El duque Itō Hirobumi (伊藤 博 文, 16 de octubre de 1841-26 de octubre de 1909, nacido como Hayashi Risuke y también conocido como Hirofumi , Hakubun y brevemente durante su juventud como Itō Shunsuke ) fue un político japonés y el primer primer ministro de Japón . También fue un miembro destacado del genrō , un grupo de estadistas de alto rango que dictaron las políticas de Japón durante la Era Meiji .
Su Excelencia Duke Junior Primer Rango Itō Hirobumi | |||||||||||||||||||||
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伊藤 博 文 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Presidente del Consejo Privado de Japón | |||||||||||||||||||||
En el cargo 14 de junio de 1909-26 de octubre de 1909 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Monarca | Meiji | ||||||||||||||||||||
Precedido por | Yamagata Aritomo | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sucesor | Yamagata Aritomo | ||||||||||||||||||||
En el cargo 13 de julio de 1903-21 de diciembre de 1905 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Precedido por | Saionji Kinmochi | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sucesor | Yamagata Aritomo | ||||||||||||||||||||
En el cargo el 1 de junio de 1891-8 de agosto de 1892 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Precedido por | Oki Takato | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sucesor | Oki Takato | ||||||||||||||||||||
En el cargo 30 de abril de 1888-30 de octubre de 1889 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Precedido por | Posición establecida | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sucesor | Oki Takato | ||||||||||||||||||||
Primer ministro de japón | |||||||||||||||||||||
En el cargo 19 de octubre de 1900-10 de mayo de 1901 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Monarca | Meiji | ||||||||||||||||||||
Precedido por | Yamagata Aritomo | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sucesor | Saionji Kinmochi (interino) | ||||||||||||||||||||
En el cargo 12 de enero de 1898-30 de junio de 1898 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Precedido por | Matsukata Masayoshi | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sucesor | Ōkuma Shigenobu | ||||||||||||||||||||
En el cargo 8 de agosto de 1892 - 31 de agosto de 1896 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Precedido por | Matsukata Masayoshi | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sucesor | Kuroda Kiyotaka (en funciones) | ||||||||||||||||||||
En el cargo 22 de diciembre de 1885-30 de abril de 1888 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Precedido por | Posición establecida | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sucesor | Kuroda Kiyotaka | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Detalles personales | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nació | Hayashi Risuke 16 de octubre de 1841 Tsukari , Suō , Japón | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fallecido | 26 de octubre de 1909 Harbin , Heilongjiang , China | (68 años) ||||||||||||||||||||
Causa de la muerte | Asesinato | ||||||||||||||||||||
Lugar de descanso | Cementerio Hirobumi Ito, Tokio, Japón | ||||||||||||||||||||
Partido político | Asociación constitucional independiente (antes de 1900) de amistad política (1900-1909) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Esposos) | Itō Umeko (1848-1924) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Niños | 3 hijos, 2 hijas | ||||||||||||||||||||
Padre | Itō Jūzō | ||||||||||||||||||||
alma mater | University College London [1] | ||||||||||||||||||||
Firma | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nombre japonés | |||||||||||||||||||||
Kanji | 伊藤 博 文 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hiragana | い と う ひ ろ ぶ み | ||||||||||||||||||||
Katakana | イ ト ウ ヒ ロ ブ ミ | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Itō Hirobumi, un samurái educado en Londres del Dominio Chōshū y una figura central en la Restauración Meiji , presidió la oficina que redactó la Constitución para el recién formado Imperio de Japón . Mirando a Occidente en busca de inspiración, Itō rechazó la Constitución de los Estados Unidos por ser demasiado liberal y la Restauración española por demasiado despótica. En cambio, se basó en modelos británicos y alemanes, particularmente en la Constitución prusiana de 1850 . Insatisfecho con la omnipresencia del cristianismo en el precedente legal europeo, reemplazó tales referencias religiosas con aquellas arraigadas en el concepto más tradicionalmente japonés de un kokutai o "política nacional" que, por lo tanto, se convirtió en la justificación constitucional de la autoridad imperial.
