Alfred Peter Friedrich von Tirpitz (19 de marzo de 1849 - 6 de marzo de 1930) fue un Gran Almirante alemán , Secretario de Estado de la Oficina Naval Imperial Alemana , la poderosa rama administrativa de la Armada Imperial Alemana desde 1897 hasta 1916. Prusia nunca tuvo una armada importante , ni tampoco los otros estados alemanes antes de que se formara el Imperio Alemán en 1871. El Tirpitz tomó la modesta Armada Imperial y, a partir de la década de 1890, la convirtió en una fuerza de clase mundial que podría amenazar a la Marina Real británica . Sin embargo, durante la Primera Guerra Mundial , su Flota de Alta Mar no pudo acabar con el dominio del mar por parte de Gran Bretaña.y su estrangulamiento sobre la economía de Alemania. El único gran enfrentamiento en el mar, la Batalla de Jutlandia , terminó con una estrecha victoria táctica alemana, pero un fracaso estratégico. A medida que las limitaciones de la flota de alta mar se hicieron cada vez más evidentes durante la guerra, el Tirpitz se convirtió en un firme defensor de la guerra submarina sin restricciones , una política que finalmente llevaría a Alemania a entrar en conflicto con los Estados Unidos. A principios de 1916, fue destituido de su cargo y nunca recuperó el poder.
Alfred von Tirpitz | |
---|---|
Nació | Küstrin , Provincia de Brandeburgo , Reino de Prusia en la Confederación Alemana (hoy Kostrzyn, Polonia ) | 19 de marzo de 1849
Fallecido | 6 de marzo de 1930 Ebenhausen , Estado Libre de Baviera en la República de Weimar | (80 años)
Enterrado | |
Lealtad | Reino de Prusia Confederación de Alemania del Norte Imperio alemán |
Servicio / sucursal | Armada de Prusia Armada Federal del Norte de Alemania Armada Imperial de Alemania |
Años de servicio | 1869–1916 |
Rango | Gran Almirante |
Batallas / guerras | Guerra Franco-Prusiana Primera Guerra Mundial |
Premios | Pour le Mérite Caballero de la Orden del Águila Negra Caballero de la Orden Friedrich Gran Cruz de la Real Orden Victoriana |
Familia y vida temprana
Tirpitz nació en Küstrin (hoy Kostrzyn en Polonia ) en la provincia prusiana de Brandeburgo , hijo del abogado y más tarde juez Rudolf Tirpitz (1811-1905). Su madre era hija de un médico. Tirpitz creció en Frankfurt (Oder) . Dejó constancia en sus memorias que de niño fue un alumno mediocre.
Tirpitz hablaba inglés con fluidez y se sentía lo suficientemente como en casa en Gran Bretaña que envió a sus dos hijas al Cheltenham Ladies 'College .
El 18 de noviembre de 1884 se casó con Maria Augusta Lipke (nacida el 11 de octubre de 1860 en Schwetz, Prusia Occidental, murió después de 1941). El 12 de junio de 1900 fue elevado a la nobleza prusiana, convirtiéndose en von Tirpitz. Su hijo, Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang von Tirpitz, fue hecho prisionero de guerra después del hundimiento de SMS Mainz en la batalla de Heligoland Bight el 28 de agosto de 1914. Su hija Ilse von Hassell se casó con el diplomático Ulrich von Hassell, quien fue ejecutado en 1944 como un anti -Activista de Hitler. [1] [2] Su hija Fey (ver Wiki 'Fey de Hassell - Fey von Hassell') y sus hijos pequeños fueron tomados como rehenes. Escribió sobre la experiencia en A Mother's War . [3]
Tirpitz se unió a la Armada de Prusia más por accidente que por diseño cuando un amigo anunció que lo estaba haciendo. Tirpitz decidió que le gustaba la idea y con el consentimiento de sus padres se convirtió en cadete naval a la edad de 16 años, el 24 de abril de 1865. Asistió a la Escuela Naval de Kiel . Al cabo de un año, Prusia estaba en guerra con Austria. El Tirpitz se convirtió en guardiamarina ( Seekadett ) el 24 de junio de 1866 y fue destinado a un velero que patrullaba el Canal de la Mancha . En 1866, Prusia pasó a formar parte de la Confederación de Alemania del Norte , la marina se convirtió oficialmente en la de la confederación y el Tirpitz se unió a la nueva institución el 24 de junio de 1869.
