La elección presidencial de Estados Unidos de 2008 fue la 56ª elección presidencial cuatrienal , celebrada el martes 4 de noviembre de 2008. La candidatura demócrata de Barack Obama , senador estadounidense de Illinois , y Joe Biden , senador estadounidense de Delaware , derrotó al republicano billete de John McCain , el senador principal de Arizona , y Sarah Palin , la gobernadora de Alaska . Obama se convirtió en el primeroAfroamericano será elegido a la presidencia, además de ser el tercer senador de los Estados Unidos en funciones elegido presidente, uniéndose a Warren G. Harding y John F. Kennedy . Mientras tanto, Biden se convirtió en el primer senador compañero de fórmula de un senador elegido presidente desde Lyndon B. Johnson (quien fue el compañero de fórmula de Kennedy) en las elecciones de 1960 .
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538 miembros del Colegio Electoral 270 votos electorales necesarios para ganar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Las encuestas de opinión | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Apagar | 58,2% [1] 1,5 pp | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Mapa de resultados de las elecciones presidenciales. El azul indica los estados ganados por Obama / Biden y el rojo indica los ganados por McCain / Palin. Los números indican los votos electorales emitidos por cada estado y el Distrito de Columbia. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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El actual presidente republicano George W. Bush no era elegible para perseguir un tercer mandato debido a los límites de mandato establecidos por la 22ª Enmienda . McCain consiguió la nominación republicana en marzo de 2008, derrotando a los exgobernadores Mitt Romney , Mike Huckabee y otros rivales. Las primarias demócratas estuvieron marcadas por una fuerte contienda entre Obama y la favorita inicial, la ex primera dama y senadora Hillary Clinton . La victoria de Clinton en las primarias de New Hampshire la convirtió en la primera mujer en ganar las primarias presidenciales de un partido importante. [nb 1] Después de una larga temporada de primarias, Obama consiguió la nominación demócrata en junio de 2008.
Las primeras campañas se centraron en gran medida en la guerra de Irak y la impopularidad de Bush . McCain apoyó la guerra, así como un aumento de tropas que había comenzado en 2007, mientras que Obama se opuso firmemente a la guerra. Bush respaldó a McCain, pero los dos no hicieron campaña juntos y Bush no compareció en persona en la Convención Nacional Republicana de 2008 . Obama hizo campaña sobre el tema de que " Washington debe cambiar", mientras McCain enfatizó su experiencia. La campaña se vio fuertemente afectada por el inicio de una gran crisis financiera , que alcanzó su punto máximo en septiembre de 2008. La decisión de McCain de suspender su campaña durante el apogeo de la crisis financiera fracasó ya que los votantes vieron su respuesta como errática. [4]
Obama obtuvo una victoria decisiva sobre McCain, ganando el Colegio Electoral y el voto popular por un margen considerable, incluidos los estados que no habían votado por el candidato presidencial demócrata desde 1976 (Carolina del Norte) y 1964 (Indiana y Virginia). Obama recibió la mayor parte del voto popular ganado por un demócrata desde Lyndon B. Johnson en 1964 y fue el primer demócrata en ganar una mayoría absoluta del voto popular desde Jimmy Carter en 1976 . El recuento total de Obama de 69,5 millones de votos se situó como el mayor recuento jamás obtenido por un candidato presidencial hasta 2020 , cuando fue superado por los dos principales candidatos de los partidos en una elección de alta participación. Obama cambió nueve estados que habían votado a los republicanos en 2004 : Colorado , Florida , Indiana , Iowa , Nevada , Nuevo México , Carolina del Norte , Ohio y Virginia , así como el segundo distrito congresional de Nebraska .
