| UNESCO sitio de Patrimonio Mundial | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Localización | Suzhou , Jiangsu , China |
| Parte de | Jardines clásicos de Suzhou |
| Criterios | Cultural: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) |
| Referencia | 813bis-002 |
| Inscripción | 1997 (21º período de sesiones ) |
| Extensiones | 2000 |
| Zona | 2.331 ha (5.76 acres) |
| Coordenadas | 31 ° 19′03.10 ″ N 120 ° 35′17.20 ″ E / 31.3175278 ° N 120.5881111 ° ECoordenadas : 31 ° 19′03.10 ″ N 120 ° 35′17.20 ″ E / 31.3175278°N 120.5881111°E |
  Ubicación del jardín persistente en Jiangsu  Jardín persistente (China) | |
El jardín persistente ( chino simplificado :留 园; chino tradicional :留 園; pinyin : Liú Yuán ; Suzhou Wu : Leu yoe, chino Wu : [løʏ ɦyø] ) es un famoso jardín chino clásico . Está ubicado en 338 Liuyuan Rd. Suzhou , provincia de Jiangsu , China (留 园路 338 号). Está reconocido junto con otros jardines clásicos de Suzhou como Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO . En 1997, el jardín, junto con otros jardines clásicos de Suzhou, fue registrado por la UNESCO comoPatrimonio de la Humanidad . El jardín también alberga dos Artes del Patrimonio Mundial Inmaterial de la UNESCO ; Música Pingtan (评弹) y Guqin .
Historia
El jardín persistente está ubicado fuera de la puerta Changmen (阊 门) de Suzhou, provincia de Jiangsu . Fue encargado por Xu Taishi (徐 泰 时), un funcionario acusado y luego exonerado en 1593 EC. El cantero Zhou Shicheng (周时臣) diseñó y construyó el East Garden (东 园) como se llamó inicialmente. El East Garden se hizo famoso en su día cuando los magistrados de Wu y el condado de Changzhou elogiaron el diseño de Shi Ping Peak, una rocalla construida para parecerse a la montaña Tiantai en Putao . [1]
La propiedad pasó a Liu Su, otro funcionario en 1798 EC. Después de una extensa reconstrucción, lo renombró Cold Green Village después de un verso, "color frío limpio del bambú, luz verde límpida del agua". Siguiendo con ese tema, agregó pinares y bambúes. Era un ávido coleccionista de piedras de erudito y agregó 12 más al jardín que las aloja en el "bosque de piedras". También fue en este momento en que se construyó el "Salón Celestial de los Cinco Picos". El jardín pronto adquirió el apodo de "Liu Yuan" por el apellido del propietario. Desde 1823 d.C., el jardín estuvo abierto al público y se convirtió en un famoso centro turístico. [2]
La propiedad pasó a Sheng Kang, un tesorero provincial de Hubei en 1873 EC. Reparó los daños causados al jardín por el caos del Taiping . Después de tres años, la reconstrucción se completó en 1876 EC, y el jardín pasó a llamarse Liu Yuan (留 园). [3] El nombre, aunque homófono a un nombre más antiguo, connota ocio y, por lo tanto, rinde homenaje al antiguo propietario, así como al período de vacaciones del jardín. Fue en este momento que la piedra "Auspicioso pico coronado de nubes" se movió a su ubicación actual. [2] El jardín fue heredado por Sheng Xuanhuai de su padre, abandonó el jardín en 1911 y cayó en mal estado.
Durante la Guerra Sino-Japonesa , el jardín fue abandonado nuevamente e incluso degeneró en una zona de cría para los caballos del ejército. Después del establecimiento de la República Popular de China, el gobierno de Suzhou se hizo cargo y renovó el jardín. Fue reabierto al público en 1954. [3] En 2001, el jardín se agregó a la lista del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO y sigue siendo un importante destino turístico.