El 22 de septiembre de 1869 obtuvo el rango de Unterleutnant zur See (subteniente) y sirvió a bordo del SMS König Wilhelm . Durante la guerra franco-prusiana, la Armada de Prusia fue superada en número y, por lo tanto, el barco pasó la duración de la guerra anclado, para gran vergüenza de la armada. Durante los primeros años de la carrera del Tirpitz, Prusia y Gran Bretaña se llevaban bien y la Armada de Prusia pasaba mucho tiempo en los puertos británicos. Tirpitz informó que Plymouth era más hospitalario con los marineros alemanes que Kiel , mientras que también era más fácil obtener equipos y suministros allí, que eran de mejor calidad que los disponibles en casa. En ese momento, la Royal Navy británica se complació en ayudar a la de Prusia en su desarrollo y los oficiales prusianos tenían un respeto considerable por sus homólogos británicos. [4]
Desarrollo de torpedos
La unificación de Alemania en 1871 significó nuevamente un cambio de nombre, a la Armada Imperial Alemana . El 25 de mayo de 1872, el Tirpitz fue ascendido a Leutnant zur See (teniente en el mar) y el 18 de noviembre de 1875 a Kapitänleutnant (capitán-teniente). En 1877 fue elegido para visitar los trabajos de desarrollo de Whitehead Torpedo en Fiume y luego fue puesto a cargo de la sección alemana de torpedos, más tarde rebautizada como inspección de torpedos. En 1879 se había producido un dispositivo que funcionaba, pero incluso en condiciones de demostración, el Tirpitz calculó que era tan probable que fallara un objetivo como que lo acertara. El 17 de septiembre de 1881 se convirtió en Korvettenkapitän (capitán de corbeta). De desarrollar torpedos, el Tirpitz pasó a desarrollar torpederos para entregarlos. El secretario de Estado de la Marina, Leo von Caprivi , era un pariente lejano, y Tirpitz ahora trabajaba con él en el desarrollo de tácticas. Caprivi imaginó que los barcos se utilizarían a la defensiva contra su enemigo más probable, Francia, pero el Tirpitz se dedicó a desarrollar planes para atacar el puerto base francés de Cherburgo . Tirpitz luego describió su tiempo con torpederos como "los once mejores años de mi vida". [5]
En 1887, los torpederos escoltaron al príncipe Guillermo para asistir a las celebraciones del jubileo de oro de su abuela, la reina Victoria . Esta fue la primera vez que Tirpitz conoció a Wilhelm. En julio de 1888, Caprivi fue sucedido por Alexander von Monts . Los barcos torpederos ya no se consideraban importantes, y el Tirpitz solicitó la transferencia, al mando de los cruceros SMS Preussen y luego SMS Württemberg . Fue ascendido a Capitán ( Kapitän zur See ) el 24 de noviembre de 1888 y en 1890 se convirtió en jefe de personal del Escuadrón Báltico. En una ocasión, el Kaiser estaba asistiendo a una cena con los oficiales superiores navales en Kiel y les preguntó su opinión sobre cómo debería desarrollarse la marina. Finalmente la pregunta le llegó al Tirpitz y le aconsejó construir barcos de guerra. Esta fue una respuesta que atrajo al Kaiser, y nueve meses después fue trasladado a Berlín para trabajar en una nueva estrategia para crear una flota de alta mar. El Tirpitz nombró un estado mayor de oficiales que había conocido de su tiempo con los botes torpederos y reunió todo tipo de embarcaciones como acorazados sustitutos para realizar ejercicios para probar tácticas. El 1 de diciembre de 1892 hizo una presentación de sus hallazgos al Kaiser. Esto lo puso en conflicto con el secretario de Estado de la Marina, el almirante Friedrich von Hollmann . Hollmann era responsable de la adquisición de barcos y tenía la política de recolectar barcos según lo permitiera la financiación. El Tirpitz había llegado a la conclusión de que el mejor arreglo de combate era un escuadrón de ocho acorazados idénticos, en lugar de cualquier otra combinación de barcos con habilidades mixtas. A continuación, deberían añadirse más barcos en grupos de ocho. Hollmann favoreció una flota mixta que incluye cruceros para operaciones de larga distancia en el extranjero. El Tirpitz creía que en una guerra ningún número de cruceros estaría a salvo a menos que estuvieran respaldados por suficientes acorazados.
