Beorma ( / b eɪ ɔr m ə / BAY -o-mə , Inglés Antiguo: [beːorˠmɑ] ) es el nombre más comúnmente dado a la circa siglo séptimo -anglosajona fundador o líder después de la liquidación que ahora se conoce como la ciudad Inglés de Birmingham antes de su primera mención en 1086. En su fundación sajona, el asentamiento precursor se conocía con un nombre desconocido o como en la época normanda llegó a registrarse en una forma establecida de dos partes "Jamón de Beorma" ("granja de ... ") o" Beorma-inga-ham "(" propiedad de la tribu / pueblo de / relacionado con ... ").
Si Beorma, o similar, es probablemente un nombre personal relevante como afirman la mayoría de los historiadores anglosajones que publican sobre el tema, tiene otro exponente conocido, una figura anglosajona diferente que poseía otra granja al otro lado de Wessex , la de Barton-on-Sea , Hampshire , que aparece dos veces en el Domesday Book , como Bermintune y como Burmintune , directamente relacionada con la entrada de Birmingham.
El significado y la proximidad lingüística de 'beorn', príncipe, junto con el sufijo generalmente personal -ing tan correlacionado al seguir nombres bien conocidos en la mayoría de los casos, sustenta la teoría principal de que ambos lugares tenían un líder humano epónimo . Sin embargo, pocos registros de nombres principescos que contengan el sonido 'm' apoyan una teoría contraria del origen de la palabra. Señala la relativa proximidad a los bosques / claros de brezales de arbustos de múltiples puntas, retama (y parientes aulagas), como el origen en ambos casos. [1]
Identidad
Como la persona que dio nombre a Birmingham, hay tres posibles respuestas a la pregunta de quién era exactamente Beorma. Beorma pudo haber sido el fundador o antepasado de una tribu, los beormingas , [2] mucho antes de su llegada a lo que se convertiría en la Mercia anglosajona ; el ealdorman o jefe de una tribu o clan de parientes que viajaron juntos con el propósito de migrar (y que se establecieron en Mercia); o el líder de un grupo (posiblemente mercenario) con quien compartía una obligación contractual (el frankpledge ) con uno de los reyes mercianos .
Etimología
Beorma significa, en inglés antiguo , " fermentado ", "cabeza de cerveza ", " levadura " o " espumoso ", [3] de donde se derivan las palabras inglesas modernas barm y barmy. [4] La afirmación de que Beorma fue el fundador de Birmingham surgió de un desafío de la posguerra a la forma en que se habían construido los topónimos anglosajones. No fue hasta 1940 que Eilert Ekwall notó que:
“Birmingham probablemente significaba 'el Hamm del pueblo de Beornmund' (OE Beornmund-ingaham). O la base directa puede ser una Beorma con forma de mascota de Beornmund ” . [5]
Ekwall's view was built on by J.M. Dodgson [6] who went on to suggest that –ingaham settlements like Birmingham and Nottingham were signs of earlier settlement than –ing settlements like Reading and Hastings, reinforcing the idea that Birmingham itself was preceded by a tribal territory occupied by the Beormingas. According to Tom Shippey[7] J.R.R. Tolkien went on to use the character of Beorn in The Hobbit to evoke links between elfland and the counties surrounding Birmingham.
Nombres alternativos
As no records of the place-name exist from the Anglo-Saxon period, only the entry for Bermingham in the Domesday Book of 1086 Beorma is the most often imputed form of the name of the founder of Birmingham. A number of alternative names have been put forward (including Bearm, Berm, Beor, Bearma, Beorm and Breme), based on the fact that the city's name has been spelled in many different ways throughout its history.[8]
Just as the other names have been put forward for the founder of Birmingham, this name may share its origins with similar Anglo-Saxon place names--Barton, Bearwood, Berwood, Bordesley, Brewood, and Burcot—all found within the environs of Birmingham. The high incidence of these place names has been used to suggest that Beorma's tribe, the beormingas, settled across the wider woodland area which formed the northern part of the Forest of Arden.[2]
Breme o Brom
The second most common name associated with the origin of Birmingham is Breme or Brom, which could be a given name, but whose meaning is derived from the spiky shrub ‘broom’ (which was commonly found in the woodland clearings of the Forest of Arden) rather than with a given name. Birmingham has also been known as Bromwycham,[9] and nearby towns with a similar etymology include Bromford, Little Bromwich, West Bromwich, Bromsgrove, Broomhill and several Bromleys scattered across Staffordshire and Warwickshire. By the 14th century there were so many English place-names prefixed by Brom- that differentiating names (such as Abbots Bromley, originally referred to as Bromleage in 1002 and Kings Bromley, originally known as Brom Legge) were adopted.
