Guangxi / ɡ w æ ŋ ʃ i / ( [kwaŋ.ɕi] ( escuchar ) ; romanized alternativamente como Kwanghsi ; China :广西; Zhuang : Gvangjsih ), oficialmente la región autónoma de Guangxi ( RAGZ ), es una región autónoma de la República Popular de China , ubicada en el sur de China y en la frontera con Vietnam ( Hà Giang , Cao Bằng, Provincias de Lạng Sơn y Quảng Ninh ) y el golfo de Tonkin . Antiguamente provincia , Guangxi se convirtió en región autónoma en 1958. Su capital actual es Nanning . [6]
Región autónoma de Guangxi Zhuang 广西壮族自治区 | |
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Transcripción (es) de nombre | |
• chino | 广西壮族自治区( Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū ) |
• Abreviatura | 桂(Pinyin: Guì ) |
• Zhuang | Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih |
• Yue Jyutping | Gwong2sai1 Zong3zuk6 Zi6zi6keoi1 |
Mapa que muestra la ubicación de la región autónoma de Guangxi Zhuang | |
Coordenadas: 23.6 ° N 108.3 ° E23 ° 36'N 108 ° 18'E / | |
País | porcelana |
Nombrado para | 广 guǎng - "Ancho" 西 xī - "Oeste" Lit. "Extensión occidental" |
Capital (y ciudad más grande) | Nanning |
Divisiones | 14 prefecturas , 109 condados , 1396 municipios |
Gobierno | |
• Tipo | Región Autónoma |
• Cuerpo | Congreso Popular Regional Autónomo de Guangxi Zhuang |
• Secretario del PCCh | Lu Xinshe |
• Presidente del Congreso | Lu Xinshe |
• Presidente del gobierno | Lan Tianli |
• presidente de la CPPCC | Sun Dawei |
Área | |
• Total | 237,600 km 2 (91,700 millas cuadradas) |
Rango de área | Noveno |
Elevación más alta ( Montaña Gatito ) | 2.141 m (7.024 pies) |
Población (2020) [1] | |
• Total | 50,126,804 |
• Rango | 11º |
• Densidad | 210 / km 2 (550 / millas cuadradas) |
• Rango de densidad | Vigésimo |
Demografía | |
• Composición étnica | Han - 62% Zhuang - 32% Yao - 3% Miao - 1% Dong - 0,7% Vietnamita - 0,6% Gelao - 0,4% |
• Idiomas y dialectos | Zhuang , lenguas yue (principalmente cantonés ), mandarín del suroeste , pinghua |
Código ISO 3166 | CN-GX |
PIB (2020) | CNY 2.2 billones $ 321 mil millones ( 19 ° ) [2] |
- per cápita | CNY 44,201 USD 6,406 ( 31 ) |
• crecimiento | 3,7% |
IDH (2018) | 0,726 [3] alto · 24º |
Sitio web | Región autónoma de Guangxi Zhuang ( chino simplificado ) |
Guangxi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nombre chino | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chino simplificado | 广西 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chino tradicional | 廣西 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hanyu Pinyin | Guǎngxī | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Postal | Kwangsi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Significado literal | Una abreviatura de " Guǎng (nán) xī (Circuito) " | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Región autónoma de Guangxi Zhuang | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chino simplificado | 广西壮族自治区 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chino tradicional | 廣西§§族自治區 o廣西僮族自治區[4] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hanyu Pinyin | Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Postal | Región autónoma de Kwangsi Chuang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nombre vietnamita | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
vietnamita | Quảng Tây long: Khu tự trị dân tộc Choang Quảng Tây | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nombre Zhuang | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Zhuang | Gvangjsih largo: Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1957 ortografía | Gvaŋзsiƅ largo: Gvaŋзsiƅ Bouчcueŋƅ Sɯcigiƅ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sawndip | 广西 佈 僮 自治区 廣西 佈 僮 自治區 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
nombre inglés | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
inglés | / Ɡ w ɑː ŋ s i / [5] |
La ubicación de Guangxi, en un terreno montañoso en el extremo sur de China, la ha colocado en la frontera de la civilización china a lo largo de gran parte de la historia de China . El nombre actual "Guang" significa "extensión" y se ha asociado con la región desde la creación de la prefectura de Guang en 226 d. C. Se le otorgó el estatus de nivel provincial durante la dinastía Yuan , pero incluso en el siglo XX se consideró un territorio salvaje y abierto. La abreviatura de la región es "桂" ( pinyin : Guì ; Zhuang : Gvei ), que proviene del nombre de la ciudad de Guilin , la capital provincial durante la dinastía Ming y la dinastía Qing .
