 El registro ancestral del héroe nacional filipino José Rizal incluye sangre austronesia , japonesa , china y española . | |
| Regiones con poblaciones significativas | |
|---|---|
| Filipinas , Estados Unidos , Canadá , España | |
| Idiomas | |
| Idiomas filipinos , inglés , español | |
| Religión | |
| Predomina el cristianismo ( mayoría católica romana , minoría protestante ) y minoría musulmana | |
| Grupos étnicos relacionados | |
| Otros filipinos , varios otros grupos étnicos | |
| Demografía de Filipinas |
|---|
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| Filipinos |
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En Filipinas , Filipino Mestizo ( español : Mestizo (masculino) / Mestiza (femenino) ; Filipino / Tagalog : Mestiso (masculino) / Mestisa (femenino) / Tisoy ) o coloquialmente Tisoy , son personas de ascendencia mixta filipina nativa y cualquier ascendencia extranjera. [1] La palabra mestizo en sí es de origen español ; se utilizó por primera vez en las Américas para describir solo a personas de ascendencia mixta de nativos americanos y europeos . [2]
Historia [ editar ]
Periodo español [ editar ]
La expedición española en 1565 provocó un período de colonización española sobre Filipinas que duró 333 años. La Iglesia Católica Romana jugó un papel importante al permitir los asentamientos españoles en Filipinas. El gobierno español y los misioneros religiosos aprendieron rápidamente los idiomas filipinos nativos y los rituales católicos romanos se interpretaron de acuerdo con las creencias y valores filipinos. Como resultado, se desarrolló un catolicismo romano popular en Filipinas. [3] Los colonos europeos de España y México inmigraron y su descendencia (ya sea de español puro o español mixto con filipino nativo) puede haber adoptado la cultura de sus padres y abuelos. La mayoría de los filipinos de ascendencia española en Filipinas son vascosascendencia [4] Algunas familias todavía usan el español en forma privada en algunos hogares, además, el chavacano (una lengua criolla basada en gran parte en el vocabulario español) se habla ampliamente en Zamboanga y sus regiones vecinas. Las publicaciones periódicas de la época española registran que hasta un tercio de los habitantes de la isla de Luzón poseen diversos grados de mezcla española. [5] Además de Luzón, ciudades selectas como Bacolod , Cebu , Iloilo o Zamboanga, que albergan históricas fortificaciones militares o puertos comerciales durante la era española, también albergan importantes comunidades mestizas. [6]
Inmigración china [ editar ]
Incluso antes de que los españoles llegaran a Filipinas, los chinos habían comerciado con los nativos de Filipinas. Durante el período colonial, hubo un aumento en el número de inmigrantes chinos en Filipinas. Los españoles restringieron las actividades de los chinos y los confinaron al Parián que estaba ubicado cerca de Intramuros . La mayoría de los residentes chinos se ganaban la vida como comerciantes.
Inicialmente, muchos de los chinos que llegaron durante el período español eran cantoneses o taishaneses , que trabajaban como jornaleros, pero también estaban los hokkieneses , que ingresaron al comercio minorista y ahora constituyen la mayor parte de la población filipina china. Se alentó a los residentes chinos de las islas a casarse con otros filipinos nativos o españoles, convertirse al catolicismo romano y adoptar nombres, apellidos y costumbres hispanos a través del Catálogo alfabético de apellidos introducido por los españoles a mediados del siglo XIX.
Durante el período colonial de los Estados Unidos , la Ley de Exclusión China de los Estados Unidos también se aplicó a Filipinas. [7] A pesar de esto, muchos aún pudieron encontrar formas de emigrar a Filipinas durante la época.
Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y la victoria de los comunistas en la Guerra Civil China , muchos refugiados que huyeron de China continental se establecieron en Filipinas. Estos grupos en el siglo XX formaron la mayor parte de la población actual de filipinos chinos. [8] Después de que Filipinas alcanzó la soberanía total el 4 de julio de 1946, los inmigrantes chinos se convirtieron en ciudadanos filipinos naturalizados, mientras que los hijos de estos nuevos ciudadanos que nacieron en el país adquirieron la ciudadanía filipina desde el nacimiento. [9]
Los filipinos chinos son una de las comunidades chinas de ultramar más grandes del sudeste asiático . [10] Los mestizos de Sangley —filipinos con al menos algo de ascendencia china descendiente de la era colonial española— comprenden entre el 18 y el 27% de la población filipina. [11] Hay aproximadamente 1,5 millones de filipinos con ascendencia china pura, o alrededor del 1,6% de la población. [12]
Sistema de castas colonial [ editar ]
La historia de la mezcla racial en Filipinas ocurrió en una escala menor que en otros territorios españoles en América durante el período colonial español del siglo XVI al XIX. Este esquema de estratificación social etnorreligiosa era similar al sistema de castas utilizado en Hispanoamérica , con algunas diferencias importantes.
