La Armada del Ejército Popular de Liberación (en chino :中国人民解放军 海军; pinyin : Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Hǎijūn ), también conocida como Armada China , Armada del EPL o PLAN , es la rama de guerra naval del Ejército Popular de Liberación , el brazo armado de los chinos. Partido Comunista (PCCh) y, por defecto, las fuerzas armadas nacionales de China . El PLAN remonta su linaje a las unidades navales que lucharon durante la Guerra Civil China y se estableció el 23 de abril de 1949. [5]A lo largo de la década de 1950 y principios de la de 1960, la Unión Soviética brindó asistencia al PLAN en forma de asesores navales y exportación de equipos y tecnología. [6] Hasta finales de la década de 1980, el PLAN era en gran parte una fuerza fluvial y litoral ( marina de aguas marrones ). Sin embargo, en la década de 1990, tras la caída de la Unión Soviética y un cambio hacia una política exterior y de seguridad más orientada hacia el futuro, los líderes del ejército chino se liberaron de la preocupación por las disputas fronterizas terrestres. Habiendo estado tradicionalmente subordinados a la Fuerza Terrestre del PLA , los líderes de PLAN pudieron abogar por una atención renovada hacia los mares.
Armada del Ejército Popular de Liberación | |
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中国人民解放军 海军 | |
Fundado | 23 de abril de 1949 |
País | porcelana |
Lealtad | Partido Comunista de China [1] |
Tipo | Armada |
Papel | Guerra Naval |
Tamaño | 240.000 personal activo ( estimado ) a 2018 [2] 537+ barcos a 2018 (excluidos los auxiliares ) [3] 594+ aeronaves a 2018 [4][actualizar] [actualizar] [actualizar] |
Parte de | Ejército Popular de Liberación (Cuartel General de la Armada del EPL directamente dependiente de la Comisión Militar Central ) |
marcha | "La Marina del Pueblo avanza" de facto ) | (
Flota | 2 portaaviones 3 Muelle de aterrizaje para helicópteros 8 muelles de transporte anfibio 32 tanques de desembarco 33 buque de desembarco medio 50 destructores 49 fragatas 72 corbetas 109 lanchas de misiles 94 cazadores de submarinos 17 cañoneras 36 buques de contramedidas de minas 79 submarinos 19 buques de reabastecimiento (232 auxiliares ) |
Compromisos | Guerra civil china Batalla de las islas Paracel Guerra chino-vietnamita Johnson South Reef Skirmish Operaciones contra la piratería en Somalia |
Sitio web | eng |
Comandantes | |
Comandante | Almirante Shen Jinlong |
Comisario político | Almirante Qin Shengxiang |
Insignias | |
Bandera y alférez | |
Jack | |
Insignia | |
Aeronaves voladas | |
Ataque | JH-7 |
Bombardeo | H-6 |
Guerra electrónica | Y-8 |
Combatiente | J-8 , J-10 , J-11 , Su-30MK2 , J-15 |
Helicóptero | Z-8 , Z-9 , Mi-8 , Z-10 , Ka-28 , AS365 |
Interceptador | J-7 , J-8 |
Patrulla | Y-8 , Y-9 |
Reconocimiento | Y-9 |
Entrenador | JL-8 , JL-9 |
Transporte | Y-7 , Y-9 |
Armada del Ejército Popular de Liberación de China | |||||
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Chino simplificado | 中国人民解放军 海军 | ||||
Chino tradicional | 中國人民解放軍 海軍 | ||||
Significado literal | Ejército Popular de Liberación de China Ejército Marítimo | ||||
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Armada del Pueblo | |||||
Chino simplificado | 人民 海军 | ||||
Chino tradicional | 人民 海軍 | ||||
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Armada china | |||||
Chino simplificado | 中国 海军 | ||||
Chino tradicional | 中國 海軍 | ||||
Significado literal | Marina de guerra de China | ||||
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En 2008, China confirmó planes para operar una pequeña flota de portaaviones en un futuro cercano, pero con el propósito de la defensa regional en lugar de "alcance global". [7] En 2009, con los avances en la tecnología naval, se reconoció que el PLAN había alcanzado el estado de una marina de aguas verdes . [8] Los oficiales militares chinos también han esbozado planes para operar en la primera y segunda cadena de islas , y están trabajando para lograr la capacidad de agua azul . [9] Los estrategas chinos denominan el desarrollo del PLAN de una armada de aguas verdes a "una armada defensiva y ofensiva regional de aguas azules ". [10]
La Armada del Ejército Popular de Liberación está compuesta por cinco ramas; la Fuerza Submarina , la Fuerza de Superficie , la Fuerza de Defensa Costera , el Cuerpo de Marines y la Fuerza Aérea Naval . [11] Con una dotación de personal de 240.000 efectivos, incluidos 15.000 infantes de marina y 26.000 efectivos de la fuerza aérea naval , [4] es la segunda armada más grande del mundo en términos de tonelaje, solo detrás de la Armada de los Estados Unidos , y tiene el mayor número de los principales combatientes de cualquier armada.
Historia
El PLAN remonta su linaje a las unidades de la Armada de la República de China (ROCN) que desertaron al Ejército Popular de Liberación hacia el final de la Guerra Civil China . En 1949, Mao Zedong afirmó que "para oponernos a la agresión imperialista, debemos construir una poderosa armada". Durante la Operación de Desembarco en la isla de Hainan , los comunistas utilizaron juncos de madera equipados con cañones de montaña como transporte y buques de guerra contra la República de China. La marina se estableció el 23 de abril de 1949 mediante la consolidación de las fuerzas navales regionales bajo el mando del Departamento de Estado Mayor Conjunto en Jiangyan (ahora en Taizhou, Jiangsu ). [5] La Academia Naval se estableció en Dalian el 22 de noviembre de 1949, principalmente con instructores soviéticos. Luego consistió en una variada colección de barcos y botes adquiridos de las fuerzas del Kuomintang . La Fuerza Aérea Naval se agregó dos años después. Para 1954, se estimaba que 2.500 asesores navales soviéticos estaban en China — posiblemente un asesor por cada treinta personal naval chino — y la Unión Soviética comenzó a proporcionar barcos modernos. Con la ayuda soviética, la armada reorganizada en 1954 y 1955 en la Flota del Mar del Norte , Flota del Mar del Este , y la Flota del Mar del Sur , y un cuerpo de almirantes y otros oficiales navales se estableció a partir de las filas de las fuerzas de tierra. En la construcción naval, los soviéticos primero ayudaron a los chinos, luego los chinos copiaron los diseños soviéticos sin ayuda, y finalmente los chinos produjeron barcos de su propio diseño. Finalmente, la asistencia soviética progresó hasta el punto de que se estaba discutiendo una flota conjunta chino-soviética del Océano Pacífico.