Durante la década de 1880, Itō emergió como la figura más poderosa del gobierno de Meiji. [2] [3] En 1885, se convirtió en el primer primer ministro de Japón , cargo que ocupó cuatro veces (lo que convierte su mandato en uno de los más largos en la historia de Japón ). Incluso fuera de su cargo como jefe de gobierno de la nación , continuó ejerciendo una enorme influencia sobre las políticas de Japón como asesor imperial permanente, o genkun , y presidente del Consejo Privado del Emperador . Un monárquico acérrimo, Itō favorecía una burocracia grande y todopoderosa que respondía únicamente al Emperador y se oponía a la formación de partidos políticos. Su tercer mandato como primer ministro terminó en 1898 por la consolidación de la oposición en el partido Kenseitō , lo que le llevó a fundar el partido Rikken Seiyūkai para contrarrestar su ascenso. En 1901, renunció a su cuarto y último ministerio al cansarse de la política de partidos.
En el escenario mundial, Itō presidió una ambiciosa política exterior. Fortaleció las relaciones diplomáticas con las potencias occidentales, incluidas Alemania, Estados Unidos y especialmente el Reino Unido . En Asia, supervisó la Primera Guerra Sino-Japonesa y negoció la rendición de la dinastía Qing gobernante de China en términos agresivamente favorables a Japón , incluida la anexión de Taiwán y la liberación de Corea del sistema de tributos imperial chino . Mientras expandía los reclamos de su país en Asia, Itō buscó evitar el conflicto con el Imperio ruso a través de la política de Man-Kan kōkan : la propuesta de rendición de Manchuria a la esfera de influencia de Rusia a cambio del reconocimiento de la hegemonía japonesa en Corea. Sin embargo, en una visita diplomática a San Petersburgo en noviembre de 1901, Itō descubrió que las autoridades rusas no eran receptivas a tales términos. En consecuencia, el primer ministro titular de Japón, Katsura Tarō , decidió abandonar la persecución de Man-Kan kōkan , lo que resultó en una escalada de tensiones que culminó en la Guerra Ruso-Japonesa .
Después de que las fuerzas japonesas salieran victoriosas sobre Rusia, el subsiguiente Tratado Japón-Corea de 1905 convirtió a Itō en el primer residente general japonés de Corea. A pesar de apoyar inicialmente la soberanía de la monarquía indígena Joseon , finalmente consintió en la anexión total de Corea en respuesta a la presión del cada vez más poderoso Ejército Imperial . Poco después, renunció como Residente General en 1909 y asumió nuevamente el cargo de Presidente del Imperial Privy Council. Cuatro meses después, Itō fue asesinado por el activista independentista y nacionalista de Corea An Jung-geun en Manchuria. [4] [5] El proceso de anexión fue formalizado por otro tratado el año siguiente a la muerte de Ito. A través de su hija Ikuko, Itō fue el suegro del político, intelectual y autor Suematsu Kenchō .
Primeros años
Itō's birth name was Hayashi Risuke (林利助). His father Hayashi Jūzō known as Itō Jūzō was the biological son of Hayashi Sukezaemon (林助左衛門) and the adopted son of Mizui Buhei who was an adopted son of Itō Yaemon's family, a lower-ranked samurai from Hagi in Chōshū Domain (present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture). Mizui Buhei was renamed Itō Naoemon. Mizui Jūzō took the name Itō Jūzō, and Hayashi Risuke was renamed to Itō Shunsuke at first, then Itō Hirobumi. Hayashi Sukezaemon was a 5th generation descendant of Hayashi Nobuyoshi (林信吉) who was a member of the Hayashi clan of Owari (尾張林氏).
He was a student of Yoshida Shōin at the Shōka Sonjuku and later joined the Sonnō jōi movement ("to revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians"), together with Katsura Kogorō. Active in the movement, he took part in an incendiary attack of the British legation on 31 January 1863 led by Takasugi Shinsaku, and in the company of Yamao Yōzō attacked and mortally wounded the head of the Wagakukōdansho institute on 2 February 1863, believing a false report that the institute was looking into ways of toppling the Emperor.[6] Itō was chosen as one of the Chōshū Five who studied at University College London in 1863, and the experience in Great Britain eventually convinced him Japan needed to adopt Western ways.
In 1864, Itō returned to Japan with fellow student Inoue Kaoru to attempt to warn Chōshū Domain against going to war with the foreign powers (the Bombardment of Shimonoseki) over the right of passage through the Straits of Shimonoseki. At that time, he met Ernest Satow for the first time, later a lifelong friend.