Fondo
El artículo dos de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos establece que el presidente y el vicepresidente de los Estados Unidos deben ser ciudadanos nativos de los Estados Unidos, tener al menos 35 años de edad y ser residentes de los Estados Unidos por un período de al menos 14 años. Los candidatos a la presidencia generalmente buscan la nominación de uno de los partidos políticos, en cuyo caso cada partido diseña un método (como una elección primaria ) para elegir al candidato que el partido considere más adecuado para postularse para el puesto. Tradicionalmente, las elecciones primarias son elecciones indirectas en las que los votantes votan por una lista de delegados de partido comprometidos con un candidato en particular. Los delegados del partido luego nominan oficialmente a un candidato para que se postule en nombre del partido. Las elecciones generales de noviembre también son elecciones indirectas, en las que los votantes emiten sus votos por una lista de miembros del Colegio Electoral ; estos electores, a su vez, eligen directamente al presidente y al vicepresidente.
El presidente George W. Bush , republicano y ex gobernador de Texas , no fue elegible para buscar la reelección para un tercer mandato debido a la Vigésima Segunda Enmienda ; De acuerdo con la Sección 1 de la Vigésima Enmienda , su mandato expiró al mediodía , hora estándar del este, el 20 de enero de 2009.
Tampoco fue elegible para postularse para un mandato adicional como presidente el ex presidente de dos mandatos, Bill Clinton . Si bien ninguno de los dos se postuló, los ex presidentes Jimmy Carter y George HW Bush , cada uno de los cuales había cumplido solo un mandato, eran elegibles para postularse para un segundo mandato como presidente.
Nominaciones
Nominación del Partido Demócrata
Candidato
Boleto del Partido Demócrata 2008 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Barack Obama | Joe Biden | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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para presidente | para vicepresidente | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Senador de Estados Unidos por Illinois (2005-2008) | Senador de los Estados Unidos por Delaware (1973-2009) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Campaña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Candidatos retirados
Los candidatos de esta sección se clasifican por voto popular de las primarias. | |||||||||||
Hillary Clinton | John Edwards | Bill Richardson | Joe Biden | Chris Dodd | Mike Gravel | Dennis Kucinich | Tom Vilsack | ||||
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Senador de los Estados Unidos por Nueva York (2001-2009) | Senador de los Estados Unidos por Carolina del Norte (1999-2005) | 30º gobernador de Nuevo México (2003-2011) | Senador de los Estados Unidos por Delaware (1973-2009) | Senador de los Estados Unidos por Connecticut (1981-2011) | Senador de los Estados Unidos por Alaska (1969-1981) | Representante de Estados Unidos de Ohio (1997-2013 ) | 40º gobernador de Iowa (1999-2007) | ||||
Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | ||||
W: 7 de junio 17.493.836 votos | M: 30 de enero 0 votos | M: ene 10 0 votos | M: Ene 3 0 votos | M: Ene 3 0 votos | M: N / A 0 votos | M: 23 de enero 0 votos | W: 23 de febrero de 2007 0 votos |
Antes de las primarias
La especulación mediática había comenzado casi inmediatamente después de que se publicaran los resultados de las elecciones presidenciales de 2004 . En las elecciones de mitad de período de 2006 , los demócratas recuperaron la mayoría en ambas cámaras del Congreso de Estados Unidos . [5] Las primeras encuestas realizadas antes de que nadie anunciara una candidatura habían mostrado a los senadores Hillary Clinton y Barack Obama como los posibles candidatos demócratas más populares. [6] Sin embargo, los medios de comunicación especularon sobre varios otros candidatos, incluido Al Gore , el subcampeón de las elecciones de 2000 ; John Kerry , el subcampeón de las elecciones de 2004 ; John Edwards , compañero de fórmula de Kerry en 2004; el senador de Delaware Joe Biden ; El gobernador de Nuevo México, Bill Richardson ; El gobernador de Iowa, Tom Vilsack ; y el senador de Indiana Evan Bayh . [7]
