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Los miembros de una rusófona asociación de apoyo a la decisión del 2006 Kharkiv Ayuntamiento para hacer oficial la lengua rusa en el ámbito local.
Cartel de la campaña electoral parlamentaria del Partido de las Regiones de 2012 en Crimea que dice "Ruso: (actualícelo) de un idioma regional al segundo idioma oficial (estatal)"

El ruso es el primer idioma más común en las regiones de Donbas y Crimea de Ucrania , y el idioma predominante en las grandes ciudades del este y sur del país. [1] El uso y el estatus del idioma es objeto de disputas políticas y (a partir de 2021, el ucraniano es el único idioma estatal del país. [2] Sin embargo, el ruso es un idioma ampliamente utilizado en Ucrania en la cultura pop y en los negocios informales y comerciales. comunicación. [1]

Historia del idioma ruso en Ucrania [ editar ]

Artículo principal: Historia de la lengua rusa en Ucrania.

Las lenguas eslavas orientales se originaron en la lengua hablada en Rusia en el período medieval . Comenzaron a notarse diferencias significativas en el lenguaje hablado en diferentes regiones [¿ por quién? ] después de la división de las tierras rusas entre la Horda de Oro (desde aproximadamente 1240) y el Gran Ducado de Lituania . El estado lituano finalmente se alió con el Reino de Polonia en la Commonwealth polaco-lituana de 1569-1795. Los moscovitas bajo la Horda de Oro desarrollaron lo que se convirtió en el idioma ruso moderno; la gente del sector del norte de Lituania desarrolló el bielorruso, y en el sector sur (Polonia) de Ucrania.

Tenga en cuenta que el etnónimo ucraniano para los eslavos del este del sur no se estableció bien hasta el siglo XIX, aunque los angloparlantes (por ejemplo) llamaron a la tierra de esos pueblos Ucrania en inglés desde antes del siglo XVIII. El área se conocía generalmente en Occidente como " Rutenia ", y la gente como "rutenos" [ cita requerida ] (El Oxford English Dictionary rastrea la palabra "ucraniano" en inglés hasta 1804, y registra su aplicación al ucraniano idioma de 1886 [3] ). El centro imperial ruso, sin embargo, prefirió los nombres "Pequeño" y "Blanco".Rusia para el ucraniano y el bielorrusotierras respectivamente, a diferencia de la Gran Rusia .

Ninguna frontera geográfica definitiva separaba a las personas que hablaban ruso de las que hablaban ucraniano; cambios más bien graduales en el vocabulario y la pronunciación marcaron las áreas entre los núcleos históricos de los idiomas. Sin embargo, desde el siglo XX, la gente ha comenzado a identificarse con su lengua vernácula y a ajustarse a las normas literarias establecidas por los académicos. [ cita requerida ]

Aunque los antepasados ​​de un pequeño grupo étnico de rusos - Goriuns residían en la región de Putyvl (en el norte de Ucrania actual) en la época del Gran Ducado de Lituania o quizás incluso antes, [4] [5] el idioma ruso en Ucrania ha llegaron a existir principalmente en ese país a través de dos canales: a través de la migración de rusos étnicos a Ucrania y a través de la adopción del idioma ruso por parte de los ucranianos .

Colonos rusos [ editar ]

Las primeras nuevas oleadas de colonos rusos en lo que ahora es territorio ucraniano llegaron a finales del siglo XVI a las tierras vacías de Slobozhanshchyna (en la región de Járkov ) que Rusia ganó de los tártaros , [5] aunque los campesinos ucranianos del oeste escaparon Las duras condiciones de explotación los superaban en número. [6]

