Guinevere ( / ɡ w ɪ n ɪ v ɪər / ( escuchar ) GWIN -IV-eer ; Welsh : Gwenhwyfar pronunciación ( ayuda · info ) ; Breton : Gwenivar , Cornish : Gwynnever ), también escrito a menudo como Guenevere o Guenever , [1 ] es la legendaria reina y esposa del rey Arturo . Registrada por primera vez en la literatura galesa a principios del siglo XII, ha sido retratada como todo, desde una traidora malvada y oportunista hasta una dama fatalmente imperfecta pero noble y virtuosa. Un tema notablemente recurrente en muchos cuentos artúricos es el de su secuestro.
Ginebra | |
---|---|
Personaje de Matter of Britain | |
Información en el universo | |
Ocupación | Princesa, alta reina |
Familia | Variado, incluyendo Leodegrance (padre), Gwenhwyfach (hermana) y Guiomar (primo) entre otros |
Cónyuge | Arthur , a veces Mordred |
Otro significativo | O Mordred, Yder o Lancelot ; a veces también otras |
Niños | Por lo general ninguno |
Ginebra aparece en Geoffrey de Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae , una crónica pseudo-histórico de la historia británica de mediados del siglo 12, en la que se deja seducir por Mordred durante su rebelión contra el rey Arturo. En una tradición romántica tardía medieval artúrica de Francia, un arco de la historia prominente es la trágica historia de amor de Ginebra con el principal caballero y amigo de su esposo, Lancelot , que indirectamente causó la muerte de Arthur y muchos otros y la caída del reino. Tal motivo apareció por primera vez en una forma naciente en el poema Lancelot de Chrétien de Troyes antes de su vasta expansión en el ciclo de prosa del siglo XIII Lancelot-Grail , del cual apareció como una trama principal en la recopilación en inglés de Sir Thomas Malory , Le Morte d'Arthur . Ginebra ha seguido siendo un personaje popular en las adaptaciones modernas de la leyenda, generalmente en relación con Lancelot.
Nombre
La forma galesa original del nombre Gwenhwyfar (también G [u / v / w] enh [v] yuar , Gwen [h / nh] wyvar ), que parece estar relacionado con el nombre irlandés Findabair , se puede traducir como "El White Enchantress "o" The White Fay / Ghost ", del Proto-Celtic * Windo- " blanco, justo, santo "+ * sēbarā " ser mágico "(afín con el viejo irlandés síabair " un espectro, fantasma, ser sobrenatural [generalmente en sentido peyorativo] "). [2] [3] [4] [5] Algunos han sugerido que el nombre puede derivar de Gwenhwy-fawr , o "Gwenhwy the Great", en contraste con Gwenhwy-fach , o "Gwenhwy the less". Gwenhwyfach (también escrito Gwenhwyach ) aparece en la literatura galesa como una hermana de Gwenhwyfar, pero los eruditos galeses Melville Richards y Rachel Bromwich descartan esta etimología (con Richards sugiriendo que Gwenhwyfach era una formación posterior derivada de una interpretación incorrecta de Gwenwhy- tan lejos como Gwenhwy -fawr ). [6] Un nombre afín en inglés moderno es Jennifer , de Cornish . [7]
El nombre se da como Guennuuar ( Guennimar ) a principios de Vita Gildae . Geoffrey de Monmouth lo tradujo como Ganhumara ( G [ue / we] nhumara ) en una forma latinizada en su Historia Regum Britanniae , luego convertido en Wenhauer ( Wenhaiuer ) por Layamon ( Gwenayfer en un manuscrito) y en Genoivre y Gahunmare en Wace ' s Roman de Brut . El cronista Gerald of Wales se refiere a ella como Wenneuereia y al romance Chrétien de Troyes como Guenievre ( Ganievre ); esta última forma fue retenida por los autores de los ciclos de prosa franceses, también con Gueneure . Sus muchos otros nombres que aparecen a través de los diferentes períodos y regiones de la Europa medieval incluyen Gaynour y Waynour ( Waynor [e] ) en el Alliterative Morte Arthure y The Awntyrs off Arthure , Genure ( Gaynor ) en el Stanzaic Morte Arthur , Guenore en Sir Gawayn y þe Grene Knyȝt , Gwenvere ( Guennevere , Guenera , Gwenner ) en el Polychronicon y Gwendoloena ( Gwendolen ) en De Ortu Waluuanii . Su nombre es invariablemente Ginover ( Ginovere ) en los romances de la Alemania central de Hartmann von Aue y Ulrich von Zatzikhoven , y la audiencia de los romances italianos llegó a conocerla como Ginevra . En la Gran Bretaña del siglo XV, la llamaban Gwynnever en la obra de teatro de Cornualles Medio Bewnans Ke , mientras que el autor del inglés medio Thomas Malory escribió su nombre como Gwenever ( Guenever ) en Le Morte d'Arthur . [8]
Literatura medieval
Orígenes y familia
En una de las tríadas galesas ( Trioedd Ynys Prydein , n. ° 56), hay tres Gwenhwyfars casadas con el rey Arturo . La primera es la hija de Cywryd de Gwent, la segunda de Gwythyr ap Greidawl y la tercera de (G) ogrfan Gawr ("el Gigante"). [9] En una variante de otra tríada galesa ( Trioedd Ynys Prydein , n. ° 54), solo se menciona a la hija de Gogfran Gawr. Hubo una vez una rima popular conocida en Gales sobre Gwenhwyfar: "Gwenhwyfar ferch Ogrfan Gawr / Drwg yn fechan, gwaeth yn fawr (Gwenhwyfar, hija de Ogrfan Gawr / Bad cuando es pequeña, peor cuando es grande)". [10]
La tradición galesa recuerda a la hermana de la reina, Gwenhwyfach, y registra la enemistad entre ellos. Dos Tríadas ( Trioedd Ynys Prydein , no. 53, 84) mencionan la disputa de Gwenhwyfar con su hermana, que se creía que era la causa de la Batalla de Camlann . En el cuento popular galés Culhwch y Olwen de mediados del siglo XII , también se la menciona junto a Gwenhwyfach; en algunos romances en prosa posteriores, aparece como la gemela malvada de Ginebra. El romance alemán Diu Crône le da a Ginebra otras dos hermanas: Flori, el interés amoroso de Gawain , y la reina Lenomie de Alejandría .
Ginebra no tiene hijos en la mayoría de las historias. [11] Las pocas excepciones incluyen al hijo de Arturo llamado Loholt o Ilinot en Perlesvaus y Parzival (mencionado por primera vez en Erec y Enide ). [12] En la Arthure Morte Aliterativa , Ginebra se convierte voluntariamente en la consorte de Mordred y le da a luz dos hijos, aunque Arthur, moribundo, ordena que maten a los hijos de Mordred (pero que se perdone a Ginebra ya que él la perdona). Hay menciones de los hijos de Arthur en las tríadas galesas, aunque su parentesco exacto no está claro. Además del problema de sus hijos biológicos, o la falta de ellos, Ginebra también cría a la hija ilegítima de Sagramore y Senehaut en el Livre d'Artus .
Otras relaciones familiares son igualmente oscuras. Una media hermana y un hermano llamado Gotegin desempeñan los papeles antagónicos en el Ciclo de la Vulgata ( Lancelot-Grail ) y Diu Crône respectivamente, pero ninguno de los personajes se menciona en otra parte. Si bien la literatura posterior casi siempre nombraba a Leodegrance como el padre de Ginebra, su madre generalmente no se mencionaba, aunque a veces se decía que estaba muerta (este es el caso del romance inglés medio Las aventuras de Arthur , en el que el fantasma de la madre de Ginebra se le aparece. y Gawain en Inglewood Forest ). Algunas obras nombran primos notables, aunque estos no suelen aparecer más de una vez. Uno de esos primos es Guiomar , uno de los primeros amantes de Morgan le Fay en varios romances franceses; otros incluyen Elyzabel (Elibel) y Garaunt (posiblemente Geraint ). En Perlesvaus , después de la muerte de Ginebra, su pariente el rey Madaglan (s) d'Oriande es un villano importante que invade las tierras de Arturo tratando de obligarlo a abandonar el cristianismo y casarse con su hermana, la reina Jandree.