Edwards fue uno de los primeros en anunciar formalmente su candidatura a la presidencia, el 28 de diciembre de 2006. Esta carrera sería su segundo intento en la presidencia. [8] Clinton anunció sus intenciones de presentarse a las primarias demócratas el 20 de enero de 2007. [9] Obama anunció su candidatura el 10 de febrero en su estado natal de Illinois. [9]
Primeras primarias y caucus
A principios de año, el apoyo a Barack Obama comenzó a aumentar en las encuestas y superó a Clinton por el primer puesto en Iowa; terminó ganando el caucus en ese estado, con John Edwards en segundo lugar y Clinton en tercero. [10] La victoria de Obama fue impulsada principalmente por los asistentes al caucus por primera vez y los independientes y mostró que los votantes lo veían como el "candidato del cambio". [10] Desde entonces, Iowa ha sido visto como el estado que impulsó la campaña de Obama y lo encaminó a ganar tanto la nominación como la presidencia. [11] Después del caucus de Iowa, Joe Biden y Christopher Dodd se retiraron del concurso de nominaciones. [10]
Obama se convirtió en el nuevo favorito en New Hampshire, cuando sus números en las encuestas se dispararon después de su victoria en Iowa. [12] La campaña de Clinton estaba luchando después de una gran derrota en Iowa y sin una estrategia más allá de las primarias y las asambleas electorales. Según The Vancouver Sun , los estrategas de campaña habían "trazado un escenario de victoria que imaginaba a la ex primera dama concluyendo la nominación presidencial demócrata para el supermartes del 5 de febrero". [13] En lo que se considera un punto de inflexión para su campaña, Clinton tuvo una sólida actuación en los debates de Saint Anselm College , ABC y Facebook varios días antes de las primarias de New Hampshire , así como una emotiva entrevista en una transmisión pública en vivo por televisión. . [14] Clinton ganó esa primaria por el 2% de los votos, contrariamente a las predicciones de los encuestadores que la mantuvieron constantemente detrás de Obama durante unos días hasta la fecha de las primarias. [12] La victoria de Clinton fue la primera vez que una mujer ganó las primarias presidenciales de un partido estadounidense importante a los efectos de la selección de delegados. [15]
El 30 de enero de 2008, después de quedar tercero en las primarias de New Hampshire y Carolina del Sur, Edwards anunció que suspendería su campaña para la presidencia, pero inicialmente no apoyó a ningún candidato restante. [16] [17]
Super martes
El supermartes fue el 5 de febrero de 2008, cuando se llevó a cabo la mayor cantidad de elecciones primarias estatales simultáneas . [18] El supermartes terminó dejando a los demócratas en un virtual empate, con Obama acumulando 847 delegados a los 834 de Clinton de los 23 estados que celebraron las primarias demócratas. [19]
California fue uno de los estados del Súper Martes que podría proporcionar una gran cantidad de delegados a los candidatos. Obama estaba a la zaga en las encuestas de California por un promedio de 6.0% antes de las primarias; terminó perdiendo ese estado por el 8,3% de los votos. [20] Algunos analistas citaron una gran participación latina que votó por Clinton como factor decisivo. [21]
Las primarias de Luisiana , Nebraska , Hawái , Wisconsin , las Islas Vírgenes de EE . UU. , El Distrito de Columbia, Maryland y Virginia y las asambleas electorales de Washington y Maine se llevaron a cabo después del Súper Martes de febrero. Obama los ganó todos, dándole 10 victorias consecutivas después del Súper Martes. [22] [23]
Ohio, Texas y Pensilvania
El 4 de marzo, Hillary Clinton ganó a Ohio y Rhode Island en las primarias demócratas; algunos consideraron estas victorias, especialmente Ohio, una "sorpresa sorpresa" en un 10%, [24] [25] aunque lideró en los promedios de las encuestas en ambos estados. [20] [26] También ganó las primarias en Texas , pero Obama ganó los caucus de Texas que se llevaron a cabo el mismo día y obtuvo más delegados del estado que Clinton. [27]
