Pennsylvania ( Estados Unidos : / ˌ p ɛ n s əl v eɪ n i ə / ( escuchar ) PEN -səl- VAY -nee-ə , en otra parte / - s ɪ l - / -sil- ; Pennsylvania alemán : Pennsilfaani ) , oficialmente la Commonwealth de Pensilvania , es un estado en el Atlántico Medio , Noreste y Apalachesregiones de los Estados Unidos . La Commonwealth limita con Delaware al sureste, Maryland al sur, West Virginia al suroeste, Ohio al oeste, el lago Erie y la provincia canadiense de Ontario al noroeste, Nueva York al norte y Nueva Jersey al este. , mientras que las Montañas Apalaches atraviesan su centro.
Pensilvania | |
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Mancomunidad de Pensilvania | |
Apodo (s): Estado de Keystone; [1] Estado cuáquero | |
Lema (s): Virtud, Libertad e Independencia | |
Himno: " Pennsylvania " | |
Mapa de los Estados Unidos con Pennsylvania resaltada | |
País | Estados Unidos |
Antes de la estadidad | Provincia de Pensilvania |
Admitido en la Unión | 12 de diciembre de 1787 (2do) |
Capital | Harrisburg |
Ciudad más grande | Filadelfia |
Metro más grande | Delaware Valley |
Gobierno | |
• Gobernador | Tom Wolf ( D ) |
• Vicegobernador | John Fetterman (D) |
Legislatura | Asamblea General |
• Cámara alta | Senado estatal |
• Cámara baja | Cámara de los Representantes |
Judicial | Tribunal Supremo de Pensilvania |
Senadores estadounidenses | Bob Casey Jr. (D) Pat Toomey ( R ) |
Delegación de la Cámara de los Estados Unidos | 9 demócratas 9 republicanos ( lista ) |
Área | |
• Total | 46.055 millas cuadradas (119.283 km 2 ) |
• Tierra | 44,816.61 millas cuadradas (116,074 km 2 ) |
• Agua | 1.239 millas cuadradas (3.208 km 2 ) 2,7% |
Rango de área | 33º |
Dimensiones | |
• Largo | 170 mi (273 km) |
• Ancho | 283 millas (455 km) |
Elevación | 1.100 pies (340 m) |
Elevación más alta ( Monte Davis [2] [3] ) | 3,213 pies (979 m) |
Elevación más baja ( Río Delaware en la frontera de Delaware [2] ) | 0 pies (0 m) |
Población (2020 [5] ) | |
• Total | 13,011,844 |
• Rango | Quinto |
• Densidad | 290 / millas cuadradas (112 / km 2 ) |
• Rango de densidad | Noveno |
• Ingreso familiar promedio | $ 59,195 [4] |
• Rango de ingresos | 25 |
Demonym (s) | Pensilvania |
Idioma | |
• Idioma oficial | Ninguno |
• Idioma hablado | Inglés 90,15% Español 4,09% Alemán (incluido el alemán de Pensilvania ) 0,87% Chino 0,47% Italiano 0,43% [6] |
Zona horaria | UTC − 05: 00 ( Este ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC − 04: 00 ( EDT ) |
Abreviatura de USPS | Pensilvania |
Código ISO 3166 | US-PA |
Abreviatura tradicional | Pensilvania, Pensilvania, Penna. |
Latitud | 39 ° 43 ′ hasta 42 ° 16 ′ N |
Longitud | 74 ° 41 ′ a 80 ° 31 ′ W |
Sitio web | www .pa .gov |
Símbolos del estado de Pensilvania | |
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Insignia viviente | |
Anfibio | Maestro infernal del este |
Pájaro | Urogallo ruffed |
Raza canina | Gran Danés |
Pescado | Trucha de arroyo |
Flor | Laurel de montaña |
Insecto | Luciérnaga (coloquialmente "Insecto relámpago") ( Photuris pensylvanica ) |
Mamífero | Venado de cola blanca |
Árbol | Cicuta oriental |
Insignia inanimada | |
Bebida | Leche |
Baile | Polca |
Comida | Galleta con chispas de chocolate [7] |
Fósil | Trilobite |
Tierra | Hazleton |
Marcador de ruta estatal | |
Barrio del estado | |
Lanzado en 1999 | |
Listas de símbolos estatales de Estados Unidos |
Pensilvania es el 33º estado más grande por área y el 5º estado más poblado con una población total de 13,011,844 [5] según el recuento oficial más reciente del Censo de EE. UU . En 2020 . Es el noveno más densamente poblado de los 50 estados. Las dos ciudades más pobladas de Pensilvania son Filadelfia (1.580.863) y Pittsburgh (302.407). La capital del estado y su decimotercera ciudad más grande es Harrisburg . Pensilvania tiene 140 millas (225 km) de costa a lo largo del lago Erie y el río Delaware . [8]
El estado es uno de los 13 estados fundadores originales de los Estados Unidos; entró en vigor en 1681 como resultado de una concesión de tierras real a William Penn , el hijo del homónimo del estado. Parte de Pensilvania (a lo largo del río Delaware), junto con el actual Estado de Delaware, se había organizado anteriormente como la Colonia de Nueva Suecia . Fue el segundo estado en ratificar la Constitución de los Estados Unidos , el 12 de diciembre de 1787. Sala de la Independencia , donde la Declaración de Independencia de Estados Unidos y la Constitución de Estados Unidos fueron redactadas, se encuentra en Filadelfia, en el estado de la ciudad más grande . Durante la Guerra Civil estadounidense , la Batalla de Gettysburg se libró en la región centro sur del estado. Valley Forge, cerca de Filadelfia, fue la sede del general Washington durante el crudo invierno de 1777-1778.
Geografía
Pensilvania está a 170 millas (274 km) de norte a sur y 283 millas (455 km) de este a oeste. [9] De un total de 46.055 millas cuadradas (119.282 km 2 ), 44.817 millas cuadradas (116.075 km 2 ) son tierra, 490 millas cuadradas (1.269 km 2 ) son aguas interiores y 749 millas cuadradas (1.940 km 2 ) son aguas en Lago Erie. [10] Es el 33º estado más grande de los Estados Unidos . [11] Pensilvania tiene 51 millas (82 km) [12] de costa a lo largo del lago Erie y 57 millas (92 km) [8] de costa a lo largo del estuario de Delaware . De las Trece Colonias originales , Pensilvania es el único estado que no limita con el Océano Atlántico .
Los límites del estado son la línea Mason-Dixon (39 ° 43 'N) al sur, el círculo de doce millas en la frontera entre Pennsylvania y Delaware, el río Delaware al este, 80 ° 31' W al oeste y los 42 ° N al norte, excepto por un segmento corto en el extremo occidental, donde un triángulo se extiende hacia el norte hasta el lago Erie .
Las ciudades incluyen Filadelfia , Reading , Líbano y Lancaster en el sureste, Pittsburgh en el suroeste y las tres ciudades de Allentown , Bethlehem y Easton en el centro este (conocido como Lehigh Valley ). El noreste incluye las antiguas ciudades mineras de carbón de antracita de Scranton , Wilkes-Barre , Pittston , Nanticoke y Hazleton . Erie se encuentra en el noroeste. State College sirve a la región central, mientras que Williamsport sirve a la región centro-norte de la mancomunidad al igual que Chambersburg la región centro-sur, con York , Carlisle y la capital del estado Harrisburg en el río Susquehanna en la región centro-este de la Commonwealth y Altoona y Johnstown en la región centro-oeste.
El estado tiene cinco regiones geográficas, a saber, Allegheny Plateau , Ridge and Valley , Atlantic Coastal Plain , Piedmont y Erie Plain .
Estados y provincia adyacentes
- Ontario (provincia de Canadá ) (noroeste)
- Nueva York (norte y noreste)
- Nueva Jersey (este y sureste)
- Delaware (extremo sureste)
- Maryland (sur)
- Virginia Occidental (suroeste)
- Ohio (oeste)
Clima
La diversa topografía de Pensilvania también produce una variedad de climas, aunque todo el estado experimenta inviernos fríos y veranos húmedos. A caballo entre dos zonas principales, la mayoría del estado, a excepción de la esquina sureste, tiene un clima continental húmedo ( clasificación climática de Köppen Dfa ). La parte sur del estado tiene un clima subtropical húmedo. La ciudad más grande, Filadelfia , tiene algunas características del clima subtropical húmedo (Köppen Cfa ) que cubre gran parte de Delaware y Maryland al sur.