Guangxi contiene la mayor población de minorías étnicas de China, en particular el pueblo Zhuang , que representa el 32% de la población. Junto con el chino mandarín se hablan varios idiomas y dialectos regionales como el pinghua , el zhuang , el cantonés , el hakka y el min . [7]
Nombre
" Guǎng " ( chino simplificado :广; chino tradicional :廣) significa "extensión" o "vasto", y se ha asociado con la región desde la creación de la prefectura de Guang en 226 d. C. [8] Guangxi y el vecino Guangdong significan literalmente " expansión oeste "y" extensión este ". Juntos, Guangxi y Guangdong se llaman Loeng gwong (Liangkwang; chino tradicional :兩廣; chino simplificado :两广; pinyin : liǎng guǎng ; cantonés Yale : léuhng gwóng ; literalmente, 'Two Expanses', vietnamita: Lưỡng Quảng, provincia de QuangTay). Durante la dinastía Song, los Dos Guang se separaron formalmente como Guǎngnán Xīlù (廣 南西 路;广 南西 路; 'vasta región suroeste') y Guǎngnán Dōnglù (廣 南 東路;广 南 东路; 'vasta región sureste') , que se abrevió como Guǎngxī Lù (廣西 路;广西 路) y Guǎngdōng Lù (廣東 路;广东 路).
Historia
Originalmente habitada por una mezcla de grupos tribales conocidos por los chinos como Baiyue ("Cien Yue", vietnamita : Bách Việt ), la región se convirtió por primera vez en parte de China durante la dinastía Qin . En 214 a. C., el general chino Han Zhao Tuo (en vietnamita : Triệu Đà ) reclamó la mayor parte del sur de China para Qin Shi Huang antes de la muerte del emperador. La guerra civil que siguió le permitió a Zhao establecer un reino separado en Panyu conocido como Nanyue ("Yue del Sur"). Alternativamente sumiso e independiente del control de la dinastía Han , Yue del Sur expandió la colonización y la sinización bajo su política de "Armonizar y reunir a los Cien Yue" (和 集 百越) hasta su colapso en el 111 a. C. durante la expansión hacia el sur de la dinastía Han . [ cita requerida ]
El nombre "Guangxi" se remonta a la provincia "Expansiva" o "Amplia" (廣州) del este de Wu , que controló el sureste de China durante el período de los Tres Reinos . Guilin formó una de sus comandancias. [ cita requerida ]
Bajo la dinastía Tang , los Zhuang trasladó a apoyar Piluoge reino de 's Nanzhao en Yunnan , que repelió con éxito los ejércitos imperiales en 751 y luego 754. Guangxi fue dividida en un área de Zhuang ascenso al oeste de Nanning y un área de Han ascenso al este de Nanning. [ cita requerida ]
Después del colapso del sur de Zhao, Liu Yan estableció el sur de Han (Nanhan) en Xingwangfu (actual Guangdong ). Aunque este estado obtuvo un control mínimo sobre Guangxi, estuvo plagado de inestabilidad y fue anexado por la dinastía Song en 971. El nombre de "Guangxi" en sí se remonta a los Song, que administraban el área como Guangnanxi ("Expansión del sur-oeste"). Circuito . Acosado tanto por Song como por Jiaozhi en el Vietnam moderno , el líder de Zhuang, Nong Zhigao, encabezó una revuelta en 1052 por la que todavía es recordado por la gente de Zhuang. Sin embargo, su reino independiente duró poco y el tatuado general Song Di Qing devolvió Guangxi a China. [ cita requerida ]
La dinastía Yuan estableció el control sobre Yunnan durante su conquista del Reino de Dali en 1253 y eliminó a los Song del Sur después de la Batalla de Yamen en 1279. En lugar de gobernar Lingnan como territorio súbdito o distrito militar, los mongoles establecieron Guangxi ("Expansión occidental ") como una provincia propiamente dicha. No obstante, el área continuó siendo rebelde, lo que llevó a la dinastía Ming a emplear a los diferentes grupos locales unos contra otros. En la batalla de Big Rattan Gorge entre Zhuang y Yao en 1465, se informaron 20.000 muertes. [ cita requerida ]
Durante las dinastías Ming y Qing, partes de Guangxi fueron gobernadas por el poderoso clan Cen (岑). Los Cen eran de etnia Zhuang y fueron reconocidos como tusi o gobernantes locales por los emperadores chinos.