Solo un estado celebró una primaria en abril. Esto fue Pensilvania , el 22 de abril. Aunque Obama hizo un gran esfuerzo para ganar Pensilvania, Hillary Clinton ganó esa primaria por casi un 10%, con aproximadamente el 55% de los votos. [28] Obama había gastado más que Clinton tres a uno en Pensilvania, pero su comentario en una recaudación de fondos en San Francisco de que los estadounidenses de pueblos pequeños "se aferran" a las armas y la religión provocó fuertes críticas de la campaña de Clinton y puede haber perjudicado sus posibilidades en el estado de Keystone . [29] Además, Clinton tenía varias ventajas en Pensilvania. Durante todo el proceso de las primarias, contó con el apoyo de los votantes blancos de clase trabajadora de mayor edad. Pensilvania celebró una primaria cerrada, lo que significa que solo los demócratas registrados podían votar y, según Ron Elving de NPR , el electorado demócrata establecido "era más viejo, más blanco, más católico y más de clase trabajadora que en la mayoría de las primarias hasta la fecha. " [30] Después de Pensilvania, Obama tuvo un mayor número de delegados y votos populares que Clinton y todavía estaba en una posición más fuerte para ganar la nominación. Clinton, sin embargo, había recibido el respaldo de más superdelegados que Obama. [28]
Indiana y Carolina del Norte
El 6 de mayo, Carolina del Norte e Indiana celebraron sus primarias presidenciales demócratas. Clinton y Obama hicieron una campaña agresiva allí antes de que se llevara a cabo la votación. Las encuestas habían mostrado a Obama algunos puntos por delante en Carolina del Norte y Clinton a la cabeza de manera similar en Indiana. [31] [32] En los resultados reales, Obama superó las encuestas por varios puntos en ambos estados, ganando por un margen significativo en Carolina del Norte [33] y perdiendo solo un 1,1% en Indiana (50,56% a 49,44%). [34] Después de estas primarias, la mayoría de los expertos declararon que se había vuelto "cada vez más improbable", si no imposible, que Clinton ganara la nominación. [35] La pequeña victoria en Indiana apenas mantuvo viva su campaña durante el mes siguiente. [36] Aunque logró ganar la mayoría de las primarias y delegados restantes, no fue suficiente para superar el liderazgo sustancial de delegados de Obama.
Florida y Michigan
A fines de 2007, los dos partidos adoptaron reglas en contra de que los estados trasladaran sus primarias a una fecha anterior en el año. Para los republicanos, se suponía que la pena por esta violación sería la pérdida de la mitad de los delegados del partido estatal en la convención. La sanción demócrata fue la completa exclusión de la convención nacional de los delegados de los estados que violaron estas reglas. El Partido Demócrata permitió que sólo cuatro estados celebraran elecciones antes del 5 de febrero de 2008. Clinton ganó la mayoría de delegados y votos populares de ambos estados (aunque el 40% votó no comprometido en Michigan) y posteriormente lideró una lucha para sentar a todos los delegados de Florida y Michigan. . [37]
Se especuló que la pelea por los delegados podría durar hasta la convención de agosto. El 31 de mayo de 2008, el Comité de Reglas y Estatutos del Partido Demócrata llegó a un compromiso sobre la situación de los delegados de Florida y Michigan. El comité decidió colocar a los delegados de Michigan y Florida en la convención de agosto, pero solo otorgará medio voto a cada uno. [38]
Asegurando la nominación
El proceso de nominación de los principales partidos políticos (técnicamente) continúa hasta junio de un año electoral. En ciclos anteriores, los candidatos fueron efectivamente elegidos al final de las primarias celebradas en marzo, pero, en este ciclo, Barack Obama no ganó suficientes delegados para asegurar la nominación hasta el 3 de junio, luego de una campaña de 17 meses contra Hillary Clinton. Tenía una amplia ventaja en los estados ganados, mientras que Clinton había ganado la mayoría en varios de los estados más grandes. Ahora, debido a que una forma de representación proporcional y voto popular decidió las contiendas de delegados estatales demócratas, los números estaban cerca entre Clinton y Obama. [39] En mayo, Clinton afirmó tener una ventaja en el voto popular, pero Associated Press descubrió que sus números eran "precisos sólo" en un escenario cercano. [40]