Los veranos son generalmente calurosos y húmedos. Avanzando hacia el interior montañoso del estado, el clima invernal se vuelve más frío, aumenta el número de días nublados y la cantidad de nevadas es mayor. Las áreas occidentales del estado, particularmente las ubicaciones cercanas al lago Erie , pueden recibir más de 100 pulgadas (250 cm) de nieve al año, y todo el estado recibe abundantes precipitaciones durante todo el año. El estado puede estar sujeto a un clima severo desde la primavera hasta el verano y el otoño. Los tornados ocurren anualmente en el estado, a veces en grandes cantidades, como 30 tornados registrados en 2011; En términos generales, estos tornados no causan daños importantes. [13]
Promedio mensual de temperaturas máximas y mínimas para varias ciudades de Pensilvania (en ° F) | ||||||||||||
Ciudad | Ene. | Feb. | Mar. | Abr. | Mayo | Jun. | Jul. | Ago. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dic. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scranton | 33/19 | 37/21 | 46/28 | 59/38 | 70/48 | 78/56 | 82/61 | 80/60 | 72/52 | 61/41 | 49/33 | 38/24 |
Erie | 34/21 | 36/21 | 44/27 | 56/38 | 67/48 | 76/58 | 80/63 | 79/62 | 72/56 | 61/45 | 50/37 | 38/27 |
Pittsburgh | 36/21 | 39/23 | 49/30 | 62/40 | 71/49 | 79/58 | 83/63 | 81/62 | 74/54 | 63/43 | 51/35 | 39/25 |
Harrisburg | 37/23 | 41/25 | 50/33 | 62/42 | 72/52 | 81/62 | 85/66 | 83/64 | 76/56 | 64/45 | 53/35 | 41/27 |
Filadelfia | 40/26 | 44/28 | 53/34 | 64/44 | 74/54 | 83/64 | 87/69 | 85/68 | 78/60 | 67/48 | 56/39 | 45/30 |
Allentown | 36/20 | 40/22 | 49/29 | 61/39 | 72/48 | 80/58 | 84/63 | 82/61 | 75/53 | 64/41 | 52/33 | 40/24 |
Fuentes: [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] |
Historia
Históricamente, a partir de 1600, las tribus que viven en Pennsylvania fueron los algonquina Lenape (también Delaware), el Iroquoian susquehanoques y Petun (también Tionontati, Kentatentonga, Tabaco, Wenro) [19] y el presumiblemente Siouan Monongahela Cultura , que pueden haber sido lo mismo que una tribu poco conocida llamada Calicua o Cali. [20] Otras tribus que entraron en la región durante la era colonial fueron Trockwae , [21] Tutelo, Saponi, Shawnee, Nanticoke, Conoy Piscataway, Confederación Iroquois, probablemente entre otras. [22] [23] [24] [25]
Otras tribus, como los Erie , pudieron haber tenido tierras en Pensilvania, pero ya no lo hicieron en el año 1600. [26]
siglo 17
Tanto los holandeses como los ingleses reclamaron ambos lados del río Delaware como parte de sus tierras coloniales en América. [27] [28] [29] Los holandeses fueron los primeros en tomar posesión. [29]
Para el 3 de junio de 1631, los holandeses habían comenzado a asentarse en la península de Delmarva estableciendo la Colonia Zwaanendael en el sitio de la actual Lewes, Delaware . [30] En 1638, Suecia estableció la Colonia Nueva Suecia , en la región de Fort Christina , en el sitio de la actual Wilmington, Delaware . Nueva Suecia reclamó y, en su mayor parte, controló la región inferior del río Delaware (partes de los actuales Delaware, Nueva Jersey y Pensilvania), pero estableció allí pocos colonos. [31] [32]
El 12 de marzo de 1664, el rey Carlos II de Inglaterra otorgó a James, duque de York, una concesión que incorporaba todas las tierras incluidas en la Virginia Company of Plymouth Grant original más otras tierras. Esta subvención estaba en conflicto con el reclamo holandés de New Netherland , que incluía partes de la actual Pennsylvania. [33]
El 24 de junio de 1664, el duque de York vendió la parte de su gran subvención que incluía la actual Nueva Jersey a John Berkeley y George Carteret por una colonia propietaria. La tierra aún no estaba en posesión británica, pero la venta se ubicaba en la parte de Nueva Holanda en el lado oeste del río Delaware . La conquista británica de Nueva Holanda comenzó el 29 de agosto de 1664, cuando Nueva Amsterdam fue obligada a rendirse mientras se enfrentaba a los cañones de los barcos británicos en el puerto de Nueva York. [34] [35] Esta conquista continuó y se completó en octubre de 1664, cuando los británicos capturaron Fort Casimir en lo que hoy es New Castle, Delaware .
La Paz de Breda entre Inglaterra, Francia y Holanda confirmó la conquista inglesa el 21 de julio de 1667, [36] [37] aunque hubo reversiones temporales.
El 12 de septiembre de 1672, durante la Tercera Guerra Anglo-Holandesa , los holandeses reconquistaron la colonia de Nueva York / Nueva Amsterdam , estableciendo tres tribunales de condado, que se convirtieron en los condados originales en los actuales Delaware y Pensilvania. El que más tarde se trasladó a Pensilvania fue Upland. [38] Esto se revirtió parcialmente el 9 de febrero de 1674, cuando el Tratado de Westminster puso fin a la Tercera Guerra Anglo-Holandesa y revirtió todas las situaciones políticas al status quo ante bellum . Los británicos conservaron los condados holandeses con sus nombres holandeses. [39] El 11 de junio de 1674, Nueva York reafirmó el control sobre las colonias periféricas, incluida Upland, pero los nombres comenzaron a cambiarse a nombres británicos el 11 de noviembre de 1674. [40] Upland se dividió el 12 de noviembre de 1674, produciendo el esquema general de la frontera actual entre Pennsylvania y Delaware. [41]
El 28 de febrero de 1681, Carlos II otorgó una carta de tierras [42] a William Penn para pagar una deuda de £ 16,000 [43] (alrededor de £ 2,100,000 en 2008, ajustando la inflación minorista) [44] adeudada al padre de William, el almirante William Penn . Esta fue una de las mayores concesiones de tierras a un individuo en la historia. [45] El rey la llamó Pennsylvania (literalmente "Penn's Woods") en honor al almirante Penn; el hijo del almirante que propuso que la tierra se llamara Nueva Gales y luego, después de las objeciones, Sylvania (del latín silva : "bosque, bosques"), se sintió avergonzado por el cambio de la última forma propuesta, temiendo que la gente pensara que había le puso su nombre, pero el rey Carlos no quiso cambiar el nombre de la subvención. [46] Penn estableció un gobierno con dos innovaciones que fueron muy copiadas en el Nuevo Mundo: la comisión del condado y la libertad de convicciones religiosas . [45]
Lo que había sido Upland en lo que se convirtió en el lado de Pensilvania de la frontera entre Pensilvania y Delaware pasó a llamarse Condado de Chester cuando Pensilvania instituyó sus gobiernos coloniales el 4 de marzo de 1681. [47] [48] El líder cuáquero William Penn había firmado un tratado de paz con Tammany , líder de la tribu Delaware, inicia un largo período de relaciones amistosas entre los cuáqueros y los indios. [49] Siguieron tratados adicionales entre cuáqueros y otras tribus. El tratado de William Penn nunca fue violado. [50] [51] [52]
siglo 18
Entre 1730 y cuando fue clausurada por el Parlamento con la Ley de Divisas de 1764, la colonia de Pensilvania hizo su propio papel moneda para compensar la escasez de oro y plata reales. El papel moneda se llamaba Colonial Scrip . La Colonia emitió "letras de crédito", que eran tan buenas como monedas de oro o plata debido a su estado de curso legal. Dado que fueron emitidos por el gobierno y no por una institución bancaria, fue una propuesta sin intereses, que en gran medida sufragó los gastos del gobierno y, por lo tanto, los impuestos al pueblo. También promovió el empleo general y la prosperidad, ya que el Gobierno utilizó la discreción y no emitió demasiado para inflar la moneda. Benjamin Franklin participó en la creación de esta moneda, de la que dijo que su utilidad nunca sería discutida, y también recibió la "cautelosa aprobación" de Adam Smith . [53]
James Smith escribió que en 1763, "los indios comenzaron de nuevo las hostilidades y estaban ocupados en matar y arrancar el cuero cabelludo a los habitantes de la frontera en varias partes de Pensilvania". Además, "este estado era entonces un gobierno cuáquero, y al principio de esta guerra las fronteras no recibieron ayuda del estado". [54] Las hostilidades subsiguientes se conocieron como la Guerra de Pontiac .
