Cementerio central de Viena

Cemetery in Vienna, Austria

"Cementerio central" vuelve a dirigir aquí. Para otros usos, consulte Cementerio central (desambiguación) .

"Zentralfriedhof" vuelve a dirigir aquí. Para el cementerio en Friedrichsfelde, Berlín, vea Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde .

Cementerio central de Viena

La iglesia del cementerio de San Carlos Borromeo en medio del cementerio central de Viena
Detalles
Establecido	1863
Localización	Hirviendo a fuego lento , Viena, Austria
País	Austria
Coordenadas	48 ° 09′09 ″ N 16 ° 26′24 ″ E / 48.15250°N 16.44000°E / 48.15250; 16.44000 Coordenadas: 48 ° 09′09 ″ N 16 ° 26′24 ″ E  / 48.15250°N 16.44000°E / 48.15250; 16.44000
Tipo	Público
Tamaño	2,4 kilómetros cuadrados (590 acres)
No. de tumbas	más de 330.000 tumbas
No. de enterramientos	3 millones
Encuentra una tumba	Cementerio central de Viena

El cementerio central de Viena (en alemán : Wiener Zentralfriedhof ) es uno de los cementerios más grandes del mundo por número de enterrados, y es el cementerio más conocido entre los casi 50 cementerios de Viena . El nombre del cementerio es descriptivo de su importancia como el cementerio más grande de Viena, no de su ubicación geográfica, ya que no se encuentra en el centro de la capital austriaca , sino en las afueras, en el distrito exterior de la ciudad de Simmering .

Historia y descripción

A diferencia de muchos otros, el cementerio central de Viena no es uno que haya evolucionado lentamente. La decisión de establecer un cementerio nuevo y grande para Viena llegó en 1863 cuando quedó claro que, debido a la industrialización, la población de la ciudad eventualmente aumentaría hasta tal punto que los cementerios comunales existentes resultarían insuficientes. Los líderes de la ciudad esperaban que Viena, entonces capital del gran Imperio Austro-Húngaro, crecería a cuatro millones de habitantes a finales del siglo XX, ya que nadie previó el colapso del Imperio en 1918. Por lo tanto, el ayuntamiento asignó un área significativamente fuera de las fronteras de la ciudad y de una dimensión tan grande, que sería suficiente para mucho tiempo por venir. Decidieron en 1869 que un área plana en Simmering debería ser el sitio del futuro Cementerio Central. El cementerio fue diseñado en 1870; según los planos de los arquitectos paisajistas de Frankfurt Karl Jonas Mylius y Alfred Friedrich Bluntschli que fueron premiados por su proyecto per angusta ad augusta (de dire a sublime). ^[1]

El cementerio se inauguró el día de Todos los Santos en 1874. Sin embargo, la consagración del cementerio no estuvo exenta de controversias: el carácter interdenominacional del nuevo cementerio - los diferentes grupos religiosos enterrados en el mismo terreno - se encontró con una feroz resistencia, especialmente en los conservadores círculos de la Iglesia Católica Romana . ^[2]

This argument became even more aggressive when the city announced that it did not want an official Catholic opening of the new cemetery – but gave a substantial amount of money toward the construction of a segregated Jewish section. In the end, the groups reached an agreement resulting in the Catholic representatives opening the Central Cemetery with a small ceremony. Due to refraining from having a large public showing, the new cemetery was inaugurated almost unnoticed in the early morning of 31 October 1874 by Vienna Mayor Baron Cajetan von Felder and Cardinal Joseph Othmar Rauscherpara evitar una escalada de la controversia pública. La inauguración oficial del Cementerio Central se produjo al día siguiente. El primer entierro fue el de Jacob Zelzer, seguido de otros 15 ese día. La tumba de Jacob Zelzer todavía existe cerca del edificio de la administración en el muro del cementerio. ^[3]

El cementerio se extiende por 2,5 km ² (620 acres) con 330.000 entierros y hasta 25 entierros diarios. También es el segundo cementerio más grande, después de los 4 km ² (990 acres) de Hamburgo 's Ohlsdorf cementerio , que es el más grande de Europa por número de enterramientos y zona.

Una broma vienesa dice que el cementerio central es "la mitad del tamaño de Zurich , pero el doble de divertido" (en alemán : Halb so groß wie Zürich - aber doppelt so lustig ist der Wiener Zentralfriedhof! ). ^[4] El Cementerio Central tiene una población muerta de casi el doble de los actuales residentes vivos de Viena .

