El hazaras ( persa : هزاره , romanizado : hazara ; Hazaragi : آزره ) son una de habla persa etnia originaria de, y residen principalmente en la región montañosa de Hazarajat , en el centro de Afganistán . Hablan el dialecto hazaragi del persa, que es mutuamente inteligible con el dari , uno de los dos idiomas oficiales de Afganistán . [16] [17] [18]
Población total | |
---|---|
Más de 8 millones [1] | |
Regiones con poblaciones significativas | |
Afganistán | 4 millones (2009) [2] [3] |
Pakistán | 900.000. Aproximadamente 40.000 ciudadanos afganos de ascendencia hazara en Pakistán (2005) [4] [5] |
Iran | 500.000 [6] |
Europa | 130.000 [7] |
Australia | 200.000 (2014) [8] |
Canadá | 10,300 [9] |
Indonesia | 3.800 [10] |
Idiomas | |
Variedades orientales hazaragi y dari de persa | |
Religión | |
Predominantemente musulmanes , en su mayoría chiítas , con algunos ismaelitas , sunitas [11] [12] y minorías musulmanas no confesionales [ cita requerida ] | |
Grupos étnicos relacionados | |
Pueblo aimaq , uzbecos , tayikos [13] [14] [15] |
Son el tercer grupo étnico más grande en Afganistán , [19] [20] [21] [22] y también son un grupo minoritario significativo en el vecino Pakistán , donde hay una población de entre 650.000 y 900.000, [23] [5 ] principalmente en Quetta . Se considera que los hazaras son uno de los grupos más oprimidos en Afganistán, [24] y su persecución se remonta a décadas. [25]
Etimología
Etimológicamente, la palabra Hazāra permanece en disputa.
Babur , fundador del Imperio Mughal a principios del siglo XVI, registra el nombre Hazāra en su autobiografía . Se refirió a la población de una región llamada Hazāristān , ubicada al oeste de la región de Kabulistan , al este de Ghor y al norte de Ghazni . [26]
Una de las teorías es que el nombre Hazāra deriva de la palabra persa para "mil" ( hazār هزار ). Puede ser la traducción de la palabra mongol ming (o mingghan ), una unidad militar de 1.000 soldados en la época de Genghis Khan . [27] [28] [29] Con el tiempo, el término Hazār podría haber sido sustituido por la palabra mongol y ahora representa el grupo de personas, [30] mientras que la gente Hazara en su lengua materna se llama a sí misma ( āzra آزره ) o ( azra ازره ). [ cita requerida ]
Origen
Aunque los orígenes del pueblo hazara no se han reconstruido por completo, el origen turco y mongol es probable para la mayoría. Este es el resultado de atributos físicos comunes, [31] estructuras óseas faciales y partes de su cultura e idioma que se asemejan a las de las tribus turcas de Asia Central y los mongoles, aunque el fenotipo puede variar, y algunos señalan que ciertos hazaras pueden parecerse a los europeos o los pueblos nativos. a la meseta iraní. [32] [33] El análisis genético de los hazara indica una ascendencia parcial de los mongoles. [34]
Los invasores mongoles y turco-mongoles se mezclaron con la población iraní local . Por ejemplo, Qara'unas se estableció en lo que hoy es Afganistán y se mezcló con la población local. Una segunda ola de turco-mongoles en su mayoría chagatai vino de Asia central, asociada con los ilkhanate y los timurids , todos los cuales se establecieron en Hazarajat y se mezclaron con la población local. [ cita requerida ] Esto da como resultado que los académicos crean que los hazaras son, en última instancia, el resultado de varias tribus turco-mongoles que se mezclan con la población local. [35] ADNmt estudios de secuenciación demostraron frecuencias relativamente altas de Eurasia occidental ADNmt y descenso parcial del indígena Iranic población afgana. [36]
Historia