Más hablantes de ruso aparecieron en los territorios del norte, centro y este de la Ucrania moderna a finales del siglo XVII, tras la rebelión cosaca (1648-1657) que dirigió Bohdan Khmelnytsky contra Polonia. El levantamiento de Khmelnytsky condujo a un movimiento masivo de colonos ucranianos a la región de Slobozhanshchyna, que la convirtió de una zona fronteriza escasamente habitada en una de las principales regiones pobladas del Zarismo de Rusia . Siguiendo el Pereyaslav RadaEn 1654, las partes modernas del norte y el este de Ucrania quedaron bajo la hegemonía del Zardom ruso. Esto trajo la primera ola significativa, pero aún pequeña, de colonos rusos en el centro de Ucrania (principalmente varios miles de soldados estacionados en guarniciones, [6] de una población de aproximadamente 1.2 millones [7] no rusos). Aunque el número de colonos rusos en Ucrania antes del siglo XVIII siguió siendo pequeño, las clases altas locales dentro de la parte de Ucrania adquirida por Rusia llegaron a usar el idioma ruso ampliamente.

A partir de finales del siglo XVIII, un gran número de rusos se asentaron en tierras recién adquiridas en lo que hoy es el sur de Ucrania, una región entonces conocida como Novorossiya ("Nueva Rusia"). Estas tierras, anteriormente conocidas como los Campos Salvajes , habían estado en gran parte vacías antes del siglo XVIII debido a la amenaza de las incursiones de los tártaros de Crimea , pero una vez que San Petersburgo eliminó el estado tártaro como una amenaza, los nobles rusos recibieron grandes extensiones de tierra fértil. por trabajar por campesinos recién llegados, la mayoría de ellos de etnia ucraniana pero muchos de ellos rusos. [8]

Incremento dramático de colonos rusos [ editar ]

Mapa de dialectos de la lengua rusa. Academia Imperial de Ciencias de Rusia , 1914.
  Smallrussian (ucraniano)
  Greatrussian (ruso)
   Bielorruso

El siglo XIX vio un aumento dramático en la población rusa urbana en la actual Ucrania, a medida que los colonos rusos étnicos se mudaron y poblaron las ciudades recién industrializadas y en crecimiento. A principios del siglo XX, los rusos formaban el grupo étnico más grande en casi todas las grandes ciudades dentro de las fronteras modernas de Ucrania, incluidas Kiev (54,2%), Járkov (63,1%), Odessa (49,09%), Mykolaiv (66,33%), Mariupol. (63,22%), Lugansk , (68,16%), Kherson (47,21%), Melitopol (42,8%), Ekaterinoslav , (41,78%), Kropyvnytskyi (34,64%), Simferopol (45,64%), Yalta(66,17%), Kerch (57,8%), Sebastopol (63,46%). [9] Los inmigrantes ucranianos que se establecieron en estas ciudades entraron en un medio de habla rusa (particularmente con la administración de habla rusa) y necesitaban adoptar el idioma ruso.

Supresión y fomento del idioma ucraniano [ editar ]

Artículo principal: Rusificación de Ucrania

El Imperio Ruso promovió la difusión del idioma ruso entre la población ucraniana nativa, negándose activamente a reconocer la existencia de un idioma ucraniano.

Alarmado por la amenaza del separatismo ucraniano (a su vez influenciado por las demandas de 1863 de los nacionalistas polacos ), el ministro ruso del Interior, Pyotr Valuev, emitió en 1863 un decreto secreto que prohibía la publicación de textos religiosos y educativos escritos en ucraniano. [10] como no gramatical, pero permite todos los demás textos, incluida la ficción. El emperador Alejandro II en 1876 amplió esta prohibición al emitir el Ems Ukaz(que caducó en 1905). El Ukaz prohibió todos los libros y letras de canciones en ucraniano, así como la importación de tales obras. Además, se prohibieron las representaciones, obras de teatro y conferencias públicas en ucraniano. [11] En 1881 el decreto fue enmendado [¿ por quién? ] para permitir la publicación de letras y diccionarios, y la representación de algunas obras en el idioma ucraniano con la aprobación de los funcionarios locales. Sin embargo, estaban prohibidas las compañías exclusivas de ucranianos. Aproximadamente el 9% de la población [ ¿cuál? ] hablaba ruso en el momento del censo del Imperio Ruso de 1897. [ cita requerida ]frente al 44,31% de la población total del Imperio. [12]