La dinastía Qing dejó la región en paz hasta la imposición del gobierno directo en 1726, pero el siglo XIX fue de constante agitación. A una revuelta de Yao en 1831 le siguió el Levantamiento de Jintian , el comienzo de la Rebelión de Taiping , en enero de 1851 y la Rebelión de Da Cheng en abril de 1854. La ejecución de St. Auguste Chapdelaine por funcionarios locales en Guangxi provocó la Segunda Guerra del Opio en 1858 y la legalización de la injerencia extranjera en el interior. Aunque Louis Brière de l'Isle no pudo invadir su depósito en Longzhou , el ejército de Guangxi vio mucha acción en la guerra chino-francesa de 1884 . En gran parte ineficaz dentro de Vietnam, todavía fue capaz de rechazar a los franceses de la propia China en la Batalla de Zhennan Pass (moderno Pase de la Amistad ) el 23 de marzo de 1885. [ cita requerida ]
Después del levantamiento de Wuchang , Guangxi se separó del Imperio Qing el 6 de noviembre de 1911. El gobernador de Qing, Shen Bingdan , inicialmente permaneció en el lugar, pero posteriormente fue destituido por un motín comandado por el general Lu Rongting . La vieja camarilla de Guangxi del general Lu invadió Hunan y Guangdong también y ayudó a liderar la Guerra de Protección Nacional contra el intento de Yuan Shikai de restablecer un gobierno imperial. La lealtad de Zhuang hizo que su ejército autónomo fuera cohesivo pero reacio a moverse mucho más allá de sus propias provincias. La posterior enemistad con Sun Yat-sen llevó a la derrota en la Guerra Guangdong-Guangxi de 1920 y 1921 . Después de una breve ocupación por Chen Jiongming 'fuerzas cantoneses s, Guangxi cayó en la desunión y profunda bandolerismo durante varios años [9] hasta que Li Zongren ' s Guangxi Ejército de Pacificación estableció la camarilla Nueva Guangxi dominada por Li, Huang Shaohong , y Bai Chongxi . [ cita requerida ]
La acción exitosa en Hunan contra Wu Peifu llevó al Zhuang GPA a ser conocido como el "Ejército Volador" y el "Ejército de Acero". Después de la muerte de Sun Yat-sen, Li también rechazó la revuelta de Tang Jiyao y se unió a la Expedición del Norte estableciendo el control sobre otros señores de la guerra por parte de la República de China (1912-1949) . La suya fue una de las pocas unidades del Kuomintang libre de una influencia comunista seria y, por lo tanto, fue empleada por Chiang Kai-shek para la masacre de Shanghai de 1927 . Dentro de la República Popular China, Guangxi también se destaca por el Levantamiento de Baise , una revuelta comunista fallida dirigida por Chen Zhaoli y Deng Xiaoping en 1929. [ cita requerida ]
Being in the far south, Guangxi did not fall during the Chinese Civil War, but joined the People's Republic in December 1949, two months after its founding.[citation needed]
In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline (Qinzhou, Lianzhou (now Hepu County), Fangchenggang and Beihai) was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965.
The Guangxi Massacre, during the Cultural Revolution, involved the killing of 100,000 to 150,000 in the province in 1967 and 1968.[10][11]
While some development of heavy industry occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, the province remained largely a scenic tourist destination.[citation needed] Even the economic growth of the 1990s seemed to leave Guangxi behind. However, in recent years, there has been a growing amount of industrialization and increasing concentration on cash crops. Per capita GDP has risen as industries in Guangdong transfer production to comparatively lower-wage areas in Guangxi.[citation needed]
Geografía
Located in the southern part of the country, Guangxi is bordered by Yunnan to the west, Guizhou to the north, Hunan to the northeast, and Guangdong to the east and southeast. It is also bordered by Vietnam in the southwest and the Gulf of Tonkin in the south. Its proximity to Guangdong is reflected in its name, with "Guang" being used in both names.
Guangxi is partly a mountainous region. The Nanling Mountains form the north-east border, with the Yuecheng and Haiyang Mountains branching from them. Also in the north are the Duyao and Fenghuang Mountains. Near the center of the region are the Da Yao and Da Ming Mountains. On the southeastern border are the Yunkai Mountains.
The highest point is Kitten Mountain, in the Yuecheng Mountains, at 2,141 metres (7,024 ft).
Many rivers cut valleys through the mountains. Most of these rivers form the tributary basin of the West River:
Xi River system schematic (italics indicates rivers outside Guangxi) | ||||
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He River (贺江) | Xi River | |||
Li River | Gui River (桂江) | |||
Beipan River | Hongshui River | Qian River | Xun River | |
Nanpan River | ||||
Rong River | Liu River | |||
Long River | ||||
You River | Yong River | Yu River | ||
Zuo River |
Major cities include: Nanning, Liuzhou, Guilin, Beihai.
