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Los siguientes eventos ocurrieron en julio de 1918 :
1 de julio de 1918 (lunes)
- Ocho toneladas de TNT explotaron en una fábrica de proyectiles en Chilwell, Nottinghamshire , Inglaterra , matando a 134 personas. La explosión fue tan grande que solo 32 cuerpos fueron identificados positivamente. [1]
- El presidente francés Raymond Poincaré otorgó al Consejo Nacional Checoslovaco una carta diplomática especial en previsión de que se convierta en un órgano de gobierno para una Checoslovaquia independiente . [2]
- El buque de tropas de la Armada de los Estados Unidos USS Covington fue torpedeado y hundido en el Océano Atlántico frente a la costa de Francia por el submarino alemán SM U-86 con la pérdida de seis de su tripulación. [3]
- La Royal Air Force estableció el Ala No. 80 en Serny , Pas-de-Calais , Francia . [4] [5]
- El metro de la ciudad de Nueva York agregó nuevas estaciones a la línea IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue , incluidas Canal Street , Chambers Street , Christopher Street , Cortlandt Street , Franklin Street , Houston Street , 14th Street , 18th Street , 23rd Street y 28th Street . A su vez, los Anderson-Jerome Avenues y la avenida Sedgwick estaciones para la novena línea de la avenida de IRT también abrieron. [6]
- El novelista japonés Miekichi Suzuki publicó la primera edición de la revista infantil Akai tori . [7]
- Nacido: Ahmed Deedat , misionero y teólogo indio-sudafricano, conocido por el trabajo misionero del Islam en Sudáfrica , autor de The Choice: Islam and Christianity , en Tadkeshwar , India (m. 2005 )
- Fallecido: Charles ID Looff , inventor estadounidense, diseñador de populares atracciones de carnaval como carruseles para el muelle de Santa Mónica (n. 1852 ); Theodore Lukens , conservacionista estadounidense, destacado defensor de la formación de reservas forestales en los Estados Unidos, incluida la Reserva San Gabriel Timberland y la Reserva Forestal San Bernardino (n. 1848 )
2 de julio de 1918 (martes)
- Una fábrica de municiones estadounidense en Split Rock, Nueva York, se incendió y explotó, matando al menos a 50 trabajadores. [8] [9]
- El diario St. Thomas Times-Journal publicó su primera edición en St. Thomas, Ontario . [10]
- Murió: Washington Gladden , líder religioso estadounidense, destacado líder del Evangelio social y los movimientos progresistas en los Estados Unidos (n. 1836 )
3 de julio de 1918 (miércoles)
- La Intervención Siberiana fue lanzada por los Aliados para sacar a la Legión Checoslovaca de la Guerra Civil Rusa . [11]
- El Lord Teniente de Irlanda John French emitió una proclama prohibiendo el Sinn Féin , los Voluntarios Irlandeses , la Liga Gaélica y el Consejo de Mujeres Irlandesas . [12]
- La Royal Air Force estableció el escuadrón aéreo No. 139 . [13]
- El metro de la ciudad de Nueva York agregó nuevas estaciones a la línea BMT Jamaica , incluida la calle 121 . [14]
- La Asamblea Nacional de Azerbaiyán estableció el periódico estatal Azerbaiyán . [15]
- Nacimiento: Benjamin Thompson , arquitecto estadounidense, fundador de Design Research , en Saint Paul, Minnesota (m. 2002 ); Ernest Vandiver , político estadounidense, 73º gobernador de Georgia , en Canon, Georgia (m. 2005 )
- Murió: Benjamin Tillman , político estadounidense, 84º Gobernador de Carolina del Sur , Senador de los Estados Unidos por Carolina del Sur de 1895 a 1918 (n. 1847 ); DA Thomas , industrial y político galés, desarrollador líder de la industria del carbón en Gales , ministro del gabinete de la administración de David Lloyd George (n. 1856 )
4 de julio de 1918 (jueves)
- Mehmed VI sucedió como sultán del Imperio Otomano tras la muerte de su medio hermano Mehmed V . [dieciséis]
- Batalla de Hamel : el cuerpo australiano bajo el mando del teniente general John Monash capturó Hamel , Francia , en lo que se consideró una de las batallas más preparadas de toda la guerra. Las bajas australianas fueron 1.400, mientras que las bajas alemanas fueron 2.000 junto con 1.600 capturados. [17] [18]
- El submarino austrohúngaro SM U-20 fue torpedeado y hundido en el mar Adriático por un submarino italiano con la pérdida de los 18 tripulantes. [19]
- El avión USB-1 se voló por primera vez. [20]