Desde su creación, el Lingering Garden ha sido bien recibido por la crítica y ha inspirado a artistas. El Jardín del Este es descrito y elogiado en Bocetos de jardines y pabellones por Yuan Hongdao (magistrado del condado de Changzhou), "... Es el mejor de su tipo al sur del río Yangtze ". [2] También se describió en la obra Notas sobre el Hou Yue Tang de Jiang Yingke (magistrado del condado de Wu). Después de que el East Garden se transformó en el Lingering Garden, fue nuevamente elogiado por Yu Yue en sus Notas sobre el Lingering Garden , "Las rocallas, plantas, pabellones, torres y pasillos se encuentran entre los mejores del condado de Wu". [2]
Diseño
El jardín de 23.310 m 2 se divide en cuatro secciones temáticas diferenciadas; Este, Centro, Oeste y Norte. [4] El área central es la parte más antigua del jardín. Los edificios, la característica principal de cualquier jardín chino, ocupan un tercio del área total. Una característica única de este jardín es el paseo cubierto de 700 m que los conecta. [4] Los elementos construidos del jardín están agrupados por secciones. [5] El conjunto de estructuras en el jardín central rodea un estanque y una gruta característica principal. La gruta está construida con granito de Yellowstone y fue creada por el destacado artista Zhou Binzhong. La sección este del jardín se distribuye alrededor de la piedra pico cubierta de nubes. Un patio central está rodeado de edificios. Detrás de la casa de los ermitaños se encuentra el pequeño patio del bosque de piedra, una colección de piedras de ermitaño y patios menores conectados. La sección occidental es principalmente natural y contiene solo unos pocos pabellones, una gran colina artificial y un jardín Penzai .
| Elementos de diseño de jardín con descripción | |
|---|---|
| Entry Garden | |
| Entry The garden entry on Liuyuan Lu. This door leads into the Gatehouse, the simple style of the whitewashed walls and stone lintel is typical of the urban design in ancient Suzhou resulting from the sumptuary law. The garden name is painted in gold on the stone lintel and paving ornaments in the entry plaza. | |
| Gatehouse The gate house is a double arcade three bay hall with full gable roofline and bowed ridge decorated with the three immortals. in front of a small courtyard on three sides by a roofed corridor. This passage connects to the Zigzag Path at the rear. A screen with an inlaid jade map of the garden divides the hall from the courtyard. The screen is called, "Full View of the Lingering Garden".[2] | |
| Old Intertwined Trees Court (古木交柯) A complex and unique structure composed of a courtyard, open 3 bay hall, and covered corridor which functions as a single space. The courtyard is planted with two trees symbolizing jade (Magnolia soulangia) and gold (Osmanthus fragrans), a sign of prosperity. The entry to this space is marked by a tablet inscribed by Deputy Prime Minister Zhu Boqi which read, "Paradise on Earth".[2] | |
| Small House by the Flowery Path (花步小筑) A complex and unique structure composed of a covered passage that simulates a three bay hall Screen windows facing the pond and a two small sky-wells on the opposite side. The sky-well is planted with a composition of a Cypress from the Ming Dynasty and Camellia. An opening on one side of the sky-well leads into a smaller sky-well behind the Green Shade Terrace which is a composition of rock and Boston Ivy. | |
| Zigzag Path A winding roofed corridor which connects the entry hall, residence, and Old Intertwined Trees Court. It is marked by a tablet inscribed by Suzhou Magistrate Wu Yun reading, "Lingering garden".[2] | |
| Central Garden | |
| Celestial Hall of Five Peaks (五峰仙馆) This five bay full gable structure was inspired by a verse from Li Bai, "There are five peaks to the south of Mount Lu which seem to be the golden lotus flowers cut out by nature". The selection of this verse was in turn was inspired by the preexisting Ming Dynasty grotto which faces the front of the hall.[2] On the backside of the Hall a courtyard houses one of the 12 famous scholar stones, Rhesus Monkey Peak, of Liu Su's collection. Inside are numerous pillar couplets. | |
| Green Shade Pavilion (绿荫) Named for a verse by Gao Qi in Ode to Sunflowers, "brightness and beauty come from the vermillion light brushes and flowers lean on the shade side."[2] A reference to the shade provided by the 300-year-old maple tree, which overhangs it. A three bay terrace structure rear double arcade, with a full gable roofline open on one side with backrest facing the pond.yard inlaid with phoniex fish deer crane bat and lotus paving designs. | |