Frente a la puerta principal del cementerio, al otro lado de Simmeringer Hauptstrasse, se encuentra Feuerhalle Simmering , el primer crematorio de Viena , que fue construido por Clemens Holzmeister en 1922 al estilo de una fortaleza oriental. ^[5]

La iglesia en el centro del cementerio es la Iglesia del Cementerio de San Carlos Borromeo . Solía ​​llamarse Dr. Karl-Lueger -Gedächtniskirche (Iglesia en memoria de Karl Lueger) debido a la cripta del ex alcalde de Viena debajo del altar mayor. Esta iglesia de estilo Art Nouveau fue construida en 1908-1910 por Max Hegele. La cripta de los presidentes federales austríacos está frente a la iglesia. Debajo del sarcófago , hay una bóveda funeraria con escaleras que conducen a una sala circular cuyas paredes están revestidas con nichos donde se puede enterrar al difunto en una urna o ataúd.

Ehrengräber

Main article: Ehrengrab

In its early incarnations,the cemetery was unpopular because of the distance from the city centre that the authorities had to think of ways to make it more attractive – hence the development of the grave of honor (German: Ehrengrab) as a kind of tourist attraction.

Interred in the Central Cemetery are notables such as Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert, who were moved to the Central Cemetery from "Währinger Ostfriedhof" in 1888; Johannes Brahms; Antonio Salieri; Johann Strauss II and Arnold Schoenberg. A cenotaph honours Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who is buried in nearby St. Marx Cemetery.

Interdenominational character

In addition to the Catholic section, the cemetery houses a Protestant cemetery (opened 1904) and two Jewish cemeteries.

Although the older of the two, established in 1863, was destroyed by the Nazis during the Kristallnacht, around 60,000 graves remain intact. Cemetery records indicate 79,833 Jewish burials as of 10 July 2011. Prominent burials here include those of the Rothschild family and that of the author Arthur Schnitzler. The second Jewish cemetery was built in 1917 and is still in use today. There were 58,804 Jewish burials in the new section as of 21 November 2007.^[6] Officials discovered the desecration of 43 Jewish graves in the two Jewish sections on 29 June 2012, allegedly as an anti-Semitic act – the stones and slabs were toppled or damaged.^[7]

Since 1876, Muslims have been buried at Vienna's Zentralfriedhof. The dead are buried according to Austrian law, in a coffin, in contrast to the Islamic ritual practice; burial in a shroud. The opening of the new Islamic cemetery of the Islamic Faith Community took place on 3 October 2008 in Liesing.

The cemetery also contains Russian Orthodox burial grounds (Saint Lazarus chapel, 1894) and plots dedicated for the use of various Eastern Orthodox churches. Since 1869, members of the Greek Orthodox community have been buried in Section 30 A, just west of Gate 2, near the arcades. The Romanian Orthodox community is near Gate 3 in Section 38 as are members of the Bulgarian Orthodox churches. The Serbian Orthodox community received portions of Sections 68 B and 69 C, near Gate 3. Section 27 A contains the tombs of the Coptic Orthodox Church.^[8]

The Protestant section on the east side is dedicated for the use of both confessions-parts of the Evangelical Protestant church in Austria, the Lutheran A.B (Evangelische Kirche Augsburger Bekenntnis) and Calvinist H.B (Evangelische Kirche Helvetisches Bekenntnis). The cemetery was inaugurated in the presence of the President of the Evangelical Protestant Church, Dr. Rudolf Franz on 14 November 1904. The cemetery was expanded in 1926, 1972 and 1998. The Protestant section consists of 6,000 graves and 300 family vaults.^[9]

In 2000, a Baby burial ground opened in Section 35 B near Gate 3 where stillborn infants, dead babies, and young children up to 110 centimetres (43 in) of height are interred.^[10]

Europe's first Buddhist cemetery was established in the Vienna Central Cemetery in May 2005. An area of the Central Cemetery has been set aside for this purpose centered around a stupa, and was consecrated by a Tibetan monk.^[11]

The new Anatomy Memorial opened in Section 26, on 5 March 2009, for interments of the Institute of Anatomy of the Medical University of Vienna and for the people who donated their bodies to science.^[12]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Austria celebrated the dedication of an hectare-sized plot set apart for the Mormon deceased in the Vienna Central Cemetery 19 September 2009.

Access

Private car traffic is allowed on the cemetery grounds every day of the year except 1 November (All Saint's Day), although vehicles must pay a toll. Because of the large number of visitors on 1 November, private vehicles are not permitted. A public "cemetery bus" line (Route 106) operates on the grounds with several stops. The old Simmering horse tram was replaced by an electric tram, running from Schwarzenbergplatz to the Central Cemetery, in 1901 and it was renumbered as "71" (der 71er) in 1907; it remains the most popular route to the cemetery by public transport. The "Zentralfriedhof" stop on the Vienna S-Bahn (metro suburban railway) is close to the old Jewish part of the cemetery. The closest underground stop is "Simmering" (Vienna U-Bahn, line U3), about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the cemetery.