- En una notable coincidencia, dos pares de gemelos famosos nacieron a ambos lados del Océano Atlántico el mismo día. El primer grupo fueron las hermanas Lederer en Sioux City, Iowa , quienes más tarde se hicieron conocidas como las famosas columnistas de consejos Ann Landers y Pauline Phillips . [21] [22] El segundo fueron los gemelos Bedser Alec y Eric en Reading, Berkshire , Inglaterra , quienes se convirtieron en jugadores campeones de cricket profesionales del Surrey County Cricket Club . [23] [24]
- Nacimiento: Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV , noble tongano, rey de Tonga de 1965 a 2006, hijo de Sālote Tupou III (m. 2006 ); Ron Ritchie , economista canadiense, fundador del Instituto de Investigación sobre Políticas Públicas , en Charing Cross , Ontario (f. 2007 )
5 de julio de 1918 (viernes)
- El barco de vapor estadounidense Columbia zozobró y se hundió en el río Illinois con la pérdida de 175 vidas. [25]
- El Ejército de los Estados Unidos estableció los regimientos de artillería de campaña número 30 y 42 en Fort Monroe , Virginia . [26]
- El avión Curtiss Wasp fue volado por primera vez. [27]
- Ferrocarriles de Australia del Sur abrió la línea ferroviaria Spalding entre Clare Valley y Spalding , Australia . [28]
- Nacimiento: Zakaria Mohieddin , líder del estado egipcio, 33º Primer Ministro de Egipto (m. 2012 ); George Rochberg , compositor estadounidense, conocido por composiciones que incluyen String Quartet No. 3 y Nach Bach , en Paterson, Nueva Jersey (m. 2005 )
6 de julio de 1918 (sábado)
- El Servicio Aéreo del Ejército de los Estados Unidos estableció el primer ala de bombardeo en el aeródromo de Toul-Croix de Metz en Francia . [29]
- La Royal Air Force estableció el escuadrón aéreo No. 255 . [30]
- El túnel de Gulfoss se abrió al servicio ferroviario en Melhus , Noruega . [31]
- Nacido: Sebastian Cabot , actor inglés, mejor conocido por su papel secundario en la comedia de situación de CBS 1960 Family Affair y su trabajo de voz en películas de Disney , incluida Bagheera en El libro de la selva y el narrador en la serie Winnie the Pooh , en Londres (m. 1977 ); Eugene List , músico clásico estadounidense, pianista de la Filarmónica de Nueva York y destacado instructor de la Eastman School of Music , en Filadelfia (m. 1985 ); Francisco Moncion , bailarín principal, coreógrafo y miembro fundador del New York City Ballet (m. 1995 )
- Murió: John Purroy Mitchel , político estadounidense, 95 ° alcalde de la ciudad de Nueva York (muerto en un accidente de avión militar) (n. 1879 )
7 de julio de 1918 (domingo)
- El ejército de los Estados Unidos estableció el V Cuerpo en Francia . [32]
- Murió: Arzobispo Andronik , clero ruso, obispo de Perm y Solokamsk, Rusia de 1914 a 1918 (ejecutado) (n. 1870 ); Arno Bieberstein , nadador alemán, medallista de oro en los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1908 (n. 1884 )
8 de julio de 1918 (lunes)
- El Comité Pro Cataluña se creó para apoyar las acciones del Comité Nacional Catalán formado en París a principios de año para promover la idea de que Cataluña es una nación soberana del resto de España . [33]
- El Centro de Congresos y Exposiciones de Suecia se inauguró en Gotemburgo , Suecia . [34]
- Nacido: Craig Stevens , actor estadounidense, mejor conocido por interpretar el papel principal en la serie de televisión Peter Gunn , en Liberty, Missouri (m. 2000 )
9 de julio de 1918 (martes)
- Un tren local de entrada en Nashville, Tennessee chocó con un expreso de salida, matando a 101 personas e hiriendo a otras 171 en lo que fue el accidente de tren más mortal en la historia de Estados Unidos. [35]
- El as de vuelo británico James McCudden murió cuando su avión se estrelló durante el despegue en Auxi-le-Château , Francia . Tenía 57 victorias en el momento de su muerte, lo que lo convierte en el séptimo as con mayor puntuación de la Primera Guerra Mundial . [36]
- La empresa suiza de ingeniería eléctrica Société Anonyme des Ateliers de Sécheron se estableció en Ginebra . [37]
- Se estableció el Cuerpo de Suboficiales del Ejército de los EE. UU. , Derivado del servicio de Plantadores de Minas de Artillería Costera. [38] [39]
- El Citation Star fue establecido por el Congreso de los Estados Unidos para los estadounidenses que sirvieron en la Primera Guerra Mundial , solo para ser reemplazado en 1932 por el Silver Star . [40]
- La asociación club de fútbol Independiente de Tandil se estableció en Tandil , Argentina . [41]
- Nacido: Jarl Wahlström , activista finlandés, 12.º General del Ejército de Salvación , en Helsinki (m. 1999 ); UG Krishnamurti , filósofo indio, destacado crítico del concepto de iluminación , en Machilipatnam , India (m. 2007 ); Nile Kinnick , jugador de fútbol americano, corredor de los equipos de fútbol Magnet de Adel y Omaha Benson High School , ganador del Trofeo Heisman , en Adel, Iowa ( muerto en 1943 en un accidente de avión)