Después del Congreso de la Ley del Timbre de 1765, el Delegado John Dickinson de Filadelfia redactó la Declaración de Derechos y Quejas . El Congreso fue la primera reunión de las Trece Colonias , convocada a pedido de la Asamblea de Massachusetts , pero solo nueve colonias enviaron delegados. [55] Dickinson luego escribió Cartas de un granjero en Pensilvania, a los habitantes de las colonias británicas , que se publicaron en la Crónica de Pensilvania entre el 2 de diciembre de 1767 y el 15 de febrero de 1768. [56]
Cuando los Padres Fundadores de los Estados Unidos se reunieron en Filadelfia en 1774, 12 colonias enviaron representantes al Primer Congreso Continental . [57] El Segundo Congreso Continental , que también se reunió en Filadelfia (en mayo de 1775), redactó y firmó la Declaración de Independencia en Filadelfia, [58] pero cuando esa ciudad fue capturada por los británicos, el Congreso Continental escapó hacia el oeste, reuniéndose en el juzgado de Lancaster el sábado 27 de septiembre de 1777 y luego a York . Allí, ellos y su autor principal, John Dickinson, redactaron los Artículos de Confederación que formaron 13 Estados independientes [59] en una nueva unión. Más tarde, se redactó la Constitución y Filadelfia fue nuevamente elegida como cuna de la nueva Unión Americana. [60] La Constitución fue redactada y firmada en la Casa del Estado de Pensilvania , ahora conocida como Independence Hall, y el mismo edificio donde se firmó la Declaración de Independencia. [61]
Pensilvania se convirtió en el primer estado grande y el segundo en ratificar la Constitución de los Estados Unidos el 12 de diciembre de 1787, [62] cinco días después de que Delaware se convirtiera en el primero. En ese momento era el más diverso desde el punto de vista étnico y religioso de los trece Estados . Debido a que un tercio de la población de Pensilvania hablaba alemán, la Constitución se presentó en alemán para incluir a esos ciudadanos en la discusión. El reverendo Frederick Muhlenberg actuó como presidente de la convención de ratificación del estado. [63]
Dickinson College of Carlisle fue la primera universidad fundada después de la unión de los Estados Unidos. Establecido en 1773, el colegio fue ratificado cinco días después del Tratado de París el 9 de septiembre de 1783. El colegio fue fundado por Benjamin Rush y lleva el nombre de John Dickinson.
Durante medio siglo, la Asamblea General (legislatura) de la Commonwealth se reunió en varios lugares del área general de Filadelfia antes de comenzar a reunirse regularmente en el Independence Hall en Filadelfia durante 63 años. [64] Pero necesitaba una ubicación más central, como por ejemplo, las masacres de Paxton Boys de 1763 habían alertado a la legislatura. Entonces, en 1799 la Asamblea General se trasladó al Palacio de Justicia de Lancaster , [64] y finalmente en 1812 a Harrisburg . [64]
Siglo 19
La Asamblea General se reunió en el antiguo Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Dauphin hasta diciembre de 1821, [64] cuando el "Capitolio de Hills" de estilo federal (llamado así por su constructor, Stephen Hills , un arquitecto de Lancaster) se construyó en una concesión de tierra de cuatro acres en la cima de una colina. reservado para una sede del gobierno estatal por el hijo profético, emprendedor y homónimo de John Harris, Sr. , un nativo de Yorkshire que había fundado un puesto comercial en 1705 y ferry (1733) en la orilla este del río Susquehanna. [65] El Capitolio de Hills se quemó el 2 de febrero de 1897 durante una fuerte tormenta de nieve, presumiblemente debido a un conducto de humos defectuoso . [64]
La Asamblea General se reunió en Grace Methodist Church en State Street (todavía en pie) hasta que se pudiera construir un nuevo capitolio. Después de un concurso de selección de arquitectura que muchos alegaron había sido "manipulado", el arquitecto de Chicago Henry Ives Cobb fue encargado de diseñar y construir un edificio de reemplazo; sin embargo, la legislatura tenía poco dinero para asignar al proyecto, y se completó un edificio algo industrial, toscamente terminado (el Capitolio de Cobb). La Asamblea General se negó a ocupar el edificio. La indignación política y popular en 1901 provocó un segundo concurso que se restringió a los arquitectos de Pensilvania, y Joseph Miller Huston de Filadelfia fue elegido para diseñar el actual Capitolio del Estado de Pensilvania que incorporó el edificio de Cobb en una magnífica obra pública terminada y dedicada en 1907. [64]
El nuevo Capitolio estatal recibió críticas muy favorables. [64] Su cúpula se inspiró en las cúpulas de la Basílica de San Pedro en Roma y el Capitolio de los Estados Unidos. [64] El presidente Theodore Roosevelt la llamó "la capital estatal más hermosa de la nación" y dijo: "Es el edificio más hermoso que he visto" en la inauguración. En 1989, The New York Times lo elogió como "grandioso, incluso asombroso en algunos momentos, pero también es un edificio funcional, accesible a los ciudadanos ... un edificio que conecta con la realidad de la vida diaria". [64]
James Buchanan , del condado de Franklin , el único presidente soltero de los Estados Unidos (1857-1861), [66] fue el único que nació en Pensilvania. La Batalla de Gettysburg , el principal punto de inflexión de la Guerra Civil, tuvo lugar cerca de Gettysburg . [67] Se estima que 350.000 residentes de Pensilvania sirvieron en las fuerzas del Ejército de la Unión , incluidos 8.600 voluntarios militares afroamericanos .
Pensilvania también fue el hogar del primer pozo de petróleo perforado comercialmente. En 1859, cerca de Titusville, Pensilvania , Edwin Drake perforó con éxito el pozo, lo que condujo al primer gran auge petrolero en la historia de Estados Unidos.
siglo 20
A principios del siglo XX, la economía de Pensilvania se centró en la producción de acero, la tala, la minería del carbón, la producción textil y otras formas de fabricación industrial. Un aumento en la inmigración a los EE. UU. A fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX proporcionó un flujo constante de mano de obra barata para estas industrias, que a menudo empleaban a niños y personas que no podían hablar inglés.
En 1923, el presidente Calvin Coolidge estableció el Bosque Nacional Allegheny bajo la autoridad de la Ley de Semanas de 1911. [68] El bosque está ubicado en la parte noroeste del estado en los condados de Elk, Forest, McKean y Warren para fines madereros. producción y protección de cuencas hidrográficas en la cuenca del río Allegheny . El Allegheny es el único bosque nacional del estado. [69]
El accidente de Three Mile Island fue el accidente nuclear más importante en la historia de las centrales nucleares comerciales de Estados Unidos. [70] [71]
Siglo 21
El vuelo 93 de United Airlines se estrelló en un campo cerca de Shanksville durante los ataques del 11 de septiembre , matando a 44 personas.
Dentro del primer semestre de 2003, el Tekko anual comienza en Pittsburgh. [72]
En octubre de 2018, el árbol de la vida, o la congregación L'Simcha, experimentó el tiroteo en la sinagoga de Pittsburgh . [73]
Demografía
A partir de 2019, Pensilvania tiene una población estimada de 12,801,989, que es una disminución de 5,071 con respecto al año anterior y un aumento de 99,610 desde el año 2010. La migración neta a otros estados resultó en una disminución de 27,718, y la inmigración de otros países resultó en en un incremento de 127.007. La migración neta al Commonwealth fue de 98.289. La migración de nativos de Pensilvania resultó en una disminución de 100,000 personas. De 2008 a 2012, el 5,8% de la población nació en el extranjero. [74]
Lugar de origen
De las personas que residen en Pensilvania, el 74,5% nació en Pensilvania, el 18,4% nació en un estado diferente de los EE. UU., El 1,5% nació en Puerto Rico, áreas insulares de EE. UU. O nació en el extranjero de padres estadounidenses, y el 5,6% fue nacido en el extranjero. [79] Los residentes de Pensilvania nacidos en el extranjero son principalmente de Asia (36,0%), Europa (35,9%) y América Latina (30,6%), y el resto de África (5%), América del Norte (3,1%) y Oceanía ( 0,4%).