El sistema se utilizó para fines tributarios, con indios y negritos que vivían dentro de la colonia pagando un impuesto base, mestizos de sangley pagando el doble del impuesto base, sangleys pagando el cuádruple; los blancos , sin embargo, no pagaban impuestos. El sistema de castas fue abolido después de la Declaración de Independencia de Filipinas de España en 1898, y el término " filipino" se amplió para incluir a toda la población de Filipinas independientemente de su ascendencia racial.
| Término | Definición |
|---|---|
| Peninsulares | Persona de pura ascendencia española , nacida en España (" de la Península Ibérica "). |
| Americano | Persona de ascendencia criolla (ya sea pura o mayoritariamente española ), castizo (3/4 de español , 1/4 de nativo americano ) o mestizo (1/2 de español , 1/2 de nativo americano ), nacido en Hispanoamérica (" del Américas "). |
| Filipino / Insulares | Persona de pura ascendencia española , nacida en Filipinas (" de las Islas Filipinas "). |
| Mestizo de Español | Persona de ascendencia mixta española y nativa austronesia . |
| Tornatrás | Persona de ascendencia mixta española y china ; o ascendencia mixta española , china y austronesia nativa . |
| Mestizo de Sangley | Persona de origen chino mixto con ascendencia nativa de Austria y Japón . |
| Mestizo de Bombay | Persona de ascendencia mixta india y austronesia nativa . |
| Indio ( cristianizado ) | Persona de pura ascendencia austronesia nativa , que ha sido cristianizada , especialmente bajo los frailes españoles de la Iglesia Católica . |
| Sangley / Chino ( cristianizado ) | Persona de pura ascendencia china , que ha sido cristianizada , especialmente bajo los frailes españoles de la Iglesia Católica . |
| Indio (no cristianizado ) | Persona de pura ascendencia austronesia nativa , que no ha sido cristianizada . |
| Sangley / Chino (no cristianizado ) | Persona de pura ascendencia china , que no ha sido cristianizada . |
| Negrito | Person of pure indigenous pre-Austronesian descent, such as the Aeta, Ati, Mangyan, Batak, Mamanwa, etc. |
The Spanish deliberately implemented incentives to entangle the various races together to stop rebellion:[13][14][15]
"It is needful to encourage public instruction in all ways possible, permit newspapers subject to a liberal censure, to establish in Manila a college of medicine, surgery, and pharmacy: in order to break down the barriers that divide the races, and amalgamate them all into one. For that purpose, the Spaniards of the country, the Chinese mestizos, and the (native) Filipinos shall be admitted with perfect equality as cadets of the military corps; the personal-service tax shall be abolished, or an equal and general tax shall be imposed, to which all the Spaniards shall be subject. This last plan appears to me more advisable, as the poll-tax is already established, and it is not opportune to make a trial of new taxes when it is a question of allowing the country to be governed by itself. Since the annual tribute is unequal, the average shall be taken and shall be fixed, consequently, at fifteen or sixteen reals per whole tribute, or perhaps one peso fuerte annually from each adult tributary person. This regulation will produce an increase in the revenue of 200,000 or 300,000 pesos fuertes, and this sum shall be set aside to give the impulse for the amalgamation of the races, favoring crossed marriages by means of dowries granted to the single women in the following manner. To a Chinese mestizo woman who marries a (native) Filipino shall be given 100 pesos; to a (native) Filipino woman who marries a Chinese mestizo, 100 pesos; to a Chinese mestizo woman who marries a Spaniard, 1,000 pesos; to a Spanish woman who marries a Chinese mestizo, 2,000 pesos; to a (native) Filipino woman who marries a Spaniard, 2,000 pesos; to a Spanish woman who marries a (native) Filipino chief, 3,000 or 4,000 pesos. Some mestizo and (native) Filipino alcaldes-mayor of the provinces shall be appointed. It shall be ordered that when a (native) Filipino chief goes to the house of a Spaniard, he shall seat himself as the latter's equal. In a word, by these and other means, the idea that they and the Castilians are two kinds of distinct races shall be erased from the minds of the natives, and the families shall become related by marriage in such manner that when free of the Castilian dominion should any exalted (native) Filipinos try to expel or enslave our race, they would find it so interlaced with their own that their plan would be practically impossible."[16]