Notable towns include: Longmen, Sanjiang, Yangshuo
Guangxi has a short coastline on the Gulf of Tonkin. Important seaports include Beihai, Qinzhou and Fangchenggang.
Along the border with Vietnam there is the Ban Gioc–Detian waterfall (pinyin: Dé Tiān Pùbù), which separates the two countries.
Climate
Guangxi has a subtropical climate. Summers are generally long, hot, and humid, lasting from April to October. Winters are mild, and snow is rare. Average annual temperature is 17 to 23°C, while average annual precipitation ranges from 1,080 mm in the drier zones, to 1,730 mm in the wetter zones. The region also experiences monsoons, blowing from south-southwest from late April to the beginning of October. Most of the precipitation occurs between May and August. Microbursts can also occasionally occur in the extreme south of the region, from July to September. This is caused by typhoons blowing from the South China Sea. [12]
Image gallery
Li River, Guangxi
Longsheng Rice Terrace
Yulong River
Ban Gioc Duc Thien– Banyue Detian Falls
divisiones administrativas
Guangxi is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities:
Administrative divisions of Guangxi | ||||||||
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Nanning Liuzhou Guilin Wuzhou Beihai Fangchenggang Qinzhou Guigang Yulin Baise Hezhou Hechi Laibin Chongzuo | ||||||||
Division code[13] | Division | Area in km2[14] | Population 2020[15] | Seat | Divisions[16] | |||
Districts | Counties | Aut. counties | CL cities | |||||
450000 | Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | 236700.00 | 50,126,804 | Nanning city | 41 | 48 | 12 | 10 |
450100 | Nanning city | 22,099.31 | 8,741,584 | Qingxiu District | 7 | 4 | 1 | |
450200 | Liuzhou city | 18,596.64 | 4,157,934 | Liubei District | 5 | 3 | 2 | |
450300 | Guilin city | 27,667.28 | 4,931,137 | Lingui District | 6 | 8 | 2 | 1 |
450400 | Wuzhou city | 12,572.44 | 2,820,977 | Changzhou District | 3 | 3 | 1 | |
450500 | Beihai city | 3,988.67 | 1,853,227 | Haicheng District | 3 | 1 | ||
450600 | Fangchenggang city | 6181.19 | 1,046,068 | Gangkou District | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
450700 | Qinzhou city | 10820.85 | 3,302,238 | Qinnan District | 2 | 2 | ||
450800 | Guigang city | 10605.44 | 4,316,262 | Gangbei District | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
450900 | Yulin city | 12828.11 | 5,796,766 | Yuzhou District | 2 | 4 | 1 | |
451000 | Baise city | 36203.85 | 3,571,505 | Youjiang District | 2 | 7 | 1 | 2 |
451100 | Hezhou city | 11771.54 | 2,007,858 | Babu District | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
451200 | Hechi city | 33487.65 | 3,417,945 | Yizhou District | 2 | 4 | 5 | |
451300 | Laibin city | 13391.59 | 2,074,611 | Xingbin District | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
451400 | Chongzuo city | 17345.47 | 2,088,692 | Jiangzhou District | 1 | 5 | 1 |
Administrative divisions in Zhuang, Chinese, and varieties of romanizations | ||||
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English | Zhuang | Chinese | Pinyin | |
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | Gvangjish Bouxcuengh Swcigih | 广西壮族自治区 | Guǎngxī zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū | |
Nanning city | Namzningz Si | 南宁市 | Nánníng Shì | |
Liuzhou city | Liujcouh Si | 柳州市 | Liǔzhōu Shì | |
Guilin city | Gveilinz Si | 桂林市 | Guìlín Shì | |
Wuzhou city | Vuzcouh Si | 梧州市 | Wúzhōu Shì | |
Beihai city | Bwzhaij Si | 北海市 | Běihǎi Shì | |
Fangchenggang city | Fangzcwngzgangj Si | 防城港市 | Fángchénggǎng Shì | |
Qinzhou city | Ginhcouh Si | 钦州市 | Qīnzhōu Shì | |
Guigang city | Gveigangj Si | 贵港市 | Guìgǎng Shì | |
Yulin city | Yilinz Si | 玉林市 | Yùlín Shì | |
Baise city | Bwzswz Si | 百色市 | Bǎisè Shì | |
Hezhou city | Hocouh Si | 贺州市 | Hèzhōu Shì | |
Hechi city | Hozciz Si | 河池市 | Héchí Shì | |
Laibin city | Laizbinh Si | 来宾市 | Láibīn Shì | |
