Estados Unidos | La película fue prohibida por representar a China negativamente en relación con su incorporación del Tíbet a China . [81] El Dalai Lama es considerado por China como un líder separatista y una amenaza para el control chino en la región del Himalaya , [82] [83] y los funcionarios se opusieron a una representación positiva del Dalai Lama. [84] Disney produjo y distribuyó la película a pesar de las objeciones que China expresó durante la producción, lo que provocó que China emitiera una prohibición temporal de todas las películas de Disney. [85] La prohibición terminó en 1999 con el lanzamiento de Mulan , y el estudio emitió una disculpa durante el proceso de negociación inicial para construir Shanghai Disney Resort . [86] [82] [87] | |
Palacio del Este, Palacio del Oeste | 1997 | porcelana | Prohibido por temas relacionados con la homosexualidad y jóvenes alienados. [71] | |
esquina roja | 1997 | Estados Unidos | La película, sobre un hombre estadounidense en China acusado falsamente de asesinato por policías corruptos y enfrentando un sistema judicial injusto, fue prohibida por un sesgo anti-China. [88] Los funcionarios también hicieron un intento fallido de posponer el estreno de la película en los Estados Unidos, lo que ocurrió durante una visita del secretario general del PCCh, Jiang Zemin . [85] A la actriz Bai Ling también se le prohibió visitar a su familia en China poco después del estreno de la película, [89] y los funcionarios chinos emitieron un memorando poniendo fin temporalmente a las operaciones comerciales en China del estudio de producción y distribuidor de la película Metro – Goldwyn – Mayer . [85] | |
Seven Years in Tibet | 1997 | United States | The film was banned for depicting China negatively in relation to its incorporation of Tibet into China.[81] Officials objected to a positive portrayal of the Dalai Lama.[84] A memo was issued by Chinese officials temporarily ending the business operations in China of the film's distributor Columbia TriStar.[85] | |
Xiu Xiu: The Sent Down Girl | 1998 | China | Banned.[60] due to criticizing the Cultural Revolution.[90] | |
Babe: Pig in the City | 1998 | United States | Censor had a policy that live-action animals with the speech ability was not allowed to be depicted.[91] | |
Devils on the Doorstep | 2000 | China | Banned[60] partly due to an unpatriotic portrayal of the Chinese in the Second Sino-Japanese War.[76] SAPPRFT was also upset that the director Jiang Wen had submitted it to Cannes Film Festival without its approval.[92] The film is now available on CCTV.com.[93] | |
Suzhou River | 2000 | China | Director Lou Ye let his 2000 film screen in International Film Festival Rotterdam without official approval and received a two-year ban.[94] | |
Kiss of the Dragon | 2001 | France | The main character killed people abroad.[95] | |
Lan Yu | 2001 | China | The film was banned for homosexuality, references to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, and depiction of corruption in Beijing entrepreneurs.[96][97] | |
Shaolin Soccer | 2001 | Hong Kong China | Banned after the Hong Kong partners in the joint production reportedly opened it in HK without permission from mainland officials.[98] | |
Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life | 2003 | Multinational coproduction | The film was banned for its unflattering depiction of China, which was felt to suggest the country had an absent government and was controlled by secret societies.[99] | |
Brokeback Mountain | 2005 | United States | The film was banned for homosexuality, a "sensitive topic". Despite this, China praised director Ang Lee upon his winning the Academy Award for Best Director but censored his acceptance speech for references for homosexuality.[100] | |
Memoirs of a Geisha | 2005 | United States | Though it was originally approved for distribution in China,[101] senior government officials reversed the decision because ethnic Chinese actors played Japanese characters was feared to provoke anti-Japanese sentiments and, because geisha are viewed as prostitutes in China, evoke the Rape of Nanking.[100] | |
King and the Clown | 2005 | South Korea | The film was not shown in theaters due to "subtle gay themes" and sexually explicit language. It was given permission for distribution on DVD.[102] | |
Summer Palace | 2006 | China | The film was banned for sexually explicit scenes and for depicting the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. Director Lou Ye and producer Nai An received five-year bans.[103][104] | |
The Da Vinci Code | 2006 | United States | It was withdrawn from cinemas even though it had been on release for three weeks. Some said it was because of political reasons, for example, upsetting Catholics in China.[105] The direct-to-video somehow got approval.[106] | |
