Proto-Circassian (o Proto-Adyghe-Kabardian) es el ancestro común reconstruido de las lenguas Adyghean y Kabardian .
Protocircasiano | |
---|---|
Proto-Adyghe – Kabardian | |
Reconstrucción de | Lenguas circasianas |
Antepasado reconstruido |
Fonología
![](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CircassianFamilyTree.png/250px-CircassianFamilyTree.png)
Consonantes
El sistema de consonantes se reconstruye con un contraste de fonación de cuatro vías en oclusivas y africadas , y un contraste de dos vías en fricativas .
proto circasiana | Circasiano occidental | Circasiano oriental | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto occidental | Shapsug | Bzhedug | Chemgui | Abzakh | Proto Oriental | Besleney | Kabardiano | |
* b ⟨б⟩ | * b ⟨б⟩ | b ⟨б⟩ | * b ⟨б⟩ | b ⟨б⟩ | ||||
* p ⟨п⟩ | * p ⟨п⟩ | p ⟨п⟩ | * b ⟨б⟩ | b ⟨б⟩ | ||||
* pʰ ⟨пʰ⟩ | * pʰ ⟨пʰ⟩ | pʰ ⟨пʰ⟩ | p ⟨п⟩ | * p ⟨п⟩ | p ⟨п⟩ | |||
* pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ | * pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ | pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ | * pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ | pʼ ⟨пӏ⟩ | ||||
* d ⟨д⟩ | * d ⟨д⟩ | d ⟨д⟩ | * d ⟨д⟩ | d ⟨д⟩ | ||||
* t ⟨т⟩ | * t ⟨т⟩ | t ⟨т⟩ | * d ⟨д⟩ | d ⟨д⟩ | ||||
* tʰ ⟨тʰ⟩ | * tʰ ⟨тʰ⟩ | tʰ ⟨тʰ⟩ | t ⟨т⟩ | * t ⟨т⟩ | t ⟨т⟩ | |||
* tʼ ⟨тӏ⟩ | * tʼ ⟨тӏ⟩ | tʼ ⟨тӏ⟩ | * tʼ ⟨тӏ⟩ | tʼ ⟨тӏ⟩ | ||||
* ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ | * ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ | ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | * ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ | ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | ||
* kʲ ⟨кь⟩ | * kʲ ⟨кь⟩ | kʲ ⟨кь⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | * ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ | ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | ||
* kʲʰ ⟨кʰь⟩ | * kʲʰ ⟨кʰь⟩ | kʲʰ ⟨кʰь⟩ | t͡ʃʰ ⟨чʰ⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | * kʲ ⟨кь⟩ | kʲ ⟨кь⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | |
* kʲʼ ⟨кӏь⟩ | * kʲʼ ⟨кӏь⟩ | kʲʼ ⟨кӏь⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | * kʲʼ ⟨кӏь⟩ | kʲʼ ⟨кӏь⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | ||
* ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩ | * ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩ | ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩ | * ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩ | ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩ | ||||
* kʷ ⟨ку⟩ | * kʷ ⟨ку⟩ | kʷ ⟨ку⟩ | * ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩ | ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩ | ||||
* kʷʰ ⟨кʰу⟩ | * kʷʰ ⟨кʰу⟩ | kʷʰ ⟨кʰу⟩ | kʷ ⟨ку⟩ | * kʷ ⟨ку⟩ | kʷ ⟨ку⟩ | |||
* kʷʼ ⟨кӏу⟩ | * kʷʼ ⟨кӏу⟩ | kʷʼ ⟨кӏу⟩ | * kʷʼ ⟨кӏу⟩ | kʷʼ ⟨кӏу⟩ | ||||