Kapitän zur See (captain at sea) Tirpitz became chief of the naval staff in 1892 and was made a Konteradmiral (rear admiral) in 1895.
In autumn 1895, frustrated by the non-adoption of his recommendations, Tirpitz asked to be replaced. The Kaiser, not wishing to lose him, asked instead that he prepare a set of recommendations for ship construction. This was delivered on 3 January 1896, but the timing was bad as it coincided with raids into the Transvaal in Southern Africa by pro-British forces against the pro-German Boers. The Kaiser immediately set his mind to demanding cruisers which could operate at a distance and influence the war. Hollman was tasked with obtaining money from the Reichstag for a building programme, but failed to gain funding for enough ships to satisfy anyone. Imperial Chancellor Hohenlohe saw no sense in naval enlargement and reported back that the Reichstag opposed it. Admiral Gustav von Senden-Bibran, Chief of the Naval Cabinet, advised that the only possibility lay in replacing Hollmann: Wilhelm impulsively decided to appoint Tirpitz.[6]
Meanwhile, however, Hollmann had obtained funding for one battleship and three large cruisers. It was felt that replacing him before the bill had completed approval through the Reichstag would be a mistake. Instead, Tirpitz was placed in charge of the German East Asia Squadron in the Far East but with a promise of appointment as Secretary at a suitable moment. The cruiser squadron operated from British facilities in Hong Kong which were far from satisfactory as the German ships always took second place for available docks. Tirpitz was instructed to find a suitable site for a new port, selecting four possible sites. Although he initially favoured the bay at Kiautschou/Tsingtao, others in the naval establishment advocated a different location and even Tirpitz wavered on his commitment in his final report. A 'lease' on the land was acquired in 1898 after it was fortuitously occupied by German forces. On 12 March 1896 the Reichstag cut back Hollmann's appropriation of 70 million marks to 58 million, and Hollman offered his resignation. Tirpitz was summoned home and offered the post of Secretary of the Imperial Navy office (Reichsmarineamt). He went home the long way, touring the United States on the way and arriving in Berlin 6 June 1897. He was pessimistic of his chances of succeeding with the Reichstag.[7]
On 15 June Tirpitz presented a memorandum on the makeup and purpose of the German fleet to the Kaiser. This defined the principal enemy as Great Britain, and the principal area of conflict to be that between Heligoland and the Thames. Cruiser warfare around the globe was deemed impractical because Germany had few bases to resupply ships, while the chief need was for as many battleships as possible to take on the British fleet. A target was outlined for two squadrons of eight battleships, plus a fleet flagship and two reserves. This was to be completed by 1905 and cost 408 million marks, or 58 million per year, the same as the existing budget. The proposal was innovative in several ways. It made a clear statement of naval needs, whereas before the navy had grown piecemeal. It set out the programme for seven years ahead, which neither the Reichstag nor the navy should change. It defined a change in German foreign policy so as to justify the existence of the fleet: Great Britain up to this point had been friendly, now it was officially an enemy. The Kaiser agreed the plan and Tirpitz retired to St Blasien in the Black Forest with a team of naval specialists to draft a naval bill for presentation to the Reichstag. Information about the plan leaked out to Admiral Knorr, head of the Naval High Command. Tirpitz agreed to a joint committee to discuss changes in the navy, but then arranged that it never receive any information. Similarly, he arranged a joint committee with the Treasury State Secretary to discuss finance, which never discussed anything. Meanwhile, he continued his best efforts to convince the Kaiser and Chancellor, so that in due course he could announce the issues had already been decided at a higher level and thereby avoid debate.[8]
Once the bill was nearly complete Tirpitz started a round of visits to obtain support. First he visited the former Chancellor and elder statesman, Prince Bismarck. Armed with the announcement that the Kaiser intended to name the next ship launched Furst Bismarck, he persuaded the former chancellor, who had been dismissed from office for disagreement with Wilhelm II, to modestly support the proposals. Tirpitz now visited the King of Saxony, the Prince Regent of Bavaria, the Grand Duke of Baden and Oldenburg and the councils of the Hanseatic towns. On 19 October the draft bill was sent to the printers for presentation to the Reichstag. Tirpitz's approach was to be as accommodating with the deputies as he could. He was patient and good humoured, proceeding on the assumption that if everything was explained carefully, then the deputies would naturally be convinced. Groups were invited to private meetings to discuss the bill. Tours of ships and shipyards were arranged. The Kaiser and Chancellor stressed that the fleet was only intended for protection of Germany, but so that even a first class power might think twice before attacking. Highlights from a letter Prince Bismarck wrote were read out in the Reichstag, though not mentioning passages where he expressed reservations. Papers were circulated showing the relative size of foreign fleets, and how much Germany had fallen behind, particularly when considering the great power of her army compared to others.[9]