Gallery

• Buddhist burial ground

• Muslim section

• Protestant section with funerary chapel

• Russian Orthodox chapel

• Anatomy Memorial

• Military section

• Mausoleum of the architect Max Fleischer (1841–1905) in the old Jewish section

• Mortuary building

Cultural references

The cemetery is the scene of Harry Lime's fake and real funeral at the beginning and end of The Third Man.^[13] The musician Wolfgang Ambros credited the cemetery in his 1975 song Es lebe der Zentralfriedhof ("Long live the Central Cemetery"), marking with it the 100th anniversary of its opening.

Notable interments

Further information: Category:Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery

• Alfred Adler (1870–1937), psychiatrist and psychologist, founder of individual psychology
• Wolf Albach-Retty (1906–1967), Austrian actor
• Rudolf von Alt (1812–1905), painter
• Alois Ander (1821–1864), Bohemian-born operatic tenor
• Franz Antel (1913–2007), film director, writer and producer
• Leon Askin (1907–2005), actor
• Franz von Bayros (1866–1924), artist
• Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827), composer
• Erna Berger (1900–1990), opera singer
• Ulrich Bettac (1897–1959), actor
• Theodor Billroth (1829–1894), surgeon
• Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906), physicist/mathematician
• Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk (1851–1914), Austrian economist
• Sergei Bortkiewicz (1877–1952), composer, with his wife Elisabeth
• Johannes Brahms (1833–1897), composer
• Adolf von Brudermann (1854–1945), Austro-Hungarian general
• Rudolf von Brudermann (1851–1941), Austro-Hungarian general
• Ignaz Brüll (1846–1907), composer
• Carl Czerny (1791–1857), piano teacher and composer
• Elfi von Dassanowsky (1924–2007), singer and film producer
• Georg Decker (1818–1894), portrait artist
• Otto Erich Deutsch (1883–1967), musicologist
• Heinrich Elbogen (1872–1927), Austrian sports shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics
• Falco civil name Johann (Hans) Hölzel (1957–1998), rock singer
• Anton Dominik Fernkorn (1813–1878), sculptor
• Leopold Figl (1902–1965), statesman
• Viktor Frankl (1905–1997), neurologist, psychiatrist, and Holocaust survivor
• Egon Friedell (1878–1938), Austrian philosopher, historian, journalist, actor, cabaret performer, and theatre critic
• Edgar Froese (1944–2015), musician, artist, composer
• Dorothea Gerard (1855–1915), novelist
• Carl von Ghega (1802–1860), engineer
• Alexander Girardi (1850–1918), actor
• Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714–1787), composer
• Karl Goldmark (1830–1915), composer
• Alfred Grünfeld (1852–1924), pianist
• Cecil van Haanen (1844–1914), artist
• Baron Theophil von Hansen (1813–1891), architect
• Anton Heiller (1923–1979), organist and composer
• Johann von Herbeck (1831–1877), composer
• Hysni Curri (?–1925), Albanian revolutionary^[14][15]
• Gert Jonke (1946–2009), poet, playwright and novelist
• Curd Jürgens (1912–1982), actor
• Emmerich Kálmán (1882–1953), composer
• Vera Karalli (1889–1972), ballerina and actress
• Siavash Kasrai (1927–1996), Persian Marxist poet^[16]
• Wilhelm Kienzl (1857–1941), composer
• Thomas Klestil (1932–2004), Austrian president (1992–2004)
• Bruno Kreisky (1911–1990), statesman
• Karl Kraus (1874–1936), writer
• Werner Johannes Krauss (1884–1959), stage and film actor
• Hedy Lamarr (1914–2000), actress and inventor
• Joseph Lanner (1801–1843), composer
• Lotte Lehmann (1888–1976), opera singer
• György Ligeti (1923–2006), composer
• Theo Lingen (1903–1978), actor/director
• Guido von List (1848–1919) 19th-century mystic Germanic and Runic revivalist
• Adolf Loos (1870–1933), architect
• Max Lorenz (1901–1975), German tenor
• Karl Lueger (1844–1910), politician
• Julius Madritsch (1906–1984), Austrian Righteous Among the Nations
• Hans Moser (1880–1964), actor
• Siegfried Marcus (1831–1898), automobile pioneer
• Karl Millöcker (1842–1899), composer
• Karl Eugen Neumann (1865–1915), European pioneer of Buddhism
• Walter Nowotny (1920–1944), World War II Luftwaffe pilot
• Georg Wilhelm Pabst (1885–1967), film director
• Hans Pfitzner (1869–1949), composer
• Clemens von Pirquet (1874–1929), scientist and pediatrician
• Paula von Preradović (1887–1951), writer
• Helmut Qualtinger (1928–1986), actor
• Julius Raab (1891–1964), statesman
• Geli Raubal (1908–1931), Adolf Hitler's half-niece
• Karl Renner (1870–1950), statesman
• Richard Réti (1889–1929), chess grandmaster
• Josef Karl Richter (1880–1933), composer
• Hans Riemer, politician
• Albert Salomon von Rothschild (1844–1911), financier
• Nathaniel Mayer Anselm von Rothschild (1836–1905), financier
• Léonie Rysanek (1926–1998), opera singer
• Antonio Salieri (1750–1825), composer
• Friedrich Schilcher (1811–1881), painter
• Franz Schmidt (1874–1939), composer
• Arthur Schnitzler (1862–1931), writer
• Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951), composer
• Franz Schubert (1797–1828), composer
• Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky (1897–2000), architect
• David Schwarz (1852–1897) aviation pioneer
• Alma Seidler (1899–1977), actress
• Ignaz Seipel (1876–1932), statesman, Austrian chancellor
• Matthias Sindelar (1903–1939), footballer
• Robert Stolz (1880–1975), composer
• Eduard Strauss (1835–1916), composer
• Johann Strauss I (1804–1849), composer
• Johann Strauss II (1825–1899), composer
• Josef Strauss (1827–1870), composer
• Franz von Suppé (1819–1895), composer
• Heinrich Schenker (1868–1935), music theorist
• Friedrich Torberg (1908–1979), writer
• Kurt Waldheim (1918–2007), U.N secretary-general, Austrian president
• Franz Werfel (1890–1945), poet
• Franz West (1947–2012), artist
• Anton Wildgans (1881–1932), poet
• Hugo Wolf (1860–1903), composer
• Fritz Wotruba (1907–1975), sculptor
• Joe Zawinul (1932–2007), jazz keyboardist and composer
• Alexander von Zemlinsky (1871–1942), composer