Representaciones
La mención más antigua de Ginebra (como Guanhumara, con numerosas variaciones de ortografía en los manuscritos supervivientes) se encuentra en Historia de Geoffrey , escrita c. 1136. Relata que Ginebra, descrita como una de las grandes bellezas de Gran Bretaña, descendía de una noble familia romana por parte de su madre y se educó con Cador , duque de Cornualles . [13] Arthur la deja al cuidado de su sobrino Modredus (Mordred) cuando cruza a Europa para ir a la guerra con el líder romano Lucius Tiberius . Mientras su esposo está ausente, Ginebra es seducida por Modredus y se casa con él, y Modredus se declara rey y toma el trono de Arturo. En consecuencia, Arthur regresa a Gran Bretaña y lucha contra Modredus en la fatal Batalla de Camlann. [14]
Los primeros textos tienden a retratarla desfavorablemente o casi nunca. Uno de ellos es Culhwch y Olwen , en el que se la menciona como la esposa de Arthur, Gwenhwyfar, pero poco más se dice sobre ella. [15] No se puede fechar con seguridad; una evaluación reciente de la lengua realizada por el lingüista Simon Rodway la sitúa en la segunda mitad del siglo XII. [16] Las obras de Chrétien de Troyes fueron algunas de las primeras en desarrollar el personaje de Ginebra más allá de la simple esposa de Arturo. Esto probablemente se debió a la audiencia de Chrétien en ese momento, la corte de Marie, condesa de Champagne , que estaba compuesta por damas cortesanas que desempeñaban papeles muy sociales. [17]
Los autores posteriores usan sus buenas y malas cualidades para construir un personaje más profundo que juega un papel más importante en las historias. En Yvain de Chrétien , el Caballero del León , por ejemplo, es elogiada por su inteligencia, amabilidad y gentileza. Por otro lado, en el poema anglo-normando Lanval de Marie de France de finales del siglo XII (y en la versión en inglés medio posterior de Thomas Chestre , Sir Launfal ), Ginebra es una adúltera vengativa y tentadora que trama la muerte del protagonista titular. después de no poder seducirlo. Ella termina castigada cuando es cegada mágicamente por su verdadero amor secreto de Avalon , la princesa de las hadas Lady Tryamour (identificada por algunos como la figura de Morgan le Fay [18] ). La propia Ginebra ejerce poderes mágicos en El ascenso de Gawain, sobrino de Arturo .
Tales historias pueden ser radicalmente diferentes en sus descripciones de Ginebra y los modales de su desaparición. En el romance italiano del siglo XV La Tavola Ritonda , Ginebra cae muerta al enterarse del destino de su esposo cuando Lancelot la rescata del asedio del asesino de Arthur, Mordred. En Perlesvaus , es Kay asesinato de Loholt 's que causa Ginebra a morir de angustia y entonces ella está enterrado en Avalon con la cabeza cortada de Loholt. Alternativamente, en lo que los eruditos arturianos Geoffrey Ashe y Norris J. Lacy llaman uno de los "episodios extraños" [19] de Ly Myreur des Histors , una obra histórica / legendaria romantizada del autor belga Jean d'Outremeuse , Ginebra es una reina malvada que gobierna con el victorioso Mordred hasta que es asesinado por Lancelot, aquí el último de los Caballeros de la Mesa Redonda ; su cadáver es luego sepultado con el capturado Mordred que se lo come antes de morir de hambre. El Brut de Layamon (c. 1200) presenta una secuencia de sueños en la que el propio Arthur corta Ginebra en pedazos después de decapitar a Mordred. [20]
Historias de secuestro
El clérigo galés y autor Caradoc de Llancarfan , quien escribió su Vida de Gildas en algún momento entre 1130 y 1150, [21] relata que fue secuestrada y violada ( violatam et raptam ) por Melwas , rey del "País de Verano" ( Aestiva Regio , tal vez significando Somerset ), y lo mantuvo prisionero en su fortaleza en Glastonbury . La historia dice que Arthur pasó un año buscándola y reuniendo un ejército para asaltar el fuerte de Melwas cuando Gildas negocia una resolución pacífica y reúne a marido y mujer. [22] El episodio parece estar relacionado con un motivo de secuestro en el viejo irlandés llamado aithed en el que un misterioso extraño secuestra a una mujer casada y la lleva a su casa; el marido de la mujer entonces la rescata contra adversidades insuperables. [23] Un relato aparentemente relacionado fue tallado en la arquivolta de la catedral de Módena en Italia, que muy probablemente es anterior a ese relato. Aquí, Artus de Bretania e Isdernus se acercan a una torre en la que Mardoc sostiene a Winlogee , mientras que en el otro lado, Carrado (probablemente Caradoc) lucha contra Galvagin (Gawain) mientras los caballeros Galvariun y Che (Kay) se acercan. Isdernus es sin duda una encarnación de Yder ( Edern ap Nudd ), un héroe celta cuyo nombre aparece en Culhwch y Olwen . Yeder es en realidad el amante de Ginebra en una tradición casi olvidada mencionada en el Tristán de Béroul del siglo XII . Esto se refleja en el posterior Romanz du reis Yder , donde su amante es la reina Guenloie de Carvain, similar a Ginebra (posiblemente Caerwent ).