La primera mención de Hazara la hizo Babur a principios del siglo XVI y más tarde los historiadores de la corte de Shah Abbas de la dinastía Safavid . Se informa que abrazaron el Islam chiíta entre finales del siglo XVI y principios del siglo XVII, durante el período safávida. [37] [38] Los hombres hazara, junto con los de otros grupos étnicos, fueron reclutados para el ejército de Ahmad Shah Durrani en el siglo XVIII. [39]
Siglo 19
Durante el segundo reinado de Dost Mohammad Khan en el siglo XIX, los Hazara de Hazarajat comenzaron a ser gravados por primera vez. Sin embargo, en su mayor parte aún lograron mantener su autonomía regional hasta que comenzó la subyugación de Abdur Rahman Khan a fines del siglo XIX. [ cita requerida ]
Cuando se firmó el Tratado de Gandomak y terminó la Segunda Guerra Anglo-Afgana en 1880, Abdur Rahman Khan se propuso el objetivo de poner a Hazarajat y Kafiristan bajo su control. Lanzó varias campañas en Hazarajat debido a la resistencia de los Hazara en las que sus fuerzas cometieron atrocidades. La parte sur de Hazarajat se salvó cuando aceptaron su gobierno, mientras que las otras partes de Hazarajat rechazaron a Abdur Rahman y en cambio apoyaron a su tío, Sher Ali Khan . En respuesta a esto, Abdur Rahman libró una guerra contra los líderes tribales que rechazaron sus políticas y su gobierno. [37] Esto se conoce como los levantamientos de Hazara. Abdur Rahman arrestó a Syed Jafar, jefe del Sheikh Ali Hazaras, y lo encarceló en Mazar-i-Sharif . [ cita requerida ]
Estas campañas tuvieron un impacto catastrófico en la demografía de los hazaras, lo que provocó que más del 60% de ellos murieran y se convirtieran en desplazados. [40]
siglo 20
En 1901, Habibullah Khan , el sucesor de Abdur Rahman, concedió la amnistía a todas las personas que fueron exiliadas por su predecesor. Sin embargo, la división entre el gobierno afgano y el pueblo hazara ya era demasiado profunda bajo Abdur Rahman. Hazara continuó enfrentándose a una severa discriminación social, económica y política durante la mayor parte del siglo XX. En 1933, el rey Mohammed Nadir Khan fue asesinado por Abdul Khaliq Hazara . El gobierno afgano lo capturó y ejecutó más tarde, junto con varios de sus familiares inocentes. [41]
Continuó la desconfianza de los hazaras hacia el gobierno central y los levantamientos locales. En particular, de 1945 a 1946, durante el gobierno de Zahir Shah , se produjo una revuelta contra los nuevos impuestos que se aplicaban exclusivamente a los hazara. Mientras tanto, los nómadas Kuchi no solo estaban exentos de impuestos, sino que también recibieron subsidios del gobierno afgano. [37] Los rebeldes enojados comenzaron a capturar y matar a funcionarios del gobierno. En respuesta, el gobierno central envió una fuerza para someter la región y luego eliminó los impuestos. [ cita requerida ]
Durante la guerra afgano-soviética , la región de Hazarajat no vio tantos combates intensos como otras regiones de Afganistán. Sin embargo, las facciones políticas rivales de Hazara lucharon. La división se produjo entre el Tanzáim-i nasl-i naw-i Hazara , un partido con sede en Quetta, de nacionalistas e intelectuales laicos hazara, y los partidos islamistas de Hazarajat. [37] En 1979, los grupos Hazara-islamistas liberaron a Hazarajat del gobierno afgano central respaldado por los soviéticos y luego tomaron el control total de Hazarajat lejos de los secularistas. En 1984, después de fuertes combates, los grupos secularistas perdieron todo su poder ante los islamistas. [ cita requerida ]