V for Vendetta | 2005 | United States | Starting in Aug 2020, the movie has been removed from China’s major online video platforms, such as iQiyi, Tencent Video, Sohu, Douban, and Maoyan, because of anti-government themes. The Guy Fawkes mask worn by the film character V has been used as a symbol in anti-extradition bill protests in Hong Kong.[107] The movie was never shown in Chinese theaters, but it was unclear whether it had ever been banned prior to 2020. State-owned China Movie Channel surprised viewers back in 2012 by airing it, leading to false hopes about censorship reform.[108] An article on the Communist party's China Youth Daily website said it was previously prohibited from broadcast,[109] but the Associated Press quoted the then censors's spokesman Wu Baoan (吴保安) who said he was not aware of any ban. | |
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest | 2006 | United States | Banned in China because it had spirits swarming around as well as depictions of cannibalism.[110] | |
Lost in Beijing | 2007 | China | A heavily edited version of the film began showing in China. Fifteen minutes of content was removed because censors felt that dirty streets, prostitutes, and gambling portrayed China as plagued by greed and sexual temptation. Cuts were made shortly before the Berlin Film Festival, too late for the version to be subtitled in German and English, and an unauthorized version screen instead. As a result, the film was banned in China and the writer-producer Fang Li and the production company Beijing Laurel Films were banned from filmmaking for two years. The censors also stated that the film's marketing included "unhealthy and inappropriate promotional materials" and that Fang illegally distributed "unapproved and pornographic clips" through the internet.[111] | |
The Dark Knight | 2008 | United States | Warner Bros. did not submit the film to censors for approval, citing "pre-release conditions" and "cultural sensitivities".[112] | |
Petition | 2009 | China | The documentary depicts brutalization, harassment, and arrest of people who travel to Beijing to ask that wrongdoing by local officials be amended. The film was banned in China immediately following its premiere at the Cannes Film Festival.[113][114] | |
Shinjuku Incident | 2009 | Hong Kong | Banned for being "too violent" when director Derek Yee refused to edit this content down.[115] | |
Spring Fever | 2009 | Hong Kong France | The film was created during a five-year ban instituted on director Lou Ye and producer Nai An, and it showed at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival and in international theaters without permission. It portrays a gay romance, explicit sexual scenes and full-frontal nudity.[116] | |
The Lady | 2011 | France | Uncertain if it would be shown in mainland China which was an ally of Myanmar's military junta which banned the film as of Feb 2012.[117] | |
Red Dawn | 2012 | United States | The film was not released in China, despite changing the invading antagonist from China to North Korea.[118] | |
A Touch of Sin | 2013 | China | The film depicts "shocking" violence in China caused by economic inequality and political corruption, including the shooting of local officials. During development of the film, censors asked director Jia Zhangke to revise dialogue and seemed generally unconcerned by violence. Censors did recommend Jia decrease the number of killings but allowed it when Jia refused. The film was cleared for foreign distribution and showed at international festivals. Although the film was initially cleared for local distribution, the film did not open in China on its release date and a directive was given telling journalists not to write about the film. The distributor Xstream Pictures released a statement saying it did not receive a notice the film was banned and that it was continuing to work on local distribution.[119] | |
World War Z | 2013 | United Kingdom, United States | The movie contains zombies and has a lead role featuring Brad Pitt, whose films and entry to the country were disallowed after he starred in Seven Years in Tibet.[120] | |
Top Gun 3D | 2013 | United States | The re-release got silent treatment by the censor.[121] The congressional United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission concluded it portrayed U.S. military dominance.[118] | |
Captain Phillips | 2013 | United States | In hacked emails, Rory Bruer, president of worldwide distribution at Sony Pictures, wrote that the plot of American military saving Chinese citizen would make Chinese censor uncomfortable.[122] The direct-to-video somehow got approval.[123] | |
Noah | 2014 | United States | Banned for the depiction of prophets.[124] | |
Under the Dome | 2015 | China | First allowed but then removed per order from Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China.[125] An employee of China Business News may have been fired for leaking the order.[126] | |
Behemoth | 2015 | China | The documentary portrays the health and environmental effects of coal mining and iron smelting in China. After the film opened in a small venue in China, it was banned from commercial theaters due to early miscommunications about its content.[114] Mentions of the film were removed from the internet, and journalists were directed not to report on the film.[127] | |