En 1918, el Consejo de Comisarios del Pueblo soviético decretó que las nacionalidades bajo su control tenían derecho a la educación en su propio idioma. [13] Por lo tanto, los ucranianos en la era soviética tenían derecho a estudiar y aprender en el idioma ucraniano. Durante la época soviética, la actitud hacia la lengua y la cultura ucranianas atravesó períodos de promoción (política de " korenización ", c.   1923 a c.   1933 ), represión (durante el período posterior del estalinismo ) y una renovada ucranización (especialmente en el época de Jruschov , c.   1953hasta 1964). Las organizaciones culturales ucranianas, como los teatros o la Unión de Escritores , fueron financiadas por la administración central. [ cual? ] Si bien oficialmente no hubo un idioma estatal en la Unión Soviética hasta 1990, el ruso en la práctica tenía una posición implícitamente privilegiada como el único idioma que se habla ampliamente en todo el país. En 1990, el ruso se convirtió legalmente en el idioma oficial de toda la Unión de la Unión Soviética , y las repúblicas constituyentes tenían derecho a declarar sus propios idiomas oficiales. [14] [15]El idioma ucraniano, a pesar del estímulo oficial y la financiación del gobierno, al igual que otros idiomas regionales, a menudo fue mal visto o silenciosamente desalentado, lo que llevó a una disminución gradual en su uso. [16] [ necesita cotización para verificar ]

La ucranización en la Ucrania moderna [ editar ]

Artículo principal: ucranización
Véase también: Prohibición de libros rusos en Ucrania

Desde el Euromaidan de 2013-2014, el gobierno de Ucrania ha promulgado varias leyes destinadas a fomentar la ucranización en los medios de comunicación, en la educación y en otras esferas.

En febrero de 2017, el gobierno de Ucrania prohibió la importación comercial de libros de Rusia, que había representado hasta el 60% de todos los títulos vendidos en Ucrania. [17]

El 23 de mayo de 2017, el parlamento ucraniano aprobó la ley que establece que la mayor parte del contenido transmitido debe estar en ucraniano (75% de los operadores nacionales y 50% de los operadores locales).

La ley de educación de 2017 establece que el ucraniano es el idioma de educación en todos los niveles, excepto en una o más materias que pueden enseñarse en dos o más idiomas, a saber, inglés o uno de los otros idiomas oficiales de la Unión Europea (es decir, , excluido el ruso). [18] La ley establece que las personas pertenecientes a los pueblos indígenas de Ucrania tienen garantizado el derecho a estudiar en los institutos preescolares públicos y las escuelas primarias en "el idioma de instrucción de los respectivos pueblos indígenas, junto con el idioma estatal de instrucción. "en clases o grupos separados. [18] La Asamblea Parlamentaria del Consejo de Europa(PACE) ha expresado su preocupación por esta medida y por la falta de "consulta real" con los representantes de las minorías nacionales. [19] En julio de 2018, el Tribunal Administrativo de Mykolaiv Okrug liquidó el estatus del ruso como idioma regional, en la demanda (ajustando las normas de la legislación nacional debido al reconocimiento de la ley "Sobre los principios de la política lingüística estatal " por el Tribunal Constitucional de Ucrania como inconstitucional) del Fiscal Adjunto Primero del Óblast de Mykolaiv . [20] En octubre y diciembre de 2018, los parlamentos de la ciudad de Jersón y del Óblast de Járkov.también abolió el estatus del idioma ruso como regional. [21]

Estadísticas de uso actual [ editar ]

Porcentaje de personas con el ruso como lengua materna según el censo de 2001 (en regiones).
Mapa de personas que declaran el ruso como lengua materna para cada distrito o ciudad (en círculos)
(según el censo de 2001 )
Mapa de la lengua materna declarada mayoritariamente por ciudad, pueblo o municipio según el censo de 2001

Existe una gran diferencia entre el número de personas cuya lengua materna es el ruso y las personas que adoptaron el ruso como lengua de comunicación cotidiana . Otra cosa a tener en cuenta es que el porcentaje de ciudadanos de habla rusa es significativamente mayor en las ciudades que en las zonas rurales de todo el país.