Chongzuo city | Cungzcoj Si | 崇左市 | Chóngzuǒ Shì |
These 14 prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 111 county-level divisions (41 districts, 10 county-level cities, 48 counties, and 12 autonomous counties). At the year end of 2021, the total population is 48.85 million.[1]
Urban areas
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities | |||||
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# | City | Urban area[17] | District area[17] | City proper[17] | Census date |
1 | Nanning[a] | 2,660,833 | 3,434,303 | 6,658,742 | 2010-11-01 |
(1) | Nanning (new district)[a] | 186,049 | 544,478 | see Nanning | 2010-11-01 |
2 | Liuzhou[b] | 1,410,712 | 1,436,599 | 3,758,704 | 2010-11-01 |
(2) | Liuzhou (new district)[b] | 213,859 | 562,351 | see Liuzhou | 2010-11-01 |
3 | Guilin[c] | 844,290 | 975,638 | 4,747,963 | 2010-11-01 |
(3) | Guilin (new district)[c] | 119,339 | 443,994 | see Guilin | 2010-11-01 |
4 | Guigang | 658,887 | 1,493,874 | 4,118,808 | 2010-11-01 |
5 | Beiliu | 652,853 | 1,132,216 | see Yulin | 2010-11-01 |
6 | Yulin | 547,924 | 1,056,743 | 5,487,368 | 2010-11-01 |
7 | Guiping | 508,212 | 1,496,904 | see Guigang | 2010-11-01 |
8 | Qinzhou | 489,139 | 1,198,428 | 3,079,721 | 2010-11-01 |
9 | Beihai | 463,388 | 668,044 | 1,539,251 | 2010-11-01 |
10 | Hezhou | 379,889 | 1,005,490 | 1,954,072 | 2010-11-01 |
11 | Cenxi | 337,052 | 772,113 | see Wuzhou | 2010-11-01 |
12 | Laibin | 315,875 | 910,282 | 2,099,711 | 2010-11-01 |
13 | Fangchenggang | 278,955 | 518,124 | 866,927 | 2010-11-01 |
14 | Wuzhou[d] | 243,261 | 613,461 | 2,882,200 | 2010-11-01 |
(14) | Wuzhou (new district)[d] | 136,628 | 392,029 | see Wuzhou | 2010-11-01 |
15 | Hechi[e] | 197,858 | 330,131 | 3,369,251 | 2010-11-01 |
(15) | Hechi (new district)[e] | 155,365 | 558,611 | see Hechi | 2010-11-01 |
16 | Baise | 185,497 | 372,825 | 3,466,758 | 2010-11-01 |
(17) | Lipu[f] | 134,908 | 352,472 | see Guilin | 2010-11-01 |
18 | Chongzuo | 113,539 | 316,738 | 1,994,285 | 2010-11-01 |
(19) | Jingxi[g] | 92,786 | 498,524 | see Baise | 2010-11-01 |
20 | Dongxing | 92,267 | 144,709 | see Fangchenggang | 2010-11-01 |
21 | Heshan | 66,118 | 114,496 | see Laibin | 2010-11-01 |
22 | Pingxiang | 65,044 | 112,159 | see Chongzuo | 2010-11-01 |
- ^ a b New district established after census: Wuming (Wuming County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ a b New district established after census: Liujiang (Liujiang County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ a b New district established after census: Lingui (Lingui County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ a b New district established after census: Pinggui by splitting from parts of Zhongshan County and parts of Babu. The new district areas from Zhongshan County not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ a b New district established after census: Yizhou (Yizhou CLC). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ Lipu County is currently known as Lipu CLC after census.
- ^ Jingxi County is currently known as Jingxi CLC after census.
Demografía
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1912[18] | 7,879,000 | — |
1928[19] | 13,648,000 | +73.2% |
1936–37[20] | 13,385,000 | −1.9% |
1947[21] | 14,636,000 | +9.3% |
1954[22] | 19,560,822 | +33.6% |
1964[23] | 20,845,017 | +6.6% |
1982[24] | 36,420,960 | +74.7% |
1990[25] | 42,245,765 | +16.0% |
2000[26] | 43,854,538 | +3.8% |
2010[27] | 46,026,629 | +5.0% |
The Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group. Of these, the main subgroups are those that speak Yue and Southwestern Mandarin varieties of Chinese. Qinzhou and Goulou Yue are spoken in the southern and eastern regions, respectively. Pinghua is spoken in Nanning and Guilin. There are Hakka-speaking regions in Luchuan County, Bobai County and in some areas bordering Vietnam.
