De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
Saltar a navegación Saltar a búsqueda
Para el grupo étnico, consulte flamencos . Para otros usos, consulte flamenco (desambiguación) .
"Vlaams" vuelve a dirigir aquí. Para el idioma llamado "Vlaams" en el estándar ISO, consulte West Flemish .
flamenco
Vlaams
Vlaams
Nativo deBélgica , Holanda , Francia
RegiónFlandes , Flandes zelandés , Flandes francés
EtnicidadFlamencos
Hablantes nativos6,5 millones [1]  (2016)
Familia de idiomas
Dialectos
Códigos de idioma
ISO 639-1nl
ISO 639-2dut (B)
nld (T)
ISO 639-3nld holandés
Glottologdutc1256  holandés
Idiomas oficiales de Bélgica:   Holandés,   Francés y   Alemán. Bruselas es un área bilingüe donde tanto el holandés como el francés tienen un estatus oficial.

Flamenco ( Vlaams ) [2] [3] [4] es un grupo de dialectos de Franconia Baja de la lengua holandesa . A veces se le conoce como holandés flamenco ( Vlaams-Nederlands ), holandés belga ( Belgisch-Nederlands [ˈBɛlɣis ˈneːdərlɑnts] ( escuchar )About this sound ), o sur de Holanda ( Zuid-Nederlands ). El flamenco es originario de Flandes , una región histórica en el norte de Bélgica ; lo hablan los flamencos , el grupo étnico dominantede la región. [5] [6] [7] [8] Fuera de Flandes, también se habla hasta cierto punto en el Flandes francés y el Flandes zelandés holandés. [1] [9] [10]

El término flamenco en sí se ha vuelto ambiguo. En la actualidad, se utiliza al menos de cinco formas, según el contexto. Éstas incluyen:

  1. Una indicación del holandés escrito y hablado en Flandes, incluido el idioma estándar holandés , así como los dialectos no estandarizados , incluidas las formas intermedias entre los dialectos vernáculos y el estándar. Algunos lingüistas evitan el término flamenco en este contexto y prefieren la designación belga-holandés o sur-holandés.
    Más información: holandés en Bélgica
  2. Un sinónimo de la llamada lengua intermedia en la región de Flandes , el Tussentaal
  3. Una indicación de los dialectos y regiolectos no estandarizados de la región de Flandes
  4. Una indicación de los dialectos no estandarizados de sólo el antiguo condado de Flandes , es decir, las actuales provincias de Flandes Occidental y Flandes Oriental , Flandes Zeelandic y Frans-Vlaanderen [11]
  5. Una indicación de los dialectos flamencos occidentales no estandarizados de la provincia de Flandes occidental , el Flandes zelandés holandés y el Frans-Vlaanderen francés
    Más información: West Flemish

MultiTree considers Flemish to include the four principal Dutch dialects in the Flemish region (Flanders): Brabantian, East Flemish, West Flemish and Limburgish as well as three other dialects.[12] Glottolog considers Western Flemish to be a separate language, classified as a part of the Southwestern Dutch family together with the Zeelandic language. According to Glottolog, Western Flemish includes the dialects of French Flemish and West Flemish. Brabantian and East Flemish are classified as Dutch dialects, under the Central Southern Dutch dialect group.[13] Ethnologue considers Limburgish and West Flemish to be separate (regional) languages.[14][15]

Characteristics[edit]

Map showing the historical dialects spoken in the Low Countries. This map does not portray dialect zones of the modern Dutch language family, wherein Dutch and Flemish are distinct varieties of Dutch.

Dutch is the majority language in northern Belgium, being used in written language by three-fifths of the population of Belgium. It is one of the three national languages of Belgium, together with French and German, and is the only official language of the Flemish Region.

The various Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium contain a number of lexical and a good amount of grammatical features that distinguish them from the standard Dutch. Basic Dutch words can have a completely different meaning in Flemish or imply different context.[16] As in the Netherlands, the pronunciation of Standard Dutch is affected by the native dialect of the speaker.