Carrera política
Rise to power
After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Itō was appointed governor of Hyōgo Prefecture, junior councilor for Foreign Affairs, and sent to the United States in 1870 to study Western currency systems. Returning to Japan in 1871, he established Japan's taxation system. With the advice of Edmund Morel, a chief engineer of the railway department, Ito endeavored to found the Public Works together with Yamao Yozo. Later that year, he was sent on the Iwakura Mission around the world as vice-envoy extraordinary, during which he won the confidence of Ōkubo Toshimichi, one of the leaders of the Meiji government.[7]
In 1873, Itō was made a full councilor, Minister of Public Works, and in 1875 chairman of the first Assembly of Prefectural Governors. He participated in the Osaka Conference of 1875. After Ōkubo's assassination, he took over the post of Home Minister and secured a central position in the Meiji government. By 1881, he successfully pushed for the resignation of Ōkuma Shigenobu, thereby allowing him to emerge as the de facto leader of the Meiji government.[8]
Itō went to Europe in 1882 to study the constitutions of those countries, spending nearly 18 months away from Japan. While working on a constitution for Japan, he also wrote the first Imperial Household Law and established the Japanese peerage system (kazoku) in 1884.
In 1885, he negotiated the Convention of Tientsin with Li Hongzhang, normalizing Japan's diplomatic relations with Qing-dynasty China. In the same year, In 1885, Itō established a cabinet system of government based on European ideas, replacing the Daijō-kan as the nation's main policy-making organization.
As Prime Minister
On 22 December 1885, Itō became the first prime minister of Japan. On 30 April 1888, Itō resigned as prime minister, but headed the new Privy Council to maintain power behind-the-scenes. In 1889, he also became the first genrō. The Meiji Constitution was promulgated in February 1889. He had added to it the references to the kokutai or "national polity" as the justification of the emperor's authority through his divine descent and the unbroken line of emperors, and the unique relationship between subject and sovereign.[9] This stemmed from his rejection of some European notions as unfit for Japan, as they stemmed from European constitutional practice and Christianity.[9]
He remained a powerful force while Kuroda Kiyotaka and Yamagata Aritomo, his political nemeses,[according to whom?] were prime ministers.
During Itō's second term as prime minister (8 August 1892 – 31 August 1896), he supported the First Sino-Japanese War and negotiated the Treaty of Shimonoseki in March 1895 with his ailing foreign minister Mutsu Munemitsu. In the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of 1894, he succeeded in removing some of the onerous unequal treaty clauses that had plagued Japanese foreign relations since the start of the Meiji period.
During Itō's third term as prime minister (12 January – 30 June 1898), he was forced to contend with the rise of political parties. Both the Liberal Party and the Shimpotō opposed his proposed new land taxes, and in retaliation, Itō dissolved the Diet and called for new elections. As a result, both parties merged into the Kenseitō, won a majority of the seats, and forced Itō to resign. This lesson taught Itō the need for a pro-government political party, so he organized the Rikken Seiyūkai (Constitutional Association of Political Friendship) in 1900. Itō's womanizing was a popular theme in editorial cartoons and in parodies by contemporary comedians, and was used by his political enemies in their campaign against him.[citation needed]
Itō returned to office as prime minister for a fourth term from 19 October 1900, to 10 May 1901, this time facing political opposition from the House of Peers. Weary of political back-stabbing, he resigned in 1901, but remained as head of the Privy Council as the premiership alternated between Saionji Kinmochi and Katsura Tarō.