* q ⟨къ⟩ | * q ⟨къ⟩ | q ⟨къ⟩ | * q ⟨къ⟩ | q ⟨къ⟩ | ||||
* Q ⟨кʰъ⟩ | * Q ⟨кʰъ⟩ | q ⟨кʰъ⟩ | q ⟨къ⟩ | * q͡χ ⟨кхъ⟩ | q͡χ ⟨кхъ⟩ | |||
* qʷ ⟨къу⟩ | * qʷ ⟨къу⟩ | qʷ ⟨къу⟩ | * qʷ ⟨къу⟩ | qʷ ⟨къу⟩ | ||||
* qʷʰ ⟨кʰъу⟩ | * qʷʰ ⟨кʰъу⟩ | qʷʰ ⟨кʰъу⟩ | qʷ ⟨къу⟩ | * q͡χʷ ⟨кхъу⟩ | q͡χʷ ⟨кхъу⟩ | |||
* d͡z ⟨дз⟩ | * d͡z ⟨дз⟩ | d͡z ⟨дз⟩ | * d͡z ⟨дз⟩ | d͡z ⟨дз⟩ | ||||
* t͡s ⟨ц⟩ | * t͡s ⟨ц⟩ | t͡s ⟨ц⟩ | * d͡z ⟨дз⟩ | d͡z ⟨дз⟩ | ||||
* t͡sʰ ⟨цʰ⟩ | * t͡sʰ ⟨цʰ⟩ | t͡sʰ ⟨цʰ⟩ | t͡s ⟨ц⟩ | * t͡s ⟨ц⟩ | t͡s ⟨ц⟩ | |||
* t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ⟩ | * t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ⟩ | t͡sʼ / sʼ ⟨цӏ / сӏ⟩ | t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ⟩ | * t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ⟩ | t͡sʼ ⟨цӏ⟩ | |||
* d͡ʑʷ ⟨джъу⟩ | * d͡ʑʷ ⟨джъу⟩ | ʑʷ ⟨жьу⟩ | ʒʷ ⟨жъу⟩ | d͡zʷ ⟨дзу⟩ | ʒʷ ⟨жъу⟩ | * v ⟨в⟩ | v ⟨в⟩ | |
* t͡ɕʷ ⟨чъу⟩ | * t͡ɕʷ ⟨чъу⟩ | t͡ɕʷ ⟨чъу⟩ | t͡sʷ ⟨цу⟩ | t͡ɕʷ ⟨чъу⟩ | * v ⟨в⟩ | v ⟨в⟩ | ||
* t͡ɕʰʷ ⟨чъʰу⟩ | * t͡ɕʰʷ ⟨чъʰу⟩ | t͡ɕʰʷ ⟨чъʰу⟩ | t͡sʷ ⟨цу⟩ | t͡ɕʷ ⟨чъу⟩ | * f ⟨ф⟩ | f ⟨ф⟩ | ||
* d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | * d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | * d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | ||
* t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | * t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | * d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | ||
* t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ | * t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ | ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ | * d͡ʐ ⟨джъ⟩ | d͡ʐ ⟨джъ⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | |
* t͡ʃʰ ⟨чʰ⟩ | * ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ | ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | * t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ||
* t͡ʂʰ ⟨чʰъ⟩ | * ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ | ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | * t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ | t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ||
* t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | * t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | ɕʼ / ʔʲ ⟨щӏ / ӏ⟩ | * t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ | ||
* t͡ʂʼ ⟨чӏ⟩ | * t͡ʂʼ ⟨чӏ⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ | t͡ʂʼ ⟨чӏ⟩ | ɕʼ / ʔʲ ⟨щӏ / ӏ⟩ | * t͡ʂʼ ⟨чӏ⟩ | t͡ʂʼ ⟨чӏ⟩ | ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ | |
* z ⟨з⟩ | * z ⟨з⟩ | z ⟨з⟩ | * z ⟨з⟩ | z ⟨з⟩ | ||||
* s ⟨с⟩ | * s ⟨с⟩ | s ⟨с⟩ | * s ⟨с⟩ | s ⟨с⟩ | ||||
* ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | * ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | * ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | |||
* ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | * ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | * ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | |||