Guangxi has over 14 million Zhuangs, the largest minority ethnicity of China. Over 90 percent of Zhuang in China live in Guangxi, especially in the central and western regions. There is also a significant number of both Dong and Miao minority peoples. Other ethnic groups include Yao, Hui, Yi (Lolo), Shui, and Gin (Vietnamese).
Religion
The predominant religions in Guangxi among the Han Chinese are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. The large Zhuang population mostly practices the Zhuang folk religion centered around the worship of their ancestral god Buluotuo (布洛陀). According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 40.48% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration, while 0.26% of the population identifies as Christian.[28]
The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 59.26% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects. The Yao, another numerous ethnic group inhabiting the province, mostly practices a form of indigenised and conservative Taoism.
Política
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Economía
Important crops in Guangxi include rice, maize and sweet potatoes. Cash crops include sugar cane, peanuts, tobacco, and kenaf.
85 percent of the world's star anise is grown in Guangxi. It is a major ingredient in the antiviral oseltamivir.[30]
Guangxi is one of China's key production centers for nonferrous metals. The province holds approximately 1/3 of all tin and manganese deposits in China.[31]
Liuzhou is the main industrial center and is a major motor vehicle manufacturing center. General Motors have a manufacturing base here in a joint venture as SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile. The city also has a large steel factory and several related industries. The local government of Guangxi hopes to expand the province's manufacturing sector, and during the drafting of China's Five Year Plan in 2011, earmarked 2.6 trillion RMB for investment in the province's Beibu Gulf Economic Zone(See Below).[31]
In recent years Guangxi's economy has languished behind that of its wealthy neighbor and twin, Guangdong. Guangxi's 2017 nominal GDP was about 2039.63 billion yuan (US$302.09 billion) and ranked 17th in China. Its per capita GDP was 38,102 yuan (US$5,770).[32]
Due to its lack of a major manufacturing industry in comparison to other provinces, Guangxi is the fourth most energy efficient province in China, helping to further boost its green image.[33]
Economic and technological development zones
- Beihai Silver Beach National Tourist Holiday Resort
- Beihai Export Processing Zone
Approved by the State Council, Beihai Export Processing Zone (BHEPZ) was established in March 2003. Total planned area is 1.454 square kilometres (0.561 sq mi). The first phase of developed area is 1.135 square kilometres (0.438 sq mi). It was verified and accepted by Customs General Administration and eight ministries of the state, on 26 December 2003. It is the Export Processing Zone nearest to ASEAN in China and also the only one bordering the sea in western China. It is situated next to Beihai Port.[34]
- Dongxing Border Economic Cooperation Area
- Guilin National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Guilin Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in May 1988. In 1991, it was approved as a national-level industrial zone. It has an area of 12.07 square kilometres (4.66 sq mi). Encouraged industries include electronic information, biomedical, new materials and environmental protection.[35]
- Nanning Economic & Technological Development Area
Established in 1992, Nanning Economic and Technological Development Zone was approved to be a national level zone in May 2001. Its total planned area of 10.796 square kilometres (4.168 sq mi). It is located in the south of Nanning. It has become the new developing zone with fine chemical engineering, auto parts, aluminum processing, biological medicine and other industries.[36]
- Nanning National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Nanning Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1988 and was approved as a national-level industrial zone in 1992. The zone has a planned area of 43.7 square kilometres (16.9 sq mi), and it encourages industries that do electronic information, bioengineering and pharmaceutical, mechanical and electrical integration and new materials industry.[37]
- Pingxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone
In 1992, Pinxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone was established. It has a total area of 7.2 square kilometres (2.8 sq mi). It focuses on development of hardware mechanical and electrical products, daily-use chemical processing, the services, and international logistics-based storage and information industry.[38]
- Yongning Economic Development Zone
Investment
Seventy-one Taiwanese ventures started up in Guangxi in 2007, with contracts bringing up to US$149 million of investment, while gross exports surpassed US$1 billion. There are a total of 1182 Taiwan ventures in Guangxi, and by the end of 2006, they have brought a total of US$4.27 billion of investment into the autonomous region. During the first half of 2007, 43 projects worthy of RMB2.6 billion (US$342 million) have already been contracted between Guangxi and Taiwan investors. Cooperation between Guangxi and Taiwan companies mainly relates to manufacturing, high-tech electronic industries, agriculture, energy resources and tourism.[citation needed]
Power