A press bureau was created in the Navy Ministry to ensure journalists were thoroughly briefed, and to politely answer any and all objections. Pre-written articles were provided for the convenience of journalists. University professors were invited to speak on the importance of protecting German trade. The Navy League was formed to popularise the idea of world naval power and its importance to the Empire. It was argued that colonies overseas were essential, and Germany deserved her 'place in the sun'. League membership grew from 78,000 in 1898, to 600,000 in 1901 and 1.1 million by 1914. Especial attention was given to members of the budget committee who would consider the bill in detail. Their interests and connections were analysed to find ways to influence them. Steel magnate Fritz Krupp and shipowner Albert Ballin of the Hamburg-America Line were invited to speak on the benefits of the bill to trade and industry.[10]
Objections were raised that the bill surrendered one of the most important powers of the Reichstag, that of annually scrutinising expenditure. Conservatives felt that expenditure on the navy was wasted, and that if money was available it should go to the army, which would be the deciding factor in any likely war. Eugen Richter of the Liberal Radical Union opposing the bill observed that if it was intended for Germany now seriously to take up the Trident to match its other forces then such a small force would not suffice and there would be no end to ship building. August Bebel of the Social Democrats argued that there existed a number of deputies who were Anglophobes and wished to pick a fight with Britain, but that to imagine such a fleet could take on the Royal Navy was insanity and anyone saying it belonged in the madhouse.[11]
Yet by the end of the debates the country was convinced that the bill would and should be passed. On 26 March 1898 it did so, by a majority of 212 to 139. All those around the Kaiser were ecstatic at their success. Tirpitz as navy minister was elevated to a seat on the Prussian Ministry of State. His influence and importance as the man who had accomplished this miracle was assured and he was to remain at the center of government for the next nineteen years.
One year after the passage of the bill Tirpitz appeared before the Reichstag and declared his satisfaction with it. The specified fleet would still be smaller than the French or British, but would be able to deter the Russians in the Baltic. Within another year all had changed. In October 1899 the Boer War broke out between the British and Boers in South Africa. In January 1900 a British cruiser intercepted three German mail steamers and searched them for war supplies intended for the Boers. Germany was outraged and the opportunity presented itself for a second Naval Bill. The second bill doubled the number of battleships from nineteen to thirty-eight. This would form four squadrons of eight ships, plus two flagships and four reserves. The bill now spanned seventeen years from 1901 to 1917 with the final ships being completed by 1920. This would constitute the second-largest fleet in the world and although no mention was made in the bill of specific enemies, it made several general mentions of a greater power which it was intended to oppose. There was only one navy which could be meant. On 5 December 1899 Tirpitz was promoted to Vizeadmiral (vice admiral). The bill passed on 20 June 1900.[12]
Specifically written into the preamble was an explanation of Tirpitz's Risk Theory. Although the German fleet would be smaller, it was likely that an enemy with a world spanning empire would not be able to concentrate all its forces in local waters. Even if it could, the German fleet would still be sufficiently powerful to inflict significant damage in any battle, sufficient damage that the enemy would be unable to maintain its other naval commitments and must suffer irreparable harm. Thus no such enemy would risk an engagement. Privately, Tirpitz acknowledged a second risk: that Britain might see the growing German fleet and attack before it grew to a dangerous size. A similar course had been taken before when Lord Nelson sank Danish ships at Copenhagen to prevent them falling into French hands. Tirpitz calculated this danger period would end in 1904 or 1905. In the event, Britain responded to the increased German building programme by building more ships herself and the theoretical danger period extended itself to beyond the start of the Great War. As a reward for the successful bill Tirpitz was ennobled with the hereditary article von before his name in 1900.[13]