* ɕʼ ⟨шӏ⟩ | * ʃʼ ⟨шӏ⟩ | ʃʼ ⟨шӏ⟩ | * ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ | ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩ | ||||
* ʑʷ ⟨жъу⟩ | * ʑʷ ⟨жъу⟩ | ʑʷ ⟨жьу⟩ | ʒʷ ⟨жъу⟩ | * v ⟨в⟩ | v ⟨в⟩ | |||
* ɕʷ ⟨шъу⟩ | * ɕʷ ⟨шъу⟩ | ɕʷ ⟨щу⟩ | ʃʷ ⟨шъу⟩ | * f ⟨ф⟩ | f ⟨ф⟩ | |||
* ɕʷʼ ⟨шӏу⟩ | * ʃʷʼ ⟨шӏу⟩ | ʃʷʼ ⟨шӏу⟩ | * F ' ⟨фӏ⟩ | f ' ⟨фӏ⟩ | ||||
* ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | * ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | * ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | |||
* ʐ ⟨жъ⟩ | * ʐ ⟨жъ⟩ | ʐ ⟨жъ⟩ | * ʐ ⟨жъ⟩ | ʐ ⟨жъ⟩ | ʑ ⟨жь⟩ | |||
* ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | * ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | * ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | |||
* ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ | * ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ | ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ | * ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ | ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | |||
* ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ | * ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ | ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | * ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | ||
* ʂʰ ⟨шʰъ⟩ | * ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ | ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | * ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ | ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ | ɕ ⟨щ⟩ | ||
* ɮ ⟨л⟩ | * ɮ ⟨л⟩ | ɮ ⟨л⟩ | * ɮ ⟨л⟩ | ɮ ⟨л⟩ | ||||
* ɬ ⟨лъ⟩ | * ɬ ⟨лъ⟩ | ɬ ⟨лъ⟩ | * ɬ ⟨лъ⟩ | ɬ ⟨лъ⟩ | ||||
* ɬʼ ⟨лӏ⟩ | * ɬʼ ⟨лӏ⟩ | ɬʼ ⟨лӏ⟩ | * ɬʼ ⟨лӏ⟩ | t͡ɬʼ ⟨тлӏ⟩ | ɬʼ ⟨лӏ⟩ | |||
* ɣ ⟨г⟩ | * ɣ ⟨г⟩ | ɣ ⟨г⟩ | * ɣ ⟨г⟩ | ɣ ⟨г⟩ | ||||
* x ⟨х⟩ | * x ⟨х⟩ | x ⟨х⟩ | * x ⟨х⟩ | x ⟨х⟩ | ||||
* xʷ ⟨ху⟩ | * f ⟨ф⟩ | f ⟨ф⟩ | * xʷ ⟨ху⟩ | xʷ ⟨ху⟩ | ||||
* ʁ ⟨гъ⟩ | * ʁ ⟨гъ⟩ | ʁ ⟨гъ⟩ | * ʁ ⟨гъ⟩ | ʁ ⟨гъ⟩ | ||||
* ʁʷ ⟨гъу⟩ | * ʁʷ ⟨гъу⟩ | ʁʷ ⟨гъу⟩ | * ʁʷ ⟨гъу⟩ | ʁʷ ⟨гъу⟩ | ||||
* χ ⟨хъ⟩ | * χ ⟨хъ⟩ | χ ⟨хъ⟩ | * χ ⟨хъ⟩ | χ ⟨хъ⟩ | ||||
* χʷ ⟨хъу⟩ | * χʷ ⟨хъу⟩ | χʷ ⟨хъу⟩ | * χʷ ⟨хъу⟩ | χʷ ⟨хъу⟩ | ||||
* ħ ⟨хь⟩ | * ħ ⟨хь⟩ | ħ ⟨хь⟩ | * ħ ⟨хь⟩ | ħ ⟨хь⟩ | ||||
* m ⟨м⟩ | * m ⟨м⟩ | m ⟨м⟩ | * m ⟨м⟩ | m ⟨м⟩ | ||||
* n ⟨н⟩ | * n ⟨н⟩ | n ⟨н⟩ | * n ⟨н⟩ | n ⟨н⟩ | ||||
* r ⟨р⟩ | * r ⟨р⟩ | r ⟨р⟩ | * r ⟨р⟩ | r ⟨р⟩ | ||||
* w ⟨у⟩ | * w ⟨у⟩ | w ⟨у⟩ | * w ⟨у⟩ | w ⟨у⟩ | ||||
* j ⟨й⟩ | * j ⟨й⟩ | j ⟨й⟩ | * j ⟨й⟩ | j ⟨й⟩ | ||||
* ʔ ⟨ӏ⟩ | * ʔ ⟨ӏ⟩ | ʔ ⟨ӏ⟩ | * ʔ ⟨ӏ⟩ | ʔ ⟨ӏ⟩ | ||||
* ʔʷ ⟨ӏу⟩ | * ʔʷ ⟨ӏу⟩ | ʔʷ ⟨ӏу⟩ | * ʔʷ ⟨ӏу⟩ | ʔʷ ⟨ӏу⟩ |
Consonantes aspiradas a simple
En el protocircasiano había una serie de consonantes aspiradas que sobrevivieron en el dialecto Shapsug y Bzhedugh mientras que se convirtieron en consonantes simples en los otros dialectos.
