Marine iguana


The marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), also known as the sea iguana, saltwater iguana, or Galápagos marine iguana, is a species of iguana found only on the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador). Unique among modern lizards, it is a marine reptile that has the ability to forage in the sea for algae, which makes up almost all of its diet.[2] Large males are able to dive to find this food source, while females and smaller males feed during low tide in the intertidal zone.[3] They mainly live in colonies on rocky shores where they bask after visiting the relatively cold water or intertidal zone, but can also be seen in marshes, mangrove and beaches.[4] Large males defend territories for a short period, but smaller males have other breeding strategies. After mating, the female digs a nest hole in the soil where she lays her eggs, leaving them to hatch on their own a few months later.[5]

Marine iguanas vary in appearance between the different islands and several subspecies are recognized.[6] Although relatively large numbers remain and it is locally abundant,[7] this protected species is considered threatened, primarily from El Niño cycles, introduced predators and chance events like oil spills.[1]

The marine iguana was first described in 1825 as Amblyrhynchus cristatus by Thomas Bell. He recognized several of its distinctive features, but believed that the specimen he had received was from Mexico,[8] a locality now known to be erroneous.[9]

Its generic name, Amblyrhynchus, is a combination of two Greek words, Ambly- from Amblus (ἀμβλυ) meaning "blunt" and rhynchus (ρυγχος) meaning "snout".[10] Its specific name is the Latin word cristatus meaning "crested," and refers to the low crest of spines along the animal's back.

Researchers theorize that land iguanas (genus Conolophus) and marine iguanas evolved from a common ancestor since arriving on the islands from Central or South America, presumably by rafting.[11][12] The land and marine iguanas of the Galápagos form a clade, the nearest relatives of which are the Ctenosaura iguanas of Mexico and Central America.[6] Based on a study that relied on mtDNA, the marine iguana diverged from land iguanas some 8–10 million years ago, which is older than any of the extant Galápagos islands.[13][14][15] It has therefore traditionally been thought that the ancestral species inhabited parts of the volcanic archipelago that are now submerged. A more recent study that included both mtDNA and nDNA indicates that the two split about 4.5 million years ago, which is near the age of the oldest extant Galápagos islands (Española and San Cristóbal).[15]

The marine iguana and Galápagos land iguana remain mutually fertile in spite of being separated by millions of years and assigned to distinct genera. They have been known to hybridize where their ranges overlap, resulting in the so-called hybrid iguana.[16] This is very rare and has only been documented a few times on South Plaza, a tiny island where the usually separated breeding territories and seasons of the two species overlap. The hybrids have intermediate features, stay on land and are infertile.[17]


A hybrid iguana, the result of interbreeding between a marine iguana and a Galápagos land iguana
Marine iguanas from Española Island are the most colourful and have sometimes been called "Christmas iguanas"[7]
Hind and front limbs. The robust front limb bones (right) provide ballast when diving[19]
Marine iguanas from Santa Cruz Island (subspecies hassi) are among the largest
A male will threaten another male by bobbing his head and opening the mouth, displaying the reddish pink interior
During territorial fights males headbutt, each attempting to push away the opponent
A marine iguana nest hole (center of image)
Juveniles on Isabela Island
Females and small males forage in the intertidal zone on algae exposed during low tide (left), and large males forage for algae underwater at sea (right). These individuals both are on rocks covered in green algae
While feeding underwater, marine iguanas are sometimes cleaned by fish, like this Cortez rainbow wrasse. This iguana is on a rock covered in green and red algae, with the usually avoided brown algae behind it
Lava lizards often scurry over marine iguanas when hunting flies; the iguanas generally ignore these visits
Marine iguanas basking on Fernandina Island
A marine iguana swimming at sea near Puerto Ayora, the most populous town in the Galápagos
Marine iguanas may even enter the town of Puerto Ayora, like this individual demonstrating its climbing ability on a wall.
Sign at Tortuga Bay warning people to not disturb the marine iguanas and keep a distance of at least 2 m (6.6 ft)