Spanish-Filipina mestiza wearing the traditional María Clara gown of the Philippines and the long hair tradition of the Filipina women during the colonial era | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Philippines | |
| Languages | |
| Filipino, other Philippine languages, English and Spanish. | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity (Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism.) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Filipino people, Filipino Mestizos | |
| 咱儂 / 咱人 / 華菲人Chinito / Chinita / IntsikPilipinong TsinoLannang / Chinoy / Tsinoy | |
|---|---|
Chinese-Filipina girl wearing the María Clara gown, the traditional gown of Filipina women | |
| Total population | |
| At least 1.5 million are of pure Chinese ancestry. | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Metro Manila, Baguio, Central Visayas, Metro Iloilo-Guimaras, Metro Davao Negros, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Cagayan de Oro Vigan, Laoag, Laguna, Rizal, Lucena, Naga, Zamboanga City, Sulu | |
| Languages | |
| Filipino, English and other languages of the Philippines Hokkien, Mandarin, Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka Chinese, various other varieties of Chinese | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, P.I.C, Iglesia ni Cristo), Buddhism, Islam, Daoism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Sangley, Overseas Chinese | |
Filipino-American family, Philippines | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Angeles City · Baguio · San Fernando, La Union · Calamba · Tuguegarao · Calapan · Legazpi · Iloilo · Olongapo · Pagadian · Cagayan de Oro · Davao · Koronadal · Butuan · Cotabato · Metro Cebu · Metro Manila | |
| Languages | |
| Filipino · American English · Philippine English | |
| Religion | |
| Protestantism · Roman Catholicism · Buddhism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Americans (especially White Americans) | |
Persons classified as blancos (whites) were subdivided into the peninsulares (persons of pure Spanish descent born in Spain); insulares or filipinos (persons of pure Spanish descent born in the Philippines i.e. criollos); mestizos de español (persons of mixed Autronesian and Spanish ancestry), and tornatrás (persons of mixed Austronesian, Chinese, and Spanish ancestry).
Persons of pure Spanish descent living in the Philippines who were born in Hispanic America were classified as americanos. Mestizos and mulattoes born in Hispanic America living in the Philippines kept their legal classification as such, and usually came as indentured servants to the americanos. The Philippine-born children of americanos were classified as filipinos. Philippine-born children of mestizos and mulattoes from Hispanic America were classified based on patrilineal descent.
The indigenous peoples of the Philippines were referred to as Indios (for those of pure Austronesian descent) and negritos. Indio was a general term applied to native Austronesians as a legal classification; it was only applied to Christianised natives who lived in proximity to the Spanish colonies. Persons who lived outside of Manila, Cebu, and areas with a large Spanish concentration were classified as such: naturales were baptised Austronesians of the lowland and coastal towns. Unbaptised Austronesians and Aetas who lived in the towns were classified as salvajes (savages) or infieles (infidels). Remontados ("those who went to the mountains") and tulisanes (bandits) were Austronesians and Aetas who refused to live in towns and moved upland. They were considered to live outside the social order as Catholicism was a driving force in everyday life as well as determinant of social class.
The Spanish legally classified the Aetas as negritos, based on their appearance. The word term would be misinterpreted and used by future European scholars as an ethnoracial term in and of itself. Both Christianised Aetas who lived in the colony and unbaptised Aetas who lived in tribes outside of the colony were classified negrito. Christianised Aetas who lived in Manila were not allowed to enter Intramuros and lived in areas designated for indios. Persons of Aeta descent were also viewed as being outside the social order as they usually lived in tribes beyond settlements and resisted conversion to Christianity.
The fluid nature of racial integration in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period was recorded by many travelers and public figures at the time, who were favorably impressed by the lack of racial discrimination, as compared to the situation in other European colonies.