Cuando los soviéticos se retiraron en 1989, los grupos islamistas sintieron la necesidad de ampliar su atractivo político y centraron su atención en el nacionalismo étnico hazara . [37] Esto llevó al establecimiento de Hizb-i-Wahdat , una alianza de todos los grupos de resistencia Hazara (excepto Harakat-i Islami ). En 1992, con la caída de Kabul , Harakat-i Islami se puso del lado del gobierno de Burhanuddin Rabbani , mientras que Hizb-i-Wahdat se puso del lado de la oposición. El Hizb-i-Wahdat finalmente fue expulsado de Kabul en 1995 cuando el movimiento talibán capturó y mató a su líder Abdul Ali Mazari . Con la captura de Kabul por los talibanes en 1996, todos los grupos hazara se unieron a la nueva Alianza del Norte contra el nuevo enemigo común. Sin embargo, ya era demasiado tarde y, a pesar de la feroz resistencia, Hazarajat cayó ante los talibanes en 1998. Los talibanes habían aislado a Hazarajat por completo del resto del mundo, llegando incluso a no permitir que las Naciones Unidas entregaran alimentos a las provincias de Bamyan , Ghor. , Maidan Wardak y Daykundi . [42]
Los hazaras también han tenido un papel importante en la creación de Pakistán . Uno de esos hazara era Qazi Muhammad Essa de la tribu Sheikh Ali, que había sido amigo cercano de Muhammad Ali Jinnah , habiéndose conocido por primera vez mientras estudiaban en Londres. Había sido el primero de su provincia natal de Baluchistán en obtener un título de abogado y había ayudado a establecer la Liga Musulmana de toda la India en Baluchistán. [43] [44]
Aunque los hazara desempeñaron un papel en el movimiento antisoviético, otros hazara participaron en el nuevo gobierno comunista, que cortejó activamente a las minorías afganas. El sultán Ali Kishtmand , un hazara, se desempeñó como primer ministro de Afganistán de 1981 a 1990 (con una breve interrupción en 1988). [45] Los Ismaili Hazara de la provincia de Baghlan también apoyaron a los comunistas, y su pir (líder religioso) Jaffar Naderi dirigió una milicia procomunista en la región. [46]
Durante los años que siguieron, Hazara sufrió una severa opresión y muchas masacres étnicas, genocidios y pogromos fueron llevados a cabo por los talibanes predominantemente étnicos pashtún y estos grupos están documentados por Human Rights Watch . [47] Estos abusos contra los derechos humanos no solo ocurrieron en Hazarajat, sino en todos los distritos controlados por los talibanes. Sobre todo después de la captura de Mazar-i-Sharif en 1998, donde tras una matanza masiva de unos 8.000 civiles, los talibanes declararon abiertamente que los hazara serían un objetivo. [ cita requerida ]
Siglo 21
Tras los ataques del 11 de septiembre de 2001 en Estados Unidos , las fuerzas estadounidenses y de la Coalición invadieron Afganistán . Muchos hazara se han convertido en líderes en el [ ¿cuándo? ] Afganistán emergente. [48] Los hazara también han cursado estudios superiores, se han matriculado en el ejército y muchos ocupan altos cargos gubernamentales. [49] Por ejemplo, Mohammad Mohaqiq , un hazara del partido Hizb-i-Wahdat, se postuló en las elecciones presidenciales de 2004 en Afganistán , y Karim Khalili se convirtió en vicepresidente de Afganistán . Varios ministros y gobernadores son Hazara, incluidos Sima Samar , Habiba Sarabi , Sarwar Danish , Sayed Hussein Anwari , Abdul Haq Shafaq , Sayed Anwar Rahmati , Qurban Ali Oruzgani . La alcaldesa de Nili en la provincia de Daykundi es Azra Jafari , quien se convirtió en la primera alcaldesa de Afganistán. Algunos otros hazara notables incluyen: Sultán Alí Keshtmand , Abdul Wahed Sarabi , Ghulam Ali Wahdat , Akram Yari , Sayed Mustafa Kazemi , Muhammad Arif Shah Jahan , Ghulam Husain Naseri , Abbas Noyan , Abbas Ibrahim Zada , Ramazan Bashardost , Ahmad Shah Ramazan , Ahmad Behzad , Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili , Fahim Hashimy y más. El Parlamento de Afganistán está compuesto en un 25% por la etnia hazara, que representa a 61 miembros. [50]