Toward the end of August 1901, Itō announced his intention of visiting the United States to recuperate. This turned into a long journey in the course of which he visited the major cities of the United States and Europe, setting off from Yokohama on 18 September, traveling through the U.S. to New York City (Itō received an honorary doctorate LL.D. from Yale University in late October[10]), from which he sailed to Boulogne, reaching Paris on 4 November. On 25 November, he reached Saint Petersburg, having been asked by the new prime minister, Katsura Tarō, to sound out the Russians, entirely unofficially, on their intentions in the Far East. Japan hoped to achieve what it called Man-Kan kōkan, the exchange of a free hand for Russia in Manchuria for a free hand for Japan in Korea, but Russia, feeling greatly superior to Japan and unwilling to give up its ability to use Korean ports for its navy, was in no mood to compromise; its foreign minister, Vladimir Lamsdorf, "thought that time was on the side of his country because of the (Trans-Siberian) railway and there was no need to make concessions to the Japanese".[11] Itō left empty-handed for Berlin (where he received honors from Kaiser Wilhelm), Brussels, and London. Meanwhile, Katsura had decided that Man-Kan kōkan was no longer desirable for Japan, which should not renounce activity in Manchuria.[citation needed] When Itō reached London, he had talks with Lord Lansdowne which helped lay the groundwork for the Anglo-Japanese Alliance announced early the following year. The failure of his mission to Russia was "one of the most important events in the run-up to the Russo-Japanese War".[12]
It was during his terms as Prime Minister that he invited Professor George Trumbull Ladd of Yale University to serve as a diplomatic adviser to promote mutual understanding between Japan and the United States. It was because of his series of lectures he delivered in Japan revolutionizing its educational methods, that he was the first foreigner to receive the Second Class honor (conferred by the Meiji Emperor in 1907) and the Third Class honor (conferred by The Meiji Emperor in 1899), Orders of the Rising Sun. He later wrote a book on his personal experiences in Korea and with Resident-General Itō.[13][14][15] When he died, half his ashes were buried in a Buddhist temple in Tokyo and a monument was erected to him.[14][16]
As Resident-General of Korea
In November 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 was made between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea,[17][18] making Korea a Japanese protectorate. After the treaty had been signed, Itō became the first Resident-General of Korea on 21 December 1905. In 1907, he urged Emperor Gojong to abdicate in favor of his son Sunjong and secured the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907, thereby giving Japan authority to dictate Korea's internal affairs.
While Itō was firmly against Korea falling into China or Russia's sphere of influence, he also opposed its annexation, advocating instead that the territory should be treated as a protectorate. When the cabinet voted in favor of annexing Korea, he proposed that the process be delayed in the hopes that the decision could eventually be reversed.[19] However, Itō ultimately changed his mind and approved plans to have the region annexed on 10 April 1909. Despite changing his position, he was forced to resign on 14 June 1909 by the Imperial Japanese Army (one of the foremost advocates for Korea's annexation).[20] His assassination is believed to have accelerated the path to the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty.[21]
Assassination
Itō arrived at the Harbin railway station on 26 October 1909 for a meeting with Vladimir Kokovtsov, a Russian representative in Manchuria. There An Jung-geun, a Korean nationalist[21] and independence activist,[22][23] fired six shots, three of which hit Itō in the chest. He died shortly thereafter. His body was returned to Japan on the Imperial Japanese Navy cruiser Akitsushima, and he was accorded a state funeral.[24] An Jung-geun later listed "15 reasons why Itō should be killed" at his trial.[25][26]
Legado
In Japan
A portrait of Itō Hirobumi was on the obverse of the Series C 1,000 yen note from 1963 until a new series was issued in 1984. Itō's former house in Shinagawa, Tokyo has been transported to the site of his childhood home in Yamaguchi prefecture. It is now preserved as a museum near the Shōin Jinja in Hagi. The publishing company Hakubunkan takes its name from Hakubun, an alternate pronunciation of Itō's given name.
In Korea
The Annals of Sunjong record that Gojong held a positive view of Itō's governorship. In an entry for 28 October 1909, almost three years after being forced to abdicate his throne, the former emperor praised Itō, who had died two days earlier, for his efforts to develop civilization in Korea. However, the integrity of Joseon silloks dated after the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 is considered dubious by Korean scholars due to the influence exerted over record-keeping by the Japanese.
Itō has been portrayed several times in Korean cinema. His assassination was the subject of North Korea's An Jung-gun Shoots Ito Hirobumi in 1979 and South Korea's Thomas Ahn Joong Keun in 2004; both films made his assassin An Jung-geun the protagonist. The 1973 South Korean film Femme Fatale: Bae Jeong-ja is a biopic of Itō's adopted Korean daughter Bae Jeong-ja (1870–1950).
Itō argued[when?] that if East Asians did not cooperate closely with each other, Japan, Korea and China would all fall victim to Western imperialism. Initially, Gojong and the Joseon government shared this belief and agreed to collaborate with the Japanese military.[27] Korean intellectuals had predicted that the victor of the Russo-Japanese War would assume hegemony over their peninsula, and as an Asian power, Japan enjoyed greater public support in Korea than did Russia. However, policies such as land confiscation and the drafting of forced labor turned popular opinion against the Japanese, a trend exacerbated by the arrest or execution of those who resisted.[27] Ironically, An Jung-geun was also a proponent of what was later called Pan-Asianism. He believed in a union of the three East Asian nations in order to repel the "White Peril"[21] of Western imperialism and restore peace in the region.