Guangxi Power Grid invested 180 million yuan in 2007 in projects to bring power to areas that still lacked access to electricity. The areas affected include Nanning, Hechi, Bose and Guigang. Around 125,000 people have gained access to electricity. The money has been used to build or alter 738 10-kilovolt distribution units with a total length of wire reaching 1,831.8 kilometers.[citation needed]
Due to lack of investment in construction in the power grid net in rural areas, more than 400 villages in Guangxi Province were not included in the projects. Around 500,000 cannot participate in the policy known as "The Same Grid, the Same Price." Guangxi Power Grid will invest 4.6 billion yuan in improving the power grid during the 11th Five Year Plan.[citation needed]
Guangxi Power Grid has invested 2.5 billion yuan in building electric power system in the first half of 2007. Of the total investment, 2.3 billion yuan has been put into the project of the main power grid. So far, four new transformer substations in Guangxi are in various stages of completion. Wenfu substation went into operation in the city of Hechi in January 2007, and since then it has become a major hub of the electrical power system of the surrounding three counties. When Cangwu substation was completed, it doubled the local transformer capacity. In June 2007, the new substation in Chongzuo passed its operation tests. And in the same month, Qiulong commenced production too. This shall support the power supply system of Qiulong City, as well as the northern part of Guangxi province, and facilitate the nationwide project to transmit power from west to east.[citation needed]
Beibu Gulf Economic Zone
In late February 2008, the central government approved China's first international and regional economic cooperation zone in Guangxi. The construction of the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone began in 2006. With the approval, the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone will be formally incorporated into national development strategies.[citation needed]
The Beibu Gulf Economic Zone covers six coastal cities along the Beibu Gulf. It integrates the cities of Nanning, the region's capital, Beihai, Qinzhou, Fangchenggang, Chongzuo and Yulin. The state will adopt policies and measures to support mechanism innovation, rational industry layout and infrastructure construction in the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone.[citation needed]
Guangxi has pledged a 100 billion yuan (US$14 billion) investment over the next five years[when?] for building and repairing 2,500 km (1,600 mi) railways to form a network hub in the area. Beibu Gulf Zone will serve as the logistics base, business base, processing and manufacturing base and information exchange center for China-ASEAN cooperation. Beibu Gulf Zone promises broad prospects for further development and its growth potential is rapidly released. But the shortage of talent and professionals in petrochemicals, iron and steel, electricity, finance, tourism, port planning, logistics and marine industries are bottlenecks.[citation needed]
The regional government is also working on speeding up key cooperation projects including transportation, the marine industry, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, energy development, cross-border tourism, and environmental protection. Beibu Gulf has already attracted a number of major projects such as Qinzhou oil refinery projects and Stora Enso, a Fortune 500 forest products company based in Finland. In January 2008 trade import and export in the Beibu Gulf zone exceeded US$1.3 billion, a record high.[citation needed]
Bauxite reserves
In September 2007, China's Ministry of Commerce said that it has found 120 million tons of new bauxite reserves in Guangxi. The ministry said that the new reserves, which are located in Chongzhou in the southern region of Youjiang, have a very high-quality of bauxite, a raw material for making aluminum. Currently, the proven reserves of bauxite in Guangxi are about 1 billion tons, making the province one of the country's biggest bauxite sources.
Transporte
Rail
The Hunan–Guangxi Railway (Xianggui Line), which bisects the autonomous region diagonally from Quanzhou in the northeast on the border with Hunan to Pingxiang in the southwest on the border with Vietnam, passes through Guangxi's three principal cities, Nanning, Liuzhou and Guilin. Most other railways in Guangxi are connected to the Xianggui Line.
From Nanning, the Nanning–Kunming Railway heads west through Baise to Kunming, Yunnan and the Nanning–Fangchenggang Railway runs south to Qinzhou, Fangchenggang and Beihai on the coast. From Liuzhou, the Guizhou–Guangxi Railway extends northwestward through Hechi to Guizhou and the Jiaozuo–Liuzhou Railway runs due north to Hunan, and eventually Hubei and Henan in central China. From Litang Township on the Xianggui Line between Nanning and Liuzhou, the Litang–Qinzhou Railway runs south to Qinzhou on the coast and the Litang–Zhanjiang Railway (Lizhan Line) extends southeastward through Guigang and Yulin to Zhanjiang, Guangdong.
The Luoyang–Zhanjiang Railway (Luozhan Line), which intersects with the Xianggui Line on the Hunan side of the border at Yongzhou, runs south through Hezhou and Wuzhou in eastern Guangxi and joins the Lizhan Line at Yulin. At Cenxi, a branch of the Luozhan Line heads east to Maoming, Guangdong, forming a second rail outlet from Guangxi to Guangdong.
Roads
Aviation
Guangxi has 7 airports in different cities: Nanning, Guilin, Beihai, Liuzhou, Wuzhou, Baise, Hechi.