Los grupos de ascendencia más grandes se enumeran a continuación, expresados como un porcentaje del total de personas que respondieron con una ascendencia particular para el censo de 2010: [80] [81]
- Alemán 28,5%
- Irlandés 18,2%
- Italiano 12,8%
- Afroamericanos 9,6%
- Inglés 8.5%
- Polaco 7,2%
- Francés 4,2%
Desglose racial
Composición racial | 1990 [82] | 2000 [83] | 2010 [84] |
---|---|---|---|
blanco | 88,5% | 85,4% | 81,9% |
Negro | 9,2% | 10,0% | 10,9% |
asiático | 1,2% | 1,8% | 2,8% |
Nativo | 0,1% | 0,1% | 0,2% |
Nativo de Hawái y otras islas del Pacífico | - | - | - |
Otra raza | 1,0% | 1,5% | 2,4% |
Dos o mas carreras | - | 1,2% | 1,9% |
En 2011, el 32,1% de la población de Pensilvania menor de 1 año eran minorías. [85]
La población hispana de Pensilvania creció en un 82,6% entre 2000 y 2010, lo que la convierte en uno de los mayores aumentos en la población hispana de un estado. El importante crecimiento de la población hispana se debe a la inmigración al estado principalmente de Puerto Rico, que es un territorio de los Estados Unidos, pero en menor medida de países como República Dominicana, México y varias naciones de Centro y Sudamérica, también. a partir de la ola de hispanos que abandonan Nueva York y Nueva Jersey en busca de una vida más segura y asequible. La población asiática aumentó en casi un 60%, impulsada por la inmigración india, vietnamita y china, así como por los numerosos trasplantes asiáticos que se mudaron a Filadelfia desde Nueva York. El rápido crecimiento de esta comunidad ha dado a Pensilvania una de las poblaciones asiáticas más grandes de la nación por valores numéricos. La población negra y afroamericana creció un 13%, que fue el mayor aumento de esa población entre los pares del estado (Nueva York, Nueva Jersey, Ohio, Illinois y Michigan). Otros doce estados vieron disminuciones en sus poblaciones blancas. [86] El estado tiene una alta inmigración de personas negras e hispanas de otros estados cercanos, y las partes este y centro-sur del estado experimentan la mayor parte de los aumentos. [87] [88]
La mayoría de los hispanos en Pensilvania son de ascendencia puertorriqueña , y tienen una de las poblaciones puertorriqueñas más grandes y de más rápido crecimiento en el país. [89] [90] La mayor parte de la población hispana restante está compuesta por mexicanos y dominicanos . La mayoría de los hispanos se concentran en Filadelfia, Lehigh Valley y South Central Pennsylvania . La población de hispanos reportada en Pensilvania, especialmente entre la raza negra, ha aumentado notablemente en los últimos años. [91] La población hispana es mayor en Bethlehem , Allentown , Reading , Lancaster , York y alrededor de Filadelfia . No está claro cuánto de este cambio refleja una población cambiante y cuánto refleja una mayor voluntad de autoidentificarse como minoría. A partir de 2010, se estima que aproximadamente el 85% de todos los hispanos en Pensilvania viven dentro de un radio de 150 millas (240 km) de Filadelfia, con aproximadamente el 20% viviendo dentro de la ciudad misma.
De la población negra, la gran mayoría en el estado son afroamericanos, descendientes de esclavos africanos traídos al sur de los Estados Unidos durante la época colonial. También hay un número creciente de negros de origen antillano , africano reciente e hispano . [92] La mayoría de los negros viven en el área de Filadelfia, Pittsburgh y South Central Pennsylvania. Los blancos constituyen la mayoría de Pensilvania; en su mayoría descienden de inmigrantes alemanes, irlandeses, escoceses, galeses, italianos e ingleses. Las porciones rurales del centro sur de Pensilvania son famosas en todo el país por sus notables comunidades Amish . El Valle de Wyoming , que consta de Scranton y Wilkes-Barre , tiene el porcentaje más alto de residentes blancos de cualquier área metropolitana (con una población de 500,000 o más) en los EE. UU., Con 96.2% de su población que afirma ser blanca sin antecedentes hispanos. .
El centro de población de Pensilvania se encuentra en el condado de Perry , en el distrito de Duncannon . [93]
Age and poverty
The state had the fourth-highest proportion of elderly (65+) citizens in 2010—15.4%, as compared to 13.0% nationwide.[94] According to U.S. Census Bureau estimates, the state's poverty rate was 12.5% in 2017, compared to 13.4% for the United States as a whole.[95]
Historical population | |||
---|---|---|---|
Census | Pop. | %± | |
1790 | 434,373 | — | |
1800 | 602,365 | 38.7% | |
1810 | 810,091 | 34.5% | |
1820 | 1,049,458 | 29.5% | |
1830 | 1,348,233 | 28.5% | |
1840 | 1,724,033 | 27.9% | |
1850 | 2,311,786 | 34.1% | |
1860 | 2,906,215 | 25.7% | |
1870 | 3,521,951 | 21.2% | |
1880 | 4,282,891 | 21.6% | |
1890 | 5,258,113 | 22.8% | |
1900 | 6,302,115 | 19.9% | |
1910 | 7,665,111 | 21.6% | |
1920 | 8,720,017 | 13.8% | |
1930 | 9,631,350 | 10.5% | |
1940 | 9,900,180 | 2.8% | |
1950 | 10,498,012 | 6.0% | |
1960 | 11,319,366 | 7.8% | |
1970 | 11,793,909 | 4.2% | |
1980 | 11,863,895 | 0.6% | |
1990 | 11,881,643 | 0.1% | |
2000 | 12,281,054 | 3.4% | |
2010 | 12,702,379 | 3.4% | |
2020 | 13,011,844 | 2.4% | |
Source: 1910–2020[96] |
State | % of population |
---|---|
Florida | 17.3 |
West Virginia | 16.0 |
Maine | 15.9 |
Pennsylvania | 15.4 |
Iowa | 14.9 |
Montana | 14.8 |
Vermont | 14.6 |
North Dakota | 14.5 |
Rhode Island | 14.4 |
Arkansas | 14.4 |
Birth data
Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.
Race | 2013[97] | 2014[98] | 2015[99] | 2016[100] | 2017[101] | 2018[102] | 2019[103] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | 109,007 (77.3%) | 110,809 (77.9%) | 109,595 (77.7%) | ... | ... | ... | ... |
> Non-Hispanic White | 98,751 (70.0%) | 99,306 (69.8%) | 97,845 (69.4%) | 94,520 (67.8%) | 92,297 (67.0%) | 90,862 (67.0%) | 88,710 (66.1%) |
Black | 24,770 (17.6%) | 24,024 (16.9%) | 24,100 (17.1%) | 18,338 (13.1%) | 18,400 (13.4%) | 17,779 (13.1%) | 17,585 (13.1%) |
Asian | 6,721 (4.7%) | 7,067 (5.0%) | 6,961 (4.9%) | 6,466 (4.6%) | 6,401 (4.6%) | 6,207 (4.6%) | 6,214 (4.6%) |
American Indian | 423 (0.3%) | 368 (0.3%) | 390 (0.3%) | 86 (0.1%) | 135 (0.1%) | 128 (0.1%) | 119 (0.1%) |
Hispanic (of any race) | 14,163 (10.1%) | 14,496 (10.2%) | 14,950 (10.6%) | 15,348 (11.0%) | 15,840 (11.5%) | 15,826 (11.7%) | 16,718 (12.5%) |
Total Pennsylvania | 140,921 (100%) | 142,268 (100%) | 141,047 (100%) | 139,409 (100%) | 137,745 (100%) | 135,673 (100%) | 134,230 (100%) |
- Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin have not been collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Languages
Language | Percentage of population (as of 2010)[104] |
---|---|
Spanish | 4.1% |
German (including Pennsylvania German) | 0.9% |
Chinese (including Mandarin) | 0.5% |
Italian | 0.4% |
French | 0.3% |
Russian | 0.3% |
Vietnamese | 0.3% |
Korean | 0.3% |
Polish | 0.2% |
Arabic | 0.2% |
Hindi | 0.2% |
As of 2010, 90.2% (10,710,239) of Pennsylvania residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 4.1% (486,058) spoke Spanish, 0.8% (103,502) German (which includes Pennsylvania Dutch) and 0.5% (56,052) Chinese (which includes Mandarin) of the population over the age of five. In total, 9.9% (1,170,628) of Pennsylvania's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.[104]
Pennsylvania German language
Pennsylvania German is often—even though misleadingly—called "Pennsylvania Dutch". The term Dutch used to mean "German"[105] (including the Netherlands), before the Latin name for them replaced it (but stuck with the Netherlands). When referring to the language spoken by the Pennsylvania Dutch people (Pennsylvania German) it means "German" or "Teutonic" rather than "Netherlander". Germans, in their own language, call themselves "Deutsch", (Pennsylvania German: "Deitsch"). The Pennsylvania German language is a descendant of German, in the West Central German dialect family. It is closest to Palatine German. Pennsylvania German is still very vigorous as a first language among Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites (principally in the Lancaster County area), whereas it is almost extinct as an everyday language outside the plain communities, though a few words have passed into English usage.
Religion
Of all the colonies, only Rhode Island had religious freedom as secure as in Pennsylvania.[107] Voltaire, writing of William Penn in 1733, observed: "The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony, which have remained invariably the same to this day. The chief is, to ill-treat no person on account of religion, and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God."[108] One result of this uncommon freedom was a wide religious diversity, which continues to the present.
Pennsylvania's population in 2010 was 12,702,379. Of these, 6,838,440 (53.8%) were estimated to belong to some sort of organized religion. According to the Association of religion data archives (ARDA) at Pennsylvania State University, the largest religions in Pennsylvania by adherents are the Roman Catholic Church with 3,503,028 adherents, the United Methodist Church with 591,734 members, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 501,974 members.