Among them was Sir John Bowring, Governor General of British Hong Kong and a well-seasoned traveler who had written several books about the different cultures in Asia. He described the situation as "admirable" during a visit to the Philippines in the 1870s:
"The lines separating entire classes and races, appeared to me less marked than in the Oriental colonies. I have seen on the same table, Spaniards, Mestizos (Chinos cristianos) and Indios, priests and military. There is no doubt that having one Religion forms great bonding. And more so to the eyes of one that has been observing the repulsion and differences due to race in many parts of Asia. And from one (like myself) who knows that race is the great divider of society, the admirable contrast and exception to racial discrimination so markedly presented by the people of the Philippines is indeed admirable."[17]
Another foreign witness was English engineer, Frederic H. Sawyer, who had spent most of his life in different parts of Asia and lived in Luzon for fourteen years. His impression was that as far as racial integration and harmony was concerned, the situation in the Philippines was not equaled by any other colonial power:
"... Spaniards and natives lived together in great harmony, and do not know where I could find a colony in which Europeans mixes as much socially with the natives. Not in Java, where a native of position must dismount to salute the humblest Dutchman. Not in British India, where the Englishwoman has now made the gulf between British and native into a bottomless pit."[18]
Modern term and usage[edit]
Today, the word mestizo is shortened as tisoy just as is the word Pinoy for Filipino. It is used for all Filipinos with foreign ancestry, particularly those born in the diaspora or as children of recent immigrants. It was also mentioned in one of the lyrics in the rap pop song "Panalo" by Filipino-American singer-songwriter Ez Mil.
See also[edit]
- Filipino people of Spanish ancestry
- Template:Miscegenation in Spanish Philippines
- Demographics of the Philippines
- Ethnic groups in the Philippines
- Comparisons with other countries
- Casta (comparable caste system in Latin America)
- Indo people of Indonesia
- Eurasian
- Amerasian
- Afro-Asian
- Multiracial
- Template:Miscegenation in Spanish colonies
References[edit]
- ^ "Mestizo - Define Mestizo at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.
- ^ "Mestizo - Define Mestizo at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.
- ^ International Studies & Programs at Michigan State University. "Asian Studies Center – Michigan State University – Oops!". msu.edu. Archived from the original on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
- ^ De Borja, Marciano R. (2005). Basques in the Philippines. Reno: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-891-3. OCLC 607715621.
- ^ Fëdor Jagor et al. (1870). The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes
- ^ Quinze Ans de Voyage Autor de Monde Vol. II ( 1840) Archived 2014-10-09 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2014-7-25 from Institute for Research of Iloilo Official Website .
- ^ "Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882". thenagain.info.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2007-12-01.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Website Disabled". homestead.com.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Sangley, Intsik und Sino : die chinesische Haendlerminoritaet in den Philippine".
- ^ "The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-04-23.
- ^ Historical Conservation Society. The Society. 1963. p. 191.
- ^ Sinibaldo De Mas (1963). Informe secreto de Sinibaldo de Más. Historical Conservation Society. p. 191.
- ^ Shubert S. C. Liao (1964). Chinese participation in Philippine culture and economy. Bookman. p. 30.
- ^ Blair, Emma Helen (1915). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898: Relating to China and the Chinese. 23. A.H. Clark Company. pp. 85–87.
- ^ Chester L. Hunt (1954) Sociology in the Philippine setting: A modular approach, p. 118, Phoenix Pub. House
- ^ Frederic H. Sawyer (1900) The Inhabitants of the Philippines, p. 125, New York.
Further reading[edit]
- Wickberg, Edgar. (March 1964) "The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History". The Journal of Southeast Asian History, 5(1), 62–100. Lawrence, Kansas: The University of Kansas, CEAS.
- Monroy, Emily. (23 August 2002) "Race Mixing and Westernization in Latin America and the Philippines". analitica.com. Caracas, Venezuela.
- Gambe, Annabelle R. (2000) Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia. Münster, Hamburg and Berlin: LIT Verlag.
- Anderson, Benedict. (1988) Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams.
- Weightman, George H. (February 1960) The Philippine Chinese: A Cultural History of A Marginal Trading Company. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertation Information Service.
- Tettoni, Luca Invernizzi and Sosrowardoyo, Tara. (1997). Filipino Style. Periplus Editions Ltd. Hong Kong, China.
- Tan, Hock Beng. (1994). Tropical Architecture and Interiors. Page One Publishing Pte Ltd. Singapore.
- Advisory Body Evaluation (1999). UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- Medina, Elizabeth. (1999) "Thru the Lens of Latin America: A Wide-Angle View of the Philippine Colonial Experience". Santiago, Chile.
- The Colonial Imaginary. Photography in the Philippines during the Spanish Period 1860–1898 (2006). Casa Asia: Centro Cultural Conde Duque. Madrid, Spain.
- Blair, E. H. and Robertson, J.A. (editors). (1907) History of the Philippine Islands Vols. 1 and 2 by Dr. Antonio de Morga (Translated and Annotated in English). The Arthur H. Clark Company. Cleveland, Ohio.
- Craig, Austin. (2004). Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal, Philippine Patriot. Kessinger Publishing. Whitefish, Montana.
- Culture and fertility: the case of the Philippines[permanent dead link]