| Hanbi Mountain Villa (涵碧山房) Named after a line by Zhu Shi (Song Dynasty), "The water is imbued with green, forests have become more red...".[2] The name alludes to the numerous pines added to the garden during the second phase of construction. The typical farmhouse design typology, three bay with flat eves and full gables, of the villa reinforces the idea of a rustic retreat. | |
| HaoPu Pavilion (濠濮亭) A freestanding structure on the pond. The name is from two famous angling resorts called Hao and Pu; however, it also alludes to The Happiness of Fish (魚之樂), a dialectic conversation between Zhuang Zi and Hui Zi. Ultimately, the name expresses the desire of the owner for a simple life. It faces three of the 12 famous scholar stones of Liu Su's Collection; The Moon, The Magic Fungus, and The Cockscomb. It is a freestanding square pavilion with a hipped gable roofline, and ornamented flying eves. | |
| Passable Pavilion (可亭) The name comes from a verse by Liu Yuxi, "the bright moon passes the pavilion".[2] A freestanding hexagonal pavilion with ridged flying eves typical of a moon gazing pavilion. It is flanked on both sides by two 300-year-old Ginkgo trees | |
| Pellucid Tower (明瑟楼) Built as an extension to the Hanbi Villa during the third phase of garden construction, this structure is built to resemble the form a pleasure boat launching into the pond. It was inspired by the Du Fu verse, "The boat is exquisite enough to take two or three of us for our sailing in the open".[2] Three bay hipped gable roofline with flying eves. Cloud stair rockery,access to top floor which is screened by mother of pearl inlaid windows. | |
| Osmanthus fragrans Pavilion (闻木樨香斩) A square three bay hipped gable roofline and flying eve pavilion connected to the roofed passage, and named after the grove of Cassia trees. There are two pillar couplets. The yard in front of the pavilion is decorated with two phoniex a Buddhist knot and a lotus. | |
| Refreshing Breeze Pavilion (清风池馆) Named from a line by Su Dongpo in his Ode to Chi Bi, "The soothing breeze slowly blow this way but the pond is rippless..."[2] This structure uses the Venturi effect to create a crossbreeze off the pond. A one bay terrace structure with a hipped gable roofline open on one side, the flying eves are decorated with dragon ornaments. A central wooden screen is flanked by pillar couplets. | |
| Study of Enlightenment A three bay structure closed on four sides. | |
| Winding Stream Tower Named after a verse by Wen Zhengming, "The winding stream leads to the open place." A three bay and two-story structure with a hipped gable roofline and flying eves. | |
| East Garden | |
| Auspicious Cloud Capped Peak (冠云峰) A scholar stone considered to be a national treasure of China. It was a relic from the Song Dynasty, and forms part of an arrangement with two other scholar stones, a pond and a surrounding complex of buildings. It flanked by Auspicious Cloud Peak and Mountain Cloud Peak, and fronted by Could Washing Pond. | |
| Awaiting Cloud Temple (云) Named after the Auspicious Cloud Capped Peak, it is a three bay hall with portico on three sides and a hipped gable roofline with flying eves. | |
| Cloud Capped Pavilion (冠云亭) A freestanding hexagonal pavilion with flying eves and ornamental capstone on the rockery beside the Auspicious Cloud Capped Peak. | |
| Cloud Capped Tower (冠云楼) A three bay tower with a hipped gable roofline and flat eves. It has two wings attached on either side. It is sited behind the Auspicious Cloud Capped Peak, and currently used as a teahouse. | |
| Good for Farming Pavilion (佳晴喜雨快雪之亭) A square one bay pavilion closed on three sides with a hipped gable roofline and ornamented ridge. | |
| Worshipping Stone Pavilion (#峰斩) A one bay square pavilion with hipped gable roofline and ornamented flying eves connected to the covered corridor and the backside of the Good for Farming Pavilion. It is named after the nearby Auspicious Cloud Capped Peak, which it faces. | |
| Pavilion of Oneness An attached square pavilion over the gate to the Small Court of Stone Forest with a hipped gable roofline and flying eves. | |
| Return–-to–-Read Study (还我读书斋) Named after a line by Tao Qias, "After plowing and sowing I often return home to read...".[2] It is a tower facing a courtyard surrounded by a roofed corridor and decorated with 99 stelae from famous calligraphers of the Song Dynasty. It is a three bay full gable tower with connected courtyard | |