Although Afghanistan has been historically one of the poorest countries in the world, the Hazarajat region has been kept even more poor from development by past governments. Since ousting the Taliban in late 2001, billions of dollars have poured into Afghanistan for reconstruction and several large-scale reconstruction projects took place in Afghanistan from August 2012. For example, there have been more than 5000 kilometers of road pavement completed across Afghanistan, of which little was done in central Afghanistan Hazarajat. On the other hand, the Band-e Amir in the Bamyan Province became the first national park of Afghanistan. The road from Kabul to Bamyan was also built, along with new police stations, government institutions, hospitals, and schools in the Bamyan Province, Daykundi Province, and the others. The first ski resort of Afghanistan was also established in Bamyan Province.[51][52]
An indication of discrimination is that Kuchis (Pashtun nomads who have historically been migrating from region to region depending on the season) are allowed to use Hazarajat pastures during the summer season. It is believed that allowing the Kuchis to use some of the grazing land in Hazarajat began during the rule of Abdur Rahman Khan.[53] Living in mountainous Hazarajat, where little farm land exists, Hazara people rely on these pasture lands for their livelihood during the long and harsh winters. In 2007 some Kuchi nomads entered into parts of Hazarajat to graze their livestock, and when the local Hazara resisted, a clash took place and several people on both sides died using assault rifles. Such events continue to occur, even after the central government was forced to intervene, including President Hamid Karzai. In late July 2012, a Hazara police commander in Uruzgan province reportedly rounded up and killed 9 Pashtun civilians in revenge for the death of two local Hazara. The matter is being investigated by the Afghan government.[53]
The drive by President Hamid Karzai after the Peace Jirga to strike a deal with Taliban leaders caused deep unease in Afghanistan's minority communities, who fought the Taliban the longest and suffered the most during their rule. The leaders of the Tajik, Uzbek and Hazara communities, vowed to resist any return of the Taliban to power, referring to the large-scale massacres of Hazara civilians during the Taliban period.[54]
Karim Khalili, 2nd Vice President of Afghanistan (with turban) is standing next to Mohammed Fahim, George W. Bush, facing Hamid Karzai.
Habiba Sarabi and Laura Bush meeting Afghan National Police commander in Bamyan, Afghanistan.
Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili is the representative of the people Daykundi province in the fifteenth and sixteenth parliamentary sessions of the Afghanistan Parliament.
Abbas Noyan is a politician, who served as a member of the Afghanistan Parliament, representative of the people of Kabul province from 2005 to 2010.
Genética
Genetically, the Hazara are a mixture of western Eurasian and eastern Eurasian components, i.e. racially Eurasian. Genetic research suggests that the Hazaras of Afghanistan cluster closely with the Uzbek population of the country, while both groups are at a notable distance from Afghanistan's Tajik and Pashtun populations.[55] There is evidence of both a patrimonial and maternal relation to Turkic peoples and Mongols amongst some Hazaras.[56]
East Eurasian male and female ancestry is supported by studies in genetic genealogy as well. East Asian maternal haplogroups (mtDNA) make up about 35%, suggesting that the male descendants of Turkic and Mongolic peoples were accompanied by women of East Asian ancestry, though the Hazaras as a whole have mostly west Eurasian mtDNA.[57] Women of Non-East Asian mtDNA in Hazaras are at about 65%, most which are West Eurasians and some South Asian.[58]
The most frequent paternal haplogroups found amongst the Pakistani Hazara were haplogroup C-M217 at 40%(10/25) and Haplogroup R1b at 32%[59] (8/25).