10 de julio de 1918 (miércoles)
- Rusia adoptó una nueva constitución que la declaró oficialmente república soviética. [42] Se lanzó el emblemático emblema soviético , que incluía la hoz y el martillo envueltos en trigo (para simbolizar sus raíces agrícolas) con la estrella roja en la parte superior. Contenía el lema "¡ Trabajadores del mundo, uníos! " En el escudo de armas. [43]
- Las fuerzas coloniales británicas derrotaron a los rebeldes de Egba en Nigeria . Los combates costaron 600 vidas y dieron lugar a fuertes impuestos y políticas de trabajo forzoso en la región africana hasta 1925. [44]
- El Denver and Interurban Railroad en Colorado cesó todas sus operaciones cuando el servicio de pasajeros fue reemplazado por autobuses. [45]
- Nacido: Chuck Stevens , jugador de béisbol estadounidense, primera base de los Cleveland Browns de 1941 a 1948, en el condado de Colfax, Nuevo México (f. 2018); James Aldridge , periodista y escritor australiano, autor de The Sea Eagle y The Diplomat , en White Hills, Victoria , Australia (fallecido en 2015 )
- Murió: Fay Kellogg , arquitecta estadounidense, abogó por la membresía femenina en la École des Beaux-Arts , diseñadora del Woman's Memorial Hospital en Brooklyn , Nueva York y las casas del Consejo Nacional de Guerra de la YWCA en bases militares durante la Primera Guerra Mundial (n. 1871 )
11 de julio de 1918 (jueves)
- Nacimiento: Roy Krenkel , ilustrador estadounidense, mejor conocido por su obra de arte fantástica para Weird Science y Weird Fantasy (m. 1983 ); Venetia Burney , educadora inglesa, reconocida por el astrónomo Clyde Tombaugh por dar con el nombre del planeta enano que Plutón descubrió en 1930 cuando tenía 11 años (fallecida en 2009 ).
12 de julio de 1918 (viernes)
- Haití declaró la guerra a Alemania como parte de su alianza con Estados Unidos . [46] [47]
- El acorazado de la Armada Imperial Japonesa Kawachi explotó frente a Tokuyama, Yamaguchi , Honshu , Japón , matando al menos a 621 marineros. [48]
- Pablo Picasso se casó con la bailarina de ballet ucraniana Olga Khoklova en París con los poetas y amigos Jean Cocteau y Max Jacob como testigos. [49]
- El Ejército de los Estados Unidos estableció la 12ª División en Camp Devens , Massachusetts [50] y la 100ª División de Infantería en Camp Bowie , Texas . [51]
- Nacido: Doris Grumbach , editora y escritora literaria estadounidense, autora de El botín de flores y Coming into the End Zone , en la ciudad de Nueva York ; Mary Glen-Haig , esgrimista británica, medallista de oro en los Juegos del Imperio Británico y de la Commonwealth de 1950 y 1954 , en Islington , Londres , Inglaterra (m. 2014 ); Daniel Aldrich , académico estadounidense, primer rector de la Universidad de California, Irvine , en Northwood, New Hampshire (m. 1990 )
- Murió: Lord Edward Cecil , oficial del ejército británico, mejor conocido por sus esfuerzos de colaboración con Herbert Kitchener y Robert Baden-Powell durante la Segunda Guerra de los Bóers (n. 1867 ); George Whitefield Davis , oficial del ejército estadounidense, cuarto gobernador militar de Puerto Rico , primer gobernador de la Zona del Canal de Panamá (n. 1839 )
13 de julio de 1918 (sábado)
- Nacido: Alberto Ascari , piloto de carreras italiano, dos veces campeón de Fórmula Uno , en Milán (m. 1955 ); Heinrich Bartels , oficial de la fuerza aérea austriaca, comandante de varios escuadrones aéreos de la Luftwaffe durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, incluido Jagdgeschwader 5 , recipiente de la Cruz de Caballero de la Cruz de Hierro , en Linz , Austria ( muerto en 1944 , muerto en combate)
14 de julio de 1918 (domingo)
- Batalla de Abu Tellul : las fuerzas británicas e indias se combinaron para repeler a las fuerzas otomanas en Abu Tellul, Palestina , en lo que resultó en la última gran ofensa de las potencias centrales en el Medio Oriente . Fueron capturados entre 425 y 540 soldados otomanos y otros 105 muertos. Las fuerzas británicas sufrieron 183 bajas. [52]
- El buque de pasajeros francés Djemnah fue torpedeado y hundido en el mar Mediterráneo de la costa de Libia por el submarino alemán SM UB-105 con la pérdida de 436 de los 754 pasajeros y tripulantes a bordo. [53]
- El Partido Menchevique y Socialista Revolucionario estableció el Gobierno Transcaspio en Tashkent (ahora Uzbekistán ). [54]