Chrétien de Troyes cuenta otra versión del secuestro de Ginebra, esta vez por Meliagant ( Maleagant , derivado de Melwas) en el Lancelot del siglo XII , el Caballero del Carro . La secuencia del secuestro es en gran parte una reelaboración de la registrada en la obra de Caradoc, pero aquí el salvador de la reina no es Arturo (o Yder) sino Lancelot, cuyo adulterio con la reina se trata por primera vez en este poema. En el triángulo amoroso de Chrétien de Arthur-Guinevere-Lancelot, Ginebra consuma su historia de amor con Lancelot cuando Arthur y sus caballeros están tratando de rescatar a Ginebra de la tierra de Gorre. Se ha sugerido que Chrétien inventó su romance para proporcionar a Ginebra un amante extramarital cortés; Mordred no podía ser utilizado porque su reputación estaba más allá de su salvación, y Yder había sido olvidado por completo. [24] Esta versión se ha vuelto popular y es más familiar hoy por su inclusión en una forma ampliada en los ciclos de prosa, donde Lancelot viene a rescatarla en más de una ocasión (ver más abajo).
Además, hay varias otras variantes de este motivo en la literatura medieval. En Ulrich Lanzelet , Valerina, el rey de la madera enredada, reclama el derecho a casarse con ella y la lleva fuera de su castillo en una lucha por el poder que recuerda a los estudiosos de sus conexiones prescientes a la fertilidad y la soberanía de Gran Bretaña. La compañía de Arthur la salva, pero Valerin la vuelve a secuestrar y la coloca en un sueño mágico dentro de otro castillo rodeado de serpientes, donde solo el poderoso hechicero Malduc puede rescatarla. En Diu Crône , el captor de Ginebra es su propio hermano Gotegrim, con la intención de matarla por negarse a casarse con Gasozein, quien dice ser su legítimo marido, y su salvador es Gawain. En Durmart le Gallois , Ginebra es liberada de su peligro por el héroe epónimo. En Livre d'Artus , el rey Urien la hace prisionera brevemente durante su rebelión contra Arturo. El poeta galés del siglo XIV Dafydd ap Gwilym alude al secuestro de Ginebra en dos de sus poemas.
Una versión de la narrativa de Ginebra se asocia en el folclore local con Meigle en Escocia, conocida por sus piedras talladas pictas . Se dice que una de las piedras, ahora en el Museo de Piedras Esculpidas de Meigle , representa a Vanora , el nombre local de Ginebra. [25] Se dice que fue secuestrada por el rey Modred (Mordred). Cuando finalmente regresa a Arthur, él la condena a muerte por infidelidad y ordena que sea despedazada por bestias salvajes, un evento que se dice que se muestra en Meigle Stone 2 (la Piedra de la Reina Venora). [25] Esta piedra fue una de las dos que originalmente se encontraban cerca de un montículo que se identifica como la tumba de Vanora. [25] Los eruditos modernos interpretan la Piedra Meigle 2 como una representación del relato bíblico de Daniel en el foso de los leones . Una historia relacionada con Escocia tiene lugar en Hector Boece 's Historia Gentis Scotorum , donde Guinevere es tomada por los pictos siguiente Mordred de muertes y de Arthur en Camlann y pasa el resto de su vida en su cautiverio; después de su muerte, es enterrada junto a Arthur.
Medievalist Roger Sherman Loomis suggested that this motif shows that "she had inherited the role of a Celtic Persephone" (from the Greek mythology).[26] All of these similar tales of abduction by another suitor – and this allegory includes Lancelot, who whisks her away when she is condemned to burn at the stake for their adultery – are demonstrative of a recurring 'Hades-snatches-Persephone' theme, positing that Guinevere is similar to the Otherworld bride Étaín, who Midir, king of the Underworld, carries off from her earthly life after she has forgotten her past.[27]
French-inspired popular tradition
In French cyclical chivalric romances and the later works based on them, including the influential Le Morte d'Arthur by Thomas Malory, Guinevere is the daughter of King Leodegrance, who had served Arthur's father Uther Pendragon and was entrusted with the Round Table after Uther's death. In these stories, Leodegrance's kingdom typically lies near the Breton city of Carhaise (the modern Carhaix-Plouguer). In the fields to the south and east of Carhaise, Arthur defends Leodegrance by defeating King Rience, which leads to his meeting and marriage with Guinevere. This version of the legend has Guinevere betrothed to Arthur early in his career, while he was garnering support. The following narrative is largely based on the Lancelot-Grail (Vulgate) prose cycle, telling the story of Lancelot and Guinevere in accordance to the courtly love conventions still popular in the early 13th-century France (Guinevere's role in this romance is Lancelot's "female lord", just as the Lady of the Lake is his "female master"[28]), however soon afterwards directly condemned in the Post-Vulgate Cycle retelling that also influenced Malory.