Tirpitz noted the difficulties in his relationship with the Kaiser. Wilhelm respected him as the only man who had succeeded in persuading the Reichstag to start and then increase a world class navy, but he remained unpredictable. He was fanatical about the navy, but would come up with wild ideas for improvements, which Tirpitz had to deflect to maintain his objectives. Each summer Tirpitz would go to St Blasien with his aides to work on naval plans, then in September he would travel to the Kaiser's retreat at Rominten, where Tirpitz found he would be more relaxed and willing to listen to a well argued explanation.[14]
Three supplementary naval bills ('Novelles') were passed, in June 1906, April 1908 and June 1912. The first followed German diplomatic defeats over Morocco, and added six large cruisers to the fleet. The second followed fears of British encroachment, and reduced the replacement time which a ship would remain in service from 25 to 20 years. The third was caused by the Agadir Crisis where again Germany had to draw back. This time three more battleships were added.[15]
The first naval law caused little alarm in Great Britain. There was already in force a dual power standard defining the size of the British fleet as at least that of the next two largest fleets combined. There was now a new player, but her fleet was similar in size to the other two possible threats, Russia and France, and a number of battleships were already under construction. The second naval law, however, caused serious alarm: eight King Edward VII-class battleships were ordered in response. It was the regularity and efficiency with which Germany was now building ships, which were seen to be as good as any in the world, which raised concern. Information about the design of the new battleships suggested they were only intended to operate within a short range of a home base and not to stay at sea for extended periods. They seemed designed only for operations in the North Sea. The result was that Britain abandoned its policy of isolation which had held force since the time of Nelson and began to look for allies against the growing threat from Germany. Ships were withdrawn from around the world and brought back to British waters, while construction of new ships increased.[16]
Tirpitz Plan
Tirpitz's design to achieve world power status through naval power, while at the same time addressing domestic issues, is referred to as the Tirpitz Plan. Politically, the Tirpitz Plan was marked by the Fleet Acts of 1898, 1900, 1908 and 1912. By 1914, they had given Germany the second-largest naval force in the world (roughly 40% smaller than the Royal Navy). It included seventeen modern dreadnoughts, five battlecruisers, twenty-five cruisers and twenty pre-dreadnought battleships as well as over forty submarines. Although including fairly unrealistic targets, the expansion programme was sufficient to alarm the British, starting a costly naval arms race and pushing the British into closer ties with the French.
Tirpitz developed a "Risk Theory" whereby, if the German Imperial Navy reached a certain level of strength relative to the British Royal Navy, the British would try to avoid confrontation with Germany (that is, maintain a fleet in being). If the two navies fought, the German Navy would inflict enough damage on the British that the latter ran a risk of losing their naval dominance. Because the British relied on their navy to maintain control over the British Empire, Tirpitz felt they would opt to maintain naval supremacy in order to safeguard their empire, and let Germany become a world power, rather than lose the empire at the cost of keeping Germany less powerful. This theory sparked a naval arms race between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 20th century.
This theory was based on the assumption that Great Britain would have to send its fleet into the North Sea to blockade the German ports (blockading Germany was the only way the Royal Navy could seriously harm Germany), where the German Navy could force a battle. However, due to Germany's geographic location, Great Britain could blockade Germany by closing the entrance to the North Sea in the English Channel and the area between Bergen and the Shetland Islands. Faced with this option a German Admiral commented, "If the British do that, the role of our navy will be a sad one," correctly predicting the role the surface fleet would have during the First World War.