- pʰ ⟨пʰ⟩ → p ⟨п⟩
- tʰ ⟨тʰ⟩ → t ⟨т⟩
- kʲʰ ⟨кʰь⟩ → t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩
- kʷʰ ⟨кʰу⟩ → kʷ ⟨ку⟩
- Q ⟨кʰъ⟩ → q ⟨къ⟩
- qʷʰ ⟨кʰъу⟩ → qʷ ⟨къу⟩
- t͡sʰ ⟨цʰ⟩ → t͡s ⟨ц⟩
- t͡ɕʰʷ ⟨чʰу⟩ → t͡ɕʷ ⟨чу⟩
- ʃʰ ⟨шʰ⟩ → ʃ ⟨ш⟩
- ʂʰ ⟨шʰъ⟩ → ʂ ⟨шъ⟩
Palabra | proto circasiana | Shapsug Bzhedug | Abzakh Chemgui | Kabardiano |
---|---|---|---|---|
ruido | pʰa ⟨пʰэ⟩ | pʰa ⟨пʰэ⟩ | pa ⟨пэ⟩ | pa ⟨пэ⟩ |
agudo | pʰaːɣa ⟨пʰагэ⟩ | pʰaːɣa ⟨пʰагэ⟩ | paːɣa ⟨пагэ⟩ | paːɣa ⟨пагэ⟩ |
almohada | ʂħaːntʰa ⟨шъхьантʰэ⟩ | ʂħaːtʰa ⟨шъхьатʰэ⟩ | ʂħaːnta ⟨шъхьантэ⟩ | ɕħaːnta ⟨щхьантэ⟩ |
lana | t͡sʰə ⟨цʰы⟩ | t͡sʰə ⟨цʰы⟩ | t͡sə ⟨цы⟩ | t͡sə ⟨цы⟩ |
hermano | t͡ʃʰə ⟨чʰы⟩ | ʃʰə ⟨шʰы⟩ | ʃə ⟨шы⟩ | qʷaʃ ⟨къуэш⟩ |
aburrido | ɬaːʃʰa ⟨лъашʰэ⟩ | ɬaːʃʰa ⟨лъашʰэ⟩ | ɬaːʃa ⟨лъашэ⟩ | ɬaːʃa ⟨лъашэ⟩ |
hermético | kʰʷa ⟨кʰо⟩ | kʰʷa ⟨кʰо⟩ | kʷa ⟨ко⟩ | kʷa ⟨куэ⟩ |
tumba | qʰa ⟨кʰъэ⟩ | qʰa ⟨кʰъэ⟩ | qa ⟨къэ⟩ | q͡χa ⟨кхъэ⟩ |
cerdo | qʷʰa ⟨кʰъо⟩ | qʷʰa ⟨кʰъо⟩ | qʷa ⟨къо⟩ | q͡χʷa ⟨кхъуэ⟩ |
De consonantes sordas simples a sonoras
En el protocircasiano hubo una serie de consonantes tensas que se expresaron en los dialectos orientales.