En junio, después de que tuvo lugar la última de las primarias, Obama aseguró la nominación demócrata a la presidencia, con la ayuda de múltiples respaldos de superdelegados (la mayoría de los superdelegados se habían negado a declarar su apoyo a cualquiera de los candidatos hasta que se completaran las primarias). . [41] Fue el primer afroamericano en ganar la nominación de un partido político importante en los Estados Unidos. [42] Durante varios días, Clinton se negó a conceder la carrera, aunque señaló que su campaña presidencial estaba terminando en un discurso posterior a las primarias el 3 de junio en su estado natal de Nueva York. [43] Finalmente concedió la nominación a Obama el 7 de junio. Prometió su total apoyo al presunto nominado y prometió hacer todo lo posible para ayudarlo a ser elegido. [44]
Nominación del Partido Republicano
No solo fue la elección de 2008 la primera vez desde 1952 que ni el presidente en ejercicio ni el vicepresidente en ejercicio fueron candidatos en las elecciones generales, sino que también fue la primera vez desde las elecciones de 1928 que ninguno buscó la nominación de su partido para presidente; dado que Bush tenía un mandato limitado para buscar otra nominación, el aspecto único fue la decisión del vicepresidente Cheney de no buscar la nominación republicana. [45] [46] La elección de 2008 fue también la tercera elección presidencial desde 1896 en la que ni el presidente en ejercicio, el vicepresidente en ejercicio, ni un miembro actual o anterior del gabinete del presidente en ejercicio ganaron la nominación de ninguno de los partidos principales, siendo los demás 1920 y 1952 . [47] Sin miembros de la administración Bush emergiendo como principales contendientes para la nominación republicana, la carrera republicana fue tan abierta como la carrera demócrata.
Candidato
Boleto del Partido Republicano 2008 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
John McCain | Sarah Palin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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para presidente | para vicepresidente | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Senador de los Estados Unidos por Arizona (1987-2018) | Noveno gobernador de Alaska (2006-2009) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Campaña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Candidatos retirados
Los candidatos de esta sección se clasifican por voto popular de las primarias. | ||||
Mitt Romney | Mike Huckabee | Ron Paul | Rudy Giuliani | Fred Thompson |
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70th Governor of Massachusetts (2003–2007) | 44th Governor of Arkansas (1996–2007) | U.S. Representative from Texas (1996–2013) | 107th Mayor of New York City (1993–2001) | U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1994–2003) |
Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign |
W: Feb 7 4,699,788 votes | W: March 4 4,276,046 votes | W: June 12 1,160,403 votes | W: Jan 30 597,518 votes | W: Jan 22 292,752 votes |
Alan Keyes | Duncan Hunter | Tom Tancredo | Sam Brownback | Jim Gilmore |
16th Assistant Secretary of State for IOA (1985–1987) | U.S. Representative from California (1981–2009) | U.S. Representative from Colorado (1999–2009) | U.S. Senator from Kansas (1996–2011) | 68th Governor of Virginia (1998–2002) |
Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign |
W: April 15 59,636 votes | W: Jan 19 39,883 votes | W: Jan 10 8,595 votes | W: Oct 18, 2007 2,838 votes | W: July 14, 2007 0 votes |
Before the primaries