Ito memorial temple built by Japanese
On October 26, 1932, the Japanese unveiled in Seoul the Hakubun-ji 博文寺 Buddhist Temple dedicated to Prince Ito. Full official name "Prince Ito Memorial Temple"(伊藤公爵祈念寺院). Situated in then Susumu Tadashidan Park on the north slope of Namsan, which after liberation became Jangchungdan Park 장충단 공원. From October 1945, the main hall served as student home, ca. 1960 replaced by a guest house of the Park Chung-Hee administration, then reconstructed and again a student guest house. In 1979 it was incorporated into the grounds of the Shilla Hotel then opened. Several other parts of the temple are still at the site.
Genealogía
- Hayashi family
∴Hayashi AwajinokamiMichioki ┃ ┣━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ ┃ ┃Hayasi Magoemon ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃Michimoto Michiyo Michisige Michiyoshi Michisada Michikata Michinaga Michisue ┃ ┃ ┃Hayasi Magosaburō Nobukatsu ┃ ┃ ┃Hayasi Magoemon Nobuyoshi ┃ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓ ┃Hayasi Magoemon ┃ ┃ ┃Nobuaki Sakuzaemon Sojyurō Matazaemon ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃Hayasi Hanroku ┃Nobuhisa Genzō ┃ ┃ ┣━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃Sōzaemon Heijihyōe Yoichiemon ┃ ┃ ┏━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━┫ ┃Hayasi Hanroku ┃ ┃ ┃Rihachirō Riemon Masuzō Sukezaemon ┃adopted son of Hayasi Rihachirō ┏━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫ ┃Itō ┃Hayasi Shinbei's wife ┃Morita Naoyoshi's wife Jyuzō woman woman ┃ ┃ ┃'''Itō Hirobumi''' ┃ ┏━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┓ ┃Itō ┃Kida ┃Itō ┃ ┃Hirokuni Humiyoshi Shinichi woman woman ┃ ┣━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━┓ ┃Itō ┃Shimizu ┃Itō ┃Itō ┃Itō ┃Itō ┃Itō ┃Itō ┃Itō ┃Itō ┃ ┃ ┃Hirotada Hiroharu Hiromichi Hiroya Hirotada Hiroomi Hironori Hirotsune Hirotaka Hirohide woman woman woman ┃ ┣━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━┓ ┃Itō ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃Hiromasa woman woman woman woman woman ┃ ┣━━━━━━━┓ ┃Itō ┃Tomoaki woman
- Itō family
∴Itō Yaemon ┃Itō Naoemon (Mizui Buhei)Yaemon's adopted son ┃Itō Jyuzō (Hayashi Jyuzo)Naoemon's adopted son ┃Itō Hirobumi (Hayashi Risuke)
Honores
From the Japanese Wikipedia article
Japanese
Peerages
- Count (7 July 1884)
- Marquis (5 August 1895)
- Duke (21 September 1907)
Decorations
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2 November 1877)
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (11 February 1889)
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (5 August 1895)
- Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906)
Court ranks
- Fifth rank, junior grade (1868)
- Fifth rank (1869)
- Fourth rank (1870)
- Senior fourth rank (18 February. 1874)
- Third rank (27 December 1884)
- Second rank (19 October 1886)
- Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
- Junior First Rank (26 October 1909; posthumous)
Foreign
- German Empire:
- Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Crown (1886)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle (22 December 1886); in Brilliants (December 1901)[28]
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Falcon (29 September 1882)
- Russian Empire:
- Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (17 September 1883)
- Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (19 March 1896); in Brilliants (28 November 1901)[29]
- Sweden-Norway: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa (25 May 1885)
- Austria-Hungary: Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Iron Crown (27 September 1885)
- Siam: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Siam (24 January 1888)[30]
- Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III (26 October 1896)
- Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Royal Order of Leopold (4 October 1897)
- France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (29 April 1898)
- Qing dynasty: Order of the Double Dragon, Class I Grade III (5 December 1898)[30]
- United Kingdom: Honorary Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (civil division) (14 January 1902)[31]
- Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (16 January 1902)[32]
- Korean Empire: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Golden Ruler (18 April 1904)[30]
Cultura popular
- Portrayed by Hisaya Morishige in 1980 Japanese movie The Battle of Port Arthur.