- El submarino alemán SM UC-77 chocó contra una mina y se hundió en el Mar del Norte frente a la costa de Flandes Occidental , Bélgica . [55]
- El piloto estadounidense Quentin Roosevelt , el hijo menor del expresidente estadounidense Theodore Roosevelt , fue abatido y asesinado por un caza alemán sobre Chamery , Francia , mientras estaba en una misión con el 95 ° Escuadrón Aero . [56]
- La Royal Air Force estableció el escuadrón aéreo No. 157 . [57]
- La liga de fútbol de la asociación Federação Norte-rio-grandense de Futebol se estableció para administrar todos los torneos de fútbol en Rio Grande do Norte , Brasil . [58]
- Mammy Lou , la persona de mayor edad en protagonizar una película a la edad de 114 años, apareció en el drama cinematográfico The Glorious Adventure . [59]
- Nacido: Ingmar Bergman , director de cine sueco, mejor conocido por sus aclamadas películas internacionales como The Seventh Seal , Wild Strawberries , Persona , Cries and Whispers , y Fanny y Alexander , tres veces galardonado con el Premio de la Academia a la Mejor Película en Lengua Extranjera , en Uppsala , Suecia (fallecido en 2007 ); Jay Wright Forrester , ingeniero informático estadounidense, desarrollador de dinámica de sistemas , en Anselmo, Nebraska (fallecido en 2016 ); Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld , oficial de la fuerza aérea austriaca, comandante de varios escuadrones Nachtjagdgeschwader (Night Raider) para la Luftwaffe durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial , recipiente de la Cruz de Caballero de la Cruz de Hierro , en Salzburgo , Austria (m. 1944 , muerto en acción);
- Murió: Samuel Farr , arquitecto inglés-neozelandés, diseñó muchos puntos de referencia en Christchurch, incluidos Cranmer Court y Christchurch Central City (n. 1827 ); Paul Cinquevalli , intérprete alemán, destacado malabarista de la escena del music hall inglés (n. 1859 )
15 de julio de 1918 (lunes)
- Second Battle of the Marne – Germany launched a major offensive against the Allies on the Western Front, with 52 German divisions attacking 44 French divisions east and west of Reims, France. The French were supported by eight American divisions, four British divisions, and two Italian divisions in the battle. On the first day, German forces managed to secure a strategic crossing over the Marne river at Dormans.[60][61]
- Rationing was introduced for butter, margarine, lard, meat, and sugar in Great Britain.[62]
- RAF Driffield was established west of Driffield, England.[63]
- The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway opened a new train station in San Bernardino, California to replace the former California Southern Railroad station that was destroyed by fire in 1916.[64]
- The Vancouver Police Union was established as the second unionized police force in Canada.[65]
- Paramount Pictures released the film adaptation of Uncle Tom's Cabin with young actor Marguerite Clark playing two of the child characters from the Harriet Beecher Stowe novel. The film is now considered lost.[66][67]
- Born: Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for the development of the neutron spectroscopy used to study matter, in Lethbridge, Alberta (d. 2003); Brenda Milner, British-Canadian medical psychologist, credited as the founder of neuropsychology, in Manchester
- Died: Lionel Ashfield, British air force officer, member of the No. 202 Squadron, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross (killed in action) (b. 1898)
16 de julio de 1918 (martes)
- General Wilfrid Malleson lead a British-Indian force of 950 men to Turkestan to counter the Soviet presence in the region and any threat against British India and Persia.[68]
- The Menshevik-supported daily newspaper Novaya Zhizn ceased publication in Petrograd.[69]
- Born: Paul Farnes, British fighter pilot, one of "The Few" surviving pilots of the Battle of Britain, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Medal, in Boscombe, England (d. 2020); John Frost, South African air force officer, commander of the 3rd and 5th South African Air Force Squadrons during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, in Queenstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa (d. 1942, missing in action)