All Dutch dialect groups spoken in Belgium are spoken in adjacent areas of the Netherlands as well. East Flemish forms a continuum with both Brabantic and West Flemish. Standard Dutch is primarily based on the Hollandic dialect [17] (spoken in the Western provinces of the Netherlands) and to a lesser extent on Brabantian, which is the dominant dialect in Flanders, as well as in the south of the Netherlands.

Tussentaal[edit]

The supra-regional, semi-standardized colloquial form (mesolect) of Dutch spoken in Belgium uses the vocabulary and the sound inventory of the Brabantic dialects. It is often called an "in-between-language" or "intermediate language," intermediate between dialects and standard Dutch.[18] Despite its name, Brabantian is the dominant contributor to the Flemish Dutch tussentaal.

It is a rather informal variety of speech, which occupies an intermediate position between vernacular dialects and the standard language. It incorporates phonetic, lexical and grammatical elements not part of the standard language but drawn from local dialects.

It is a relatively new phenomenon that has been gaining popularity during the past decades. Some linguists note that it seems to be undergoing a process of (limited) standardisation[19][20] or that it is evolving into a koiné variety.[21]

Tussentaal is slowly gaining popularity in Flanders because it is used a lot in television dramas and comedies. Often, middle-class characters in a television series will be speaking tussentaal, lower-class characters use the dialect of the location where the show is set (such as Western Flanders), and upper-class characters will speak Flemish.[22] That has given tussentaal the status of normalcy in Flanders. It is slowly being accepted by the general population, but it has met with objections from writers and academics who argue that it dilutes the usage of Standard Dutch.[23] Tussentaal is used in entertainment television but rarely in informative programmes (like the news), which normally use Flemish accents with standard Dutch vocabulary.

Belgicisms[edit]

A belgicism is a word or expression that occurs only in the Belgian variant of Dutch. Some are rarely used, others are used daily and are considered part of the Belgian-Dutch standard language. Many belgicisms are loanwords and words or expressions literally translated from French (also called gallicisms); others, in response, are actually remarkably purist, such as droogzwierder (a compound of Dutch droog "dry" and zwierder "spinner") meaning "centrifuge" (common standard Dutch: centrifuge, a loanword from French), and duimspijker (a compound of Dutch duim "thumb" and spijker "nail") meaning "thumbtack" (common standard Dutch: punaise, a loanword from French). Among the belgicisms, there are also many words that are considered obsolete, formal, or purist in standard Dutch. Moreover, many belgicisms have their origin in the Belgian official nomenclature. For example, misdaad "felony" is not a legal term in the Netherlands, but it is in Belgium.

Etymology[edit]

The English adjective Flemish (first attested as flemmysshe, c. 1325;[24] compare Flæming, c. 1150),[25] meaning "from Flanders", was probably borrowed from Old Frisian.[26] The Old Dutch form is flāmisk, which becomes vlamesc, vlaemsch in Middle Dutch and Vlaams in Modern Dutch.[27]

The word Vlaams itself is derived from flâm,[28][29] an Ingaevones word, from the Germanic flauma (a cognate to the English flow and the Old German word flaum), which means 'flow or current'. The name Vlaanderen was formed from a stem flâm-, with a suffix -ðr- attached.[30]

See also[edit]

  • Belgian French
  • French Flemish, the West Flemish dialect as spoken in France
  • Languages of Belgium
  • Zeelandic, a transitional dialect between West Flemish and Hollandic

References[edit]