- Portrayed by Yoon Joo-sang in the 2001-2002 KBS TV series Empress Myeongseong.
- Portrayed by Gō Katō in the 2009-2011 NHK TV series Saka no Ue no Kumo.
- Portrayed by Hiroyuki Onoue in the 2010 NHK TV series Ryōmaden.
- Portrayed by Hitori Gekidan in the 2015 NHK TV series Hana Moyu.
- Portrayed by Kenta Hamano in the 2018 NHK TV series Segodon.
- Portrayed by Kim In-woo in the 2018 tvN and Netflix TV series Mr. Sunshine.
Ver también
- Japanese students in Britain
Referencias
- ^ "Famous Alumni". UCL.
- ^ Craig, Albert M. (14 July 2014) [1st pub. 1986]. "Chapter 2: The Central Government". In Jansen, Marius B.; Rozman, Gilbert (eds.). Japan in Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton University Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-0691604848.
- ^ Beasley, W.G. (1988). "Chapter 10: Meiji Political Institutions". In Jansen, Marius B. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Japan. Volume V:The Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 657. ISBN 0-521-22356-3.
|volume=
has extra text (help) - ^ "Ahn Jung-geun Regarded as Hero in China". The Korean Times. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
- ^ Dudden, Alexis (2005). Japan's Colonization of Korea: Discourse and Power. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2829-1.
- ^ Takii, Kazuhiro (2014). Itō Hirobumi - Japan's First Prime Minister and Father of the Meiji Constitution. trans. Takeshi Manabu. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415838863.
- ^ "Itō Hirobumi". Britannica. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
- ^ Perez, Louis G. (8 January 2013). Japan at War. ISBN 9781598847420. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
- ^ a b W. G. Beasley,The Rise of Modern Japan, pp. 79–80 ISBN 0-312-04077-6
- ^ "United States". The Times (36594). London. 24 October 1901. p. 3.
- ^ Ian Nish, The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War (Longman, 1985; ISBN 0582491142), p. 118.
- ^ Nish, The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War, p. 116.
- ^ Topics of the Week: "George Trumbull Ladd", The New York Times. 22 February 1908.
- ^ a b "Business: Japanese Strip", Time. 8 May 1939.
- ^ "American Honored by the Japanese", The New York Times. 22 October 1899.
- ^ "Great Head Temple Sôjiji". 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ^ 이토 히로부미는 직접~ :한계옥 (1998년 4월 10일). 〈무력을 앞장 세워 병탄으로〉, 《망언의 뿌리를 찾아서》, 조양욱, 1판 1쇄, 서울: (주)자유포럼, 97~106쪽쪽. ISBN 89-87811-05-0
- ^ Lee Hang-bok."The King's Letter," English JoongAng Daily. 22 September 2009.
- ^ Umino, Fukuju (2004). Hirobumi Ito and Korean Annexation (Ito hirobumi to kankoku heigou) (in Japanese). Aoki Shoten. ISBN 978-4-250-20414-2.
- ^ Ogawara, Hiroyuki (2010). 伊藤博文の韓国併合構想と朝鮮社会 (in Japanese). 岩波書店. ISBN 978-4000221795.
- ^ a b c Keene, Donald (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. Columbia University Press. pp. 662–667. ISBN 0-231-12340-X.
- ^ "What Defines a Hero?". Japan Society. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- ^ "안중근". terms.naver.com.
- ^ Nakamura, Kaju (2010) [1910]. Prince Ito – The Man and Statesman – A Brief History of His Life. Lulu Press (reprint). ISBN 978-1445571423.
- ^ "The Harbin Tragedy". The Straits Times. 2 December 1909. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
- ^ "Why Did Ahn Jung-geun Kill Hirobumi Ito?". The Korea Times. 24 August 2009.
- ^ a b Lee Jeong-sik (이정식) (May 2001). 긴급대특집, 일본 역사교과서 왜곡파문 [Special report on Japan's history textbook issue.]. New DongA (in Korean). Retrieved 1 May 2012.