Politically and strategically, Tirpitz's Risk Theory ensured its own failure. By its very nature it forced Britain into measures that would have been previously unacceptable to the British establishment. The necessity to concentrate the fleet against the German threat involved Britain making arrangements with other powers that enabled her to return the bulk of her naval forces to Home Waters. The first evidence of this is seen in the Anglo-Japanese treaty of 1902 that enabled the battleships of the China squadron to be re-allocated back to Europe. The Japanese fleet, largely constructed in British shipyards, then proceeded to utterly destroy the Russian navy in the war of 1904–05, removing Russia as a credible maritime opponent. The necessity to reduce the Mediterranean Fleet in order to reinforce the navy in home waters was also a powerful influence in its détente and Entente Cordiale with the French. By forcing the British to come to terms with its most traditional opponent, Tirpitz scuttled his own policy. Britain was no longer at 'risk' from France, and the Japanese destruction of the Russian fleet removed that nation as a naval threat. In the space of a few years, Germany was faced with virtually the whole strength of the Royal Navy deployed against its own fleet, and Britain committed to her list of potential enemies. The Tirpitz 'risk theory' made it more probable that, in any future conflict between the European powers, Britain would be on the side of Germany's foes, and that the full force of the most powerful navy in the world would be concentrated against her fleet.
Tirpitz had been made a Großadmiral (grand admiral) in 1911, without patent (the document that accompanied formal promotions personally signed at this level by the Kaiser himself). At that time, the German Imperial Navy had only four ranks for admirals: rear admiral, (Konteradmiral, equal to a Generalmajor in the army, with no pips on the shoulders); vice admiral (Vizeadmiral, equal to a Generalleutnant, with one pip); admiral (equal to a General der Infanterie, with two pips), and grand admiral (equal to a field marshal). Tirpitz's shoulder boards had four pips, and he never received a grand admiral's baton or the associated insignia.
World War I
Despite the building programme he oversaw, he believed that the war had come too soon for a successful surface challenge to the Royal Navy, as the Fleet Act of 1900 had included a seventeen-year timetable. Unable to direct naval operations from his purely administrative position, Tirpitz became a vocal spokesman for unrestricted U-boat warfare, which he felt could break the British stranglehold on Germany's sea lines of communication. While the German Navy briefly abandoned the observance of prize rules in 1915, this policy was soon reversed following the outcry over the Lusitania's sinking. When the restrictions on the submarine war were not lifted, he fell out with the Kaiser and felt compelled to resign on 15 March 1916. He was replaced as Secretary of State of the Imperial Naval Office by Eduard von Capelle.
Despite his support for unrestricted U-boat warfare, Tirpitz placed a low priority on submarine construction during his leadership of the Imperial Naval Office. Ultimately, this decision would result in a severe shortage of newly built U-boats by 1917.
Fiesta de la Patria
In September 1917 Grand Admiral Tirpitz became a co-founder of the Pan-Germanic and nationalist Fatherland Party (Deutsche Vaterlandspartei).[17] The party was organised jointly by Heinrich Claß, Konrad Freiherr von Wangenheim, Tirpitz as chairman and Wolfgang Kapp as his deputy. The party attracted the opponents of a negotiated peace; it organised opposition to the parliamentary majority in the Reichstag, which was seeking peace negotiations. It sought to bring together outside parliament all parties on the political right, which had not previously been done. At its peak, in the summer of 1918, the party had around 1,250,000 members. It proposed both Generalfeldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff as "people's emperors" of a military state whose legitimacy was based on war and on war aims instead of on the parliamentary government of the Reich. Internally, there were calls for a coup d'etat against the German government, to be led by Hindenburg and Ludendorff, even against the Emperor if necessary. Tirpitz's experience with the Navy League and with mass political agitation convinced him that the means for a coup was at hand.[18]
Tirpitz considered that one of the main aims of the war must be annexation of new territory in the west, to allow Germany to develop into a world power. This meant holding the Belgian ports of Zeebrugge and Ostend, with an eye to the main enemy, the United Kingdom. He proposed a separate peace treaty with Russia, giving them[according to whom?] access to the ocean[which?]. Germany would be a great continental state but could maintain its world position only by expanding world trade and continuing the fight against the UK. He complained of indecision and ambiguity in German policy, humanitarian ideas of self-preservation, a policy of appeasement of neutrals at the expense of vital German interests, and begging for peace. He called for vigorous warfare without regard for diplomatic and commercial consequences and supported the most extreme use of weapons, especially unrestricted submarine warfare.