Censo de 2001 [ editar ]

Según los datos oficiales del censo de Ucrania de 2001 , el idioma ruso es nativo del 29,6% de la población de Ucrania (alrededor de 14,3 millones de personas). [22] Los rusos étnicos forman el 56% del total de la población de lengua nativa rusa, mientras que el resto son personas de otro origen étnico: 5.545.000 ucranianos , 172.000 bielorrusos , 86.000 judíos , 81.000 griegos , 62.000 búlgaros , 46.000 moldavos , 43.000 tártaros , 43.000 Armenios , 22.000 polacos , 21.000 alemanes , 15.000 tártaros de Crimea.

Por lo tanto, la población de habla rusa en Ucrania forma el grupo lingüístico más grande en la Europa moderna y su idioma no es oficial en el estado. [ Cita requerida ] población de habla rusa de Ucrania El constituye el mayor rusófona comunidad fuera de la Federación Rusa . [ cita requerida ]

Encuestas [ editar ]

Según una encuesta de julio de 2012 de RATING , el 50% de los residentes adultos encuestados mayores de 18 años consideraban que su idioma nativo era el ucraniano, el 29% dijo que el ruso, el 20% identificó tanto el ruso como el ucraniano como su idioma nativo, el 1% dio otro idioma. . [23] El 5% no pudo decidir cuál es su lengua materna. [23] Casi el 80% de los encuestados afirmó que no tuvo ningún problema para usar su lengua materna en 2011. [23] El 8% afirmó haber tenido dificultades en la ejecución (comprensión) de documentos oficiales; en su mayoría personas de mediana edad y ancianos en el sur de Ucrania y la cuenca del Donets . [23]

Según una encuesta de opinión pública realizada en 2004 por el Instituto Internacional de Sociología de Kiev , el número de personas que usan el idioma ruso en sus hogares supera considerablemente el número de quienes declararon el ruso como su lengua materna en el censo. Según la encuesta, el ruso se usa en casa entre el 43% y el 46% de la población del país (en otras palabras, una proporción similar al ucraniano) y los rusófonos constituyen la mayoría de la población en las regiones del este y sur de Ucrania: [24]

  • República Autónoma de Crimea : 97% de la población
  • Óblast de Dnipropetrovsk - 72%
  • Óblast de Donetsk - 93%
  • Óblast de Lugansk - 89%
  • Óblast de Zaporiyia - 81%
  • Óblast de Odesa - 85%
  • Óblast de Járkov - 74%
  • Óblast de Mykolaiv - 66%

El idioma ruso domina en la comunicación informal en la capital de Ucrania, Kiev. [25] [26] También es utilizado por una minoría lingüística considerable (4-5% de la población total) en Ucrania central y occidental. [27] El 83% de los ucranianos que respondieron a una encuesta de Gallup de 2008 prefirieron utilizar el ruso en lugar del ucraniano para realizar la encuesta. [28]

Según los datos obtenidos por la fundación "Opinión pública" (2002), la población de los centros del oblast prefiere utilizar el ruso (75%). [29] Las áreas lingüísticas rusas continuas ocupan ciertas regiones de Crimea, Donbas, Slobozhanshchyna , el sur de las provincias de Odessa y Zaporizhia, mientras que existen enclaves lingüísticos rusos en el centro y norte de Ucrania.

Lengua materna (según encuestas anuales del Instituto de Sociología de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias): [30]
199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005
idioma ruso34,737,836,135,136,536,135,138,134,538,135,734,1
Spoken language in family (at home) (according to annual surveys by the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences)[30]
199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005
Mainly Russian32.432.833.134.533.433.636.036.733.236.034.336.4
Both Russian and Ukrainian29.434.529.626.828.429.024.825.828.025.226.321.6

Russian language in Ukrainian politics[edit]

Russophone activists collect signatures in support of introducing the Russian language as regional in Odessa, 2007