When the mysterious White Knight (Lancelot) arrives from the continent, Guinevere is instantly smitten. The young Lancelot first joins the Queen's Knights to serve her. Lancelot refuses the love of other ladies and sends Guinevere the redeemable knights he has defeated in battle and who must appeal to her for forgiveness. Following his early rescue of Guinevere from Maleagant (in Le Morte d'Arthur this episode only happens much later on) and his admission into the Round Table, and with Galehaut's assistance, she and Lancelot begin an escalating romantic affair that in the end will lead to Arthur's fall. In the Vulgate version, the lovers spend their first night together just as Arthur sleeps with the beautiful Saxon princess named Camille or Gamille (an evil enchantress whom he later continues to love even after she betrays and imprisons him, though it was suggested that he was enchanted[29]). Arthur is also further unfaithful during the episode of the "False Guinevere" (who had Arthur drink a love potion to betray Guinevere), her own twin half-sister (born on the same day but from a different mother) whom Arthur takes as his second wife in a very unpopular bigamous move, even refusing to obey the Pope's order for him not to do it, as Guinevere escapes to live with Lancelot in Galehaut's kingdom. The French prose cyclical authors thus intended to justify Guinevere and Lancelot's adultery by blackening Arthur's reputation and thus making it acceptable and sympathetic for their medieval courtly French audience. Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, however, portrays Arthur as absolutely faithful to Guinevere, even successfully resisting the forceful advances of the sorceress Annowre for her sake, except as a victim of a spell in a variant of the "False Guinevere" case. On her side, Guinevere is often highly jealous regarding Lancelot's love life, especially in the cases of Elaine of Corbenic and Elaine of Ascolat. Malory goes so far as to suggest Guinevere uses charms or enchantments to win Lancelot's love.
Years later, following the Grail Quest, Malory tells his readers that the pair started behaving carelessly in public, stating that "Launcelot began to resort unto the Queene Guinevere again and forget the promise and the perfection that he made in the Quest... and so they loved together more hotter than they did beforehand." They indulged in "privy draughts together" and behaved in such a way that "many in the court spoke of it." Guinevere is charged with adultery on three occasions, including once when she is also accused of sorcery.[30] Their now not-so secret affair is finally exposed by Guinevere's sworn enemy and Arthur's half-sister, the enchantress Morgan le Fay who had schemed against her on various occasions (sometimes being foiled in that by Lancelot, who had also defended Guinevere on many other occasions and performed assorted feats in her honour), and proven by two of the late King Lot's sons, Agravain and Mordred. Revealed as a betrayer of his king and friend, Lancelot fights and escapes. Incited to defend honour, Arthur reluctantly sentences his wife to be burned at the stake. Knowing Lancelot and his family would try to stop the execution, the king sends many of his knights to defend the pyre, though Gawain refuses to participate. Lancelot arrives with his kinsmen and followers and rescues the queen. Gawain's brothers Gaheris and Gareth are killed in the battle (among others, including fellow Knights of the Round Aglovale, Segwarides and Tor, and originally also Gawain's third brother Agravain), sending Gawain into a rage so great that he pressures Arthur into a direct confrontation with Lancelot.
Guinevere later returns to Arthur from Lancelot's castle and is forgiven (Arthur starts to doubt that Guinevere ever betrayed him). When Arthur goes after Lancelot to France, he leaves her in the care of Mordred, who plans to marry the queen himself and take Arthur's throne. While in some versions of the legend (like the Alliterative Morte Arthure, which removed French romantic additions) Guinevere assents to Mordred's proposal, in the tales of Lancelot she hides in the Tower of London, where she withstands Mordred's siege, and later takes refuge in a nun convent.[31] Hearing of the treachery, Arthur returns to Britain and slays Mordred at Camlann, but his wounds are so severe that he is taken to the isle of Avalon by Morgan. During the civil war, Guinevere is portrayed as a scapegoat for violence without developing her perspective or motivation. However, after Arthur's death, Guinevere retires to a convent in penitence for her infidelity. (Malory was familiar with the Fontevraud daughter house at Nuneaton,[32] and given the royal connections of its sister house at Amesbury, he chose Amesbury Priory as the monastery to which Guinevere retires as “abbas and rular”,[33] to find her salvation in a life of penance.[34]) Her contrition is sincere and permanent; Lancelot is unable to sway her to come away with him.[35] Guinevere meets Lancelot one last time, refusing to kiss him, then returns to the convent. She spends the remainder of her life as an abbess in joyless sorrow contrasting with her earlier merry nature. Following her death, Lancelot buries her next to Arthur's (real or symbolic) grave.
Cultura moderna
Modern adaptations of Arthurian legend vary greatly in their depiction of Guinevere, largely because certain aspects of her story must be fleshed out by the modern author. In spite of her iconic doomed romance with Lancelot, a number of modern reinterpretations portray her as being manipulated into her affair with Lancelot, with Arthur being her rightful true love. Others present her love for Lancelot as stemming from a relationship that existed prior to her arranged marriage to Arthur.