The Fatherland Party had ceased its operations by February 1919.
From 1908 to 1918 Tirpitz served as a member of the Prussian House of Lords.
Después de 1918
After Germany's defeat Tirpitz supported the right-wing German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, or DNVP) and sat for it in the Reichstag from 1924 until 1928.
Tirpitz died in Ebenhausen, near Munich, on 6 March 1930. He is buried in the Waldfriedhof in Munich.
Conmemoración
The Tirpitz Range on the island of New Hanover in Papua New Guinea takes its name from Alfred von Tirpitz.
Honores
- Honorary Doctorates from the Universities of Göttingen, 16 June 1913; and Greifswald
- Honorary doctorate of engineering from the Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg
- Freeman of the city of Frankfurt (Oder), 15 January 1917
- The German battleship Tirpitz was named after him in 1939.
- German orders and decorations [19][20]
- Prussia:
- Knight of the Black Eagle, with Collar in Diamonds
- Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, with Crown, Oak Leaves and Swords on Ring
- Knight of the Prussian Crown, 2nd Class with Star
- Grand Commander's Star of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, with Swords
- Service Award Cross
- Pour le Mérite (military), 10 August 1915[21]
- Iron Cross, 1st Class
- Brunswick: Grand Cross of Henry the Lion, 1902[22]
- Baden:
- Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, with Oak Leaves, 1899; with Golden Collar, 1901[23]
- Knight of the House Order of Fidelity
- Bavaria: Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order
- Bremen: Hanseatic Cross
- Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order
- Hesse and by Rhine: Grand Cross of Philip the Magnanimous, with Crown
- Lippe: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Lippe
- Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Griffon
- Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon
- Saxony:
- Grand Cross of the Albert Order
- Knight of the Rue Crown
- Württemberg:
- Grand Cross of the Friedrich Order
- Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown
- Foreign orders and decorations [20][24]
- Austria-Hungary:[25]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph, 1895
- Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1900
- Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1911
- Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
- Kingdom of Bulgaria: Grand Cross of St. Alexander
- Denmark: Grand Cross of the Dannebrog, 31 December 1906[26]
- France: Commander of the Legion of Honour
- Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer
- Kingdom of Italy:
- Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
- Grand Officer of the Crown of Italy
- Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun, with Paulownia Flowers
- Norway: Grand Cross of St. Olav
- Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class
- Qing dynasty: Order of the Double Dragon, Class II Grade I
- Kingdom of Romania: Grand Cross of the Star of Romania
- Russian Empire:
- Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, in Diamonds, August 1902 – during the visit of the German Emperor to the Russian fleet maneuvers in Reval.[27]
- Knight of the White Eagle
- Spain:
- Grand Cross of Naval Merit, with White Decoration, 1902[28]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, 2 November 1905[29]
- Grand Cross of Military Merit
- Sweden:[30]
- Commander of the Sword, 2nd Class, 1890
- Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa, 1908
- United Kingdom: Honorary Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 1 July 1904 – during the visit of King Edward VII to Kiel.[31]
Obras
- My Memoirs. London/ New York. 1919. Republished in a single volume by NSNB with an introduction by Erik Empson in 2013 ASIN B00DH2E9LE.
- The structure of German World Power. Stuttgart/ Berlin. 1924.
- German policy. Hamburg/Berlin. 1926.
- Memories, 5 volumes. Berlin/Leipzig. 1927.
