Nangklao (en tailandés : พระบาท สมเด็จ พระ นั่ง เกล้า เจ้า อยู่ หัว ) o Rama III (31 de marzo de 1788 - 2 de abril de 1851) fue el tercer monarca de Siam bajo la Casa de Chakri , gobernando desde el 21 de julio de 1824 hasta el 2 de abril de 1851. padre, Rama II , como el rey de Siam . Su sucesión fue inusual según las tradiciones [1] porque Nangklao era hijo de una concubina y no de una reina. Su adhesión fue percibida por observadores extranjeros como una usurpación del reclamo anterior del Príncipe Mongkut , quien era un hijo legítimo de Rama II nacido de una reina, Srisuriyendra.. Sin embargo, según el antiguo concepto de la monarquía tailandesa, un rey adecuado debe emular a Maha Sammata en el sentido de que debe ser "elegido por el pueblo". [2] Irónicamente, el príncipe Mongkut pudo haber contribuido más tarde a esta idea errónea, cuando temió que su propio ascenso pudiera ser percibido por observadores extranjeros como una usurpación. [3]
Nangklao พระบาท สมเด็จ พระ นั่ง เกล้า เจ้า อยู่ หัว | |
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Rey Rama III | |
Rey de Siam | |
Reinado | 21 de julio de 1824-2 de abril de 1851 |
Coronación | 21 de julio de 1824 |
Predecesor | Buda Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) |
Sucesor | Mongkut (Rama IV) |
Virrey | Maha Sakdi Polsep |
Nació | Palacio Thonburi , Siam | 31 de marzo de 1788
Fallecido | 2 de abril de 1851 Gran Palacio , Phra Nakhon , Bangkok , Siam | (63 años)
Asunto | 51 hijos e hijas con varias consortes |
casa | Dinastía chakri |
Padre | Buda Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) |
Mamá | Sri Sulalai |
Religión | Budismo |
Durante el reinado de Nangklao, la hegemonía militar de Siam se estableció al sofocar la Rebelión Laosiana (1826-1828, en lo que se llamaría Isan ), la Guerra Siamés-Vietnamita (1831-1834) y la Guerra Siamés-Vietnamita librada. en Camboya (1841-1845) . Aunque su ejército fue derrotado dos veces por los vietnamitas.
Vida temprana
El rey Nangklao nació como el príncipe Thap ( tailandés : ทับ ) en 1788 hijo del príncipe Isarasundhorn y una de sus esposas reales, Chao Chom Manda Riam , que provenía de una familia noble musulmana del sur. Después de la coronación de Isarasundhorn (conocido póstumamente como Phutthaloetla Naphalai, o Rama II) en 1809, el príncipe Kshatriyanuchit ( Mom Men ), el hijo superviviente de Taksin, se rebeló como pretendiente al trono. Al príncipe Thap se le asignó la tarea de reprimir la rebelión, lo que hizo. Elogiado por su padre por su competencia, el príncipe Thap recibió el título de Chetsadabodin derivado del sánscrito , fue elevado al rango burocrático de Kromma Muen y sirvió a su padre como Kromma Tha (ministro de Comercio y Asuntos Exteriores). Como Kromma Tha, desarrolló dominio del comercio exterior y desarrolló un afecto por los bienes y la cultura chinos. Los templos que construyó más tarde se caracterizaron por la influencia china. Después de una audiencia privada en 1822, Crawfurd escribió sobre el príncipe Krom-chiat que "parecía ciertamente mantener el carácter que se le asignó en la estimación pública, de ser el más inteligente de todos los príncipes y jefes de la corte siamesa". El cónsul portugués declaró que el príncipe le había ofrecido una gran suma de dinero, si traducía del francés al portugués una historia de las guerras de Napoleón , con el propósito de traducirla al siamés a través de los intérpretes cristianos. [4]
Sucesión
Mientras el príncipe administraba los asuntos comerciales, su medio hermano, el príncipe Mongkut, siguió el camino de la religión y se convirtió en monje en 1824. En ese año, Phutthaloetla Naphalai murió repentinamente sin haber nombrado sucesor del virrey Maha Senanurak , que había fallecido el 16 de julio de 1817. Según las tradiciones de sucesión real, el virrey o uparaja era el presunto heredero . Si no hubiera ninguno, entonces un senabodi ad hoc compuesto por altos funcionarios presentes en la muerte de un rey, elegiría un sucesor. [5] Los observadores extranjeros acostumbrados al concepto de un heredero aparente esperaban que el príncipe Mongkut, como hijo de la reina, ascendiera al trono. Sin embargo, el Senabodi reunido consideró al príncipe Chetsadabodin como una opción más competente, ya que había servido al rey en Kromma Tha durante años. El apoyo provino en gran medida de la nobleza de alto rango, incluidos Chao Phraya Abhay Pudhorn, Samuha Nayok y Dis Bunnag, entonces ministro de Kromma Tha , y otros miembros de la familia Bunnag .