Pennsylvania, especially in the west and in the Pittsburgh area, has one of the largest communities of Presbyterians in the nation, being the third highest by percentage of population and the largest outright in membership.[109] The Presbyterian Church (USA), with about 250,000 members and 1,011 congregations, is the largest church, while the Presbyterian Church in America is also significant, with 112 congregations and 23,000 adherents; the EPC has around 50 congregations, as well as the ECO. The fourth-largest Protestant denomination, the United Church of Christ, has 180,000 members and 627 congregations. American Baptist Churches USA (Northern Baptist Convention) is based in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania was the center state of the German Reformed denomination from the 1700s.[110] Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, is one of the headquarters of the Moravian Church in America. Pennsylvania also has a very large Amish population, second only to Ohio among the states.[111] In the year 2000 there was a total Amish population of 47,860 in Pennsylvania and a further 146,416 Mennonites and 91,200 Brethren. The total Anabapist population including Bruderhof[112] was 232,631, about two percent of the population.[113] While Pennsylvania owes its existence to Quakers, and much of the historic character of the Commonwealth is ideologically rooted in the teachings of the Religious Society of Friends (as they are officially known), practicing Quakers are a small minority of about 10,000 adherents in 2010.[114]
As of 2014[update], the religious affiliations of the people of Pennsylvania are:[106]
- Christian 73%
- Protestant 47%
- Mainline Protestant 23%
- Evangelical Protestant 19%
- Black Protestant 5%
- Roman Catholic 24%
- Jehovah's Witnesses 1%
- Orthodox Christian <1%
- Protestant 47%
- Non-religious/Unaffiliated 21%
- Judaism 1%
- Islam 1%
- Hinduism 1%
- Other 2%
- Don't know/Refused to say 1%
According to a 2016 Gallup poll, 38% of Pennsylvanians are very religious, 29% are moderately religious, and 34% are non-religious.[115]
Economía
Pennsylvania's 2018 total gross state product (GSP) of $803 billion ranks the state 6th in the nation.[116] If Pennsylvania were an independent country, its economy would rank as the 19th-largest in the world.[117] On a per-capita basis, Pennsylvania's 2016 per-capita GSP of $50,665 (in chained 2009 dollars) ranks 22nd among the fifty states.[116]
Total employment 2016
- 5,354,964
Total employer establishments
- 301,484[118]
Philadelphia in the southeast corner, Pittsburgh in the southwest corner, Erie in the northwest corner, Scranton-Wilkes-Barre in the northeast corner, and Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton in the east central region are urban manufacturing centers. Much of the Commonwealth is rural; this dichotomy affects state politics as well as the state economy.[119] Philadelphia is home to six Fortune 500 companies,[120] with more located in suburbs like King of Prussia; it is a leader in the financial[121] and insurance industry.
Pittsburgh is home to eight Fortune 500 companies, including U.S. Steel, PPG Industries, and H.J. Heinz.[120] In all, Pennsylvania is home to fifty Fortune 500 companies.[120] Hershey is home to The Hershey Company, one of the largest chocolate manufacturers in the world. Erie is also home to GE Transportation, which is the largest producer of train locomotives in the United States.
As in the US as a whole and in most states, the largest private employer in the Commonwealth is Walmart, followed by the University of Pennsylvania.[122][123] Pennsylvania is also home to the oldest investor-owned utility company in the US, The York Water Company.
As of May 2020, the state's unemployment rate is 13.1%.[124]
Year | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDP in mil. US$[125] | 506.505 | 525.979 | 559.876 | 579.432 | 573.964 | 596.662 | 615.411 | 637.896 | 659.792 | 684.781 | 708.402 | 724.936 |
GDP per capita in real 2009 US$[125] | 45,035 | 45,021 | 46,330 | 46,862 | 45,312 | 46,387 | 46,872 | 47,540 | 48,278 | 49,155 | 50,418 | 50,997 |
Real growth rate in %[126] | 1.3% | 0.5% | 3.3% | 1.5% | −2.9% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 2.0% | 2.6% | 0.9% |
unemployment rate (in July)[127] | 4.9% | 4.7% | 4.4% | 5.2% | 8.2% | 8.3% | 8.0% | 7.9% | 7.3% | 5.8% | 5.3% | 5.5% |
Banking
The first nationally chartered bank in the United States, the Bank of North America, was founded in 1781 in Philadelphia. After a series of mergers, the Bank of North America is part of Wells Fargo, which uses national charter 1.
Pennsylvania is also the home to the first nationally chartered bank under the 1863 National Banking Act. That year, the Pittsburgh Savings & Trust Company received a national charter and renamed itself the First National Bank of Pittsburgh as part of the National Banking Act. That bank is still in existence today as PNC Financial Services and remains based in Pittsburgh. PNC is the state's largest bank and the sixth-largest in the United States.
Agriculture
Pennsylvania ranks 19th overall in agricultural production.[128]
- The 1st is mushroom production,
- The 2nd is apples,
- The 3rd is Christmas trees and layer chickens,
- The 4th is nursery and sod, milk, corn for silage, grapes grown (including juice grapes), and horses production.
It also ranks 8th in the nation in winemaking.[129]
The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture worked with private companies to establish "PA Preferred" as a way to brand agricultural products grown or made in the state to support and promote Pennsylvania products and locally grown food.[130]
The financial impact of agriculture in Pennsylvania[131] includes employment of more than 66,800 people employed by the food manufacturing industry; and over $1.7 billion in food product export (in 2011).
Gambling
Casino gambling was legalized in Pennsylvania in 2004. Currently, there are nine casinos across the state with three under construction or in planning. Only horse racing, slot machines and electronic table games were legal in Pennsylvania, although a bill to legalize table games was being negotiated in the fall of 2009.[132] Table games such as poker, roulette, blackjack, and craps were finally approved by the state legislature in January 2010, being signed into law by the Governor on January 7.
Former Governor Ed Rendell had considered legalizing video poker machines in bars and private clubs in 2009 since an estimated 17,000 operate illegally across the state.[133] Under this plan, any establishment with a liquor license would be allowed up to five machines. All machines would be connected to the state's computer system, like commercial casinos. The state would impose a 50% tax on net gambling revenues, after winning players have been paid, with the remaining 50% going to the establishment owners.
Film
The Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit began in 2004 and stimulated the development of a film industry in the state.[134]
Gobernancia
Pennsylvania has had five constitutions during its statehood:[135] 1776, 1790, 1838, 1874, and 1968. Before that the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a Frame of Government, of which there were four versions: 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701.[135] The capital of Pennsylvania is Harrisburg. The legislature meets in the State Capitol there.
Executive
The current Governor is Tom Wolf. The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the Lieutenant Governor John Fetterman, Attorney General Joshua Shapiro, Auditor General Timothy DeFoor, and Pennsylvania Treasurer Stacy Garrity. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor run as a ticket in the general election and are up for re-election every four years during the midterm elections. The elections for Attorney General, Auditor General, and Treasurer are held every four years coinciding with a Presidential election.[136]
Legislative
Pennsylvania has a bicameral legislature set up by Commonwealth's constitution in 1790. The original Frame of Government of William Penn had a unicameral legislature.[137] The General Assembly includes 50 Senators and 203 Representatives. Joe Scarnati is currently President Pro Tempore of the State Senate, Jake Corman the Majority Leader, and Jay Costa the Minority Leader.[138] Bryan Cutler is Speaker of the House of Representatives, with Kerry A. Benninghoff as Majority Leader and Frank Dermody as Minority Leader.[139] As of the 2018 elections, the Republicans hold the majority in the State House and Senate.
Judiciary
Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts,[140] most of which (except Philadelphia) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses, all minor (summary) criminal offenses, and small civil claims.[140] Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions.[140] The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance.[140] The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas.[140] The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected; the chief justice is determined by seniority.[140]
State law enforcement
The Pennsylvania State Police is the chief law enforcement agency in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
Municipalities
Pennsylvania is divided into 67 counties.[141] Counties are further subdivided into municipalities that are either incorporated as cities, boroughs, or townships.[142] One county, Philadelphia County, is coterminous with the city of Philadelphia after it was consolidated in 1854. The most populous county in Pennsylvania is Philadelphia, while the least populous is Cameron (5,085).[87]
There are a total of 56 cities in Pennsylvania, which are classified, by population, as either first-, second-, or third-class cities.[141][143] Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's largest city, has a population of 1,526,006 and is the state's only first-class city.[142] Pittsburgh (305,704) and Scranton (76,089) are second-class and second-class 'A' cities, respectively.[142]
The rest of the cities, like the third and fourth-largest—Allentown (120,443) and Erie (98,593)—to the smallest—Parker with a population of only 820—are third-class cities.[144] First- and second-class cities are governed by a "strong mayor" form of mayor–council government, whereas third-class cities are governed by either a "weak mayor" form of government or a council–manager government.[142]
Boroughs are generally smaller than cities, with most Pennsylvania cities having been incorporated as a borough before being incorporated as a city.[142] There are 958 boroughs in Pennsylvania, all of which are governed by the "weak mayor" form of mayor-council government.[141][142] The largest borough in Pennsylvania is State College (41,992) and the smallest is Centralia.