Literature
- In the Deverry Cycle book Darkspell, the character of Gweniver is a warrior priestess sworn to the Goddess of the Moon in Her Darktime, also known as She of The Sword-Struck Heart. An inspirational warleader, Gweniver is a berserker in combat.
- Lavinia Collins's Guinevere is a historical romance trilogy dealing with Guinevere's marriage to Arthur and the subsequent development of her relationship with Lancelot. Along with typical themes of the romance genre, this adaptation also deals with concepts of magic and religion and builds on Collins's reading of Le Morte d'Arthur.[36]
- In Marion Zimmer Bradley's The Mists of Avalon, Gwenhwyfar is brought up by a cold, unloving father, which leaves her with a deep inferiority complex and intense agoraphobia. Failing to produce an heir and unable to be with the love of her life, Lancelot, she falls into a deep depression and – hoping for salvation – becomes an increasingly fanatical Christian. Bradley's version is notable for popularising the Welsh spelling, which many subsequent writers have adopted.
- Guinevere is a supporting character in Gerald Morris' The Squire's Tales. She starts the series as King Arthur's newly-wedded queen and ends it as Sister Arthur, peacefully living in a convent after Arthur's departure.
- Bernard Cornwell's Arthurian series of novels The Warlord Chronicles depicts Guinevere as the princess of Henis Wyren in North Wales. She is fiercely anti-Christian as a devoted follower of the Ancient Egyptian goddess Isis and has ambitions of becoming queen of Dumnonia through her marriage with Arthur, the illegitimate son of Uther Pendragon in the novels. Guinevere is the cause of a civil war in The Winter King and later conspires with Lancelot against Arthur in Enemy of God, albeit later they reconcile as she plays a vital role in the victory at Badon and eventually she and her son accompany the wounded Arthur to exile in Brittany after Camlann at the end of Excalibur.
- Kiersten White's The Guinevere Deception depicts Guinevere as an apprentice to Merlin, sent to become Arthur's wife and save him from a devastating fate.[37]
Other media
- Guinevere is portrayed by Cherie Lunghi in the 1981 epic medieval fantasy Excalibur
- Guinevere is a central character in the Broadway musical Camelot, in which she was initially portrayed by Julie Andrews, then Sally Ann Howes. She was played by Vanessa Redgrave in the film version of the musical.
- Guinevere is portrayed by Julia Ormond in 1995 film First Knight, with Richard Gere as Lancelot and Sean Connery as King Arthur.
- In the television series Guinevere Jones, Guinevere is reincarnated into the main protagonist Gwen Jones portrayed by Tamara Hope.
- Guinevere appears in Sabrina the Animated Series episode Hexcalibur.
- In the 2004 film King Arthur, Guinevere, played by British actress Keira Knightley, is depicted as a Pictish princess in captivity of a Roman noble family in the far north of Britain. Arthur, charged by Bishop Germanus with escorting the family to safety in light of an impending Saxon invasion, discovers her captivity and liberates her. While travelling back to Roman territory, she introduces Arthur to Merlin who attempts to persuade Arthur to lead the Picts (called Woads in the film) to battle the Saxon army. Once back in Roman territory, their relationship culminates in a brief romance, after which Arthur decides to remain at the Roman outpost to fight the Saxons at Hadrian's Wall while his knights return to Rome. In the climactic Battle of Badon Hill, Guinevere leads a Pictish detachment of archers against the first wave of Saxon invaders and is nearly killed there before being rescued by Lancelot. Following the battle, Arthur and Guinevere are married by Merlin in a ceremony at Stonehenge.
- In the cartoon series King Arthur and the Knights of Justice, Queen Guinevere is voiced by Kathleen Barr. She is Camelot's queen and the real King Arthur's wife who often wonders about the change in Arthur's demeanor and manner of acting, unaware of him being the time-stranded Arthur King.
- In the 1983 DC Comics maxi-series Camelot 3000, Guinevere appears reincarnated in the body of Commander Joan Acton, American-born leader of the United Earth Defense Forces, and is reunited with King Arthur to defend Earth from a race of extraterrestrial invaders.
- In the 1989 American-British-Hungarian animated fantasy-comedy-adventure-musical TV movie Dragon and Slippers she is voiced by Bernadette Peters in the English version.
- In the 1998 NBC television miniseries Merlin, Guinevere is played by Lena Headey.
- Guinevere appears in the animated series King Arthur's Disasters, where she is voiced by Morwenna Banks.