Cultura
"Guangxi" and neighbouring Guangdong literally mean "Western Expanse" and "Eastern Expanse". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called the "Two Expanses" (simplified Chinese: 两广; traditional Chinese: 兩廣; pinyin: Liǎngguǎng).
Its culture and language are reflected in this. Though now associated with the Zhuang ethnic minority, Guangxi's culture traditionally has had a close connection with the Cantonese. Cantonese culture and language followed the Xi River valley from Guangdong and is still predominate in the eastern half of Guangxi today. Outside of this area there is a huge variety of ethnicities and language groups represented.
Guangxi is known for its ethno-linguistic diversity. In the capital of Nanning, for example, three varieties of Chinese are spoken locally: Southwestern Mandarin, Yue (specifically Cantonese), and Pinghua, in addition to various Zhuang languages and others.[citation needed]
Turismo
The major tourist attraction of Guangxi is Guilin, a city famed across China and the world for its spectacular setting by the Li Jiang (Li River) among karst peaks. It also used to be the capital of Guangxi and Jingjiang Princes' City, the old princes' residence, is open to the public. South of Guilin down the river is the town of Yangshuo, which has become a favourite destination for foreign tourists.
The variety of visible cultures in Guangxi, such as the Zhuang and Dong, are also a draw for tourists. The northern part of the province, bordering Guizhou, is home to the Longsheng Rice Terraces, some of the steepest in the world. Nearby is Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County.
Many Chinese tourists visiting Nanning also visit Ban Gioc–Detian Falls on the China Vietnam border.
Educación
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guangxi Arts University
- Guangxi University
- Guangxi Medical University
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin University of Electronic Technology
- Guangxi University for Nationalities
- Guangxi Chinese Medical University
Regiones hermanas
- – Kumamoto Prefecture (1982)
- – Carinthia (1987)
- – Rio Grande do Norte (1995)
- – Newport (formerly) (1996–2019)
- – Voronezh Oblast (1997)
- – Montana (1999)[39]
- – Poitou-Charentes (2002)
- – Surat Thani Province (2004)
- – Podkarpackie (2015)
Ver también
- Major national historical and cultural sites in Guangxi
- List of twin towns and sister cities in China
- 2017 Guangxi floods
Notas
- ^ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[28] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et. al.) was not reported by Wang.
- ^ This may include:
- Buddhists;
- Confucians;
- Deity worshippers;
- Taoists;
- Members of folk religious sects;
- Indigenous religions of the ethnic minorities;
- Small minorities of Muslims;
- And people not bounded to, nor practicing any, institutional or diffuse religion.
Referencias
Citations
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- ^ "Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
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- ^ "Guangxi" Archived 8 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Collins English Dictionary.
- ^ The Yearbook of China's Cities. Yearbook of China's Cities Publishing House. 2006. p. 327.
- ^ "Zhuang Minority & Yao Minority in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region". www.chinadiscovery.com. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
- ^ Rongxing Gao (2013). Regional China: A Business and Economic Handbook. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 77. ISBN 9781137287670.
- ^ Bonavia, David. China's Warlords. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-19-586179-5.
- ^ Yan, Lebin. 我参与处理广西文革遗留问题 (in Chinese). 炎黄春秋. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- ^ "Interview: 'People Were Eaten by The Revolutionary Masses'". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
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- ^ 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
- ^ Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. 《深圳统计年鉴2014》 (in Chinese). China Statistics Print. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
- ^ Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in Chinese). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
- ^ a b c 国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
- ^ 1912年中国人口. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ 1928年中国人口. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ 1936–37年中国人口. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ 1947年全国人口. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009.
- ^ 第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012.
- ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012.
- ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012.
- ^ 现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012.
- ^ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013.
- ^ a b c China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15) Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The advisory and legislative organs of Guangxi Province in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China". 23 May 2021.
- ^ http://epaper.gxnews.com.cn/ngjb/html/2009–05/07/node_303.htm[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/gross-domestic-product-per-capita/gross-domestic-product-per-capita-guangxi
- ^ "The China Perspective | Guangxi Economic and Industry Profile/". Archived from the original on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
- ^ "RightSite.asia | Beihai Export Processing Zone". Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- ^ "RightSite.asia | Guilin National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone". Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ "RightSite.asia | Nanning Economic & Technological Development Area". Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ "RightSite.asia | Nanning Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone". Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ "RightSite.asia | Pingxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone". Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- ^ "An IR View: Clear goals essential to sister city relationship". Helena Independent Record. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
Sources
- Economic profile for Guangxi at HKTDC
enlaces externos
- Guangxi Government website
- Guangxi travel guide from Wikivoyage
Coordinates: 23°36′N 108°18′E / 23.6°N 108.3°E / 23.6; 108.3