Chetsadabodin aceptó el trono y fue coronado en 1824. Crió a su madre, Riam , a la princesa Madre Sri Suralai. Nombró a su tío, Sakdiphonlasep , virrey el 21 de julio de 1824, que falleció antes que el rey el 1 de mayo de 1832, lo que provocó otra crisis de sucesión. No nombró su reinado , pero Mongkut le otorgó póstumamente el nombre de Nangklao , quien, mientras tanto, había permanecido en el estado eclesiástico para evitar las intrigas de la política real. [6] : 300
Contactos occidentales
El reinado de Nangklao (como se le conocía póstumamente) vio la renovación de los contactos occidentales. En 1822, la misión del agente de la Compañía Británica de las Indias Orientales John Crawfurd en Siam [4] sentó las bases para una solicitud británica de apoyo siamés en la Primera Guerra Anglo-Birmana , que estalló en 1824. Nangklao proporcionó flotas y elefantes para atravesar los bosques birmanos. . También envió ejércitos siameses a participar en la invasión de Birmania ya que los británicos le prometieron a Siam las tierras conquistadas. Phraya Chumporn ordenó la migración forzada de Mergui (una práctica común en el sudeste asiático con respecto a las tierras recién conquistadas), que había sido conquistada por los británicos. Los británicos se sintieron frustrados por las acciones de Phraya Chumporn y se intensificaron las hostilidades. Nangklao ordenó a los ejércitos siameses que se fueran para evitar más conflictos.
En 1825, Henry Burney llegó para negociar acuerdos de paz. El Tratado de Burney fue el primer tratado con Occidente en el período de Rattanakosin . Su propósito era establecer el libre comercio en Siam y reducir en gran medida los impuestos sobre los buques comerciales extranjeros. Se discute que logró los objetivos. [7]
En 1833, el "agente especial" y enviado del presidente estadounidense Andrew Jackson , Edmund Roberts , refiriéndose a menudo al relato de Crawfurd, [6] : pp198ff concluyó el Tratado Siamés-Americano de Amistad y Comercio , firmado en la Ciudad Real de Sia-Yut. hia (Bangkok) el 20 de marzo, último del cuarto mes del año 1194 Chula Sakarat . Este tratado, con modificaciones posteriores, sigue vigente. [8] [9] Dan Beach Bradley , un médico estadounidense y una destacada personalidad occidental de la época, introdujo la imprenta y la vacunación .
Insurgencia de Anouvong
Reyes de la dinastía Chakri | |
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Phra Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) | |
Phra Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) | |
Nangklao (Rama III) | |
Mongkut (Rama IV) | |
Chulalongkorn (Rama V) | |
Vajiravudh (Rama VI) | |
Prajadhipok (Rama VII) | |
Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) | |
Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) | |
Vajiralongkorn (Rama X) | |
The three Laotian kingdoms (Lan Xang in Vientiane, Luang Prabang, and Champasak) became Siamese tributary states after Chao Phraya Maha Kshatriyaseuk (King Rama I, Nangklao's grandfather) had conquered them in 1778. Anouvong, the son of the king of Vientiene, was taken to Bangkok as a captive. He spent nearly thirty years in Siam and joined the Siamese forces in wars with Burma. In 1805, Anouvong returned to Vientiane to be crowned as the king.
In 1824, Phutthaloetla Naphalai died and, in the following year, Siam was dragged into conflicts with the British Empire.[10] Anouvong saw this as an opportunity to wield his power. In 1825, returning from the funeral of Phutthaloetla Naphalai in Bangkok, Anouvong assembled a large force and went on the offensive. After defeating Bangkok-vassal principalities along the way, Anouvong captured Korat, the main defensive stronghold of Siam in the northeast. He forced the city to be evacuated while marching to Saraburi, on approach to the capital, Bangkok. However, the Korat captives rebelled—said to have been at the instigation of Lady Mo, wife of a ruling noble of Korat—although this claim is countered by many historians who say Mo had no heroic role in the events at Tung Samrit, though a contemporary account did mention her action. As Bangkok gathered counterattacking troops, Anouvong withdrew to return to Vientiane.