Ver también
- Anglo-German naval arms race
- German interest in the Caribbean
Notas
- ^ "Ulrich von Hassell". Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Ulrich von Hassell". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7781284-a-mother-s-war
- ^ Massie p. 166
- ^ Massie p. 167
- ^ Massie, pp. 169–170
- ^ Massie p. 171
- ^ Massie pp. 172–174
- ^ Massie pp. 174–178
- ^ Massie p. 178
- ^ Massie pp. 177–179
- ^ Massie pp. 180–181
- ^ Massie pp. 181–182
- ^ Massie pp. 182–183
- ^ Massie p. 183
- ^ Massie pp. 184–185
- ^ Patrick J. Kelly, Tirpitz and the Imperial German Navy (2011) pp. 410–421
- ^ Raffael Scheck, Alfred von Tirpitz and German right-wing politics, 1914–1930 (1998), chapter 5
- ^ Handbuch über den Königlich Preussischen Hof und Staat. 1918. pp. 56–57. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Alfred Peter Friedrich von Tirpitz". prussianmachine.com. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ "Navy Awards During World War I". pourlemerite.org. Archived from the original on 2019-10-31. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogtums Braunschweig für das Jahr 1908. Braunschweig 1908. Meyer. p. 10
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1910), "Großherzogliche Orden" p. 187
- ^ Handbuch über den Königlich Preussischen Hof und Staat. 1908. p. 53. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Ritter-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1918, pp. 56, 74, 261, retrieved 23 January 2021
- ^ Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1929) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1929 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1929] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. p. 24. Retrieved 23 January 2021 – via da:DIS Danmark.
- ^ "Latest intelligence - the Imperial meeting at Reval". The Times (36842). London. 9 August 1902. p. 5.
- ^ "Caballeros Grandes Cruces de la Orden del Mérito Naval". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1914. p. 546. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1914. p. 210. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ "Kung. Svenska Riddareordnarna", Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1915, pp. 685, 776, retrieved 8 November 2020 – via runeberg.org
- ^ The London Gazette, issue 27704, p. 5191
Bibliografía
Works
- Tirpitz, Alfred von, Erinnerungen (Leipzig: K.F.Koehler, 1919).
Secondary source
- Berghahn, V.R. Germany and the Approach of War in 1914 (Macmillan, 1973). pp. 25–42
- Berghahn, Volker Rolf. Der Tirpitz-Plan (Droste Verlag, 1971). in German
- Bird, Keith. "The Tirpitz Legacy: The Political Ideology of German Sea Power," Journal of Military History, July 2005, Vol. 69 Issue 3, pp. 821–825
- Bönker, Dirk. Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I (2012) excerpt and text search; online review
- Bönker, Dirk. "Global Politics and Germany's Destiny 'from an East Asian Perspective': Alfred von Tirpitz and the Making of Wilhelmine Navalism." Central European History 46.1 (2013): 61–96.
- Clark, Sir Christopher, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (New York: Harper 2013)
- Epkenhans, Michael. Tirpitz: Architect of the German High Seas Fleet (2008) excerpt and text search, 106pp
- Herwig, Holger H., 'Admirals versus Generals: The War Aims of Imperial German Navy 1914–1918', Central European History 5 (1972), pp. 208–233.
- Hobson, Rolf. Imperialism at Sea: Naval Strategic Thought, the Ideology of Sea Power, and the Tirpitz Plan, 1875–1914 (Brill, 2002) in Questia
- Kelly, Patrick J. "Strategy, Tactics, and Turf Wars: Tirpitz and the Oberkommando der Marine, 1892–1895," Journal of Military History, October 2002, Vol. 66 Issue 4, pp. 1033–1060
- Kennedy, Paul. The rise and fall of British naval mastery (2017) pp. 205–239.
- Kelly, Patrick J. (2011). Tirpitz and the Imperial German Navy. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253355935.
- Massie, Robert K. Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-03260-7.
- Saunders, George (1922). . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.).
Primary sources
- Marinearchiv, Der Krieg zur zee 1914–1918 (18 vols, Berlin and Frankfurt: E.S.Mittler & Sohn, 1932–66).
- Marinearchiv, Der Krieg zur See 1914–1918. Der Handelskrieg mit U-Booten (5 vols., Berlin: E.S. Mittler & Sohn, 1923–66).
enlaces externos
- Alfred von Tirpitz at Find a Grave
- Newspaper clippings about Alfred von Tirpitz in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Political offices | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded by Friedrich von Hollmann | State Secretary of the Imperial German Navy 1897–1916 | Succeeded by Eduard von Capelle |
Awards and achievements | ||
Preceded by Sir James Craig | Cover of Time Magazine 2 June 1924 | Succeeded by Carter Glass |