- p ⟨п⟩ → b ⟨б⟩
- t ⟨т⟩ → d ⟨д⟩
- t͡s ⟨ц⟩ → d͡z ⟨дз⟩
- t͡ɕʷ ⟨цу⟩ → v ⟨в⟩
- kʲ ⟨кь⟩ → ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩
- kʷ ⟨ку⟩ → ɡʷ ⟨гу⟩
- t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ → d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ / ʒ ⟨ж⟩
- t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ → d͡ʐ ⟨джъ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ж⟩
Palabra | proto circasiana | Bzhedug Chemgui | Baslaney | Kabardiano |
---|---|---|---|---|
nosotros | ta ⟨тэ⟩ | ta ⟨тэ⟩ | da ⟨дэ⟩ | da ⟨дэ⟩ |
líder | tħamaːta ⟨тхьэматэ⟩ | tħamaːta ⟨тхьэматэ⟩ | tħamaːda ⟨тхьэмадэ⟩ | tħamaːda ⟨тхьэмадэ⟩ |
pescado | pt͡saʐəja ⟨пцэжъые⟩ | pt͡saʐəja ⟨пцэжъые⟩ | bd͡zaʐej ⟨бдзэжъей⟩ | bd͡zaʑej ⟨бдзэжьей⟩ |
vidrio | aːpkʲ ⟨апкь⟩ | aːpt͡ʃ ⟨апч⟩ | ʔaːbɡʲ ⟨абгь⟩ | ʔaːbd͡ʒ ⟨абдж⟩ |
pollo | kʲat ⟨кьэт⟩ | t͡ʃatə ⟨чэты⟩ | ɡʲad ⟨гьэд⟩ | d͡ʒad ⟨джэд⟩ |
noche | t͡ʃaɕ ⟨чэщ⟩ | t͡ʃaɕə ⟨чэщы⟩ | d͡ʒaɕ ⟨джэщ⟩ | ʒaɕ ⟨жэщ⟩ |
pueblo | t͡ʃəɮa ⟨чылэ⟩ | t͡ʃəɮa ⟨чылэ⟩ | d͡ʒəɮa ⟨джылэ⟩ | ʒəɮa ⟨жылэ⟩ |
vaca | t͡ʃam ⟨чэм⟩ | t͡ʃamə ⟨чэмы⟩ | d͡ʒam ⟨джэм⟩ | ʒam ⟨жэм⟩ |
árbol | t͡ʂəɣ ⟨чъыг⟩ | t͡ʂəɣə ⟨чъыгы⟩ | d͡ʐəɣ ⟨джъыг⟩ | ʒəɣ ⟨жыг⟩ |
ratón | t͡səʁʷa ⟨цыгъо⟩ | t͡səʁʷa ⟨цыгъо⟩ | d͡zəʁʷa ⟨дзыгъуэ⟩ | d͡zəʁʷa ⟨дзыгъуэ⟩ |
corto | kʲʼaːkʷa ⟨кӏьако⟩ | t͡ʃʼaːkʷa ⟨кӏако⟩ | kʲʼaːɡʷa ⟨кӏьагуэ⟩ | t͡ʃʼaːɡʷa ⟨кӏагуэ⟩ |
trigo | kʷat͡s ⟨коц⟩ | kʷat͡sə ⟨коцы⟩ | ɡʷad͡z ⟨гуэдз⟩ | ɡʷad͡z ⟨гуэдз⟩ |
Consonantes velares a palato-alveolar
En el lenguaje protocircasiano existe una parada velar palatalizada sonora [ɡʲ] ⟨гь⟩, una parada velar sorda aspirada palatalizada [kʰʲ] , una parada velar sorda palatalizada [kʲ] ⟨кь⟩ y una expulsión velar palatalizada [kʲʼ] ⟨ кӏь⟩. Las consonantes гь [ ɡʲ ] , кь [ kʲ ] y кӏь [ kʲʼ ] sobreviven en el dialecto Shapsug , en el dialecto Besleney y en el dialecto Kabardiano Uzunyayla. [1] En otros dialectos circasianos se fusionaron con las consonantes palato-alveolares дж [ d͡ʒ ] , ч [ t͡ʃ ] y кӏ [ t͡ʃʼ ] respectivamente. [2] [3] [4]
- ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ → d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩
- kʲʰ ⟨кʰь⟩ → t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩
- kʲ ⟨кь⟩ → t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ / ɡʲ ⟨гь⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩
- kʲʼ ⟨кӏь⟩ → t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩
Palabra | proto circasiana | Shapsug | Bzhedug Chemgui Abzakh | Baslaney | Kabardiano |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
toser | pskʲʰan ⟨пскʰьэн⟩ | pskʲʰan ⟨пскʰьэн⟩ | pst͡ʃan ⟨псчэн⟩ | pskʲan ⟨пскьэн⟩ | pst͡ʃan ⟨псчэн⟩ |
juego | ɡʲaɡʷ ⟨гьэгу⟩ | ɡʲaɡʷ ⟨гьэгу⟩ | d͡ʒaɡʷ ⟨джэгу⟩ | ɡʲaɡʷ ⟨гьэгу⟩ | d͡ʒaɡʷ ⟨джэгу⟩ |
camisa | ɡʲaːna ⟨гьанэ⟩ | ɡʲaːna ⟨гьанэ⟩ | d͡ʒːna ⟨джанэ⟩ | ɡʲaːna ⟨гьанэ⟩ | d͡ʒːna ⟨джанэ⟩ |
vidrio | aːpkʲ ⟨апкь⟩ | aːpkʲ ⟨апкь⟩ | aːpt͡ʃ ⟨апч⟩ | ʔaːbɡʲ ⟨абгь⟩ | ʔaːbd͡ʒ ⟨абдж⟩ |
pollo | kʲat ⟨кьэт⟩ | kʲat ⟨кьэт⟩ | t͡ʃatə ⟨чэты⟩ | ɡʲad ⟨гьэд⟩ | d͡ʒad ⟨джэд⟩ |
corto | kʲʼaːkʷa ⟨кӏьако⟩ | kʲʼaːkʷa ⟨кӏьако⟩ | t͡ʃʼaːkʷa ⟨кӏако⟩ | kʲʼaːɡʷa ⟨кӏьагуэ⟩ | t͡ʃʼaːɡʷa ⟨кӏагуэ⟩ |
soga | kʲʼaːpsa ⟨кӏьапсэ⟩ | kʲʼaːpsa ⟨кӏьапсэ⟩ | t͡ʃʼaːpsa ⟨кӏапсэ⟩ | kʲʼaːpsa ⟨кӏьапсэ⟩ | t͡ʃʼaːpsa ⟨кӏапсэ⟩ |
Africar a fricativa
En los dialectos abzakh y kabardiano, las consonantes africadas postalveolares se volvieron fricativas.