Immediately after the 2006 midterm elections, media pundits began speculating, as they did about the Democrats, about potential Republican candidates for president in 2008.[6] In November 2006, former New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani led in the polls, followed closely by Arizona Senator John McCain.[48] The media speculated that Giuliani's pro-choice stance on abortion and McCain's age and support of the unpopular Iraq War would be detriments to their candidacies.[6] Giuliani remained the frontrunner in the polls throughout most of 2007, with McCain and former Tennessee Senator Fred Thompson fighting for second place.[49] Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, Giuliani, former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney, and Texas Representative Ron Paul announced their candidacies on January 28, February 5, February 13, and March 12, respectively.[50][51][52][53] McCain officially announced his candidacy on March 1, 2007, after several informal announcements.[54] In the third quarter of 2007, the top four GOP (Republican) fundraisers were Romney, Giuliani, Thompson, and Ron Paul.[55] MSNBC's Chuck Todd christened Giuliani and John McCain the front runners after the second Republican presidential debate in early 2007.[56]
Early primaries/caucuses
Huckabee, winner of Iowa, had little to no money and hoped for at least a third-place finish in New Hampshire. McCain eventually displaced Rudy Giuliani and Romney as the front runner in New Hampshire. McCain staged a turnaround victory,[57] having been written off by the pundits and polling in single digits less than a month before the race.[58]
With the Republicans stripping Michigan and Florida of half their delegates for moving their primaries into January 2008 against party rules, the race for the nomination was based there. McCain meanwhile managed a small victory over Huckabee in South Carolina,[59] setting him up for a larger and more important victory over Romney in Florida, which held a closed primary on January 29.[60] By this time, after several scandals, no success in the early primaries, and a third-place finish in Florida, Giuliani conceded from the nomination race and endorsed John McCain the next day.[61]
Super Tuesday
McCain was also endorsed in February by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger before the California primary took place on Super Tuesday. This gave him a significant boost in the polls for the state's primary,[62] which awarded the greatest number of delegates of all the states. On Super Tuesday, McCain won his home state of Arizona, taking all 53 delegates. He also won nearly all of California's 173 delegates, the largest of the Super Tuesday prizes. McCain also scored wins in seven other states, picking up 574 delegates.[63] Huckabee was the "surprise performer", winning 5 states and 218 delegates.[63] Romney won 7 states and 231 delegates.[63] Two days later, Romney suspended his presidential campaign, saying that if he stayed in the race, he would "forestall the launch of a national campaign and be making it easier for Senator Clinton or Obama to win".[64] His departure left Huckabee and Paul as McCain's only major challengers in the remaining primaries and caucuses. Romney endorsed McCain on February 14.[65]
Louisiana, the District of Columbia, Kansas, Wisconsin, and Washington held primaries in February after Super Tuesday. Despite McCain picking up big victories, Huckabee won Louisiana and Kansas. McCain narrowly carried the Washington caucuses over Huckabee and Paul, who amassed a large showing.[23] The Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico closed February for the Republicans. After Super Tuesday, John McCain had become the clear front runner, but by the end of February, he still had not acquired enough delegates to secure the nomination. In March, John McCain clinched the Republican nomination after sweeping all four primaries, Texas, Ohio, Vermont, and Rhode Island, putting him over the top of the 1,191 delegates required to win the GOP nomination.[26] Mike Huckabee then conceded the race to McCain, leaving Ron Paul, who had just 16 delegates, as his only remaining opponent.[66] Romney would eventually become the Republican presidential nominee 4 years later, which he then lost to Barack Obama.
Third party and other nominations
Along with the Democratic and Republican parties, three other parties nominated candidates with ballot access in enough states to win the minimum 270 electoral votes needed to win the election. These were the Constitution Party, the Green Party, and the Libertarian Party. In addition, independent candidate Ralph Nader ran his own campaign.