1950 y 1960
A lo largo de las revueltas de finales de los años cincuenta y sesenta, la Armada permaneció relativamente tranquila. Bajo el liderazgo del Ministro de Defensa Nacional Lin Biao , se realizaron grandes inversiones en la construcción naval durante los años frugales inmediatamente después del Gran Salto Adelante . Durante la Revolución Cultural , varios comisarios y comandantes navales importantes fueron purgados y se utilizaron fuerzas navales para reprimir una revuelta en Wuhan en julio de 1967, pero el servicio evitó en gran medida la agitación que afectaba al país. Aunque habló de boquilla a Mao y asignó comisarios políticos a bordo de los barcos, la Armada continuó entrenando, construyendo y manteniendo las flotas, así como las armas de defensa costera y de aviación, así como en el desempeño de su misión.
1970 y 1980
En la década de 1970, cuando aproximadamente el 20 por ciento del presupuesto de defensa se asignó a las fuerzas navales, la Armada creció drásticamente. La fuerza de submarinos convencionales aumentó de 35 a 100 barcos, el número de barcos que transportan misiles aumentó de 20 a 200, y aumentó la producción de barcos de superficie más grandes , incluidos los barcos de apoyo para operaciones oceánicas. La Armada también comenzó el desarrollo de submarinos de ataque nuclear (SSN) y submarinos de misiles balísticos de propulsión nuclear (SSBN).
En la década de 1980, bajo el liderazgo del Comandante en Jefe Naval Liu Huaqing , la armada se convirtió en una potencia naval regional, aunque la construcción naval continuó a un nivel algo por debajo de la tasa de la década de 1970. Liu Huaqing fue un oficial del ejército que pasó la mayor parte de su carrera en puestos administrativos relacionados con la ciencia y la tecnología. No fue hasta 1988 que la Armada del Ejército Popular de Liberación fue dirigida por un Oficial Naval . Liu también estaba muy cerca de Deng Xiaoping, ya que sus esfuerzos de modernización estaban muy de acuerdo con las políticas nacionales de Deng. Si bien, bajo su liderazgo, los astilleros de construcción naval produjeron menos barcos que en la década de 1970, se puso mayor énfasis en la tecnología y la mejora cualitativa. Los esfuerzos de modernización también abarcaron estándares educativos y técnicos más altos para el personal; reformulación de la doctrina tradicional de defensa costera y la estructura de fuerzas a favor de más operaciones de aguas verdes ; y entrenamiento en operaciones navales de armas combinadas que involucren a las fuerzas de defensa submarina, de superficie, naval y de defensa costera . Ejemplos de la expansión de las capacidades de China fueron la recuperación en 1980 de un misil balístico intercontinental (ICBM) en el Pacífico Occidental por una flota de veinte barcos, las operaciones navales extendidas en el Mar de China Meridional en 1984 y 1985, y la visita de dos barcos de guerra. a tres naciones del sur de Asia en 1985. En 1982, la marina llevó a cabo una prueba exitosa de un misil balístico lanzado bajo el agua . La marina también tuvo cierto éxito en el desarrollo de una variedad de misiles tierra-tierra y aire-tierra , mejorando las capacidades básicas. [12]
En 1986, el orden de batalla de la Armada incluía dos SSBN clase Xia armados con doce misiles CSS-N-3 y tres SSN clase Han armados con seis misiles crucero SY-2 . A fines de la década de 1980, se informó que seguían existiendo deficiencias importantes en la guerra antisubmarina , la guerra contra las minas , la electrónica naval (incluido el equipo de contramedidas electrónicas ) y las capacidades de la aviación naval .
La Armada del EPL fue clasificada en 1987 como la tercera armada más grande del mundo, aunque el personal naval había comprendido sólo el 12 por ciento de la fuerza del EPL. En 1987, la Armada consistía (como ahora) en el cuartel general naval en Beijing; tres comandos de flota: la Flota del Mar del Norte , con base en Qingdao , Shandong; la Flota del Mar del Este , con base en Ningbo ; y la Flota del Mar del Sur , con base en Zhanjiang , Guangdong, y alrededor de 1,000 barcos de los cuales solo aproximadamente 350 navegan por el océano. El resto son pequeñas patrullas o embarcaciones de apoyo. [13] La Armada de 350.000 personas incluía unidades de la Fuerza Aérea Naval de 34.000 hombres, las Fuerzas de Defensa Costera de 38.000 y el Cuerpo de Marines de 56.500. El Cuartel General de la Armada, que controlaba los tres comandos de la flota, estaba subordinado al Departamento de Estado Mayor del EPL. En 1987, la costa de 1.500 km de China estaba protegida por aproximadamente 70 [13] submarinos de clase Romeo y Whisky propulsados por diésel , que podían permanecer en el mar sólo por un tiempo limitado. Dentro de este anillo protector y dentro del alcance de los aviones con base en tierra había destructores y fragatas que montaban misiles antibuque Styx , proyectores de carga de profundidad y cañones de hasta 130 mm. Cualquier invasor que penetrara en la protección del destructor y la fragata habría sido invadido por casi 900 naves de ataque rápido . Sin embargo, el clima tormentoso limitó el alcance de estos pequeños botes y redujo el apoyo aéreo . Detrás del anillo interior estaba el personal de la Fuerza de Defensa Costera que operaba baterías costeras navales de misiles y cañones Styx, respaldados por unidades de la fuerza terrestre desplegadas en profundidad.