- d͡ʒ ⟨дж⟩ → ʒ ⟨ж⟩
- t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ → ʃ ⟨ш⟩ / ʒ ⟨ж⟩
- t͡ʃʼ ⟨кӏ⟩ → ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩
- t͡ʂ ⟨чъ⟩ → ʂ ⟨шъ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ж⟩
- t͡ʂʼ ⟨чӏ⟩ → ɕʼ ⟨щӏ⟩
Palabra | proto circasiana | Bzhedug Chemgui | Abzakh | Baslaney | Kabardiano |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
zorro | baːd͡ʒa ⟨баджэ⟩ | baːd͡ʒa ⟨баджэ⟩ | baːʒa ⟨бажэ⟩ | baːd͡ʒa ⟨баджэ⟩ | baːʒa ⟨бажэ⟩ |
pueblo | qʷaːd͡ʒa ⟨къуаджэ⟩ | qʷaːd͡ʒa ⟨къуаджэ⟩ | qʷaːʒa ⟨къуажэ⟩ | qʷaːd͡ʒa ⟨къуаджэ⟩ | qʷaːʒa ⟨къуажэ⟩ |
pueblo | t͡ʃəɮa ⟨чылэ⟩ | t͡ʃəɮa ⟨чылэ⟩ | ʃəɮa ⟨шылэ⟩ | d͡ʒəɮa ⟨джылэ⟩ | ʒəɮa ⟨жылэ⟩ |
noche | t͡ʃaɕ ⟨чэщ⟩ | t͡ʃaɕə ⟨чэщы⟩ | ʃaɕə ⟨шэщы⟩ | d͡ʒaɕ ⟨джэщ⟩ | ʒaɕ ⟨жэщ⟩ |
vaca | t͡ʃam ⟨чэм⟩ | t͡ʃamə ⟨чэмы⟩ | ʃamə ⟨шэмы⟩ | d͡ʒam ⟨джэм⟩ | ʒam ⟨жэм⟩ |
nuevo | t͡ʃʼa ⟨кӏэ⟩ | t͡ʃʼa ⟨кӏэ⟩ | ʃʼa ⟨шӏэ⟩ | t͡ʃʼa ⟨кӏэ⟩ | ɕʼa ⟨щӏэ⟩ |
invierno | t͡ʃʼəmaːxʷa ⟨кӏымахо⟩ | t͡ʃʼəmaːfa ⟨кӏымафэ⟩ | ʃʼəmaːfa ⟨шӏымафэ⟩ | t͡ʃʼəmaːxʷa ⟨кӏымахуэ⟩ | ɕʼəmaːxʷa ⟨щӏымахуэ⟩ |
hombre joven | t͡ʃʼaːɮa ⟨кӏалэ⟩ | t͡ʃʼaːɮa ⟨кӏалэ⟩ | ʔʲaːɮa ⟨ӏелэ⟩ | t͡ʃʼaːɮa ⟨кӏалэ⟩ | ɕʼaːɮa ⟨щӏалэ⟩ |
dormir | t͡ʂəjan ⟨чъыен⟩ | t͡ʂəjan ⟨чъыен⟩ | ʂəjan ⟨шъыен⟩ | d͡ʐajən ⟨джъеин⟩ | ʒajən ⟨жеин⟩ |
árbol | t͡ʂəɣ ⟨чъыг⟩ | t͡ʂəɣə ⟨чъыгы⟩ | ʂəɣə ⟨шъыгы⟩ | d͡ʐəɣ ⟨джъыг⟩ | ʒəɣ ⟨жыг⟩ |
correr | t͡ʂan ⟨чъэн⟩ | t͡ʂan ⟨чъэн⟩ | tʂan ⟨шъэн⟩ | d͡ʐan ⟨джъэн⟩ | ʒan ⟨жэн⟩ |
área | t͡ʂʼəpʼa ⟨чӏыпӏэ⟩ | t͡ʂʼəpʼa ⟨чӏыпӏэ⟩ | ʃʼəpʼa ⟨шӏыпӏэ⟩ | t͡ʂʼəpʼa ⟨чӏыпӏэ⟩ | ɕʼəpʼa ⟨щӏыпӏэ⟩ |
planchar | ʁʷət͡ʂʼə ⟨гъучӏы⟩ | ʁʷət͡ʂʼə ⟨гъучӏы⟩ | ʃʼəpʼa ⟨гъушӏы⟩ | ʁʷət͡ʂʼə ⟨гъучӏы⟩ | ɕʼəpʼa ⟨гъущӏы⟩ |
Fricativa velar sorda labializada
El protocircasiano tenía una fricativa velar sorda labializada [xʷ] que sobrevivió en los dialectos orientales, mientras que se convirtió en una fricativa labiodental sorda [f] en los dialectos occidentales.