The Constitution Party nominated writer, pastor, and conservative talk show host Chuck Baldwin for president, and attorney Darrell Castle from Tennessee for vice president.[67][68] While campaigning, Baldwin voiced his opposition to the Iraq War, the Sixteenth Amendment, Roe v. Wade, the IRS, and the Federal Reserve.[69]
The Green Party nominated former Democratic representative Cynthia McKinney from Georgia for president, and political activist Rosa Clemente from New York for vice president. McKinney campaigned on a platform that supported single-payer universal health care, the withdrawal of American troops from Iraq and Afghanistan, reparations for African Americans, and the creation of a Department of Peace.[70]
The Libertarian Party nominated former Republican representative Bob Barr from Georgia for president, and his former rival for the Libertarian nomination Wayne Allyn Root from Nevada, for vice president. During the 2008 presidential campaign, Barr advocated a reworking or abolition of the income tax[71] and opposed the war in Iraq[72] and the Patriot Act.[73]
Candidates gallery
- Independent:
Attorney
Ralph Nader
from Connecticut
(campaign) - Libertarian Party:
Former Representative
Bob Barr
from Georgia
(campaign) - Constitution Party:
Former Pastor
Chuck Baldwin
from Florida
(campaign) - Green Party:
Former Representative
Cynthia McKinney
from Georgia
(campaign)
Party conventions
- April 23–26, 2008: 2008 Constitution Party National Convention held in Kansas City, Missouri.
- May 23–26, 2008: 2008 Libertarian National Convention, held in Denver, Colorado.
- July 10–13, 2008: 2008 Green Party National Convention, held in Chicago, Illinois.
- August 25–28, 2008: 2008 Democratic National Convention, held in Denver, Colorado.
- September 1–4, 2008: 2008 Republican National Convention, held in Saint Paul, Minnesota.
Campaña de elecciones generales
Issues
Iraq
The unpopular war in Iraq was a key issue during the campaign before the economic crisis. John McCain supported the war while Barack Obama opposed it (Obama's early and strong opposition to the war helped him stand out against the other Democratic candidates during the primaries, as well as stand out to a war-weary electorate during the general campaign). Though McCain meant it as a peacetime presence like the United States maintained in Germany and Japan after World War II,[74] his statement that the United States could be in Iraq for as much as the next 50 to 100 years would prove costly. Obama used it against him as part of his strategy to tie him to the unpopular President Bush.
John McCain's support for the troop 'surge' employed by General David Petraeus, which was one of several factors credited with improving the security situation in Iraq, may have boosted McCain's stance on the issue in voters' minds. McCain (who supported the invasion) argued that his support for the successful surge showed his superior judgment. However, Obama was quick to remind voters that there would have been no need for a "surge" had there been no war at all, thus questioning McCain's judgment.
Bush's unpopularity
George W. Bush had become increasingly unpopular among Americans by late 2005 due in part by the growing unpopularity of the Iraq War domestically and internationally, as well as Bush's handling of the financial crisis of 2007–08 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005. By the time Obama was elected as President of the United States on November 4, 2008, Bush's approval rating was in the low to mid 20s and his disapproval grew increasingly significant, being in the high 60s, and even low 70s in some polls.[75] Polls consistently showed that his approval ratings among American voters had averaged around 30 percent.[76][77][78] In March 2008, Bush endorsed McCain at the White House,[79] but did not make a single appearance for McCain during the campaign. Bush appeared at the 2008 GOP convention only through a live video broadcast. He chose not to appear in person due to disaster events in the Gulf of Mexico in the aftermath of Hurricane Gustav. Although he supported the war in Iraq, McCain made an effort to show that he had disagreed with Bush on many other key issues such as climate change. During the entire general election campaign, Obama countered by pointing out in ads and at numerous campaign rallies that McCain had claimed in an interview that he voted with Bush 90% of the time, and congressional voting records supported this for the years Bush was in office.[80]
Age issue
Similar to Senator Bob Dole's 1996 presidential campaign, one of the more widely leveled charges against McCain was the issue of his age—he turned 72 in August and there was widespread concern about the idea of electing a man who would be 80 years old if he completed two full terms in office (the oldest president, Ronald Reagan, had been a month shy of 78 when he left office in January 1989). In addition, McCain suffered from the ill effects of his captivity in North Vietnam and reportedly had difficulty lifting his arms above his head. His age in particular was considered a liability against the youthful Senator Obama, who was the first Generation Xer to run for president on a major party ticket. McCain for comparison was born before World War II and belonged to the generation preceding the baby boomers. Much like Bob Dole, McCain attempted to counter these charges by releasing all of his medical records, something Obama did not do. McCain's wife Cindy dismissed concerns about his health by arguing that "We went hiking the Grand Canyon last summer and [John] did great and had no trouble keeping up with us." McCain also appeared at several campaign stops with his still-active 95-year-old mother. In a speech on the House floor, Pennsylvania Congressman John Murtha criticized McCain's age by saying "Seven presidents have come and gone since I've been in Congress, and I saw the toll the job took on each one of them." If elected, McCain would have been the first, and only, president born in the decade of the 1930s. McCain ultimately died in 2018, just one year after the completion of Obama's second term.