Décadas de 1990 y 2000
A medida que se acercaba el siglo XXI, el PLAN comenzó a pasar a una estrategia defensiva en alta mar que implicaba más operaciones fuera del área lejos de sus aguas territoriales tradicionales. [14] : 23–30 Entre 1989 y 1993, el buque escuela Zhenghe visitó puertos de Hawai, Tailandia, Bangladesh, Pakistán e India. Los buques PLAN visitaron Vladivostok en 1993, 1994, 1995 y 1996. Los grupos de trabajo PLAN también visitaron Indonesia en 1995; Corea del Norte en 1997; Nueva Zelanda, Australia y Filipinas en 1998; Malasia, Tanzania, Sudáfrica, Estados Unidos y Canadá en 2000; e India, Pakistán, Francia, Italia, Alemania, Gran Bretaña, Hong Kong, Australia y Nueva Zelanda en 2001. [14] : 114 En marzo de 1997, el destructor de misiles guiados clase Luhu Harbin , el destructor de misiles guiados clase Luda Zhuhai , y el engrasador de reabastecimiento Nancang comenzó la primera circunnavegación del Océano Pacífico por parte de la Armada del EPL, un viaje de 98 días con visitas a los puertos de México, Perú, Chile y Estados Unidos, incluidos Pearl Harbor y San Diego . La flotilla estaba bajo el mando del vicealmirante Wang Yongguo, comandante en jefe de la Flota del Mar del Sur. [14] : 114 [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]
El destructor de misiles guiados clase Luhu Qingdao y el engrasador de reabastecimiento Taicang completaron la primera circunnavegación del mundo de la Armada del EPL (en la foto) , un viaje de 123 días que cubrió 32.000 millas náuticas (59.000 km; 37.000 millas) entre el 15 de mayo y el 23 de septiembre de 2002. Las visitas a los puertos incluyeron Changi, Singapur; Alejandría, Egipto ; Aksis, Turquía; Sebastopol, Ucrania ; El Pireo, Grecia ; Lisboa, Portugal ; Fortaleza, Brasil ; Guayaquil, Ecuador ; Callao, Perú ; y Papeete en la Polinesia Francesa . Los buques de la PLA participaron en ejercicios navales con las fragatas francesas Nivôse y Prairial , así como ejercicios con la Armada del Perú . La flotilla estaba bajo el mando del vicealmirante Ding Yiping, comandante en jefe de la Flota del Mar del Norte, y el capitán Li Yujie era el oficial al mando del Qingdao . [14] : 114-115 [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] En general, entre 1985 y 2006, los buques navales PLAN visitaron 18 naciones de Asia y el Pacífico, 4 naciones de América del Sur, 8 naciones de Europa, 3 de África naciones y 3 naciones de América del Norte. [14] : 115 En 2003, el PLAN llevó a cabo sus primeros ejercicios navales conjuntos durante visitas separadas a Pakistán e India. También se realizaron ejercicios navales bilaterales con ejercicios con las armadas francesa, británica, australiana, canadiense, filipina y estadounidense. [14] : 116
El 26 de diciembre de 2008, el PLAN envió un grupo de trabajo formado por el destructor de misiles guiados Haikou (buque insignia), el destructor de misiles guiados Wuhan y el buque de suministro Weishanhu al Golfo de Adén para participar en operaciones contra la piratería frente a las costas de Somalia. . Un equipo de 16 miembros de las Fuerzas Especiales de China de su Cuerpo de Marines armados con helicópteros de ataque estaba a bordo. [25] [26] [27] Desde entonces, China ha mantenido una flotilla de tres barcos de dos buques de guerra y un barco de suministro en el Golfo de Adén asignando barcos al Golfo de Adén cada tres meses. Otros incidentes recientes de PLAN incluyen el incidente de 2001 en la isla de Hainan , un gran accidente submarino en 2003 e incidentes navales que involucraron a los barcos de vigilancia oceánica Victorious e Impecables operados por MSC de EE. UU. Durante 2009. Con motivo del 60 aniversario del PLAN, 52 a 56 Se mostraron buques en maniobras frente a Qingdao en abril de 2009, incluidos submarinos nucleares nunca antes vistos. [28] [29] La manifestación fue vista como una señal del creciente estatus de China, mientras que el presidente de CMC , Hu Jintao , indicó que China no busca la hegemonía regional ni está entrando en una carrera armamentista. [28] Las predicciones de los analistas occidentales de que el PLAN superaría en número a la fuerza de submarinos de la USN ya en 2011 no se han cumplido porque la República Popular China redujo tanto las importaciones como la producción nacional de submarinos. [30]
2010
A partir de 2009, China ordenó 4 LCAC clase Zubr a Ucrania y compró 4 más a la Armada Helénica (Grecia). Estos aerodeslizadores / LCAC están construidos para enviar tropas y vehículos blindados (tanques, etc.) a las playas de manera rápida, actuando como una lancha de desembarco, y fueron vistos como una amenaza directa para el movimiento independentista de Taiwán, así como para el conflicto. sobre las islas Senkaku . China está cambiando continuamente el equilibrio de poder en Asia mediante la construcción de los submarinos de la Armada, la guerra anfibia y las capacidades de guerra de superficie.
Entre el 5 y el 12 de julio de 2013, un grupo de trabajo de siete buques de la Flota del Mar del Norte se unió a los buques de guerra de la Flota rusa del Pacífico para participar en Joint Sea 2013 , maniobras navales bilaterales que se llevaron a cabo en la Bahía de Pedro el Grande del Mar de Japón . Hasta la fecha, Joint Sea 2013 fue el mayor ejercicio naval realizado hasta ahora por la Armada del Ejército Popular de Liberación con una armada extranjera. [32]
El 2 de abril de 2015, durante las violentas secuelas de un golpe de estado en Yemen y en medio de una campaña internacional de bombardeos , el PLAN ayudó a 10 países a sacar a sus ciudadanos de Yemen de manera segura, evacuándolos a bordo de una fragata de misiles desde la ciudad portuaria sitiada de Adén. . La operación fue descrita por Reuters como "la primera vez que el ejército de China ha ayudado a otros países a evacuar a su gente durante una crisis internacional". [33]
La participación de China en los impuestos especiales marítimos internacionales también está aumentando. En RIMPAC 2014 , se invitó a China a enviar barcos de la Armada del Ejército Popular de Liberación; marcando no solo la primera vez que China participó en un ejercicio RIMPAC, sino también la primera vez que China participó en un ejercicio naval a gran escala dirigido por Estados Unidos. [34] El 9 de junio de 2014, China confirmó que enviaría cuatro barcos al ejercicio, un destructor, una fragata, un barco de suministros y un barco hospital. [35] [36] En abril de 2016, la República Popular de China también fue invitada a RIMPAC 2016 a pesar de la tensión en el Mar de China Meridional. [37]
El experto militar de la República Popular China, Yin Zhuo, ha dicho que debido a las debilidades actuales en la capacidad del PLAN para reabastecer sus barcos en el mar, sus futuros portaaviones se verán obligados a operar en parejas. [38] En una entrevista televisiva, Zhang Zhaozhong sugirió lo contrario, diciendo que es poco probable que China "ponga todos sus huevos en una canasta" y que la marina probablemente rotará entre portaaviones en lugar de desplegarlos todos a la vez.
2020
El PLAN continúa su expansión en la década de 2020, aumentando su capacidad operativa, poniendo en marcha nuevos barcos y construyendo instalaciones navales. [39] Los observadores señalan que la modernización en curso del PLAN tiene como objetivo fortalecer la flota de superficie china y solucionar los problemas existentes que limitan la capacidad del PLAN. Los observadores han señalado que la expansión del PLAN le permitirá proyectar el poder chino en el Mar de China Meridional y permitirá que la marina contrarreste las operaciones de la USN en Asia. [40]
Organización
El PLAN está organizado en varios departamentos con fines de mando, control y coordinación. Las principales fuerzas operativas están organizadas en flotas, cada una con su propio cuartel general, un comandante (un contralmirante o vicealmirante) y un comisario político. Todos los cuarteles generales de PLAN están subordinados al Departamento de Estado Mayor Conjunto del PLA y al Presidente de la Comisión Militar Central.