- xʷ ⟨ху⟩ → f ⟨ф⟩
Palabra | proto circasiana | occidental | Oriental |
---|---|---|---|
humano | t͡sʼəxʷ ⟨цӏыху⟩ | t͡sʼəf ⟨цӏыф⟩ | t͡sʼəxʷ ⟨цӏыху⟩ |
blanco | xʷəʑ ⟨хужь⟩ | fəʑə ⟨фыжьы⟩ | xʷəʑ ⟨хужь⟩ |
caliente | xʷaːba ⟨хуабэ⟩ | faːba ⟨фабэ⟩ | xʷaːba ⟨хуабэ⟩ |
día | maːxʷa ⟨махо⟩ | maːfa ⟨мафэ⟩ | maːxʷa ⟨махуэ⟩ |
Postalveolar labializado
El protocircasiano tenía una serie de consonantes postalveolares labializadas (t͡ɕʷ, ʑʷ, ɕʷ y ɕʷʼ). Estas consonantes sobrevivieron en los dialectos occidentales mientras que se convirtieron en consonantes labiodentales en los dialectos orientales.
- t͡ɕʷ ⟨цу⟩ → v ⟨v⟩
- ʑʷ ⟨жъу⟩ → v ⟨v⟩
- ɕʷ ⟨шъу⟩ → f ⟨ф⟩
- ɕʷ' ⟨шӏу⟩ → f ' ⟨фӏ⟩
Palabra | proto circasiana | occidental | Oriental |
---|---|---|---|
buey | t͡ɕʷə ⟨цу⟩ | t͡ɕʷə ⟨цу⟩ | və ⟨вы⟩ |
zapato | t͡ɕʷaːqa ⟨цуакъэ⟩ | t͡ɕʷaːqa ⟨цуакъэ⟩ | vaːqa ⟨вакъэ⟩ |
estrella | ʑʷaːʁʷa ⟨жъуагъо⟩ | ʑʷaːʁʷa ⟨жъуагъо⟩ | vaːʁʷa ⟨вагъуэ⟩ |
Roca | məʑʷa ⟨мыжъо⟩ | məʑʷa ⟨мыжъо⟩ | məva ⟨мывэ⟩ |
estrecho | zaʑʷə ⟨зэжъу⟩ | zaʑʷə ⟨зэжъу⟩ | zavə ⟨зэвы⟩ |
usted PL.) | ɕʷa ⟨шъо⟩ | ɕʷa ⟨шъо⟩ | fa ⟨фэ⟩ |
cariño | ɕʷaw ⟨шъоу⟩ | ɕʷaw ⟨шъоу⟩ | faw ⟨фо⟩ |
esposa | ɕʷəz ⟨шъуз⟩ | ɕʷəz ⟨шъуз⟩ | fəz ⟨фыз⟩ |
negro | ɕʷʼət͡sʼa ⟨шӏуцӏэ⟩ | ɕʷʼət͡sʼa ⟨шӏуцӏэ⟩ | fʼət͡sʼa ⟨фӏыцӏэ⟩ |
fuego | машӏо ⟨maːɕʷʼa⟩ | машӏо ⟨maːɕʷʼa⟩ | мафӏэ ⟨maːfʼa⟩ |
sucio | ɕʷʼajə⟨шӏои⟩ | ɕʷʼajə⟨шӏои⟩ | fʼaj ⟨фӏей⟩ |
Gramática
Números
inglés | Protocircasiano | Ubykh | Circasiano occidental | Kabardiano | Baslaney | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | cirílico | IPA | cirílico | IPA | cirílico | IPA | cirílico | IPA | cirílico | |
Uno | zə | зы | za | зэ | zə | зы | zə | зы | zə | зы |
Dos | tʷʼə | тӏу | tʼqʷʼa | ткъӏуа | tʷʼə | тӏу | tʷʼə | тӏу | tʼəw | тӏу |
Tres | ɕə | щы | ʂa | шъа | ɕə | щы | ɕə | щы | ɕə | щы |