- Born: Leonard T. Schroeder, American army officer, first American soldier to land at Utah Beach on D-Day, recipient of the Silver Star and Bronze Star, in Linthicum, Maryland (d. 2009); John Robert Baldwin, British air force officer, commander of air squadrons No. 146 and No. 198 during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order, Distinguished Flying Cross from both the United Kingdom and the United States, Air Force Cross, the Croix de guerre from Belgium, and the Order of Orange-Nassau from the Netherlands, in Bath, Somerset, England (d. 1952, killed in action during the Korean War); George Mueller, American space engineer, associate manager of the Apollo program and Project Gemini from 1963 to 1969, in St. Louis (d. 2015)
- Born: Bayani Casimiro, Filipino dancer and actor, credited as the "Fred Astaire of the Philippines", in San Pablo, Laguna, Philippines (d. 1989); Samuel Victor Perry, British chemist and rugby player, noted for his research into muscle biochemistry, member of the England national rugby union team from 1947 to 1948, in Isle of Wight (d. 2009); Müzeyyen Senar, Turkish singer, promoter of classical Ottoman music, in Gököz, Keles, Turkey (d. 2015)
- Died: José de Diego, Puerto Rican revolutionary leader and poet, leading figure of the independence movement in Puerto Rico (b. 1866)
17 de julio de 1918 (miércoles)
- By order of the Bolshevik Party and carried out by the Cheka, former tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his wife Alexandra Feodorovna were shot dead at the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg, Russia. Also murdered were their children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei. The royal family's physician Eugene Botkin, maid Anna Demidova, footman Alexei Trupp, and cook Ivan Kharitonov were also killed.[70]
- Second Battle of the Marne – Counteroffensives at Champagne and east of Reims in France stalled the German offensive.[71][72]
- British ocean liner RMS Carpathia, famed for rescuing survivors of the RMS Titanic, was torpedoed and sunk off the east coast of Ireland by German submarine U-55, with 218 of the 223 passengers and crew on board rescued.[73]
- The U.S. Army established the 13th Division at Camp Lewis, Washington.[74]
- The Communist Party of Ukraine was established.[75]
- The New York City Subway opened the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, with stations including 42nd Street, 51st Street, 59th Street, 68th Street, 77th Street, 86th Street, 96th Street, 103rd Street, 110th Street, 116th Street, and 125th Street.[76] As well, the 138th station for the IRT Jerome Avenue Line opened.[77]
- Japanese chemical manufacturer Teijin was established in Osaka.[78]
- The Roman Catholic Diocese of Luz was established in Luz, Brazil.[79]
- Born: Geoffrey Lane, British judge, 12th Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, in Derby, England (d. 2005); Chandler Robbins, American biologist, organizer of the North American Breeding Bird Survey, author of Birds of North America: A Guide to Field Identification, in Belmont, Massachusetts (d. 2017)
- Born: Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, Guatemalan state leader, 24th President of Guatemala, in Barberena, Guatemala (d. 2003); Abdullah Tal, Arab military leader, noted Arab Legion commander during the Battle for Jerusalem in 1948, in Irbid, Jordan (d. 1973)
18 de julio de 1918 (jueves)
- Battle of Soissons – French commander Ferdinand Foch ordered 24 French divisions, supported by British and American divisions and 478 tanks, to counterattack German forces around Soissons, France.[80]
- Battle of Château-Thierry – American forces successfully drove the Germans out of Château-Thierry, France at a cost of 1,908 casualties, while inflicting 5,328 German casualties.[81]
- Agents with Cheka executed several Russian nobles related to the Romanov family in Alapayevsk, Russia including princes and brothers Constantine, Igor and John, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, Vladimir Paley and Sister Barbara Yakovleva.[82]
- Born: Nelson Mandela, South African state leader, 1st President of South Africa, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for opposing and eventually dissolving apartheid in South Africa, author of Long Walk to Freedom, in Mvezo, South Africa (d. 2013)
- Died: George Dilboy, American soldier, member of the 103rd Infantry Regiment, recipient of the Medal of Honor (killed in action) (b. 1896)
19 de julio de 1918 (viernes)
- Honduras declared war on Germany as part of its alliance with the United States.[83][84]