Flotas
La Armada del Ejército Popular de Liberación se divide en tres flotas: [41]
- La Flota del Mar del Norte , con sede en el Mar Amarillo y con sede en Qingdao , provincia de Shandong .
- La Flota del Mar del Este , con sede en el Mar de China Oriental y con sede en Ningbo , provincia de Zhejiang .
- La flota del Mar del Sur , con sede en el Mar de China Meridional y con sede en Zhanjiang , provincia de Guangdong .
Cada flota consta de fuerzas de superficie (destructores, fragatas, buques anfibios, etc.), fuerzas submarinas, unidades de defensa costera y aviones.
Sucursales
PLANIFICAR Fuerza de superficie
La Fuerza de Superficie del Ejército Popular de Liberación consta de todos los buques de guerra de superficie en servicio con el PLAN. Están organizados en flotillas repartidas entre las tres flotas principales. [42]
PLAN Fuerza submarina
La Fuerza de Submarinos de la Armada del Ejército Popular de Liberación está formada por todos los submarinos nucleares y diesel-eléctricos en servicio con el PLAN. Están organizados en flotillas repartidas entre las tres flotas principales. [43]
La República Popular China es el último de los miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas que no ha realizado una patrulla submarina de misiles balísticos operacional , debido a problemas institucionales. [44] Opera una flota de 68 submarinos.
PLAN Fuerza de Defensa Costera
La Fuerza de Defensa Costera del PLAN es una rama terrestre del PLAN a cargo de la defensa costera , [45] con una fuerza de alrededor de 25.000 efectivos. También conocidas como tropas de defensa costera, sirven para defender las áreas costeras y litorales de China de la invasión a través de desembarcos anfibios o ataques aéreos .
Entre las décadas de 1950 y 1960, la Fuerza de Defensa Costera fue asignada principalmente para repeler cualquier intento del Kuomintang de infiltrarse, invadir y hostigar la costa china. Después de la división chino-soviética y el abandono de los planes del KMT para recuperar el continente , la Fuerza de Defensa Costera se centró en defender la costa de China de una posible invasión marítima soviética durante los años sesenta y ochenta. Con la caída de la Unión Soviética , la amenaza de una invasión anfibia de China ha disminuido y, por lo tanto, a menudo se considera que la rama ya no es un componente vital del PLAN, especialmente a medida que los buques de guerra de superficie del PLAN continúan mejorando en términos de capacidades antibuque y de defensa aérea y la proyección de poder del PLAN comienza a extenderse más allá de la primera cadena de islas .
Hoy en día, las principales armas de las tropas de defensa costera son los misiles antibuque HY-2 , YJ-82 y C-602 .
PLAN Cuerpo de Marines
El PLAN Marine Corps se estableció originalmente en la década de 1950 y luego se restableció en 1979 bajo la organización PLAN. Consiste en alrededor de 12,000 infantes de marina organizados en dos brigadas de 6000 hombres , y tiene su base en el Mar de China Meridional con la Flota del Mar del Sur . La Infantería de Marina se considera tropas de élite y son fuerzas de despliegue rápido entrenadas principalmente en la guerra anfibia y, a veces, como paracaidistas para establecer una cabeza de playa o actuar como punta de lanza durante las operaciones de asalto contra objetivos enemigos. Los infantes de marina están equipados con rifles de asalto Tipo 95 estándar , así como otras armas pequeñas y equipo personal, y un uniforme de camuflaje azul / litoral como estándar. Los marines también están equipados con anfibios vehículos blindados de combate (incluyendo anfibios tanques ligeros como los Tipo 63 , vehículos de asalto como el ZTD-05 y IFV como ZBD-05 ), helicópteros , artillería naval , antiaéreo sistemas de armas y de corta alcance de misiles tierra-aire .
Con los esfuerzos acelerados del PLAN para expandir sus capacidades más allá de las aguas territoriales, es probable que el Cuerpo de Marines desempeñe un papel más importante en términos de ser una fuerza expedicionaria en alta mar similar al USMC y Royal Marines .
La Fuerza Aérea Naval del Ejército Popular de Liberación (PLANAF) es la rama de aviación naval del PLAN y tiene una fuerza de alrededor de 25.000 efectivos y 690 aviones. Opera hardwares similares a los de la Fuerza Aérea del Ejército de Liberación Popular , incluyendo aviones de combate , bombarderos , aviones de ataque , buques cisterna , de reconocimiento / aviones de alerta temprana , aviones de guerra electrónica , aviones de patrulla marítima , aviones de transporte y helicópteros de varios papeles. La Fuerza Aérea Naval del PLA ha operado tradicionalmente desde bases aéreas costeras y recibió aviones más antiguos que el PLAAF con pasos menos ambiciosos hacia la modernización masiva . Se realizaron avances en nuevas tecnologías, armamento y adquisición de aviones después de 2000. Con la introducción del primer portaaviones de China , Liaoning , en 2012, la Fuerza Aérea Naval está llevando a cabo operaciones basadas en portaaviones por primera vez [46] con el objetivo de construir grupo de batalla de portaaviones: capacidades de agua azul centradas
The PLANAF naval air bases include:
- North Sea Fleet: Dalian, Qingdao, Jinxi, Jiyuan, Laiyang, Jiaoxian, Xingtai, Laishan, Anyang, Changzhi, Liangxiang and Shan Hai Guan
- East Sea Fleet: Danyang, Daishan, Shanghai (Dachang), Ningbo, Luqiao, Feidong and Shitangqiao
- South Sea Fleet: Foluo, Haikou, Lingshui, Sanya, Guiping, Jialaishi and Lingling
Relationship with other maritime organizations of China
The PLAN is complemented by paramilitary maritime services such as the China Coast Guard. The Chinese Coast Guard was previously not under an independent command, considered part of the People's Armed Police, under the local (provincial) border defense command, prior to its reorganization and consolidation as an unified service. It was formed from the integration of several formerly separate services such as China Marine Surveillance (CMS), General Administration of Customs, Armed Police, China Fishery Law Enforcement and local maritime militia. The CMS performed mostly coastal and ocean search and rescue or patrols, and received quite a few large patrol ships that significantly enhanced their operations; while Customs, militia, Armed Police and Fishery Law Enforcement operated hundreds of small patrol craft. For maritime patrol services, these craft are usually quite well armed with machine guns and 37mm antiaircraft guns. In addition, these services operated their own small aviation fleets to assist their maritime patrol capabilities, with Customs and CMS operating a handful of Harbin Z-9 helicopters, and a maritime patrol aircraft based on the Harbin Y-12 STOL transport.