Nangklao sent his uncle Maha Sakdi Polsep the Front Palace and Sing Singhaseni (at the time styled Phraya Ratchasuphawadi) to defeat the armies of Anouvong in Isan. Anouvong was defeated and fled to Vietnam. The Siamese captured Vientiane and ordered the evacuation of the city.
In 1827, Nangklao ordered the total destruction of Vientiane. Anouvong returned to Laos with Vietnamese forces. Ratchasuphawadi led the Siamese to fight and the engagements occurred at Nong Khai. Anouvong was defeated again and, after an attempt to flee, was captured. Vientiane was razed, extinguishing her 200 year reign, and ceased to be a kingdom. Anouvong was imprisoned in an iron cage in front of the Suthaisawan Hall and died in 1829.[11]
Vietnam y Camboya
In 1810, internal conflicts between Cambodian princes forced Ang Im and Ang Duong to flee to Bangkok. Otteyraja of Cambodia turned to Gia Long of Vietnam for support against the opposing princes. However, this was perceived by Siam as treacherous as the two countries had fought for centuries for control of Cambodia.
In 1833, the Lê Văn Khôi revolt against Minh Mạng broke out in Vietnam. Lê Văn Khôi, the rebel leader, sought Siamese aid. Nangklao intended to take this opportunity to install a pro-Siamese monarch on the Cambodian throne.
Phraya Ratchasuphawadi, who had been promoted to Chao Phraya Bodindecha, was ordered to capture Saigon. Dis Bunnag, the Minister of Kromma Tha, commanded a fleet to rendezvous with ground forces at Saigon. The two Cambodian princes, Ang Im and Ang Duong, also joined the expedition. Bodindecha took Udongk and the fleet took Bantey Mas. The fleet proceeded to Saigon but was repelled.
Bodindecha then took Phnom Penh and again invaded Vietnam by land in 1842. In 1845, the Vietnamese recaptured Phnom Penh, but Bodindecha was able to defend Udongk. In 1847, prompted by Emperor Thiệu Trị's treatment of Christian missionaries, French forces invaded Vietnam. A cessation of hostilities with Siam was negotiated. Ang Duong was installed as the Cambodian monarch under the equal patronage of both Siam and Vietnam, thus ending the war.
Revuelta de Kedah
In 1837, Krom Somdet Phra Sri Suralai, mother of Nangklao, died. All officials throughout the kingdom went to Bangkok to attend the funeral. At Syburi (Kedah of Malaysia now), without the presence of Siamese governors, a nephew of the Sultan of Kedah then staged a revolt. Nangklao then sent Tat Bunnag down south to subjugate the rebellion quickly in 1838. Tat then suggested an autonomous government for Kedah Sultanate. In 1839, Kedah was divided into four autonomous parts.
Devoción religiosa
Nangklao was famous for his Buddhist faith. He fed the poor each day after becoming prince, and released animals every monastery day. More than 50 temples were built and repaired in his reign, including the first Chinese style temple at Rajorasa, the highest stupa at Wat Arun, the Golden Mountain at Wat Sraket, the metal temple at Wat Ratchanadda, and Chetupol Temple or Wat Pho. Wat Pho is the site of the first university in Thailand.
Muerte y legado
Nangklao died on 2 April 1851 without having named a successor. He had 51 children including sons,[12] but had raised none of his consorts to queen. The throne passed to his half-brother, Prince Mongkut.
Nangklao stated on his deathbed that "Our wars with Burma and Vietnam were over, only the threats of the Westerners was left to us. We should study their innovations for our own benefits but not to the degree of obsession or worship." This vision coincided with Western intervention in Siam in the reign of Mongkut. He was able to predict, but not live to see the neighboring kingdoms of Burma and Vietnam fall to European colonial rule.
During his reign, trade between Siam and China became lucrative. The king kept his profits in red purses beside his bed, subsequently this money was known as "red purse money". Nangklao stipulated that the red purse money that he had earned through his business acumen should be set aside as the state's emergency fund for the future "so that Siam would be able to buy the land back" if it fell into a squabble with a foreign power. In the reign of his nephew Chulalongkorn, Siam indeed had to pay reparations to France for the 1893 Paknam incident during the Franco–Siamese War), and funding in part came from Nangklao's red purse money.