Townships are the third type of municipality in Pennsylvania and are classified as either first-class or second-class townships. There are 1,454 second-class townships and 93 first-class townships.[145] Second-class townships can become first-class townships if they have a population density greater than 300 inhabitants per square mile (120/km2) and a referendum is passed supporting the change.[145] Pennsylvania's largest township is Upper Darby Township (82,629), and the smallest is East Keating Township.
There is one exception to the types of municipalities in Pennsylvania: Bloomsburg was incorporated as a town in 1870 and is, officially, the only town in the state.[146] In 1975, McCandless Township adopted a home-rule charter under the name of "Town of McCandless", but is, legally, still a first-class township.[147]
The total of 56 cities, 958 boroughs, 93 first-class townships, 1,454 second-class townships, and one town (Bloomsburg) is 2,562 municipalities.
Politics
Since the latter half of the 20th century, Pennsylvania has been a powerful swing state. It supported the losing candidate in a presidential election only twice between 1932 to 1988, faltering in 1932 and 1968 with Herbert Hoover and Hubert Humphrey, respectively. Between 1992 and 2016, Pennsylvania trended Democratic in presidential elections, voting for Bill Clinton twice by large margins, and by a slightly closer margin for Al Gore in 2000. In the 2004 presidential election, Senator John F. Kerry beat President George W. Bush in Pennsylvania, 2,938,095 (50%) to 2,793,847 (48%). In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain in Pennsylvania, 3,184,778 (54%) to 2,584,088 (44%). By the 2016 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump broke the Democratic streak of the state, winning by 2,970,733 (48%) votes to 2,926,441 (47%) votes.[149] The state returned to the Democratic column in 2020 by narrowly voting for Joe Biden over Trump, 3,458,229 (50%) to 3,377,674 (48%). The state holds 20 electoral votes.[150]
In recent national elections since 1992, Pennsylvania had leaned for the Democratic Party. The state voted for the Democratic ticket for president in every election between 1992 and 2012. During the 2008 election campaign, a recruitment drive saw registered Democrats outnumber registered Republicans by 1.2 million. However, Pennsylvania has a history of electing Republican senators. From 2009 to 2011, the state was represented by two Democratic senators for the first time since 1947 after Republican Senator Arlen Specter switched party affiliation. In 2010, Republicans recaptured a U.S. Senate seat as well as a majority of the state's congressional seats, control of both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's mansion. Democrats won back the governor's mansion four years later in the 2014 election. It was the first time since a governor became eligible to succeed himself that an incumbent governor had been defeated for reelection.
Party | Number of Voters | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|
Democratic | 4,059,864 (-51,461) | 47.59% | |
Republican | 3,245,979 (-24,903) | 38.05% | |
Minor parties / Unaffiliated | 1,225,140 (-2,533) | 14.36% | |
Total | 8,530,983 (-78,897) | 100% | |
*Lost between November 6, 2018, and November 5, 2019. |
Historically, Democratic strength was concentrated in Philadelphia in the southeast, the Pittsburgh and Johnstown areas in the southwest, and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre in the northeast. Republican strength was concentrated in the Philadelphia suburbs, as well as the more rural areas in the central, northeastern, and western portions. The latter counties have long been among the most conservative areas in the nation. Since 1992, however, the Philadelphia suburbs have swung Democratic; the brand of Republicanism there was traditionally a moderate one. The Pittsburgh suburbs, historically a Democratic stronghold, have swung more Republican since the turn of the millennium.
Democratic political consultant James Carville once pejoratively described Pennsylvania as "Philadelphia in the east, Pittsburgh in the west and Alabama in the middle". Political analysts and editorials refer to central Pennsylvania as the "T" in statewide elections. The Three Valleys (Delaware, Lehigh, and Wyoming) and greater Pittsburgh generally vote for Democratic candidates, while the majority of the counties in the central part of the state vote Republican. As a result, maps showing the results of statewide elections invariably form a "T" shape.
Taxation
Pennsylvania had the 15th-highest state and local tax burden in the United States in 2012, according to the Tax Foundation.[152] Residents paid a total of $83.7 billion in state and local taxes with a per capita average of $4,589 annually. Residents share 76% of the total tax burden. Many state politicians have tried to increase the share of taxes paid by out of state sources. Suggested revenue sources include taxing natural gas drilling as Pennsylvania is the only state without such a tax on gas drilling.[153] Additional revenue prospects include trying to place tolls on interstate highways; specifically Interstate 80, which is used heavily by out of state commuters with high maintenance costs.[154]
Sales taxes provide 39% of the Commonwealth's revenue; personal income taxes 34%; motor vehicle taxes about 12%, and taxes on cigarettes and alcoholic beverages 5%.[155] The personal income tax is a flat 3.07%. An individual's taxable income is based on the following eight types of income: compensation (salary); interest; dividends; net profits from the operation of a business, profession or farm; net gains or income from the dispositions of property; net gains or income from rents, royalties, patents and copyrights; income derived through estates or trusts; and gambling and lottery winnings (other than Pennsylvania Lottery winnings).[156]
Counties, municipalities, and school districts levy taxes on real estate. In addition, some local bodies assess a wage tax on personal income. Generally, the total wage tax rate is capped at 1% of income but some municipalities with home rule charters may charge more than 1%. Thirty-two of the Commonwealth's sixty-seven counties levy a personal property tax on stocks, bonds, and similar holdings.
With the exception of the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, municipalities and school districts are allowed to enact a local earned income tax within the purview of Act 32. Residents of these municipalities and school districts are required to file a local income tax return in addition to federal and state returns. This local return is filed with the local income tax collector, a private collection agency appointed by a particular county to collect the local earned income and local services tax (the latter a flat fee deducted from salaried employees working within a particular municipality or school district).[157][158][159][160]
The City of Philadelphia has its own local income taxation system. Philadelphia-based employers are required to withhold the Philadelphia wage tax from the salaries of their employees. Residents of Philadelphia working for an employer are not required to file a local return as long as their Philadelphia wage tax is fully withheld by their employer. If their employer does not withhold the Philadelphia wage tax, residents are required to register with the Revenue Department and file an Earnings Tax return. Residents of Philadelphia with self-employment income are required to file a Net Profits Tax (NPT) return, while those with business income from Philadelphia sources are required to obtain a Commercial Activity License (CAL) and pay the Business Income and Receipts Tax (BIRT) and the NPT. Residents with unearned income (except for interest from checking and savings accounts) are required to file and pay the School Income-tax (SIT).[161]
The complexity of Pennsylvania's local tax filing system has been criticized by experts, who note that the outsourcing of collections to private entities is akin to tax farming and that many new residents are caught off guard and end up facing "failure to file" penalties even if they did not owe any tax. Attempts to transfer local income tax collections to the state level (i.e. by having a separate local section on the state income tax return, currently the method used to collect local income taxes in New York, Maryland, Indiana, and Iowa) have been unsuccessful.[162]
Federal representation
Pennsylvania's two U.S. Senators are Democrat Bob Casey, Jr. and Republican Pat Toomey.
Pennsylvania has 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives, as of the 2010 Census.[163]
Salud
Pennsylvania has a mixed health record, and is ranked as the 29th-overall-healthiest state according to the 2013 United Health Foundation's Health Rankings.[164]
Educación
Pennsylvania has 500 public school districts, thousands of private schools, publicly funded colleges and universities, and over 100 private institutions of higher education.
Primary and secondary education
In general, under state law, school attendance in Pennsylvania is mandatory for a child from the age of 8 until the age of 17, or until graduation from an accredited high school, whichever is earlier.[165] As of 2005, 83.8% of Pennsylvania residents age 18 to 24 have completed high school. Among residents age 25 and over, 86.7% have graduated from high school.
The following are the four-year graduation rates for students completing high school in 2016:[166]
Cohort | All Students | Male | Female | White | Hispanic | Black | Asian | Special Education |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% graduating | 86.09 | 84.14 | 88.13 | 90.48 | 72.83 | 73.22 | 91.21 | 74.06 |
Additionally, 27.5% have gone on to obtain a bachelor's degree or higher.[167] State students consistently do well in standardized testing. In 2007, Pennsylvania ranked 14th in mathematics, 12th in reading, and 10th in writing for 8th grade students.[168]
In 1988, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed Act 169, which allows parents or guardians to homeschool their children as an option for compulsory school attendance. This law specifies the requirements and responsibilities of the parents and the school district where the family lives.[169]
Higher education
The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) is the public university system of the Commonwealth, with 14 state-owned schools. West Chester University has by far the largest student body of the 14 universities. The Commonwealth System of Higher Education is an organizing body of the four state-related schools in Pennsylvania; these schools (Pennsylvania State University, Lincoln University, the University of Pittsburgh, and Temple University) are independent institutions that receive some state funding. There are also 15 publicly funded two-year community colleges and technical schools that are separate from the PASSHE system. Additionally, there are many private two- and four-year technical schools, colleges, and universities.