Every coastal province has 1 to 3 Coast Guard squadrons:
- 3 Squadrons: Fujian, Guangdong
- 2 Squadrons: Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang, Hainan, Guangxi
- 1 Squadron: Heibei, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Shanghai
Rangos
The ranks in the People's Liberation Army Navy are similar to those of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force. The current system of officer ranks and insignia dates from 1988 and is a revision of the ranks and insignia used from 1955 to 1965. The rank of Hai Jun Yi Ji Shang Jiang (First Class Admiral) was never held and was abolished in 1994. With the official introduction of the Type 07 uniforms all officer insignia are on either shoulders or sleeves depending on the type of uniform used. The current system of enlisted ranks and insignia dates from 1998.
Hoy
Strategy, plans, priorities
The People's Liberation Army Navy has become more prominent in recent years owing to a change in Chinese strategic priorities. The new strategic threats include possible conflict with the United States and/or a resurgent Japan in areas such as the Taiwan Strait or the South China Sea. As part of its overall program of naval modernization, the PLAN has a long-term plan of developing a blue water navy. Robert D. Kaplan has said that it was the collapse of the Soviet Union that allowed China to transfer resources from its army to its navy and other force projection assets.[47] China is constructing a major underground nuclear submarine base near Sanya, Hainan. In December 2007 the first Type 094 submarine was moved to Sanya.[48]The Daily Telegraph on 1 May 2008 reported that tunnels were being built into hillsides which could be capable of hiding up to 20 nuclear submarines from spy satellites. According to the Western news media the base is reportedly to help China project seapower well into the Pacific Ocean area, including challenging United States naval power.[49][50]
During a 2008 interview with the BBC, Major General Qian Lihua, a senior Chinese defense official, stated that the PLAN aspired to possess a small number of aircraft carriers to allow it to expand China's air defense perimeter.[51] According to Qian the important issue was not whether China had an aircraft carrier, but what it did with it.[51] On 13 January 2009, Adm. Robert F. Willard, head of the U.S. Pacific Command, called the PLAN's modernization "aggressive," and that it raised concerns in the region.[52] On 15 July 2009, Senator Jim Webb of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee declared that only the "United States has both the stature and the national power to confront the obvious imbalance of power that China brings" to situations such as the claims to the Spratly and Paracel islands.[53]
Ronald O'Rourke of the Congressional Research Service wrote in 2009 that the PLAN "continues to exhibit limitations or weaknesses in several areas, including capabilities for sustained operations by larger formations in distant waters, joint operations with other parts of China’s military, C4ISR systems, anti-air warfare (AAW), antisubmarine warfare (ASW), MCM, and a dependence on foreign suppliers for certain key ship components."[54] In 1998 China purchased the discarded Ukrainian ship Varyag and began retrofitting it for naval deployment. On 25 September 2012, the People's Liberation Army Navy took delivery of China's first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning.[55] The 60,000-ton ship can accommodate 33 fixed wing aircraft. It is widely speculated that these aircraft will be the J15 fighter (the Chinese version of Russia's SU-33).[56]
In September 2015, satellite images showed that China may have started constructing its first indigenous Type 002 aircraft carrier. At the time, the layout suggested to be displacement of 50,000 tons and a hull to have a length of about 240 m and a beam of about 35 m. The incomplete bow suggests a length of at least 270 m for the completed hull.[57] In April 2017 the carrier was launched.
Japan has raised concerns about the PLAN's growing capability and the lack of transparency as its naval strength keeps on expanding.[58] China has reportedly[by whom?] entered into service the world's first anti-ship ballistic missile called DF-21D. The potential threat from the DF-21D against U.S. aircraft carriers has reportedly caused major changes in U.S. strategy.[59]
In June 2017 China launched a new type of large destroyer, the Type 055 destroyer. The new destroyer is, with its dimension of 180 meter and over 12,000 tons fully loaded, the second largest destroyer class in the world after the American Zumwalt-class destroyer.[60]
Territorial disputes
Spratly Islands dispute
The Spratly Islands dispute is a territorial dispute over the ownership of the Spratly Islands, a group of islands located in the South China Sea. States staking claims to various islands are Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and People's Republic of China. All except Brunei occupy some of the islands in dispute. The People's Republic of China conducted naval patrols in the Spratly Islands and established a permanent base.
On 14 March 1988, Chinese and Vietnamese naval forces clashed over Johnson South Reef in the Spratly Islands, which involved three PLAN frigates/[61]
In February 2011, the Chinese frigate Dongguan fired three shots at Philippine fishing boats in the vicinity of Jackson atoll. The shots were fired after the frigate instructed the fishing boats to leave, and one of those boats experienced trouble removing its anchor.[62][63] In May 2011, the Chinese patrol boats attacked and cut the cable of Vietnamese oil exploration ships near Spratly islands. The incidence sparked several anti-China protests in Vietnam. In June, the Chinese navy conducted three days of exercises, including live fire drills, in the disputed waters. This was widely seen as a warning to Vietnam, which had also conducted live fire drills near the Spratly Islands. Chinese patrol boats fired repeated rounds at a target on an apparently uninhabited island, as twin fighter jets streaked in tandem overhead. 14 vessels participated in the maneuvers, staging antisubmarine and beach landing drills aimed at "defending atolls and protecting sea lanes."[64]
In May 2013, the Chinese navy's three operational fleets deployed together for the first time since 2010. This combined naval maneuvers in the South China Sea coincided with the ongoing Spratly Islands dispute between China and the Philippines as well as deployment of the U.S. Navy's Carrier Strike Group Eleven to the U.S. Seventh Fleet.
Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu) dispute
The Senkaku Islands dispute concerns a territorial dispute over a group of uninhabited islands known as the Diaoyu Islands in China, the Senkaku Islands in Japan,[65] and Tiaoyutai Islands in Taiwan.[66] Aside from a 1945 to 1972 period of administration by the United States, the archipelago has been controlled by Japan since 1895.[67] The People's Republic of China disputed the proposed U.S. handover of authority to Japan in 1971[68] and has asserted its claims to the islands since that time.[69] Taiwan also has claimed these islands. The disputed territory is close to key shipping lanes and rich fishing grounds, and it may have major oil reserves in the area.[70]
On some occasions, ships and planes from various Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese government and military agencies have entered the disputed area. In addition to the cases where they escorted fishing and activist vessels, there have been other incursions. In an eight-month period in 2012, over forty maritime incursions and 160 aerial incursions occurred.[71] For example, in July 2012, three Chinese patrol vessels entered the disputed waters around the islands.[72]
Military escalation continued in 2013. In February, Japanese Defense Minister Itsunori Onodera claimed that a Chinese frigate had locked weapons-targeting radar onto a Japanese destroyer and helicopter on two occasions in January.[73][74] A Chinese Jiangwei II class frigate and a Japanese destroyer were three kilometers apart, and the crew of the latter vessel went to battle stations.[75] The Chinese state media responded that their frigates had been engaged in routine training at the time.[76] In late February 2013, U.S. intelligence detected China moving road-mobile ballistic missiles closer to the coast near the disputed islands, including medium-range DF-16 anti-ship ballistic missiles.[77] In May, a flotilla of Chinese warships from its North Sea Fleet deployed from Qingdao for training exercises western North Pacific Ocean.[78] It is not known if this deployment is related to the ongoing islands dispute between China and Japan.