• Ludwig van Beethoven's grave.

• Ludwig Boltzmann's grave.

• Johannes Brahms's grave.

• Arnold Schoenberg's grave.

• Franz Schubert's grave.

• Johann Strauss' I grave.

• Franz Werfel's grave.

• Hedy Lamarr's grave.

References

1. "Zentralfriedhof – Central Cemetery (Vienna, Austria)". Association of Significant Cemeteries of Europe. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
2. "Info Service: Wiener Zentralfriedhof" [Info Service: Vienna Central Cemetery] (in German). Friedhoefe wien. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
3. "Rund um das Friedhofsareal: Daten und Fakten" [Around the Cemetery Area: Facts and Figures] (in German). Friedhoefe wien. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
4. "Wien und der Tod – eine Geschichte des Wiener Zentralfriedhofs" [Vienna and death – a history of the Viennese central cemetery] (in German). Wiensehen.at. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
5. "Undertakers' Museum". Vienna Direct. Retrieved 2014-11-03. And less than 20% of the predominantly Catholic Viennese choose cremation, the rest hoping for a schöne Leiche (beautiful corpse).
6. "JOWBR Cemetery Inventory". Jewishgen.org. 18 July 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
7. "Austria: 43 Jewish graves desecrated in Vienna". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
8. "Führungen Zentralfriedhof Wien – Die christlich-orthodoxen Begräbnisstätten" [A place for everyone at the Vienna Central Cemetery – the Christian – Orthodox burial sites] (in German). Wiensehen.at. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
9. "Geschichte des Wiener Zentralfriedhofs" [History of Vienna's Central Cemetery] (in German). Friedhoefewien.at. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
10. "The Baby Lot at Vienna Central Cemetery". Friedhöfe Wien. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
11. "Österreichische Buddhistische Religionsgesellschaft" [Austria Buddhist Religion Society] (in German). Buddhismus-austria.at. Archived from the original on 2014-11-04. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
12. "Anatomie Gruppe 26" [Anatomy group 26] (in German). Friedhoefewien.at. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
13. "Location shots in Vienna of The Third Man (1949)". University of British Columbia Physics Department. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
14. Heral Saraçi (2012-09-29), Kush ishin drejtuesit e Partisë Nacionaliste [Who were the leaders of the Nationalist Party] (in Albanian), Gazeta Republika, retrieved 9 February 2014
15. Hazir Mehmeti (7 May 2013), Hysni Curri, zëri që thërret prehjen në Atdhe [Hysni Curri, the voice that calls to repose in the homeland] (in Albanian), AlbanianPress, retrieved 9 February 2014
16. "KASRA'I, Siavash". iranicaonline.org. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2021-04-06.

External links

• Media related to Vienna Central Cemetery at Wikimedia Commons
• Official website
• Vienna Central Cemetery at Find a Grave