The Russian language in Ukraine is recognized as the language of a national minority but not as a state language. It is explicitly mentioned in the Constitution of Ukraine adopted by the parliament in 1996. Article 10 of the Constitution reads: "In Ukraine, the free development, use and protection of Russian, and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine, is guaranteed".[31] The Constitution declares Ukrainian language as the state language of the country, while other languages spoken in Ukraine are guaranteed constitutional protection. The Ukrainian language was adopted as the state language by the Law on Languages adopted in Ukrainian SSR in 1989; Russian was specified as the language of communication with the other republics of Soviet Union.[32] Ukraine signed the European Charter on Regional or Minority Languages in 1996, but ratified it only in 2002 when the Parliament adopted the law that partly implemented the charter.[33]

Main article: Legislation on languages in Ukraine

The issue of Russian receiving the status of second official language has been the subject of extended controversial discussion ever since Ukraine became independent in 1991. In every Ukrainian election, many politicians, such as former president Leonid Kuchma, used their promise of making Russian a second state language to win support. The recent President of Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych continued this practice when he was opposition leader. But in an interview with Kommersant, during the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election-campaign, he stated that the status of Russian in Ukraine "is too politicized" and said that if elected President in 2010, he would "have a real opportunity to adopt a law on languages, which implements the requirements of the European Charter of regional languages". He implied these law would need 226 votes in the Ukrainian parliament (50% of the votes instead of the 75% of the votes needed to change the constitution of Ukraine).[34] After his early 2010 election as President, Yanukovych stated (on March 9, 2010) "Ukraine will continue to promote the Ukrainian language as its only state language".[35] At the same time, he stressed that it also necessary to develop other regional languages.[36]

In 1994, a referendum took place in the Donetsk Oblast and the Luhansk Oblast, with around 90% supporting the Russian language gaining status of an official language alongside Ukrainian, and for the Russian language to be an official language on a regional level; however, the referendum was annulled by the (central) Ukrainian government.[37][38]

Former president Viktor Yushchenko, during his 2004 Presidential campaign, also claimed a willingness to introduce more equality for Russian speakers. His clipping service spread an announcement of his promise to make Russian language proficiency obligatory for officials who interact with Russian-speaking citizens.[39] In 2005 Yushchenko stated that he had never signed this decree project.[40] The controversy was seen by some as a deliberate policy of Ukrainization.[41][42]

In 2006, the Kharkiv City Rada was the first to declare Russian to be a regional language.[43] Following that, almost all southern and eastern oblasts (Luhansk, Donetsk, Mykolaiv, Kharkiv, Zaporizhia, and Kherson oblasts), and many major southern and eastern cities (Sevastopol, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Yalta, Luhansk, Zaporizhia, Kryvyi Rih, Odessa) followed suit. Several courts overturned the decision to change the status of the Russian language in the cities of Kryvyi Rih, Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia and Mykolaiv while in Donetsk, Mykolaiv and Kharkiv oblasts it was retained.[44]

In August 2012, a law on regional languages entitled any local language spoken by at least a 10% minority to be declared official within that area.[45] Russian was within weeks declared as a regional language in several southern and eastern oblasts and cities.[46] On 23 February 2014, a bill repealing the law was approved by 232 deputies out of 450[47] but not signed into law by acting-president Oleksandr Turchynov.[48] On 28 February 2018, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine ruled this legislation unconstitutional.[49]

In December 2016, the importation of "anti-Ukrainian" books from Russia was restricted. In February 2017 the Ukrainian government completely banned the commercial importation of books from Russia, which had accounted for up to 60% of all titles sold.[50]

Surveys on the status of the Russian language[edit]

Do you consider it necessary to make Russian an official language in Ukraine? (according to annual surveys by the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences):[30]
19951996199719981999200020012002200320042005
Yes52.050.943.947.646.744.047.448.647.347.548.6
Hard to say15.316.120.615.318.119.316.220.020.420.016.8
No32.632.935.537.035.136.236.031.131.932.234.4
No answer0.10.00.10.10.10.50.40.30.30.30.1
Support for Russian language as the 2nd official. In regions, according to 2005 survey by the National Institute of Strategic Research
Usage of the Russian language in Ukraine by region (2003).