Other incidents
On 22 July 2011, following its Vietnam port-call, the Indian amphibious assault vessel Airavat was reportedly contacted 45 nautical miles from the Vietnamese coast in the disputed South China Sea by a party identifying itself as the Chinese Navy and stating that the Indian warship was entering Chinese waters.[79][80] According to a spokesperson for the Indian Navy, since there were no Chinese ships or aircraft were visible, the INS Airavat proceeded on her onward journey as scheduled. The Indian Navy further clarified that "[t]here was no confrontation involving the INS Airavat. India supports freedom of navigation in international waters, including in the South China Sea, and the right of passage in accordance with accepted principles of international law. These principles should be respected by all."[79]
On 11 July 2012, the Chinese frigate Dongguan ran aground on Hasa Hasa Shoal (pictured) located 60 nmi west of Rizal, which was within the Philippines' 200 nmi-EEZ.[81] By 15 July, the frigate had been refloated and was returning to port with no injuries and only minor damage.[82] During this incident, the 2012 ASEAN summit took place in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, amid the rising regional tensions.[82]
2008 anti-piracy operations
On 18 December 2008, Chinese authorities deployed People's Liberation Army Navy vessels to escort Chinese shipping in the Gulf of Aden.[83] This deployment came after a series of attacks and attempted hijackings on Chinese vessels by Somali pirates. Reports suggest two destroyers (Type 052C 171 Haikou and Type 052B 169 Wuhan) and a supply ship are the ones being used. This move was welcomed by the international community as the warships complement a multinational fleet already operating along the coast of Africa. Since this operation PLAN has sought the leadership of the ‘Shared Awareness and Deconfliction (SHADE)' body, which would require an increase in the number of ships contributing to the anti-piracy fleet. This is the first time Chinese warships have deployed outside the Asia-Pacific region for a military operation since Zheng He's expeditions in the 15th century.
Since then more than 30 People's Liberation Army Navy ships has deployed to the Gulf of Aden in 18 Escort Task Groups.
Escort Task Group/Task Group | Sailors (including Navy and Marine or special forces personnel) | Ships | Departure | Start | End | Return | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Escort Task Group/Task Group 169 | 869 | DDG-169 Wuhan (Type 052B destroyer), DDG-171 Haikou (Type 052C destroyer), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 26 December 2008 | 26 January 2009 | 15 April 2009 | 28 April 2009 | [84][85] |
2nd Escort Task Group/Task Group 167 | 866 | DDG-167 Shenzhen (Type 051B destroyer), FFG-570 Huangshan (Type 054A frigate), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 2 April 2009 | 15 April 2009 | 1 August 2009 | 21 August 2009 | [86] |
3rd Escort Task Group/Task Group 529 | 806 | FFG-529 Zhoushan (Type 054A frigate), FFG-530 Xuzhou (Type 054A frigate), AOR-886 Qiandao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 16 July 2009 | 1 August 2009 | 29 November 2009 | 20 December 2009 | [87] |
4th Escort Task Group/Task Group 525 | 788 | FFG-525 Ma'anshan (Type 054 frigate), FFG-526 Wenzhou (Type 054 frigate), FFG-568 Chaohu (Type 054A frigate), AOG-886 Qiandao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 30 October 2009 | 27 November 2009 | 18 March 2010 | 23 April 2010 | [88] |
5th Escort Task Group/Task Group 168 | 825 | DDG-168 Guangzhou (Type 052B destroyer), FFG-568 Chaohu (Type 054A frigate), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 4 March 2010 (FFG-568 Chaohu on 2 December 2009) | 18 March 2010 (FFG-568 Chaohu on 21 December 2009) | 20 July 2010 | 12 September 2010 | [89] |
6th Escort Task Group/Task Group 998 | 981 | LPD-998 Kunlun Shan (Type 071 amphibious transport dock), DDG-171 Lanzhou (Type 052C destroyer), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 30 June 2010 | 14 July 2010 | 20 November 2010 | 7 January 2011 | [90] |
7th Escort Task Group/Task Group 530 | 788 | FFG-529 Zhoushan (Type 054A frigate), FFG-530 Xuzhou (Type 054A frigate), AOR-886 Qiandao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 2 November 2010 | 23 November 2010 | 11 November 2011 | 9 May 2011 | [91] |
8th Escort Task Group/Task Group 526 | 796 | FFG-525 Ma'anshan (Type 054 frigate), FFG-526 Wenzhou (Type 054 frigate), AOR-886 Qiandao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 21 February 2011 | 18 March 2011 | 21 July 2011 | 28 August 2011 | [92] |
9th Escort Task Group/Task Group 169 | 878 | DDG-169 Wuhan (Type 052B destroyer), FFG-569 Yulin (Type 054A frigate), AOR-885 Qinghai Hu (Type 908 replenishment ship) | 2 July 2011 | 23 July 2011 | 15 November 2011 | 24 December 2011 | [93] |
10th Escort Task Group/Task Group 171 | 875 | DDG-171 Haikou (Type 052C destroyer), FFG-571 Yuncheng (Type 054A frigate), AOR-885 Qinghai Hu (Type 908 replenishment ship) | 2 November 2011 | 19 November 2011 | 17 March 2012 | 5 May 2012 | [94] |
11th Escort Task Group/Task Group 113 | 779 | DDG-113 Qingdao (Type 052 destroyer), FFG-538 Yantai (Type 054A frigate), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 27 February 2012 | 17 March 2012 | 18 July 2012 | 12 September 2012 | [95] |
12th Escort Task Group/Task Group 548 | 788 | FFG-548 Yiyang (Type 054A frigate), FFG-549 Changzhou (Type 054A frigate), AOR-886 Qiandao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 3 July 2012 | 18 July 2012 | 23 November 2012 | 19 January 2013 | [96] |
13th Escort Task Group/Task Group 570 | 787 | FFG-568 Hengyang (Ex-Chaohu, Type 054A frigate), FFG-570 Huangshan (Type 054A frigate), AOR-885 Qinghai Hu (Type 908 replenishment ship) | 9 November 2012 | 23 November 2012 | 13 March 2013 | 23 May 2013 | [97] |
14th Escort Task Group/Task Group 112 | 736 | DDG-112 Harbin (Type 052 destroyer), FFG-528 Mianyang (Type 053H3 frigate), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 16 February 2013 | 13 March 2013 | 22 August 2013 (FFG-528 Mianyang on 25 August 2013) | 28 September 2013 | [98] |
15th Escort Task Group/Task Group 999 | 853 | LPD-999 Jinggang Shan (Type 071 amphibious transport dock), FFG-572 Hengshui (Type 054A frigate), AOR-889 Tai Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 8 August 2013 | 22 August 2013 | 20 December 2013 | 22 January 2014 | [99] |