- Second Battle of the Marne – German inflicted heavy casualties on the Italian Corps at Tardenois, France, with the Italians losing 9,334 out of a force of 24,000 men. However, British reinforcements from the 51st and 62nd Divisions arrived to plug a gap in defenses at Ardre Valley and saved the Allied line from collapsing.[85]
- Seven Royal Air Force Sopwich Camel airplanes from the Royal Navy aircraft carrier HMS Furious attacked the Imperial German Navy airship base at Tondern, Germany, destroying two Zeppelin airships.[86] It was the first time an air attack using convention land planes occurred using an aircraft carrier and the most successful attack by shipboard aircraft of World War I.[87][88]
- French passenger ship SS Australien was sunk in the Mediterranean Sea by German submarine SM UC-54, killing 20 of her 968 passengers and crew.[89][90]
- U.S. Navy cruiser USS San Diego struck a mine and sank in the Atlantic Ocean with the loss of six crew.[91]
- German submarine SM UB-110 was depth charged, rammed and sunk in the North Sea by Royal Navy ship HMS Garry with the loss of 13 crew.[92]
- The animated news short The Sinking of the Lusitania by cartoonist Winsor McCay that depicted the attack and sinking of the RMS Lusitania went into wide release.[93]
20 de julio de 1918 (sábado)
- Battle of Soissons – The French and American counteroffensive broke the German advance and forced them back, recovering most of the ground lost in the Spring Offensive.[94]
- Royal Navy submarine HMS E34 struck a mine and sank off the coast of the Netherlands with the loss of all 30 crew.[95]
- Royal Navy troopship Justicia, already damaged by torpedo from German submarine SM UB-64 the previous day, was torpedoed while at anchor in Lough Swilly, Ireland by German submarine SM UB-124, killing 16 of her crew.[96]
- Born: Cindy Walker, American country music songwriter, author of many country music hit singles including "You Don't Know Me", in Mart, Texas (d. 2006)
- Died: Francis Lupo, American soldier, longest U.S. enlisted man to be missing in action (remains were discovered in 2003 and repatriated in 2006) (b. 1895)
21 de julio de 1918 (domingo)
- Attack on Orleans – German submarine SM U-156 surfaced and fired on the seacoast town of Orleans, Massachusetts but was driven off by two U.S. Navy seaplanes from the Naval Air Station Chatham in Chatham, Massachusetts.[97]
- German submarine SM UB-124 was scuttled after being damaged by depth charges in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Ireland.[98]
22 de julio de 1918 (lunes)
- Battle of Soissons – German commander Erich Ludendorff ordered the German line to be reorganized from Ourcq to Marfaux, France to prevent the Allies from breaking through, ending most of the fighting around Soissons.[99]
- Spain established Picos de Europa National Park, the first national park in the country, around the Lakes of Covadonga in the Picos de Europa mountain range.[100] It was followed soon after with Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park in the Pyrenees mountain range.[101]
- The 1st and 2nd Mounted Divisions of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force were renumbered the 4th and 5th Cavalry Divisions. As well, the 10th, 11th and 12th Cavalry Brigades for renumbered for the 4th Division and the 13th, 14th and 15th Cavalry Brigades for the 5th Division.[102]
- The Fowler Airplane Corporation relocated its offices and manufacturing plant in San Francisco, following a massive fire that destroyed its original factory in May.[103][104]
- The Cranbrook School in Sydney was established as a boys only school headed by Frederick Perkins.[105]
- Victor Records released the Marion Harris single "After You've Gone", which became a staple for many artists including Bessie Smith, Louis Armstrong, Bing Crosby, Al Jolson, Judy Garland, Ella Fitzgerald, Dinah Washington and Frank Sinatra.[106]
- The play Friendly Enemies by Aaron Hoffman held its Broadway premier at Hudson Theatre in New York City.[107]
- Died: Indra Lal Roy, Indian air force officer, first Indian member of the Royal Air Force, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, in Calcutta (b. 1898); Manuel González Prada, Peruvian writer and activist, leading social reformer and promoter of modernism in Peru (b. 1844); Helen Stuart Campbell, American educator and industrialist, considered the pioneer of home economics (b. 1839)
23 de julio de 1918 (martes)