Crimson Peak | 2015 | United States | It was reported that the film may be banned because it contained ghosts and supernatural elements.[128][129] However, Chinese artist and social commentator Aowen Jin believed it more likely that the film was banned due to sexual content and incest.[130] | |
Mad Max: Fury Road | 2015 | Australia, United States | Submitted and rejected by censors, possibly due to its dystopian themes.[131] The direct-to-video somehow got approval.[132] | |
Ten Years | 2015 | Hong Kong | Depicting a bleak future for Hong Kong under Beijing's control, the film's makers have never sought distribution in Mainland China.[133] The broadcast of the 35th Hong Kong Film Award, in which this film was honored for best film,[134] was banned.[135] | |
Trivisa | 2016 | Hong Kong | The film is believed to be banned in part because Jevons Au, blacklisted after directing a short in Ten Years, is one of its three directors. Mentions of the film at the Hong Kong Film Awards, at which it won five awards including Best Picture, were removed.[136] | |
Suicide Squad | 2016 | United States | Aynne Kokas, author of the book Hollywood in China, explained that removing violence from the film would make it difficult to be released.[137] | |
Deadpool | 2016 | United States | The film was banned due to violence, nudity, and graphic language. Officials determined that it was not possible to remove the content without affecting the plot.[138] It was finally shown uncensored with the full 108-min runtime in seven screenings in June 2017 during the 20th Shanghai International Film Festival.[139][140] | |
Call Me by Your Name | 2017 | United States | Due to homosexuality,[141][142] the film was pulled from the Beijing International Film Festival.[143] | |
Christopher Robin | 2018 | United States | While no official reason was given for denying the film's release, images of Winnie-the-Pooh were previously censored and banned since 2017 after social media users compared Pooh to Chinese leader Xi Jinping, causing the character to become associated with political resistance. However, an alternative theory suggested the film was denied because a number of Hollywood tentpole films were competing for space in the limited foreign film quota.[144] | |
Berlin, I Love You | 2019 | Germany | Ai Weiwei claimed that the producers were politically pressured to cut the segment he directed because distributors fears his involvement would hurt the film in China. He directed the segment remotely while under house arrest in China for his political activism.[145][146] | |
Monster Hunter | 2020 | Japan | Soon after the release in China on Dec 3, the film was pulled from theaters because a scene featuring a banter between MC Jin's character and his military comrade was considered racially offensive by local audience, despite the Chinese subtitles interpreted it differently. Jin jokingly said: "Look at my knees!" which is followed by the question "What kind of knees are these?" He then answered, "Chi-knees!" Some Chinese viewers interpreted this as a reference to the racist playground chant "Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees", and therefore as an insult to China. The subtitles, however, interpreted as there is gold under a man's knees, so man should not easily kneel. The film was removed from circulation, and Chinese authorities censored references to it online. Tencent Pictures, which is handling local distribution and is an equity partner in the film, is reported to be remedying the situation, but it remains unclear if the movie would then be re-released.[147] | |
Nomadland | 2020 | United States | The censorship efforts appear linked to comments made by Chloé Zhao in 2013 interview with Filmmaker magazine, in which she described being a teenager in China as a “a place where there are lies everywhere”. Later in the day, certain key search topics related the film were blocked on China’s Twitter-like Weibo platform. Searches for the hashtags “#Nomadland” and “#Nomadland Release Date” currently yield the message that “The topic’s page cannot be shown due to related laws, regulations and policies.” [148] |
Lista de películas editadas
Title | Release year in Mainland China | Country of origin | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Titanic | 1998 | United States | The scene in which Rose (Kate Winslet) poses nude for a painting is altered to show her from the neck up, removing her breasts from the shot.[149] |
Infernal Affairs | 2002 | Hong Kong | The ending sees a triad member who has infiltrated the police shoot a member of his gang to prevent becoming exposed. It was unacceptable in China for a criminal to avoid justice, and three endings were shot for censors to approve. In the chosen ending, the mole is confronted by police and he voluntarily gives up his police badge.[150][151] |