16th Escort Task Group/Task Group 546 | 660 | FFG-527 Luoyang (Type 053H3 frigate), FFG-546 Yancheng (Type 054A frigate), AOR-889 Tai Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 11 November 2013 | 20 December 2013 | 18 April 2014 | 18 July 2014 | [100] |
17th Escort Task Group/Task Group 150 | 810 | DDG-150 Changchun (Type 052C destroyer), FFG-549 Changzhou (Type 054A frigate), AOR-890 Chao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 25 March 2014 | 18 April 2014 | 23 August 2014 | 22 October 2014 | [101] |
18th Escort Task Group/Task Group 989 | 1200 | LPD-989 Changbai Shan (Type 071 amphibious transport dock), FFG-571 Yuncheng (Type 054A frigate), AOR-890 Chao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 2 August 2014 | 23 August 2014 | 24 December 2014 | 19 March 2015 | [102] |
19th Escort Task Group/Task Group 547 | 780 | FFG-547 Linyi (Type 054A frigate), FFG-550 Weifang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 2 December 2014 | 24 December 2014 | 24 April 2015 | 10 July 2015 | [103] |
20th Escort Task Group/Task Group 152 | ~800 | DDG-152 Jinan (Type 052C destroyer), FFG-528 Yiyang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-886 Qiandao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 3 April 2015 | 24 April 2015 | 22 August 2015 | 5 February 2016 | [104] |
21st Escort Task Group/Task Group 573 | ~700 | FFG-573 Liuzhou (Type 054A frigate), FFG-574 Sanya (Type 054A frigate), AOR-885 Qinghai Hu (Type 908 replenishment ship) | 4 August 2015 | 22 August 2015 | 3 January 2016 | 8 March 2016 | [105] |
22nd Escort Task Group/Task Group 576 | ~700 | FFG-576 Daqing (Type 054A frigate), DDG-112 Harbin (Type 052 destroyer), AOR-889 Tai Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 6 December 2015 | 3 January 2016 | 29 April 2016 | 30 June 2016 | [106] |
23rd Escort Task Group/Task Group 531 | ~700 | FFG-531 Xiangtan (Type 054A frigate), FFG-529 Zhoushan (Type 054A frigate), AOR-890 Chao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 7 April 2014 | 29 April 2016 | 4 September 2016 | 1 November 2016 | [107] |
24th Escort Task Group/Task Group 112 | ~700 | DDG-112 Harbin (Type 052 destroyer), FFG-579 Handan (Type 054A frigate), AOR-960 Dongping Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 10 August 2014 | 2 September 2016 | 5 January 2017 | 8 March 2017 | [108] |
25th Escort Task Group/Task Group 568 | ~700 | FFG-568 Hengyang (Type 054A frigate), FFG-569 Yulin (Type 054A frigate), AOR-963 Hong Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 17 December 2016 | 2 January 2017 | 21 April 2017 | 12 July 2017 | [109] |
26th Escort Task Group/Task Group 577 | ~700 | FFG-577 Huanggang (Type 054A frigate), FFG-578 Yangzhou (Type 054A frigate), AOR-966 Gaoyou Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 1 April 2017 | 21 April 2017 | 23 August 2017 | 1 December 2017 | [110] |
27th Escort Task Group/Task Group 171 | ~700 | DDG-171 Haikou (Type 052C destroyer), FFG-575 Yueyang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-885 Qinghai Hu (Type 908 replenishment ship) | 1 August 2017 | 23 August 2017 | 26 December 2017 | 18 March 2018 | [111] |
28th Escort Task Group/Task Group 546 | ~700 | FFG-546 Yancheng (Type 054A frigate), FFG-550 Weifang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-889 Tai Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 3 December 2017 | 26 December 2017 | 1 May 2018 | 9 August 2018 | [112] |
29th Escort Task Group/Task Group 515 | ~700 | FFG-515 Binzhou (Type 054A frigate), FFG-530 Xuzhou (Type 054A frigate), AOR-886 Qiandao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 4 April 2018 | 28 April 2018 | 3 September 2018 | 4 October 2018 | [113] |
30th Escort Task Group/Task Group 539 | ~700 | FFG-539 Wuhu (Type 054A frigate), FFG-579 Handan (Type 054A frigate), AOR-960 Dongping Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 6 August 2018 | 1 September 2018 | 24 December 2018 | 27 January 2019 | [114] |
31st Escort Task Group/Task Group 998 | ~700 | LPD-998 Kunlun Shan (Type 071 amphibious transport dock), FFG-536 Xuchang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-964 Luoma Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 9 December 2018 | 24 December 2018 | 28 April 2019 | 30 May 2019 | [115][116] |
32nd Escort Task Group/Task Group 153 | ~700 | DDG-153 Xi'an (Type 052C destroyer), FFG-599 Anyang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-966 Gaoyou Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 4 April 2019 | 28 April 2019 | 14 September 2019 | 1 November 2019 | [115][117] |
33rd Escort Task Group/Task Group 117 | ~600 | DDG-117 Xining (Type 052D destroyer), FFG-550 Weifang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-968 Hoh Xil Hu (Type 903A replenishment ship) | 29 August 2019 | 14 September 2019 | 20 November 2019 | 1 January 2020 | [117] |
34th Escort Task Group/Task Group 118 | ~700 | DDG-117 Xining (Type 052D destroyer), FFG-550 Weifang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-887 Weishan Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 10 June 2020 | 14 July 2019 | 14 March 2020 | 10 April 2020 | |
35th Escort Task Group/Task Group 122 | ~600 | DDG-131 Taiyuan (Type 052D destroyer), FFG-532 Jingzhou (Type 054A frigate), AOR-890 Chao Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 28 April 2020 | 14 May 2020 | 1 August 2020 | 14 October 2020 | |
36th Escort Task Group/Task Group 202 | ~700 | DDG-119 Guiyang (Type 052D destroyer), FFG-542 Zaozhuang (Type 054A frigate), AOR-960 Dongping Hu (Type 903 replenishment ship) | 4 September 2020 | 14 October 2020 | Ongoing | Ongoing |
Libyan civil war
In the lead-up to the Libyan Civil War, the Xuzhou (530) was deployed from anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden to help evacuate Chinese nationals from Libya.[118]
Yemen Conflict
During the Yemen conflict in 2015, the Chinese Navy diverted their frigates carrying out anti-piracy operations in Somalia to evacuate at least 600 Chinese and 225 foreign citizens working in Yemen. The majority of non-Chinese evacuees were 176 Pakistani citizens, although there were smaller numbers from other countries, such as Ethiopia, Singapore, the UK, Italy and Germany. Despite the evacuations the Chinese embassy in Yemen continued to operate.[119]
Equipo
As of 2018, the Chinese navy operates over 496 combat ships and 232 various auxiliary vessels and counts 255,000 seamen in its ranks. The Chinese Navy also employ more than 710 naval aircraft including fighters, bombers and electronic warfare aircraft. China has large amount of artillery, torpedoes, and missiles included in their combat assets.