- In the television series Merlin, Guinevere (called "Gwen" by most of the characters) is portrayed by Angel Coulby and is shown as the daughter of a blacksmith and maid to Morgana along with being her best friend. Elyan the White is portrayed as her brother, and, eventually, one of Arthur's knights. At first, Guinevere is implied as the love interest of Merlin (who is far younger in the series than in usual tales) and is also shown as having an attraction to Lancelot. However, in this version of the story, Guinevere's true love is Arthur. Gwen and Arthur marry, despite Uther's and Morgana's attempts to keep them apart. Following Arthur's death, Gwen becomes the queen regnant of Camelot.[38]
- In the television series Camelot, Guinevere is depicted by Tamsin Egerton. An ambitious and strong-willed woman, she is a great support to Arthur and they develop a strong undeniable attraction. However, she is married to Leontes, one of Arthur's most loyal knights, which frustrates their relationship.
- In the TV show Legends of Tomorrow episode "Camelot/3000", Guinevere is portrayed by Elyse Levesque.[39] In the episode, she is a knight who became queen because of her loyalty to Merlin. In response to Sara letting her know of her affection for Guinevere; Sara Lance felt attraction to her, and after Merlin, who was actually Stargirl, confessed her love to King Arthur, she and Sara shared a kiss.
- Guinevere appears in television series Once Upon a Time, played by actress Joana Metrass. This version of Guinevere is portrayed with a noticeable Castilian accent.
- In the American original version of the animated series Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders, Gwenevere (Gwen) is the show's titular main heroine and protagonist, voiced by Kerry Butler in the first season and Jean Louisa Kelly in the second season. Gwen is a daughter of Queen Anya and King Jared from the royal family of the magical kingdom of Avalon, who takes up the sacred Sun Stone and bonds with the flying unicorn named Sunstar to lead the all-girl Jewel Riders on their quest to rescue her mentor Merlin and to defeat the witches Lady Kale (Gwen's evil aunt) and Morgana before they can rule Avalon. Gwenevere was renamed Starla for the show's international version, Starla and the Jewel Riders.
- In the 2014 album High Noon Over Camelot written by The Mechanisms Guinevere is portrayed by Jessica Law. In this retelling of the story of King Arthur, set on a desert-like space station called Fort Galfridian, Guinevere is in a polyamorous relationship with both Arthur and Lancelot, who form the gang called the Pendragons together, where she is designated as the gang's fastest draw.
- In the video game Mobile Legends: Bang Bang, there is a playable character named Guinevere. Unlike in other stories, Guinevere is portrayed as the sister of Lancelot and is instead in a relationship with Gusion Paxley.
- In Cursed, Bella Dayne portrays the Viking warrior woman Red Spear also known as Guinevere.
- In Wizards: Tales of Arcadia, Guinevere is Morgana's friend whose accidental death by her husband Arthur causes Morgana's turn to evil.
Ver también
- King Arthur's family
- Tristan and Iseult
Referencias
- ^ Google Ngram search for common spellings
- ^ Schrijver, Peter (1995). Studies in British Celtic Historical Phonology. Rodopi. pp. 249–250. ISBN 978-9051838206.
- ^ Hamp, Eric P. (1996). "Varia: 1. 1 sál m. '(eau de) mer'; 2. 1 sed 'cerf'; 3. slabar; 4. slice 'coquille'; 5. ta- 'obtenir, trouver, pouvoir (féad-<ét-)'; 6. 1 tadg 'poète', 1 tál 'asciam'; 7. Irish tarr, torrach; 8. tinaid; 9. tindabrad, Findabair; 10. 1 úall, úabar, úais; 11. *uern~?". Études Celtiques. 32: 87–90. doi:10.3406/ecelt.1996.2087.
- ^ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. Abc-clio. p. 861. ISBN 978-1851094400.
- ^ Dictionary of the Irish Language (ed. E G Quin et al., Royal Irish Academy, Dublin 1913–76; Letter S, Column 205, electronic version at http://www.DIL.ie).
- ^ Richards, Melville, "Arthurian Onomastics", in: Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, vol. 2, 1969, p. 257.
- ^ "Cleveland Evans: Jennifer went from 'strange' to popular". Omaha.
- ^ http://users.clas.ufl.edu/jshoaf/ArthGuinevere.html[bare URL]
- ^ Bromwich 2006, p. 154.
- ^ John Rhys, Studies in the Arthurian Legend, Clarendon Press, 1891, p. 49.
- ^ Walters 2001, p. 295.
- ^ Mediavilla 1999, p. 37.
- ^ Baron Hallam Tennyson Tennyson, Baron Alfred Tennyson Tennyson (1908). Works of Tennyson, Volume 5. p. 506.
- ^ Wilentz, Abigail (2009). Relationship Devotional: 365 Lessons to Love & Learn. Sterling. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-4027-5577-4.
- ^ Christopher W. Bruce (2013). The Arthurian Name Dictionary. p. 243. Routledge.