En memoria
- Thai baht 15th Series banknotes issued to draw attention to deeds of Chakri Dynasty monarchs in agriculture, science, religion and finance, depicted King Rama III on the reverse of the 500 baht banknote issued 3 August 2001, with a partial quotation of his deathbed statement below a Chinese sailing ship.[13]
- A statue of Rama III was dedicated in the front of Wat Ratchanatdaram.[14]
- Phra Nang Klao Hospital is a hospital in Nonthaburi Province bearing his name
- Phra Nang Klao Bridge is a bridge across the Chao Phraya River in Nonthaburi Province bearing his name, with the Phra Nang Klao Bridge MRT station.
- Maha Chesadabodindranusorn Bridge is a bridge across the Chao Phraya River in Nonthaburi Province bearing his title.
Ascendencia
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Ver también
- List of people with the most children
Referencias
- ^ Wales, H. G. Quaritch (April 14, 2005) [1931]. "Pt. III, Ch. VI, 1. Succession". Siamese state ceremonies. London: Bernard Quaritch. p. 67. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
The Succession to the Throne of Siam is, in theory, regulated by the law of A.D. 1360....
- ^ Dhani Nivat, Kromamun Bidyalabh Bluitiyakara (1947). "The Old Siamese conception of the Monarchy" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. Siamese Heritage Trust. JSS Vol.36.2b (digital): 94. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
The Thammasat describes its ideal of a monarch as a King of Righteousness, elected by the people (the Maha Sammata).
- ^ Bradley, William Lee (1969). "The Accession of King Mongkut (Notes)" (PDF free). Journal of the Siam Society. Siam Heritage Trust. JSS Vol. 57.1f (digital): 160. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
[Vella] holds this to be 'the view of many western writers' and it dates from the reign of King Mongkut, owing largely to their mistaken belief that because he was the son of a minor wife, Prince Chesda was illegitimate. The indication is that the western writers adopted this view from Mongkut himself, as the subsequent story will show.
- ^ a b Crawfurd, John (21 August 2006) [1830]. Journal of an Embassy from the Governor-general of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley. OCLC 03452414. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
|volume=
has extra text (help) Alt URL - ^ "Rattanakosin Period (1782 -present)". Thailand Introduction. GlobalSecurity.org. August 18, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
If there was no uparaja at the time of the king's death—and this was frequently the case—the choice of a new monarch drawn from the royal family was left to the Senabodi, the council of senior officials, princes, and Buddhist prelates that assembled at the death of a king. It was such a council that chose Nang Klao's successor.
- ^ a b Roberts, Edmund (October 12, 2007) [1837]. Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat: in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4. Harper & Brothers. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
Here they were pointed to Mr. Crawford's [sic] account of his mission to Siam and Cochin-China, page 269....
- ^ Terwiel, B.J. (1991). "The Bowring Treaty: Imperialism and the Indigenous Perspective" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 79 (2). Retrieved 2019-01-03.
In this paper the evidence upon which historians have based their statements on the Treaty's economic results is examined. It will be shown that all take their cue from Bowring's own words. Secondly it will be shown that Bowring's remarks are not necessarily a reliable indicator.
- ^ William M. Malloy. "Siam. 1833" (PDF). United States, United States, William M. Malloy > Compilation of Treaties in Force. Washington, D.C.: Govt. print. off. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
Revised ed. Prepared under the direction of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, by William M. Malloy. (Treaties and Conventions, 1889. p. 992.) (The provisions of this treaty were modified by the Treaty of 1856.)
- ^ Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs (April 18, 2012). "Thailand". Bureau of Public Affairs: Electronic Information Publications » Background Notes. Bureau of Public Affairs. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
The 1966 Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations, the most recent iteration....
- ^ Bruce, Robert (1969). "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch" (PDF). 9. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ Tomlin, Jacob (1831). Journal of a nine months' residence in Siam. London: Frederick Westley and A.H. Davis. p. 103.
- ^ Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2009). A History of Thailand (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780521759151.
- ^ "Banknotes, Series 15". Bank of Thailand. February 23, 2012. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
Thai: การงานสิ่งไตของเขาที่ดี ควนจะเรียนร่ำเอาไว้ก็เอาอย่างเขา แต่อย่าให้นับถือเลื่อนใสไปทีเดียว
- ^ "เสริมสิริมงคลรับปีใหม่กับเส้นทางไหว้กษัตริย์ 9 พระองค์".
enlaces externos
- http://www.thailandguidebook.com/provinces/bangkok.html
Rama III Chakri Dynasty Born: 31 March 1788 Died: 2 April 1851 | ||
Regnal titles | ||
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Preceded by Phutthaloetla Naphalai | King of Siam 1824–1851 | Succeeded by Mongkut |