Ships and submarines
All ships and submarines currently in commission with the People's Liberation Army Navy were built in China, with the exception of the Sovremenny-class destroyers, Kilo-class submarines and the aircraft carrier Liaoning. Those vessels were either imported from, or originated from Russia or Ukraine. As of 2008, English-language official Chinese state media no longer uses the term "People's Liberation Army Navy", instead the term "Chinese Navy" along with the usage of the unofficial prefix "CNS" for "Chinese Navy Ship" is now employed.[citation needed]
China employs a wide range of Navy combatants including aircraft carriers, amphibious warfare ships and destroyers. The Chinese Navy is undergoing modernization rapidly with nearly half of Chinese Navy combat ships built after 2010. China's state-owned shipyards have built 83 ships in just eight years with unprecedented speed. China has its own independent maritime missile defense and naval combat system similar to US Aegis.[120]
Aircraft
China operates carrier-based fighter aircraft to secure land, air and sea targets. Chinese Navy also operate wide range of helicopter for battlefield logistics, reconnaissance, patrol and medical evacuation.
The unique QBS-06 is an underwater assault rifle with 5.8x42 DBS-06, and is used by Naval frogmen.[121] It is based on the Soviet APS.[122]
In early February 2018, pictures of what is claimed to be a Chinese railgun were published online. In the pictures the gun is mounted on the bow of a Type 072III-class landing ship Haiyangshan. Media is suggesting that the system is or soon will be ready for testing.[123][124] In March 2018, it was reported that China had confirmed that it had begun testing its electromagnetic rail gun at sea.[125][126]
The PLAN's ambitions include operating out to the first and second island chains, as far as the South Pacific near Australia, and spanning to the Aleutian islands, and operations extending to the Straits of Malacca near the Indian Ocean.[127] The future PLAN fleet will be composed of a balance of combatant assets aimed at maximising the PLAN's fighting effectiveness. On the high end, there would be modern destroyers, such as stealth guided missile destroyers equipped with long-range air defense missiles and anti-submarine capabilities (Type 055); modern destroyers equipped with long-range air defense missiles (Type 052B, Type 052C, Type 052D and Type 051C; destroyers armed with supersonic anti-ship missiles (Sovremenny class); advanced nuclear-powered attack and ballistic missile submarines (Type 093, Type 095, Type 094, Type 096); advanced conventional attack submarines (Kilo and Yuan classes); aircraft carriers (Type 001, Type 002 and Type 003); helicopter carriers (Type 075) and large amphibious warfare vessels (Type 071) capable of mobilizing troops at long distances. On the medium and low end, there would be more economical multi-role capable frigates and destroyers (Luhu, Jiangwei II and Jiangkai classes); corvettes (Jiangdao class); fast littoral missile attack craft (Houjian, Houxin and Houbei classes); various landing ships and light craft; and conventionally powered coastal patrol submarines (Song class). The obsolete combat ships (based on 1960s designs) will be phased out in the coming decades as more modern designs enter full production. It may take a decade for the bulk of these older ships to be retired. Until then, they will serve principally on the low end, as multi-role patrol/escort platforms. Their use could be further enhanced in the future by being used as fast transports or fire support platforms. This system of phasing out would see a reversal in the decline in quantity of PLAN vessels by 2015, and cuts in inventory after the end of the Cold War could be made up for by 2020.[128]
During 2001–2006 there has been a rapid building and acquisition program,[127] a trend which continued There were more than a dozen new classes of ships built in these last five years,[127] totaling some 60 brand new ships (including landing ships and auxiliaries).[127] Simultaneously, dozens of other ships have been either phased out of service or refitted with new equipment. Submarines play a significant role in the development of the PLAN's future fleet. This is made evident by the construction of a new type of nuclear ballistic missile submarine, the Type 094 and the Type 093 nuclear attack submarine. This will provide the PLAN with a more modern response for the need of a seaborne nuclear deterrent. The new submarines will also be capable of performing conventional strike and other special warfare requirements.
The European Union has provided much of the propulsion technology for the PLAN's modernization.[129]
Ronald O'Rourke of the Congressional Research Service reported that the long-term goals of PLAN planning include:
- Assert or defend China's claims in maritime territorial disputes and China's interpretation of international laws relating to freedom of navigation in exclusive economic zones (an interpretation at odds with the U.S. interpretation);
- Protect China's sea lines of communications to the Persian Gulf, on which China relies for some of its energy imports.[130]
During the military parade on the 60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, the YJ-62 naval cruise missile made its first public appearance; the YJ-62 represents the next generation in naval weapons technology in the PLA.
Next indigenous Type 002 class aircraft carrier to be a 70,000-ton displacement. A Chinese website stated that the PLAN is going to build a 110,000-ton Type 003 aircraft carrier, essentially a larger version of the Liaoning and its pattern indigenous carriers.[citation needed]
The PLA Navy plans to establish three aircraft carrier battle groups by 2020. The Liaoning and China's first two domestically built carriers, currently under construction, will be part of the battle groups. One of the battle groups is to be deployed in the East China Sea, while the other two are to be deployed to the South China Sea.[131]
The PLAN may also operate from Gwadar or Seychelles for anti-piracy missions and to protect vital trade routes which may endanger China's energy security in the case of a conflict. In 2016, China established her first overseas naval base in Djibouti, which provided necessary support for Chinese fleet and troops.
China has reportedly begun testing designs for arsenal ships.[132]
Currently the U.S. Navy is defining PLAN as its main potential adversary. Part of the debate is fueled in the US by US Navy funding requirements. While U.S. Navy decided to build a new class of small, cheap, numerous Littoral Combat Ships (LCS), the Chinese Navy met the same requirement with small, cheap, numerous catamaran Type 022 missile boats.
The Pentagon's name for the Chinese sea based militia is the People's Armed Forces Maritime Militia.[133] Their future role is unknown, but war planners have been aware of their history and potential use in naval conflict.[134]
Ver también
- List of active People's Liberation Army Navy ships
- Chinese aircraft carrier programme
- China Coast Guard
- Republic of China Navy - The naval forces of Taiwan.
Referencias
Citations
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I am a member of the People's Liberation Army. I promise that I will follow the leadership of the Communist Party of China...
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- This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies document: "A Country Study: China".
enlaces externos
- Chinese naval aircraft in service
- PLAN – Chinese Defence Today
- Global Security – China