- ^ Rodway, Simon, Dating Medieval Welsh Literature: Evidence from the Verbal System. CMCS Publications, Aberystwyth, 2013, pp. 16, 168–70.
- ^ Noble 1972, pp. 524–35.
- ^ Hebert, Jill M. (2013). Morgan le Fay, Shapeshifter. Springer. ISBN 978-1137022653.
- ^ Lacy, Norris J.; Ashe, Geoffrey; Mancoff, Debra N. (2014). The Arthurian Handbook: Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317777434.
- ^ Göller, Karl Heinz (1981). The Alliterative Morte Arthure: A Reassessment of the Poem. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-0859910750.
- ^ "Caradoc of Llangarfan: The Life of Gildas". Fordham University Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
- ^ Bruce 1999, p. 355.
- ^ Kibler, William W., The Romance of Arthur, New York & London, Garland Publishing, Inc. 1994 p. 121.
- ^ (de Troyes), Chrétien (1990). Lancelot, or, The Knight of the Cart. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-1213-2.
- ^ a b c "Historic Environment Scotland". historicenvironment.scot. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ Loomis, Roger Sherman (2000). The Development of Arthurian Romance. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-40955-9.
- ^ Thomas, Neil (2002). Diu Crône and the medieval Arthurian cycle. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-0-85991-636-3.
- ^ Longley, Anne P. (2002). "Guinevere as Lord". Arthuriana. 12 (3): 49–62. doi:10.1353/art.2002.0074. JSTOR 27870447. S2CID 161075853.
- ^ Archibald, Elizabeth; Putter, Ad (2009). The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521860598.
- ^ Spisak, James W. (1985). Studies in Malory. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. ISBN 978-0918720542.
- ^ "While King Arthur was Away, Did Guinevere with Mordred Play?". Children of Authur. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
- ^ Edward Hicks, Sir Thomas Malory: His Turbulent Career, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1928, pp. 25-27; Gweneth Whitteridge, The Identity of Sir Thomas Malory, Knight-Prisoner, in The Review of English Studies 24:95 (1973) 257-265.
- ^ Eugene Vinaver & P.J.C. Field (edd.), The Works of Sir Thomas Malory, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 3rd edition 1990, vol. 3, p. 1249, lines 2-3.
- ^ On Malory’s Guinevere, see Peter Korrel, An Arthurian Triangle: A Study of the Origin, Development and Characterization of Arthur, Guinevere and Mordred, Brill, Leiden, 1984; Fiona Tolhurst, The Once and Future Queen: The Development of Guenevere from Geoffrey of Monmouth to Malory, in Bibliographical Bulletin of the International Arthurian Society 50 (1998) 272-308; Sue Ellen Holbrook, Guenevere: the Abbess of Amesbury and the Mark of Reparation in Arthuriana 20: 1 (2010) 25-51.
- ^ Roberts, Sandye; Jones, Arthur (2010). Divine Intervention II: A Guide to Twin Flames, Soul Mates, and Kindred Spirits. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4567-1255-6.
- ^ Collins, Lavinia (2014). The Warrior Queen (The Guinevere Trilogy). The Book Folks Arthurian fantasy romance publisher.
- ^ "The Guinevere Deception (Camelot Rising, #1)". www.goodreads.com.
- ^ "Merlin". Merlin TV Series Fansite. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
- ^ Abrams, Natalie (12 December 2016). "Legends of Tomorrow books The Originals alum". Entertainment Weekly.
Bibliografía
- Bromwich, Rachel (2006). Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain (3 ed.). University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0708313862.
- Bruce, Christopher W. (1999). The Arthurian Name Dictionary. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-2865-0.
- Coghlan, Ronan (1991). Encyclopaedia of Arthurian Legends. Element Books. ISBN 978-1-85230-199-6.
- Hopkins, Andrea (2004). The Book of Guinevere: Legendary Queen of Camelot. Saraband. ISBN 9781887354042.
- Korrel, Peter (1984). An Arthurian Triangle: A Study of the Origin, Development, and Characterization of Arthur, Guinevere, and Modred. Brill Archive. ISBN 978-9004072725.
- Mediavilla, Cindy (1999). Arthurian Fiction: An Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3644-0.
- Noble, Peter (1972). "The Character of Guinevere in the Arthurian Romances of Chretien de Troyes". The Modern Language Review. 67 (3): 524–35. doi:10.2307/3726121. ISSN 0026-7937. JSTOR 3726121.
- Walters, Lori (2001). Lancelot and Guinevere: A Casebook. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415939119.
- Webster, Kenneth Grant Tremayne (1951). Guinevere: A study of her abductions. Turtle Press.
enlaces externos
- Guinevere at The Camelot Project