- A protest in Uozu, Toyama, Japan by farmers over inflated rice prices escalated into a riot that spread to other farming communities across Japan. The unrest lasted for two months, with 417 reported disputes involving more than 66,000 workers, that eventually lead to the collapse of the government under Terauchi Masatake. In all, some 25,000 persons were arrested and 8,200 charged and convicted for various crimes.[108][109]
- The U.S. Army established the 393rd,[110] 394th,[111] and 395th Infantry Regiments.[112]
- Born: Pee Wee Reese, American baseball player, shortstop for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers from 1940 to 1958, in Ekron, Kentucky (d. 1999)
24 de julio de 1918 (miércoles)
- The Northern Dvina Governorate was established in the Soviet Union.[113]
- The cornerstone of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem was laid with the campus completed and opened in 1925, making it the second oldest post-secondary education institution in Israel.[114]
- Weekly newspaper The Leader published its first edition for Angaston, South Australia, Australia.[115]
- Born: Antonio Candido, Brazilian literary critic and writer, co-founder of the literary magazine Clima, in Rio de Janeiro (d. 2017); Ruggiero Ricci, American classical musician, noted for violin performances and recordings of Niccolò Paganini, in San Bruno, California (d. 2012)
25 de julio de 1918 (jueves)
- The Royal Air Force established air squadrons No. 244,[116] No. 258,[117] No. 260,[118] and No. 272.[119]
- The Passing Show of 1918, a Broadway musical revue by Harold R. Atteridge with music by Sigmund Romberg and Jean Schwartz, opened at Winter Garden Theater in New York City.[120] The revue featured famous song standards including "I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles" and "Smiles".[121]
- Born: Jane Frank, American artist, leading creator of aerial landscape art, in Baltimore (d. 1986); Alexander McKee, British journalist and deep sea explorer, discoverer of the Mary Rose, in Ipswich, England (d. 1992); Jay Zeamer Jr., American air force officer, commander of the 63d Bombardment Squadron during World War II, recipient of the Medal of Honor, two-time recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, Air Medal, and Silver Star, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania (d. 2007)
- Died: Richard Travis, New Zealand soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross, Military Medal, Distinguished Conduct Medal, and Croix de guerre for action in Gallipoli Campaign and Battle of the Somme (killed in action at Couin, France) (b. 1884); Walter Rauschenbusch, American theologian, leading figure of the Social Gospel and Georgism movements in the United States (b. 1861)
26 de julio de 1918 (viernes)
- A coup d'état overthrew the Bolshevik government in Baku, Azerbaijan and lead to the formation of the Centrocaspian Dictatorship.[122]
- British flying ace Mick Mannock was killed when his plane was hit by enemy ground fire while on a mission over France. His body was never recovered. He was awarded the Victoria Cross posthumously with 61 victories to his credit.[123]
- Born: Marjorie Lord, American actress, female lead in The Danny Thomas Show, in San Francisco (d. 2015); Richard Blackburn, Australian judge, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory from 1977 to 1984, recipient of the Order of the British Empire (d. 1987)
- Died: Henry Macintosh, British runner, gold medalist in the 1912 Summer Olympics (killed in action) (b. 1892)
27 de julio de 1918 (sábado)
- Second Battle of the Marne – German forces reorganized behind Fère-en-Tardenois and built an alternate rail to supply the line, allowing them also to retain Soissons, France despite ongoing Allied assaults.[124]
- British-Canadian labor and anti-conscription activist Albert Goodwin was shot dead outside Cumberland, British Columbia following a police manhunt to capture him and others evading conscription. A former police officer and member of the arrest party claimed to have killed in him in self defense, and charges of manslaughter were subsequently dismissed due to the lack of witnesses. Goodwin's popularity among the labor movement in British Columbia lead to calls of protest and general strike the following month in Vancouver.[125][126]
- The Catholic University of Lublin was established in Lublin, Poland after Vladmir Lenin allowed the Catholic Church in Poland to transfer the library and equipment from the defunct Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy. The university was later renamed after Pope John Paul II, who was an alumnus.[127]