According to a survey by the Research and Branding Group (June 2006), the majority of respondents supported the decisions of local authorities: 52% largely supported (including 69% of population of eastern oblasts and 56% of southern regions), 34% largely did not support the decisions, 9% - answered "partially support and partially not", 5% had no opinion.[51] According to an all-Ukrainian poll carried out in February 2008 by "Ukrainian Democratic Circle" 15% of those polled said that the language issue should be immediately solved,[52] in November 2009 this was 14.7%; in the November 2009 poll 35.8% wanted both the Russian and Ukrainian language to be state languages.[53]

According to polling by RATING, the level of support for granting Russian the status of a state language decreased (from 54% to 46%) and the number of opponents increased (from 40% to 45%) between 2009 and May 2012;[23] in July 2012 41% of respondents supported granting Russian the status of a state language and 51% opposed it.[23] (In July 2012) among the biggest supporters of bilingualism were residents of the Donets Basin (85%), South Ukraine (72%) and East Ukraine (50%).[23] A further poll conducted by RATING in September–October 2012 found 51% opposed granting official status to the Russian language, whereas 41% supported it. The largest regions of support were Donbas (75%), southern (72%) and eastern (53%), whereas nearly 70% of northern and central Ukraine, and 90% of western Ukraine were in opposition.[54] A survey conducted in February 2015 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found that support for Russian as a state language had dropped to 19% (37% in the south, 31% in Donbas and other eastern oblasts).[55] 52% (West: 44%, Central: 57%; South: 43%; East: 61%) said that Russian should be official only in regions where the majority wanted it and 21% said it should be removed from official use.[55]

Other surveys[edit]

Although officially Russian speakers comprise about 30% (2001 census), 39% of Ukrainians interviewed in a 2006 survey believed that the rights of Russophones were violated[56] because the Russian language is not official in the country, whereas 38% had the opposite position.[57][58]

A cross-national survey found that 0.5% of respondents felt they were discriminated against because of their language.[59] According to a poll carried out by the Social Research Center at the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in late 2009 ideological issues were ranked third (15%) as reasons to organize mass protest actions (in particular, the issues of joining NATO, the status of the Russian language, the activities of left- and right-wing political groups, etc.); behind economic issues (25%) and problems of ownership (17%).[60] According to a March 2010 survey, forced Ukrainization and Russian language suppression are of concern to 4.8% of the population.[61]

Use of Russian in specific spheres[edit]

Russian literature in Ukraine[edit]

Oleg Ladyzhensky and Dmitry Gromov, two Russophone Ukrainian co-authors, were named Europe's best science fiction writers in 2006 by ESFS[62]

Historically, many famous writers of Russian literature were born and lived in Ukraine. Nikolai Gogol is probably the most famous example of shared Russo-Ukrainian heritage: Ukrainian by descent, he wrote in Russian, and significantly contributed to culture of both nations. Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov was born in Kiev, as well as poet Ilya Erenburg. A number of notable Russian writers and poets hailed from Odessa, including Ilya Ilf and Yevgeny Petrov, Anna Akhmatova, Isaak Babel. Russian child poet Nika Turbina was born in Yalta, Crimea.

A significant number of contemporary authors from Ukraine write in Russian.[63] This is especially notable within science fiction and fantasy genres.[63] Kharkiv is considered the "capital city" of Ukrainian sci-fi and fantasy, it is home to several popular Russophone Ukrainian writers, such as H. L. Oldie (pen name for Oleg Ladyzhensky and Dmitry Gromov),[64] Alexander Zorich,[65] Andrei Valentinov, and Yuri Nikitin. Science fiction convention Zvezdny Most (Rus. for "Star Bridge") is held in Kharkiv annually. Russophone Ukrainian writers also hail from Kiev, those include Marina and Sergey Dyachenko[66] and Vladimir Arenev. Max Frei hails from Odessa, and Vera Kamsha was born in Lviv. Other Russophone Ukrainian writers of sci-fi and fantasy include Vladimir Vasilyev, Vladislav Rusanov, Alexander Mazin and Fyodor Berezin. RBG-Azimuth, Ukraine's largest sci-fi and fantasy magazine, is published in Russian, as well as now defunct Realnost Fantastiki.[67]