Cuatro | pt͡ɬʼə | птлӏы | pʼɬʼə | плӏы | pɬʼə | плӏы | pɬʼə | плӏы | pt͡ɬʼə | птлӏы |
Cinco | txʷə | тху | ɕxə | щхы | tfə | тфы | txʷə | тху | txʷə | тху |
Seis | xə | хы | fə | фы | xə | хы | xə | хы | xə | хы |
Siete | bɮə | блы | blə | бльы | bɮə | блы | bɮə | блы | bɮə | блы |
Ocho | jə | и | ʁʷa | гъуа | jə | и | jə | и | jə | и |
Nueve | bʁʷə | бгъу | bʁʲə | бгъьу | bʁʷə | бгъу | bʁʷə | бгъу | bʁʷə | бгъу |
Diez | pʃʼə | пшӏы | ʑʷə | жъуы | pʃʼə | пшӏы | pɕʼə | пщӏы | pʃʼə | пшӏы |
Fábula de Schleicher
La fábula de Schleicher en protocircasiano:
χʷǝ č́ʷara-gjǝ
χʷǝ ja laśʷam mә q́ˤ: an
č́ʷara pǝʎ́an;
mǝ χwanǝta k: ʷǝm q: irǝ,
mǝ čʷǝχʷa čʷam,
mǝ ć̣ǝm pasa mǝš́ʷrǝ.
χʷǝ č́ʷara q̇́ˤan:
"źǝʁʷǝ sā ǵʷǝ,
q: ać̣am ć̣arǝ č́ʷara ḳ́ʷarǝ ".
č́ʷara q̇́ˤan: "q: ́ˤʷa χʷǝ!
źǝʁʷǝ š́a ǵʷǝ ć̣arǝ,
q: ać̣a, ł́a, č́ʷara laśʷam
ʎ́ʷa ḳ́ač̣ʷǝm čǝ-wǝ,
χʷiara-gjǝ laśʷam mә q́ˤ: a. "
nǝ q: ́aˤʷasa χʷǝ rǝq: ʷada q: ˤʷan.
Ver también
- Lengua proto-Abazgi
- Lengua caucasiana proto-noroeste
Referencias
- ^ Консонантная система уляпского говора в сопоставлении с аналогами других диалектов адыгских языков (en ruso)
- ^ Палатализация (смягчение) и аффрикатизация согласных Archivado el 13 de julio de 2015 en la Wayback Machine (en ruso)
- ^ Переднеязычные мягкие шипящие аффрикаты дж, ч, к1 Archivado el 13 de julio de 2015 en la Wayback Machine (en ruso)
- ^ Studia Caucasologica I página 11 (en inglés)
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A .; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). Un diccionario etimológico del Cáucaso del Norte: Prefacio .
- Caucásico occidental común: la reconstrucción de su sistema fonológico y partes de su léxico y morfología. Leiden, Países Bajos: Escuela de investigación CNWS, 1996; xxvi, 452 pág. : enfermo. ; 24 cm. ISBN 9073782732