... initially many Koreans supported Japanese against Russians, and helped Japanese military. ... Many intellectuals had predicted that whoever wins the Russo-Japanese War, Joseon would be controlled by a victor. Still, they had hoped for the Asian power's victory. .... On 14 April 1904, Japan demanded unrestricted fishing rights all across Korean peninsular. On 28 June, Japan asked for the right to use every unclaimed land in Korea. Many Japanese gangsters had beaten Korean citizens in numerous occasions. ... 1904, U.S. diplomatic cable by Horace Allen, then U.S. representative in Korea. [...러·일전쟁 때 많은 조선인이 일본측에 동조했고, 일본군을 도왔다... 많은 지식인이 전쟁이 끝난 후에 조선은 승자에게 굴(屈)하고 주권을 상실할 것이라 예측했음에도, 러시아보다는 ‘동족(同族)’인 일본이 승리하기를 바랐다. ... (1) 1904년 4월14일. 일본은 조선반도 전역에서 거의 무제한적인 어업권을 요구했다. (2) 6월28일. 그들은 지금 조선 내 모든 황무지를 점거하고 사용할 수 있는 권리를 요구했다. (3) 많은 수의 일본인 불량배 노동자들이 조선 사람들을 괴롭히고 있다. ...1904 년 주한미국공사 호레스 앨런의 보고서]
- ^ "Latest intelligence – Germany". The Times (36639). London. 16 December 1901. p. 6.
- ^ "Latest intelligence – Russia and Japan". The Times (36626). London. 30 November 1901. p. 7.
- ^ a b c JAPAN, 独立行政法人国立公文書館 | NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF. "枢密院文書・枢密院高等官転免履歴書 明治ノ二". 国立公文書館 デジタルアーカイブ.
- ^ "No. 27397". The London Gazette. 14 January 1902. p. 295.
- ^ "Court circular". The Times (36667). London. 17 January 1902. p. 8.
Fuentes
- Nish, Ian. (1998) The Iwakura Mission to America and Europe: A New Assessment. Richmond, Surrey: Japan Library. ISBN 9781873410844; ISBN 0415471796; OCLC 40410662
Otras lecturas
- Edward, I. "Japan's Decision to Annex Taiwan: A Study of Itō-Mutsu Diplomacy, 1894–95." Journal of Asian Studies 37#1 (1977): 61–72.
- Hamada Kengi (1936). Prince Ito. Tokyo: Sanseido Co.
- Johnston, John T.M. (1917). World patriots. New York: World Patriots Co.
- Kusunoki Sei'ichirō (1991). Nihon shi omoshiro suiri: Nazo no satsujin jiken wo oe. Tokyo: Futami bunko.
- Ladd, George T. (1908). In Korea with Marquis Ito
- Nakamura Kaju (1910). Prince Ito, the man and the statesman, a brief history of his life. New York: Japanese-American commercial weekly and Anraku Pub. Co.
- Palmer, Frederick (1910). Marquis Ito: the great man of Japan. n.p.
enlaces externos
- Works by or about Itō Hirobumi at Internet Archive
- About Japan: A Teacher's Resource Ideas about how to teach about Ito Hirobumi in a K-12 classroom
- . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- Newspaper clippings about Itō Hirobumi in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Political offices | ||
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Preceded by Ōkubo Toshimichi | Lord of Home Affairs 1874 | Succeeded by Ōkubo Toshimichi |
Lord of Home Affairs 1878–1880 | Succeeded by Matsukata Masayoshi | |
New office | Prime Minister of Japan 1885–1888 | Succeeded by Kuroda Kiyotaka |
Preceded by Inoue Kaoru | Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan) 1887–1888 | Succeeded by Ōkuma Shigenobu |
New office | President of the Privy Council 1888–1889 | Succeeded by Oki Takato |
President of the House of Peers 1890–1891 | Succeeded by Hachisuka Mochiaki | |
Preceded by Oki Takato | President of the Privy Council 1891–1892 | Succeeded by Oki Takato |
Preceded by Matsukata Masayoshi | Prime Minister of Japan 1892–1896 | Succeeded by Kuroda Kiyotaka as Acting Prime Minister |
Prime Minister of Japan 1898 | Succeeded by Ōkuma Shigenobu | |
Preceded by Yamagata Aritomo | Prime Minister of Japan 1900–1901 | Succeeded by Saionji Kinmochi as Acting Prime Minister |
Preceded by Saionji Kinmochi | President of the Privy Council 1903–1905 | Succeeded by Yamagata Aritomo |
New office | Resident General of Korea 1905–1909 | Succeeded by Sone Arasuke |
Preceded by Yamagata Aritomo | President of the Privy Council 1909 | Succeeded by Yamagata Aritomo |