Outside science fiction and fantasy, there is also a number of Russophone realist writers and poets. Ukrainian literary magazine Sho listed Alexander Kabanov, Boris Khersonsky, Andrey Polyakov, Andrey Kurkov and Vladimir Rafeyenko as best Russophone Ukrainian writers of 2013.[68]

According to H. L. Oldie, writing in Russian is an easier way for Ukrainian authors to be published and reach a broader audience. The authors say that it is because of Ukraine's ineffective book publishing policy: while Russian publishers are interested in popular literature, Ukrainian publishers rely mostly on grant givers.[63] Many Ukrainian publishers agree and complain about low demand and low profitability for books in Ukrainian, compared to books in Russian.[69]

In the media[edit]

A 2012 study showed that:[70]

  • on the radio, 3.4% of songs were in Ukrainian while 60% were in Russian
  • over 60% of newspapers, 83% of journals and 87% of books were in Russian
  • 28% of TV programs were in Ukrainian, even on state-owned channels

Russian-language programming is sometimes subtitled in Ukrainian, and commercials during Russian-language programs are in Ukrainian on Ukraine-based media.

On March 11, 2014, amidst pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, the Ukrainian National Council on Television and Radio Broadcasting shut down the broadcast of Russian television channels Rossiya 24, Channel One Russia, RTR Planeta, and NTV Mir in Ukraine.[71][72] Since 19 August 2014 Ukraine has blocked 14 Russian television channels "to protect its media space from aggression from Russia, which has been deliberately inciting hatred and discord among Ukrainian citizens".[73]

In early June 2015 162 Russian movies and TV series were banned in Ukraine because they were seen to contains popularization, agitation and/or propaganda for the 2014–15 Russian military intervention in Ukraine (this military intervention is denied by Russia).[74][75] All movies that feature "unwanted" Russian or Russia-supporting actors were also banned.[76]

On the Internet[edit]

Russian is by far the preferred language on websites in Ukraine (80.1%), followed by English (10.1%), then Ukrainian (9.5%). The Russian language version of Wikipedia is five times more popular within Ukraine than the Ukrainian one, with these numbers matching those for the 2008 Gallup poll cited above (in which 83% of Ukrainians preferred to take the survey in Russian and 17% in Ukrainian.)[77]

While government organizations are required to have their websites in Ukrainian, Ukrainian usage of the Internet is mostly in the Russian language. According to DomainTyper, the top ranking .ua domains are google.com.ua, yandex.ua, ex.ua and i.ua, all of which use the Russian language as default.[78] According to 2013 UIA research, four of the five most popular websites (aside from Google) in Ukraine were Russian or Russophone: those are Vkontakte, Mail.ru, Yandex, and Odnoklassniki.[79] The top Ukrainian language website in this rank is Ukr.net, which was only the 8th most popular, and even Ukr.net uses both languages interchangeably.

On May 15, 2017, Ukrainian president Poroshenko issued a decree than demanded all Ukrainian internet providers to block access to all most popular Russian social media and websites, including VK, Odnoklassniki, Mail.ru, Yandex citing matters of national security in the context of war in Donbas and explaining it as a response to "massive Russian cyberattacks across the world".[80][81] On the following day the demand for applications that allowed to access blocked websites skyrocketed in Ukrainian segments of App Store and Google Play.[82] The ban was condemned by Human Rights Watch that called it "a cynical, politically expedient attack on the right to information affecting millions of Ukrainians, and their personal and professional lives",[83] while head of Council of Europe[84][better source needed] expressed a "strong concern" about the ban.