Carnegie Mellon University, The Pennsylvania State University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Pittsburgh are members of the Association of American Universities, an invitation-only organization of leading research universities. Lehigh University is a private research university located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania State University is the Commonwealth's land-grant university, Sea Grant College and, Space Grant College. The University of Pennsylvania, located in Philadelphia, is considered the first university in the United States and established the country's first medical school. The University of Pennsylvania is also the Commonwealth's only, and geographically most southern, Ivy League school. The Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM) is a private graduate school of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy with a main campus in Erie, Pennsylvania, and a branch campus located in Greensburg, Pennsylvania (with two other campuses outside of Pennsylvania). With over 2,200 enrolled medical students, the College of Osteopathic Medicine at LECOM is the largest medical school in the United States.[170][171][172][173] The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts is the first and oldest art school in the United States.[174] Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, now a part of University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, was the first pharmacy school in the United States.[175]
Recreación
Pennsylvania is home to the nation's first zoo, the Philadelphia Zoo.[176] Other long-accredited AZA zoos include the Erie Zoo and the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium. The Lehigh Valley Zoo and ZOOAMERICA are other notable zoos. The Commonwealth boasts some of the finest museums in the country, including the Carnegie Museums in Pittsburgh, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and several others. One unique museum is the Houdini Museum in Scranton, the only building in the world devoted to the legendary magician.[177] Pennsylvania is also home to the National Aviary, located in Pittsburgh.
All 121 state parks in Pennsylvania feature free admission.
Pennsylvania offers a number of notable amusement parks, including Camel Beach, Conneaut Lake Park, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, Dutch Wonderland, DelGrosso's Amusement Park, Hersheypark, Idlewild Park, Kennywood, Knoebels, Lakemont Park, Sandcastle Waterpark, Sesame Place, Great Wolf Lodge and Waldameer Park. Pennsylvania also is home to the largest indoor waterpark resort on the East Coast, Splash Lagoon in Erie.
There are also notable music festivals that take place in Pennsylvania. These include Musikfest and NEARfest in Bethlehem, the Philadelphia Folk Festival, Creation Festival, the Great Allentown Fair, and Purple Door.
There are nearly one million licensed hunters in Pennsylvania. Whitetail deer, black bear, cottontail rabbits, squirrel, turkey, and grouse are common game species. Pennsylvania is considered one of the finest wild turkey hunting states in the Union, alongside Texas and Alabama. Sport hunting in Pennsylvania provides a massive boost for the Commonwealth's economy. A report from The Center for Rural Pennsylvania (a Legislative Agency of the Pennsylvania General Assembly) reported that hunting, fishing, and furtaking generated a total of $9.6 billion statewide.
The Boone and Crockett Club shows that five of the ten largest (skull size) black bear entries came from the state.[178] The state also has a tied record for the largest hunter shot black bear in the Boone & Crockett books at 733 lb (332 kg) and a skull of 23 3/16 tied with a bear shot in California in 1993.[178] The largest bear ever found dead was in Utah in 1975, and the second-largest was shot by a poacher in the state in 1987.[178] Pennsylvania holds the second-highest number of Boone & Crockett-recorded record black bears at 183, second only to Wisconsin's 299.[178]
Transporte
Road
The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, abbreviated as PennDOT, owns 39,861 miles (64,150 km) of the 121,770 miles (195,970 km) of roadway in the state, making it the fifth-largest state highway system in the United States.[179] The Pennsylvania Turnpike system is 535 miles (861 km) long, with the mainline portion stretching from Ohio to Philadelphia and New Jersey.[179] It is overseen by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission. Another major east–west route is Interstate 80, which runs primarily in the northern tier of the state from Ohio to New Jersey at the Delaware Water Gap. Interstate 90 travels the relatively short distance between Ohio and New York through Erie County, in the extreme northwestern part of the state.
Primary north–south highways are Interstate 79 from its terminus in Erie through Pittsburgh to West Virginia, Interstate 81 from New York through Scranton, Lackawanna County and Harrisburg to Maryland and Interstate 476, which begins 7 miles (11 km) north of the Delaware border, in Chester, Delaware County and travels 132 miles (212 km) to Clarks Summit, Lackawanna County, where it joins I-81. All but 20 miles (32 km) of I-476 is the Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, while the highway south of the mainline of the Pennsylvania Turnpike is officially called the "Veterans Memorial Highway", but is commonly referred to by locals as the "Blue Route".
Rail
The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) is the sixth-largest transit agency in the United States and operates the commuter, heavy and light rail transit, and transit bus service in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. The Port Authority of Allegheny County is the 25th-largest transit agency and provides transit bus and light rail service in and around Pittsburgh.[180]
Intercity passenger rail transit is provided by Amtrak, with the majority of traffic occurring on the Keystone Service in the high-speed Keystone Corridor between Harrisburg and Philadelphia's 30th Street Station before heading north to New York City, as well as the Northeast Regional providing frequent high-speed service up and down the Northeast Corridor. The Pennsylvanian follows the same route from New York City to Harrisburg, but extends out to Pittsburgh. The Capitol Limited also passes through Pittsburgh, as well as Connellsville, on its way from Chicago to Washington, D.C.[181] Traveling between Chicago and New York City, the Lake Shore Limited passes through Erie once in each direction.[181] There are 67 short-line, freight railroads operating in Pennsylvania, the highest number in any U.S. state.[181]
Bus and coach
Intercity bus service is provided between cities in Pennsylvania and other major points in the Northeast by Bolt Bus, Fullington Trailways, Greyhound Lines, Martz Trailways, Megabus, OurBus, Trans-Bridge Lines, as well as various Chinatown bus companies. In 2018, OurBus began offering service from West Chester, PA – Malvern, PA – King of Prussia, PA – Fort Washington, PA – New York, NY.
Air
Pennsylvania has seven major airports: Philadelphia International, Pittsburgh International, Lehigh Valley International, Harrisburg International, Erie International, University Park Airport and Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International. A total of 134 public-use airports are located in the state.[181] The port of Pittsburgh is the second-largest inland port in the United States and the 18th-largest port overall; the Port of Philadelphia is the 24th-largest port in the United States.[182] Pennsylvania's only port on the Great Lakes is located in Erie.
Water
The Allegheny River Lock and Dam Two is the most-used lock operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers of its 255 nationwide.[183] The dam impounds the Allegheny River near Downtown Pittsburgh.
Cultura
Arts
Sports
Pennsylvania is home to many major league professional sports teams: the Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball, the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association, the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League, the Philadelphia Flyers and Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League, and the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer. Among them, these teams have accumulated 7 World Series Championships (Pirates 5, Phillies 2), 16 National League Pennants (Pirates 9, Phillies 7), 3 pre-Super Bowl era NFL Championships (Eagles), 7 Super Bowl Championships (Steelers 6, Eagles 1), 2 NBA Championships (76ers), and 7 Stanley Cups (Penguins 5, Flyers 2).
Pennsylvania also has minor league and semi-pro sports teams: the Triple-A baseball Lehigh Valley IronPigs and the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the International League; the Double-A baseball Altoona Curve, Erie SeaWolves, Harrisburg Senators, and Reading Fightin Phils of the Eastern League; the Class A-Short Season baseball State College Spikes and Williamsport Crosscutters of the New York–Penn League; the independent baseball Lancaster Barnstormers and York Revolution of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball; the independent baseball Washington Wild Things of the Frontier League; the Erie BayHawks of the NBA G League; the Lehigh Valley Phantoms, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins, and Hershey Bears of the American Hockey League; the Reading Royals and of the ECHL; and the Philadelphia Soul of the Arena Football League. Among them, these teams have accumulated 12 triple and double-A baseball league titles (RailRiders 1, Senators 6, Fightin Phils 4 Curve 1), 3 Arena Bowl Championships (Soul), and 11 Calder Cups (Bears).
The first World Series between the Boston Pilgrims (which became the Boston Red Sox) and Pittsburgh Pirates was played in Pittsburgh in 1903. Since 1959, the Little League World Series is held each summer in South Williamsport, near where Little League Baseball was founded in Williamsport.[184]
Soccer is gaining popularity within the state as well. With the addition of the Philadelphia Union in the MLS, the state now boasts three teams that are eligible to compete for the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup annually. The other two teams are Philadelphia Union II and the Pittsburgh Riverhounds. However, Penn FC (formally Harrisburg City Islanders) used to be one of these teams before they announced they'd be on hiatus in 2019; although they would be returning for the 2020 season.[185] Both of the United Soccer League (USL). Within the American Soccer Pyramid, the MLS takes the first tier, while the USL-2 claims the third tier.