One study about paternal DNA haplogroups of the Afghanistan shows that the Y-DNA haplogroups R1a and C-M217 are the most common haplogroups, followed by J2-M172 and L-M20. Some Hazaras also have the haplogroup R1a1a-M17, E1b1b1-M35, L-M20 and H-M69, which are common in Tajiks, Pashtuns as well as Indian populations. In one study, a small minority had the haplogroup B-M60, normally found in East Africa,[60] and in one mtDNA study of Hazara, mtDNA Haplogroup L (which is of African origin) was detected at a frequency of 7.5%.[61]
A recent study shows that the Uyghurs are closely related to the Hazaras. The study also suggests a small but notable East Asian ancestry in other populations of Pakistan and India.[62]
Demografía
Distribución geográfica
The vast majority of Hazaras live in Hazarajat, and many others live in the cities, including in neighboring countries or abroad. The latest World Factbook estimates show that Hazara make up nine percent of the total Afghanistan population but some sources claim that they are about 20 percent.[30][48][63]
Diaspora
Alessandro Monsutti argues, in his recent anthropological book,[64] that migration is the traditional way of life of the Hazara people, referring to the seasonal and historical migrations which have never ceased and do not seem to be dictated only by emergency situations such as war.[65] Due to the decades of war in Afghanistan and the sectarian violence in Pakistan, many Hazaras left their communities and have settled in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and particularly the Northern European countries such as Sweden and Denmark. Some go to these countries as exchange students while others through human smuggling, which sometimes costs them their lives. Since 2001, about 1,000 people have died in the ocean while trying to reach Australia by boats from Indonesia.[66] Many of these were Hazaras, including women and small children who could not swim. The notable case was the Tampa affair in which a shipload of refugees, mostly Hazara, was rescued by the Norwegian freighter MV Tampa and subsequently sent to Nauru.[67] New Zealand agreed to take some of the refugees and all but one of those were granted stay.[citation needed]
Hazara in Pakistan
During the period of British colonial rule on the Indian subcontinent in the 19th century, Hazaras worked during the winter months in coal mines, road construction and in other working class jobs in some cities of what is now Pakistan. The earliest record of Hazara in the areas of Pakistan is found in Broadfoot's Sappers company from 1835 in Quetta. This company had also participated in the First Anglo-Afghan War. Some Hazara also worked in the agriculture farms in Sindh and construction of Sukkur barrage. Haider Ali Karmal Jaghori was a prominent political thinker of the Hazara people in Pakistan, writing about the political history of Hazara people. His work Hazaraha wa Hazarajat Bastan Dar Aiyna-i-Tarikh was published in Quetta in 1992, and another work by Aziz Tughyan Hazara Tarikh Milli Hazara was published in 1984 in Quetta.[citation needed]
Most Pakistani Hazaras today live in the city of Quetta, in Balochistan, Pakistan. Localities in the city of Quetta with prominent Hazara populations include Hazara Town and Mehr Abad and Hazara tribes such as the Sardar are exclusively Pakistani. Literacy level among the Hazara community in Pakistan is relatively high compare to the Hazaras of Afghanistan, and they have integrated well into the social dynamics of the local society. Saira Batool, a Hazara woman, was one of the first female pilots in Pakistan Air Force. Other notable Hazara include Qazi Mohammad Esa, General Musa Khan Hazara, who served as Commander in Chief of the Pakistani Army from 1958 to 1968, Air Marshal Sharbat Ali Changezi, Hussain Ali Yousafi, the slain chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party,[68] Syed Nasir Ali Shah, MNA from Quetta and his father Haji Sayed Hussain Hazara who was a senator and member of Majlis-e-Shura during the Zia-ul-Haq era.[citation needed]