- Born: Leonard Rose, American classical musician, cellist for the New York Philharmonic and noted instructor for Juilliard School and Curtis Institute of Music, in Washington D.C. (d. 1984)
- Died: Lemuel Wilmarth, American painter, founder of the Art Students League of New York and noted instructor for the National Academy of Design (b. 1835)
28 de julio de 1918 (domingo)
- Elections were held in Luxembourg for the 53 seats in the constitutional assembly.[128]
- Royal Navy troopship Hyperia was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Egypt by German submarine SM UB-51 with the loss of 65 lives.[129]
- Born: Penaia Ganilau, Fijian state leader, first President of Fiji, in Taveuni, Fiji (d. 1993)
- The Serbian flag is raised alongside the American flag on the White House, at the suggestion of Serbian Inventor Mihajlo Pupin to symbolize American solidarity with Serbia in the First World War. This is the only time a foreign flag was flown on the White House beside the French flag on Bastille day, 1920.[130][131]
29 de julio de 1918 (lunes)
- Born: Edwin O'Connor, American novelist, recipient of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the novel The Edge of Sadness, in Providence, Rhode Island (d. 1968)
- Died: George Fell, American surgeon and inventor, designer of the first artificial ventilator and the first electric chair (b. 1849); R. J. Reynolds, American business leader, founder of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (b. 1850)
30 de julio de 1918 (martes)
- The Islamic Army of the Caucasus sent troops to counter the forming Centrocaspian Dictatorship in Baku, Azerbaijan, forcing British forces under command of Lionel Dunsterville to send Allied troops to the city.[132]
- Boris Donskoy, a member of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, assassinated German Field Marshal Hermann von Eichhorn in Kiev by throwing at bomb at his vehicle. Donskoy was arrested on-scene and confessed he was ordered by political party leaders to prevent von Eichhorn from undermining revolutionary change in the Ukraine and bringing to power the Hetman of Ukraine as the governing body of the country. He was executed on August 10.[133]
- Lieutenant Frank Linke-Crawford, the fourth-highest-scoring flying ace for Austria-Hungary, was shot down and killed in aerial combat. He had scored 27 victories.[134]
- The 1st Marine Aviation Force arrived at Brest, France, becoming the first U.S. Marine Corps aviation force to serve in combat.[135]
- The United States Army Air Service established the 3rd Pursuit Group at the Vaucouleurs Aerodrome in France.[136]
- The Royal Air Force established air squadron No. 273.[137]
- Cook County, Georgia, named after Confederate States Army General Philip Cook, was established with the county seat in Adel.[138]
- Born: Henri Chammartin, Swiss equestrian, gold medalist at the 1964 Summer Olympics (d. 2011)
- Died: Joyce Kilmer, American journalist and poet, known for his collection Trees and Other Poems (killed in action) (b. 1886)
31 de julio de 1918 (miércoles)
- A Royal Air Force bombing raid over Germany involving a dozen Airco planes ended in disaster, with 10 of the aircraft shot down.[139]
- British pilot Stewart Culley took off in a Sopwith Camel from a lighter towed barge behind a British warship, the first time a feat was undertaken.[140]
- Born: Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research in the ATP synthase, in Provo, Utah (d. 2018); Mustapha Harun, Malaysian politician, first Governor of Sabah, in Kudat, North Borneo (d. 1995); Alan Rawlinson, Australian air force officer, commander of the No. 79 Squadron during World War II, recipient of the Order of the British Empire, Distinguished Flying Cross, and Air Force Cross, in Fremantle, Australia (d. 2007)
- Born: Göthe Hedlund, Swedish speed skater, bronze medalist at the 1948 Winter Olympics, in Orkesta, Sweden (d. 2003); Robert K. Morgan, American air force officer, commander of bombers Memphis Belle and Dauntless Dotty during World War II, in Asheville, North Carolina (d. 2004); Hank Jones, American jazz pianist, known for his collaborations with Cannonball Adderley, Ella Fitzgerald, Charlie Parker, and Salena Jones, in Vicksburg, Mississippi (d. 2010)
- Died: George McElroy, British air force officer, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross and Military Cross (killed in action) (b. 1893); Henry Suter, Swiss-New Zealand biologist, leading researcher of mollusks in New Zealand (b. 1841)
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