  1. ^ Depending on the definition of "Flemish" in context. Brabantian is classified as a dialect of Dutch. It is spoken in the historical Duchy of Brabant, spanning the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant and Brussels that are part of the modern region of Flanders.
  2. ^ Depending on the definition of "Flemish" in context. Limburgish is either classified as a dialect of Dutch or as a separate language altogether. It is spoken in the historical Duchy of Limburg and County of Loon, spanning the Belgian province of Limburg that is part of the modern region of Flanders.
  1. ^ a b "ATLAS - Dutch: Who speaks it?". University College London. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  2. ^ "Flemish, Vlaams". BBC. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  3. ^ De Cock, Barbara (2006), Flemish language policy in an era of globalisation (PDF), Gencat.cat, retrieved 3 May 2017
  4. ^ "Flemish language, alphabet and pronunciation". Omniglot. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  5. ^ Lichfield, John (18 December 2007). "Belgium: A nation divided". The Independent. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  6. ^ Leidraad van de Taaltelefoon. Dienst Taaladvies van de Vlaamse Overheid (Department for Language advice of the Flemish government).
  7. ^ Harbert, Wayne (2007). The Germanic Languages. Cambridge University Press.
  8. ^ Kooij, Jan (2009). "Dutch". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.). The World's Major Languages (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  9. ^ Casert, Raf (20 February 2005). "Belgium Bickering Over French and Dutch, Its Dual Languages". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  10. ^ "About Belgium - Language Matters". Beer Tourism. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  11. ^ Konig, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (1994). The Germanic Languages. London & New York: Routledge.
  12. ^ "Vlaams". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  13. ^ "Vlaams". Glottolog. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  14. ^ "Linguistic map of Benelux". Ethnologue. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
  15. ^ Their ISO 639-3 codes are vls and lim, respectively.
  16. ^ Janssens, Guy; Marynissen, Ann (2005). Het Nederlands vroeger en nu. Leuven & Voorburg: Acco., 155 ff.
  17. ^ "De gesproken standaardtaal: het Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands" [The standard spoken language: General Civilized Dutch]. Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands Een inleiding tot de taalkunde van het Nederlands (in Dutch). Niederländische Philologie, Freie Universität Berlin. 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
  18. ^ Geeraerts, Dirk (2001), "Een zondagspak? Het Nederlands in Vlaanderen: gedrag, beleid, attitudes" (PDF), Ons Erfdeel (in Dutch), 44, pp. 337–344, retrieved 2012-01-19
  19. ^ Janssens, Guy; Marynissen, Ann (2005). Het Nederlands vroeger en nu. Leuven & Voorburg: Acco., 196.
  20. ^ "Algemeen Vlaams". VlaamseTaal.be. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  21. ^ Rys, K. & J. Taeldeman (2007). Fonologische ingrediënten van Vlaamse tussentaal. In: D. Sandra, R. Rymenans, P. Cuvelier et al. (red.), Tussen taal, spelling en onderwijs. Essays bij het emeritaat van Frans Daems. Gent: Academia Press, 1-9, p.2.
  22. ^ Standaardtaal of tussentaal op televisie (PDF) (in Dutch), Universiteit Gent, retrieved 2014-08-28
  23. ^ Vervaeke, Leen (8 February 2014). "Actie tegen onverstaanbare Vlaamse 'tussentaal' op televisie". De Volkskrant (in Dutch). Retrieved 2014-08-28.
  24. ^ "Flēmish", Middle English Dictionary (MED)
  25. ^ "Flēming", Middle English Dictionary (MED), retrieved 2013-10-17
  26. ^ "Flemish". Online Etymological Dictionary. Etymonline.com. which cites Flemische as an Old Frisian form; but compare "entry FLĀMISK, which gives flēmisk". Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW). Gtb.inl.nl.
  27. ^ "FLĀMISK", Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW)
  28. ^ www.culturamavzw.be http://www.culturamavzw.be/index.php?id=30#naam. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  29. ^ Vloanderngouwe
  30. ^ "Entry VLAENDREN; ONW, entry FLĀMINK; Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (WNT), entry VLAMING". Vroeg Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek (VMNW). Gtb.inl.nl.

External links[edit]