Despite all of this, Hazaras are often targeted by militant groups such as the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and others. "Activists say at least 800-1,000 Hazaras have been killed since 1999 and the pace is quickening. More than one hundred have been murdered in and around Quetta since January, according to Human Rights Watch."[66] The political representation of the community is served by Hazara Democratic Party, a secular liberal democratic party, headed by Abdul Khaliq Hazara.[69][70]
Hazara in Iran
Hazaras in Iran are also referred to as Khawaris or Barbaris. Over the many years as a result of political unrest in Afghanistan some Hazaras have migrated to Iran. The local Hazara population has been estimated at 500,000 people of which at least one third have spent more than half their life in Iran.[6]
Cultura
The Hazara, outside of Hazarajat, have adopted the cultures of the cities where they dwell, resembling customs and traditions of the Afghan Tajiks and Pashtuns. Traditionally the Hazara are highland farmers and although sedentary, in the Hazarajat, they have retained many of their own customs and traditions, some of which are more closely related to those of Central Asia than to those of the Afghan Tajiks. The Hazara live in houses rather than tents; Aimaq Hazaras and Aimaqs in tents rather than houses.[71]
Music
Many Hazara musicians are widely hailed as being skilled in playing the dambura, a native, regional lute instrument similarly found in other Central Asian nations such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Some of the famous Hazara dambura players are, such as Sarwar Sarkhosh, Dawood Sarkhosh, Safdar Khair Ali, Safdar Tawakoli, Sayed Anwar Azad and others.[71]
Food and cuisine
The Hazara food and cuisine are strongly influenced by Central Asian, South Asian and Persian cuisines. However, there are special foods, cooking methods and different cooking styles that are specific to them. They have a hospitable dining etiquette. In their culture, it is customary to prepare special food for guests.[citation needed]
Idioma
Hazara people living in Hazarajat (Hazaristan) areas speak the Hazaragi dialect[18][72] of Persian language, which is infused with a significant number of Turkic and Mongolic loanwords.[63][73][74] The primary differences between Persian and Hazaragi are the accent.[17][18] Despite these differences, Hazaragi is mutually intelligible with Dari,[16] one of the official languages of Afghanistan.[75]
Many of the urban Hazara in the larger cities such as Kabul and Mazar-i-Sharif no longer speak Hazaragi but speak standard literary Dari (usually the Kābolī dialect) or other regional varieties of Dari (for example the Khorāsānī dialect in the western region of Herat).[citation needed]
Religión
Hazaras are predominantly Shi'a Muslims, with some Ismaili and Sunni Muslims.[11][12] The majority of Afghanistan's population practice Sunni Islam, this may have contributed to the discrimination against them.[30] There is no single theory about the acceptance of the Shi'a Islam by the Hazaras. Probably most of them converted to Shi'a Islam during the first part of the 16th century, in the early days of the Safavid Dynasty.[77][11] Some Sunni Hazaras, who have been attached to non-Hazara tribes are the Timuris and Aimaq Hazaras, while the Ismaili Hazaras have always been kept separate from the rest of the Hazaras on account of religious beliefs and political purposes.[12]
Tribus hazara
The Hazara people have been organized by various tribes. They include Sheikh Ali, Jaghori, Muhammad Khwaja, Jaghatu, Qara Baghi, Ghaznichi, Behsudi, Dai Mirdadi, Turkmani, Uruzgani, Dai Kundi, Dai Zangi, Dai Chopan, Dai Zinyat and others. The different tribes come from Hazarajat, regions such as Parwan, Bamyan, Ghazni, Ghor, Urozgan, Daykundi, Maidan Wardak and have spread outwards from Hazarajat (main region) into other parts of Afghanistan.[78]
Deportes
Many Hazaras engaged varieties of sports, including football, volleyball, wrestling, martial arts, boxing, karate, taekwondo, judo, wushu and more. Pahlawan Ebrahim Khedri, 62 kg wrestler, was the national champion for two decades in Afghanistan. Another famous Hazara wrestler Wakil Hussain Allahdad who was killed in the 22 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombing in the Dashte Barchi area of Kabul.[79][80]