Beorma y la B-Line
If Beorma is a diminutive of Beornmund (Beorn = 'prince'; Mund = 'hand') then the name would mean either "Princely protector" or "the Prince's hand".[10] This interpretation would suggest that Beorma was a royal name, or else the name of a king's thegn. A royal connection for the founder of an early tribe whose territory is adjacent to that of the founders of Mercia draws attention to its similarity between the names Beornmund or Beorma and those of the alleged B-line of Mercian kings noted by Dr. Barbara Yorke[11] that included Beornred, Beornwulf, Beorhtwulf and Burgred.
Beorma en los últimos tiempos
The name Beorma has been used to establish and promote links with the city of Birmingham on a number of occasions, evolving from an academic assumption about an etymological source into an established character, albeit mythical, which has come to symbolise Birmingham's Anglo-Saxon foundation.
Arch of the Beorma Tribe
In 2002 Birmingham's medieval history was commemorated by the placement of a set of ornate rolled steel memorial arches in Gooch Street on a bridge over the River Rea in the suburb of Highgate by artist Steve Field,[12][13] which reflect upon the foundation of the city and on modern Highgate's local identity. The memorial says "near this river crossing an Anglian tribe led by Beorma founded Birmingham".
Beowulf Brewery
A micro-brewery founded in the city's Yardley suburb in 1996 (and relocated to Chasewater in 2003), the Beowulf Brewing Company[14] established a series of Anglo-Saxon brands for its beers, most of which had thematic links to the legend of Beowulf. One of these beers, a pale session bitter, was instead named after Beorma to commemorate the city in which the brewery was founded.
Beorma Quarter
The "Beorma Quarter" is planned for construction from 2010 onwards, as a multimillion-pound 30-storey city-within-a-city development on a site at the end of Digbeth High Street, directly opposite Birmingham's Selfridges building (it will occupy the site of the city's last seven burgage plots[15]). Complete with state-of-the-art environmental and energy systems, the final development is likely to consist of a Marriott Hotel, apartments, green spaces, a niche shopping centre, a public space originally intended to house Birmingham's historic John F. Kennedy memorial, and two refurbished cold storage buildings which will be redeveloped as creative industries business incubation and innovation hubs.[16]
Literary, artistic and musical works
- Toccata Beorma
In 1972, following the receipt of his honorary doctorate from the University of Birmingham, broadcaster and Birmingham City Organist George Thalben-Ball wrote ‘Toccata Beorma’ as a celebration of his links with the city.[17]
- Tribe of Beorma
In 2000 the Women & Theatre company embarked on a national tour to celebrate the millennium by performing a new musical play, Tribe of Beorma, by Janice Connolly.[18][19]
- What is Missing from your Life? The Men
On 5 March 2007 Radio 4's Afternoon Play by Stephanie Dale recounted the fictional story of Beorma, interweaving it with true stories of men who lived and worked in Birmingham.[20]
Referencias
- ^ Barton-on-Sea History Archived 12 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Bassett, Steven, Anglo-Saxon Birmingham (PDF), University of Birmingham, pp. 1–27, ISSN 0047-729X, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-16
- ^ Beorma at Etymonline.com
- ^ Barm at Reference.com
- ^ Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names, ed. E. K. Ekwall (3rd edition, with revisions 1951)
- ^ J.M. Dodgson The significance of the distribution of the English placenames in "-ingas", "-inga" in south-east England, Medieval Archaeology 10 (1966)
- ^ Tom Shippey, Roots and Branches - Selected Papers on Tolkien, Walking Tree Publishers, 2007
- ^ "Brummagem". Worldwidewords.com. 13 December 2003. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
- ^ William Hutton, Project Gutenberg's An History of Birmingham (1783)
- ^ Ekwall, E. (1940) The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names; 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press; p. 43
- ^ Dr. Barbara Yorke (Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England (B.A. Seaby Ltd, 1990), p. 119)
- ^ Archway home to Brum roots
- ^ C.P. Belcher Ltd Archived 19 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Beowulf Brewing Company". Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ e-architect
- ^ "Beorma Quarter". Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ http://www.simonlindley.org.uk/the_civic_organist.html The Civic Organist
- ^ Arts Archive
- ^ Women & Theatre Archived 26 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ BBC Radio 4 Programmes