| Small Court of Stone Forest A 100 m2 courtyard divided into eight yards, each one anchored by a scholar stone. Elaborate pavement ornaments depict crane, deer, and a five bat longevity motif. | |
| Small Garden of the Stone Forest A courtyard entered from the View to Quietude Gate and surrounded by a roofed corridor on three sides. In the center is Afterglow Peak which overlooks Hound Peak. The name of this space is derived from the garden of Song Dynasty poet Liu Mengde called The Garden of Delicate Stones. He like the garden owner Liu Su was also an avid collector of scholar stones. The main axis of this courtyard passes through an open window into a skywell anchored by another scholar stone. The composition in the skywell space gives the open window the illusion of being a mirror of the backside of Afterglow Peak. | |
| Stone Forest Pavilion A freestanding hexagonal pavilion with flat eves ridges and an ornamented capstone. It is sited in the Small Court of Stone Forest. Sometimes it is called the Azure Pavilion. | |
| Worshipping Stone Hall A three bay hall built in the Small Garden of the Stone Forest courtyard. It is closed on three sides with a hipped gable roofline and flying eves. It is named after the scholar stone it faces in the center of the courtyard called Afterglow Peak. | |
| West Garden | |
| Delightful Pavilion (至乐亭) A double hexagonal pavilion with flying eves and ridge ornaments overlooking the Penzai garden. The name is meant to connote the visitor will experience ultimate delight. | |
| Free Roaring Pavilion (舒啸亭) A free standing hexagonal pavilion with a round roofline on top of the hill overlooking the peach blossom garden. | |
| One More Village Named after a verse by Lu Yu, "Where the hills and streams end there seems no road beyond, amidst the shady willows and blooming flowers another village appears". This area was formerly a productive garden imitating an idyllic rustic village. Currently, it is used to house a penjing collection. | |
| Peach Blossom Dock A square pavilion with pillar couplets connected to the covered corridor with a hipped gable roofline and flying eaves. It is named after the grove of flowering trees it faces, which are meant to be a recreation of the scenery in utopian tale Peach Blossom Spring by Tao Qian. | |
| Place of Liveliness Named after ancient Chinese philosophical concept of nature later adopted by Buddhists and translated as liveliness. A two-story three bay terrace structure open on one side with a portico on four sides and hipped gable roofline with flat eves. The door panels are decorated with carvings. | |
- Detalles
Torre occidental
Torre verde lejana
Un pabellón en una isla en el estanque conectado a dos enrejados de uva
Vista general del estanque
- Actuaciones
Actuación de Pingtan en Pellucid Tower
Actuación de Guqin en el Good for Farming Pavilion
Ver también
- Jardin chino
- Lista de jardines chinos
Notas
- ^ Yuan 2004
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Yuan, 2004
- ^ a b Jardín persistente
- ^ a b Ministerio, 2003
- ^ UNESCO, 2003
Referencias
- Sitio web oficial del Jardín de la Demora de 2007, archivada desde el original en 27/11/2016 , recuperado 2008-05-23
- Ministerio de Cultura, PR China (2003), Lingering Garden , archivado desde el original el 3 de marzo de 2016 , consultado el 12 de julio de 2009
- Jardín persistente (Mapa) (2003 ed.). UNESCO. Archivado desde el original el 27 de noviembre de 2016 . Consultado el 11 de julio de 2009 .
- Cultura china
- Yuan (袁), Xuehan (学 汉); Gong Jianyi (2004), Los jardines clásicos de Suzhou (苏州 古典 园林) , CIP, p. 217, ISBN 7-214-03763-7, archivado desde el original el 25 de noviembre de 2009 , consultado el 28 de febrero de 2020
Enlaces externos
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- Garden Visit , 2008 , consultado el 12 de julio de 2009
- Terebess LLC (24 de junio, 2004), El Jardín de la Demora , recuperada 2009-09-24
- Suzhou Mingcheng Information Port Co., LTD, The Lingering Garden , consultado el 24 de septiembre de 2009
- CCT5667: jardines clásicos
| vtmiJardines clásicos de Suzhou | ||
|---|---|---|
Este sitio del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO está inscrito como una propiedad única, pero se compone de 9 jardines separados en la prefectura de Suzhou. | ||
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Categoría | ||