Arnold Palmer, one of the 20th century's most notable pro golfers, comes from Latrobe, while Jim Furyk, a current PGA member, grew up near in Lancaster. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic, played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort, in Farmington and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic, played at Glenmaura National Golf Club, in Moosic.
Philadelphia is home to LOVE Park, once a popular spot for skateboarding, and across from City Hall, host to ESPN's X Games in 2001 and 2002.[186]
Racing
In motorsports, the Mario Andretti dynasty of race drivers hails from Nazareth in the Lehigh Valley. Notable racetracks in Pennsylvania include the Jennerstown Speedway in Jennerstown, the Lake Erie Speedway in North East, the Mahoning Valley Speedway in Lehighton, the Motordome Speedway(closed) in Smithton, the Mountain Speedway in St. Johns, the Nazareth Speedway in Nazareth (closed); the Lernerville Speedway in Sarver and the Pocono Raceway in Long Pond, which is home to two NASCAR Cup Series races and an IndyCar Series race. The state is also home to Maple Grove Raceway, near Reading, which hosts major National Hot Rod Association sanctioned drag racing events each year.
There are also two motocross race tracks that host a round of the AMA Toyota Motocross Championships in Pennsylvania. High Point Raceway is located in Mt. Morris, Pennsylvania, and Steel City is located in Delmont, Pennsylvania.
Horse racing courses in Pennsylvania consist of The Meadows near Pittsburgh, Pocono Downs in Wilkes-Barre, and Harrah's Philadelphia in Chester, which offer harness racing, and Penn National Race Course in Grantville, Parx Racing (formerly Philadelphia Park) in Bensalem, and Presque Isle Downs near Erie, which offer thoroughbred racing. Smarty Jones, the 2004 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner, had Philadelphia Park as his home course.
College sports
College football is popular in Pennsylvania.[citation needed] There are three colleges in Pennsylvania that play at the highest level of collegiate football competition, the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. Two play in Power Five conferences, the Penn State University Nittany Lions of the Big Ten Conference and the University of Pittsburgh Panthers of the Atlantic Coast Conference, while the Temple University Owls play in the American Athletic Conference. Penn State claims two national championships (1982 & 1986) as well as seven undefeated seasons (1887, 1912, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1986 and 1994). Penn State plays its home games in the second-largest stadium in the United States, Beaver Stadium, which seats 106,572, and is currently led by head coach James Franklin. The University of Pittsburgh Panthers claims nine national championships (1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937 and 1976) and has played eight undefeated seasons (1904, 1910, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1937 and 1976).[187] Pitt plays its home games at Heinz Field, a facility it shares with the Pittsburgh Steelers, and is led by current head football coach Pat Narduzzi. Other Pennsylvania schools that have won national titles in football include Lafayette College (1896), Villanova University (FCS 2009), the University of Pennsylvania (1895, 1897, 1904 and 1908)[188] and Washington and Jefferson College (1921).
College basketball is also popular in the state, especially in the Philadelphia area where five universities, collectively termed the Big Five, have a rich tradition in NCAA Division I basketball. National titles in college basketball have been won by La Salle University (1954), Temple University (1938), University of Pennsylvania (1920 and 1921), University of Pittsburgh (1928 and 1930), and Villanova University (1985, 2016, and 2018).[189][190]
Food
Author Sharon Hernes Silverman calls Pennsylvania the snack food capital of the world.[191] It leads all other states in the manufacture of pretzels and potato chips. The Sturgis Pretzel House introduced the pretzel to America, and companies like Anderson Bakery Company, Intercourse Pretzel Factory, and Snyder's of Hanover are leading manufacturers in the Commonwealth. Two of the three companies that define the U.S. potato chip industry are based in Pennsylvania: Utz Quality Foods, which started making chips in Hanover, Pennsylvania, in 1921 and Wise Foods, which started making chips in Berwick also in 1921. The third, Frito-Lay is part of PepsiCo, and is based in Plano, Texas. Other companies such as Herr's Snacks, Martin's Potato Chips, Snyder's of Berlin (not associated with Snyder's of Hanover) and Troyer Farms Potato Products are popular chip manufacturers.
The U.S. chocolate industry is centered in Hershey, Pennsylvania, with Mars, Godiva, and Wilbur Chocolate Company nearby, and smaller manufacturers such as Asher's[192] in Souderton,[193] and Gertrude Hawk Chocolates of Dunmore. Other notable companies include Just Born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, makers of Hot Tamales, Mike and Ikes, the Easter favorite marshmallow Peeps, and Boyer Brothers of Altoona, Pennsylvania, which is well known for its Mallo Cups. Auntie Anne's Pretzels began as a market-stand in Downingtown, Pennsylvania, and now has corporate headquarters in Lancaster City.[194] Traditional Pennsylvania Dutch foods include chicken potpie, ham potpie, schnitz un knepp (dried apples, ham, and dumplings), fasnachts (raised doughnuts), scrapple, pretzels, bologna, chow-chow, and Shoofly pie. Martin's Famous Pastry Shoppe, Inc., headquartered in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, specializes in potato bread, another traditional Pennsylvania Dutch food. D.G. Yuengling & Son, America's oldest brewery, has been brewing beer in Pottsville since 1829.
Among the regional foods associated with Philadelphia are cheesesteaks, hoagie, soft pretzels, Italian water ice, Irish potato candy, scrapple, Tastykake, and strombolis. In Pittsburgh, tomato ketchup was improved by Henry John Heinz from 1876 to the early 20th century. Famous to a lesser extent than Heinz ketchup is the Pittsburgh's Primanti Brothers Restaurant sandwiches, pierogies, and city chicken. Outside of Scranton, in Old Forge there are dozens of Italian restaurants specializing in pizza made unique by thick, light crust and American cheese. Erie also has its share of unique foods, including Greek sauce and sponge candy. Sauerkraut along with pork and mashed potatoes is a common meal on New Year's Day in Pennsylvania.
Símbolos estatales
- Motto: "Virtue, liberty, and independence"
- Tree: Eastern hemlock[195]
- State bird: Ruffed grouse[196]
- Flower: Mountain laurel[196]
- Insect: Pennsylvania firefly[196]
- Animal: White-tailed deer[196]
- Amphibian: Eastern Hellbender[197]
- Dog: Great Dane[196]
- Fish: Brook trout[196]
- Fossil: Phacops rana[195]
- Beverage: Milk[195]
- Song: "Pennsylvania"[198]
- Ship: US Brig Niagara[195]
- Electric locomotive: GG1 4859[195]
- Steam locomotive: K4s 1361 and K4s 3750[195]
- Beautification and conservation plant: Penngift crown vetch[195]
Nicknames
Pennsylvania has been known as the Keystone State since 1802,[199] based in part upon its central location among the original Thirteen Colonies forming the United States, and also in part because of the number of important American documents signed in the state (such as the Declaration of Independence). It was also a keystone state economically, having both the industry common to the North (making such wares as Conestoga wagons and rifles)[200][201] and the agriculture common to the South (producing feed, fiber, food, and tobacco).[202]
Another one of Pennsylvania's nicknames is the Quaker State; in colonial times, it was known officially as the Quaker Province,[203] in recognition of Quaker[204] William Penn's First Frame of Government[205] constitution for Pennsylvania that guaranteed liberty of conscience. He knew of the hostility[206] Quakers faced when they opposed religious ritual, taking oaths, violence, war and military service, and what they viewed as ostentatious frippery.[207]
"The Coal State", "The Oil State", "The Chocolate State", and "The Steel State" were adopted when those were the state's greatest industries.[208]
"The State of Independence" currently appears on many road signs entering the state.
Gente notable
Regiones hermanas
- Matanzas Province, Cuba[209]
- Rhône-Alpes, France[210]
Ver también
- Outline of Pennsylvania
- Index of Pennsylvania-related articles
Referencias
Citations
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Books
- Trostle, Sharon, ed. (2009). The Pennsylvania Manual. 119. Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Department of General Services. ISBN 978-0-8182-0334-3.
enlaces externos
- Pennsylvania at Curlie
- Gov. Andrew Curtin's Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, Civil War 1861–1864
- Official state government site
- Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
- Allegheny National Forest
- Pennsylvania Wilds
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Pennsylvania
- Energy Data & Statistics for Pennsylvania
- Pennsylvania State Facts from USDA
- Official state tourism site
- Biography of William Penn from 1829
- Free Original Documents Online: Pennsylvania State Archives 1600s to 1800s
- Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development
- National Association of Counties (information on each Pennsylvania County)
- Geographic data related to Pennsylvania at OpenStreetMap
Preceded by Delaware | List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Ratified Constitution on December 12, 1787 (2nd) | Succeeded by New Jersey |
Coordinates: 40°52′41″N 77°47′59″W / 40.8781°N 77.7996°W / 40.8781; -77.7996 (Commonwealth of Pennsylvania)