Rohullah Nikpai, won a bronze medal in Taekwondo in the Beijing Olympics 2008, beating world champion Juan Antonio Ramos of Spain 4–1 in a play-off final. It was Afghanistan's first-ever Olympic medal. He then won a second Olympic medal for Afghanistan in the London 2012 games. Afghanistan's first female Olympic athlete Friba Razayee, competed in judo at the 2004 Athens Olympics, but was eliminated in the first round of competition.[citation needed]
Other famous Hazara athlete Syed Abdul Jalil Waiz, was the first ever badminton player representing Afghanistan in Asian Junior Championships in 2005 where he produced the first win for his country against Iraq, with 15–13, 15–1. He participated in several international championships since 2005 and achieved victories against Australia, Philippines and Mongolia. Hamid Rahimi is a new boxer from Afghanistan and lives in Germany. Hazara famous football players are Zohib Islam Amiri, who is currently playing for the Afghanistan national football team, Moshtagh Yaghoubi an Afghan-Finnish footballer who plays for HIFK, Mustafa Amini an Afghan-Australian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Danish Superliga club AGF and the Australian national team, Rahmat Akbari an Afghan-Australian footballer who plays as midfielder for Brisbane Roar, and others like Ali Hazara and Zahra Mahmoodi.[81]
A Pakistani Hazara named Abrar Hussain, a former Olympic boxer, served as deputy director general of the Pakistan Sports Board. He represented Pakistan three times at the Olympics and won a gold medal at the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing. Another Hazara boxer from Pakistan is Haider Ali a Commonwealth Games gold medalist and Olympian who is currently retired. Some Hazara from Pakistan have also excelled in sports and have received numerous awards particularly in boxing, football and in field hockey. Qayum Changezi, a legendary Pakistani football player, was a Hazara. New Hazara youngsters are seen to appear in many sports in Pakistan mostly from Quetta. Rajab Ali Hazara, who is leading under 16 Pakistan Football team as captain.[82]
Gente notable
Galería
Faiz Mohammad Katib Hazara contemporary writer and historian.
Hazara men in Kabul, Afghanistan.
Hazara soldiers in Afghanistan.
A Hazara little girl from Bamyan.
Hazara girl in central Afghanistan.
Hazara women in Afghan National Police.[83]
Ver también
- List of Hazara tribes
- List of Hazara people
- Aimaq Hazara
- Aimaq people
- Hazara diaspora
- Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Referencias
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Due to a lack of census statistics, estimates of the total Hazara population range from five million to more than eight million.
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Otras lecturas
- Monsutti, Alessandro (2005). War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan. Translated by Patrick Camiller. Routledge, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97508-7.
- Mousavi, Sayed Askar (1998) [1997]. The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study. Richmond, New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-17386-9.
- Frederiksen, Birthe; Nicolaisen, Ida (1996). Caravans and trade in Afghanistan: The changing life of the nomadic Hazarbuz. Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-01687-9.
- Poladi, Hassan (1989). The Hazāras. Stockton, California: Mughal Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-929824-00-0.
- Kakar, M. Hasan (1973). The pacification of the Hazaras of Afghanistan. New York: Afghanistan Council, Asia Society. OCLC 1111643.
- Mousavi, Syed Askr (1997). The Hazaras of Afghanistan. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-17386-9.
- Harpviken, Kristian Berg (1996). Political Mobilization Among the Hazara of Afghanistan: 1978–1992 (PDF). Rapportserien ved Sosiologi, Nr. 9 1996. Oslo: Institutt for Sosiologi, Universitetet i Oslo. ISBN 978-82-570-0127-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
- S. H. Ali; M. S. Javed. ""Helping the Hazara of Afghanistan and Pakistan" National Geographic Newswatch".
enlaces externos
- Hazaras at Encyclopædia Iranica
- Hazara tribal structure, Program for Culture and Conflict Studies, US Naval Postgraduate School
- Peril and Persecution in Afghanistan