Running on Karma | 2003 | Hong Kong | It ran afoul of Beijing censors for depicting a Chinese protagonist (Cecilia Cheung) reincarnated from a Japanese soldier. Such a premise, though overtly comedic, offends a Chinese government to whom Sino-Japanese relations remain fractious. According to the film's co-writer Au Kin-yee, SAPPRFT – ever vigilant against superstition – also objected to the male hero's preternatural ability to perceive the past lives of others. Consequently, the Milkyway Image creative team excised the male hero's extrasensory 'visions' from the mainland release, resulting in nonsensical stretches of action.[152] |
Mission: Impossible III | 2006 | United States | Censors felt that the film's establishing shot of Ethan Hunt (Tom Cruise) walking past underwear hung from a clothesline was a negative portrayal of Shanghai.[153] |
Babel | 2006 | Multinational coproduction | Censors cut five minutes of nudity scenes.[154] |
Casino Royale | 2006 | Multinational coproduction | Judi Dench as M said she had to substitute the line "'God, I miss the old times" for "[Expletive], I miss the Cold War" for release to be allowed in China.[155] |
The Departed | 2006 | United States | Banned from movie theaters for suggesting that the Chinese government might use nuclear weapons against Taiwan,[61] but the direct-to-video got approval (after cutting a few minutes).[156] |
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End | 2007 | United States | Captain Sao Feng, played by Chow Yun-fat, demonizes the Chinese and Singapore.[157][158] |
Lust, Caution | 2007 | Multinational coproduction | Censors objected to the film's "political and sexually provocative content" and criticized the film as a "glorification of traitors and insulting to patriots". Seven minutes of sexually graphic scenes were cut by director Ang Lee. Actress Tang Wei was subsequently banned from Chinese media, and award shows were advised to remove her and the film's producers from guest lists. Online mentions of the film and Tang were removed.[159] |
Iron Man 2 | 2010 | United States | Words for "Russia" and "Russian" were left untranslated in the subtitles, and the spoken words were muffled.[160] |
Titanic 3D | 2012 | United States | The film is again altered to remove Rose's breasts from the scene in which she poses nude for a painting.[149] Satirical jokes attributed the following explanation for the cuts to an SAPPRFT official: 3D effects would cause audiences to "reach out their hands for a touch and thus interrupt other people’s viewing".[161] |
Mystery | 2012 | China | The film was edited for release in China. In response, director Lou Ye removed his name from the film and published his negotiations with the censorship bureau onto Weibo.[104] |
Men in Black 3 | 2012 | United States | An alien disguised as a Chinese restaurant worker was offensive for the screen. 13 minutes were claimed to be cut.[citation needed] |
Looper | 2012 | United States | Despite the added Chinese element, the deputy head from SAPPRFT criticized a string of films for not obeying the co-production rules.[162] |
Skyfall | 2013 | United Kingdom | A scene in which James Bond (Daniel Craig) kills a security guard in Shanghai was cut for referencing prostitution in Macau, which was felt to be "morally or politically damaging" and because it was felt to suggest China cannot defend itself.[153][163] |
Cloud Atlas | 2013 | Germany, United States | Scenes with sexual content involving straight and gay couples were cut. Thirty-eight minutes, roughly twenty percent of the film's original runtime, was removed.[164][165] |
Iron Man 3 | 2013 | United States | Four minutes of Chinese scenes were added to the local version for "an easier ride with Chinese film censors". They include a product placement from Mengniu Dairy, claiming the milk is good for Iron Man, and additions of Chinese doctors into a surgery scene in order to "court Chinese censors".[153][166] |
Django Unchained | 2013 | United States | Violent scenes were altered.[167][168] |
No Man's Land | 2013 | China | The film, completed in 2010, underwent a three and a half-year approval process.[169] It experienced two major revisions to reduce violent content and clarify thematic intention, and it was reported that the film was removed from release schedules six times.[170] |
Parasyte: Part 1 and Parasyte: Part 2 | 2014 & 2015 | Japan | The 2-part film from 2014 and 2015 was merged into one single release in China in 2016, cutting more than 100 minutes of bloody and violent scenes.[citation needed] |
Kingsman: The Secret Service | 2015 | United Kingdom | Scenes were cut due to violent and sexual content.[171] |
Love | 2015 | France, Belgium | Taiwan's Ministry of Culture refused to issue the Restricted rating in December 2015, citing article 9 of the 2015 regulations and article 235 of the Criminal Code.[21] After the distributor cut 170 seconds of close-ups on physical intimacy, including sexual intercourse, fingering, ejaculation, fellatio, and similar, the film was released in April 2016.[172] |
The Revenant | 2016 | United States | Thirty seconds are rumored to have been cut.[173] |
Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children | 2016 | United States | A scene in which the characters enjoy an "eyeball feast" was cut.[174] |
Hacksaw Ridge | 2016 | Australia, United States | Fewer than thirty seconds of graphic violence were cut.[175] |
Resident Evil: The Final Chapter | 2017 | Multinational coproduction | Seven or eight minutes[120] were cut due to graphic violence and blood.[176] |
Logan | 2017 | United States | Scenes were removed for violence and "brief nudity". The film was also the first affected by the PRC Film Industry Promotion Law effective on March 1, 2017, which requires the film to include a warning for minors in marketing materials.[177] |
Love Off the Cuff | 2017 | Hong Kong | Crude jokes were removed from the film.[178] |
Alien: Covenant | 2017 | United States | Six minutes is scenes which titular aliens covered in blood were cut, leaving "one to two minutes" of the creatures in the film. Other scenes involving violence were also altered.[179] The gay kiss scene between two androids David and Walter was also cut.[176] |
Bohemian Rhapsody | 2019 | United Kingdom, United States | The film was approved for a limited release after one minute of content was cut. This content involved drug use and the male lead character Freddie Mercury kissing other men. The approval follows public outcry over a local streaming company censoring the phrase "gay man" from Rami Malek's acceptance speech for Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Mercury in the film.[180] |
Better Days | 2019 | Hong Kong, China | The original version that was submitted to 69th Berlin International Film Festival ran 138 minutes, while the version theatrically released in China stood at 135 minutes. The various changes that were made intended to, "blunt the most scathing aspects of Tsang's social critique, while simultaneously communicating that the wisdom of China's party leaders has already righted many of the ills the film presents."[181] |
The Eight Hundred | 2020 | China | The film was pulled from the 2019 release slate to please censors. The approved version that premiered on Aug 21, 2020 is reported to be 13 minutes shorter than the one that would have screened in 2019.[182] |
Friends: The Reunion | 2021 | United States | Chinese streaming sites Youku, iQIYI, and Tencent Video have removed scenes featuring Lady Gaga, Justin Bieber, and BTS.[183] While it's unclear who had ordered the cut, Lady Gaga has been banned following her 2016 meeting with Dalai Lama.[184] Justin Bieber was also banned from performing in China, with authorities blaming his “bad behavior” in 2017.[185] BTS faced boycott calls in China in 2020 after band member RM endorsed the alliance between the United States and South Korea during Korean War.[186] |
Run time shortened by the producer and/or the distributor to ensure the profit of Chinese movie theaters
Title | Release year in Mainland China | Country of origin | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
The Matrix Reloaded[187] | 2003 | Australia, United States | |
Resident Evil: Afterlife[187] | 2010 | Multinational coproduction | |
Prometheus[187] | 2012 | United Kingdom, United States | |
The Company You Keep | 2012 | United States | Mr. Jiao, a publicist for the film's Chinese distributor, told Xiaoxiang Morning Newspaper that 23 minutes were cut for commercial reasons. Despite that, the scheduling for the film in Changsha was not satisfactory.[188] Subsequently, the June 2017 notice from SAPPRFT banned the spread of so-called complete or uncut versions.[189] |
Dhoom 3 | 2013 | India | Mr. Peng, a manager of a local cinema in Changsha, told Xiaoxiang Morning News that the three-hour film was too long for Chinese audiences.[188] Subsequently, the June 2017 notice from SAPPRFT banned the spread of so-called complete or uncut versions. |
Resident Evil: Retribution[187] | 2013 | Multinational coproduction | |
American Hustle | 2014 | United States | It was reported that local distributors, not SAPPRFT, were behind the trimming of 30 minutes.[187] Subsequently, the June 2017 notice from SAPPRFT banned the spread of so-called complete or uncut versions. |
Fury[187] | 2014 | United States | |
Rush[187] | 2015 | Multinational coproduction | |
Allied[187] | 2016 | United Kingdom, United States | |
Dangal | 2017 | India | Although China Film Insider reported that the 20+ minute cut was not forced by the censor,[190] the June 2017 notice from SAPPRFT banned the spread of so-called complete or uncut versions. |
The Lost City of Z | 2017 | United States | It was reported that unnamed sources claimed the 37-minute trimmings were made by the film's producers, not by SAPPRFT.[190] Subsequently, the June 2017 notice from SAPPRFT banned the spread of so-called complete or uncut versions. |
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enlaces externos
- Rating Information Lookup at the Bureau of Audiovisual and Music Industry Development, Taiwan Ministry of Culture