In education[edit]

Among private secondary schools, each individual institution decides whether to study Russian or not.[85] All Russian-language schools teach the Ukrainian language as a required course.[86]

The number of Russian-teaching schools has reduced since Ukrainian independence in 1991 and now[when?] it is much lower than the proportion of Russophones,[87][88][89]but still higher than the proportion of ethnic Russians.

The Law on Education formerly granted Ukrainian families (parents and their children) a right to choose their native language for schools and studies.[90] This was changed by a new law in 2017 that only allows the use of Ukrainian in secondary schools and higher.

Higher education institutions in Ukraine generally use Ukrainian as the language of instruction.[1]

According to parliamentarians of the Supreme Council of Crimea, in 2010 90% students of Crimea were studying in Russian language schools.[91] At the same time, only 7% of students in Crimea study in Ukrainian language schools.[92] In 2012, the only Ukrainian boarding school (50 pupils) in Sevastopol was closed, while children who would not study in Russian language were to be transferred to a boarding school for children with retarded development (see Intellectual disability).[93]

In courts[edit]

Since 1 January 2010, court proceedings have been allowed to take place in Russian on mutual consent of parties. Citizens who are unable to speak Ukrainian or Russian are allowed to use their native language or the services of an interpreter.[94]

In business[edit]

As of 2008, business affairs in Ukraine were mainly dealt with in Russian,[1] Advanced technical and engineering courses at the university level in Ukraine were taught in Russian, which was changed according to the 2017 law "On Education".

See also[edit]

  • Russians in Ukraine
  • Human Rights Public Movement "Russian-speaking Ukraine", a non-governmental organisation based in Ukraine.
  • Surzhyk
  • Russian book ban in Ukraine

Further reading[edit]

  • Русские говоры Сумской области. Sumy. 1998. 160 pages. ISBN 966-7413-01-2
  • Русские говоры на Украине. Kiev: Naukova Dumka. 1982. 231 pages.
  • Степанов, Є. М. (2004). Ю. О. Карпенка; І. І. Мечнікова (eds.). Російське мовлення Одеси: Монографія. Odessa: Астропринт. ISBN 966-318-289-X.
  • Фомин, А. И. Языковой вопрос в Украине: идеология, право, политика. Монография (2nd ed.). Kiev: Журнал «Радуга». 264 pages. ISBN 966-8325-65-6
  • Arel, Dominique; Ruble, Blair A., eds. (2006). Rebounding Identities: The Politics of Identity in Russia and Ukraine. Copub. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 384 pages. ISBN 0-8018-8562-0 and ISBN 978-0-8018-8562-4
  • Bilaniuk, Laada (2005). Contested Tongues: Language Politics And Cultural Correction in Ukraine. Cornell University Press. 256 pages. ISBN 978-0-8014-4349-7
  • Laitin, David Dennis (1998). Identity in Formation: The Russian-Speaking Populations in the Near Abroad. Cornell University Press. 417 pages. ISBN 0-8014-8495-2
  • Del Gaudio, Salvatore (2013). Rudolf Muhr; et al. (eds.). "Russian as a Non-Dominant Variety in Post-Soviet States: a Comparison". Exploring Linguistic Standards in Non-Dominant Varieties of Pluricentric Languages. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag: 343–363.
  • Seals, Corinne A. (2019). Choosing a Mother Tongue: The Politics of Language and Identity in Ukraine. Multilingual Matters. 213 pages. ISBN 1-78892-501-7

References[edit]

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    Speculative fiction in Ukrainian is living through a hard time today... Speaking of fiction written by Ukrainian citizens, regardless of language (primarily Russian, of course), there's a brighter picture. More than 30 fantasy and science fiction writers are active here, their books are regularly published (in Russia, mostly), they enjoy the readers' love they deserve; many are recipients of prestigious literary awards, including international.
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    (in Ukrainian) З подачі "Регіонів" Рада дозволила російську у судах, Ukrayinska Pravda (23 June 2009)
    (in Ukrainian) ЗМІ: Російська мова стала офіційною в українських судах Archived January 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Novynar (29 July 2010)
    (in Ukrainian) Російська мова стала офіційною в українських судах, forUm (29 July 2010)