Like the Clinton campaign in 1996, Obama avoided discussing McCain's age directly, instead preferring to simply call his ideas and message "old" and "old hat". He also made a strong appeal to youth voters and back during his primary contest with Hillary Clinton, had stated "When I watched the feud between the Clintons and [Newt Gingrich] unfold during the 1990s, I was reminded of old quarrels started on college campuses long ago. It's time for a new generation to take over." Obama's active use of a Blackberry and other modern technology also stood in contrast to the Arizona Senator's admission that he did not use a computer or a cell phone. McCain's service in Vietnam, while marketable to baby boomers, was referred to as "unimportant" to younger voters.
Obama promised "universal health care, full employment, a green America, and an America respected instead of feared by its enemies".[81]
Polls regularly found the general electorate as a whole divided more evenly between 'change' and 'experience' as candidate qualities than the Democratic primary electorate, which split in favor of 'change' by a nearly 2–1 margin.[82] Advantages for McCain and Obama on experience and the ability to bring change, respectively, remained steady through the November 4 election. However, final pre-election polling found that voters considered Obama's inexperience less of an impediment than McCain's association with sitting president George W. Bush,[83] an association which was rhetorically framed by the Obama campaign throughout the election season as "more of the same".
McCain appeared to undercut his line of attack by picking first-term Alaska governor Sarah Palin to be his running mate.[84] Palin had been governor only since 2006, and before that had been a council member and mayor of Wasilla. The choice of Palin was controversial; however, it appeared to solve two pressing concerns—McCain's age and health (since a youthful vice president would succeed him to office if he died or became incapacitated) and appealing to right-wing conservatives, a group that had been comparatively unmoved by McCain. Palin also came off as more down-to-earth and relatable to average Americans than McCain, widely criticized as a "Beltway insider".[85] However, media interviews suggested that Palin lacked knowledge on certain key issues, and they cast doubt among many voters about her qualifications to be vice president or president. In this regard, her inexperience was also a liability when McCain's age and health were factored in—there was a higher-than-normal probability of Palin succeeding to the presidency and many moderates and independents chafed at this idea. "One 72 year old heartbeat away from the presidency" became a popular anti-GOP slogan. Late night TV host David Letterman jokingly referred to Palin as resembling "a slutty flight attendant" and even Obama himself on a September 9 speech referred to the Alaska governor's policies as "the equivalent of putting lipstick on a pig". She also came under attack on everything from her 17-year-old daughter giving birth to a child out of wedlock to actively participating in hunting moose and other animals.[86] Because of Palin's conservative views, there was also concern that she would alienate independents and moderates, two groups that pundits observed McCain would need to win the election.[87]
Economy
Polls taken in the last few months of the presidential campaign and exit polls conducted on Election Day showed the economy as the top concern for voters.[88][89] In the fall of 2008, many news sources were reporting that the economy was suffering its most serious downturn since the Great Depression.[90] During this period, John McCain's election prospects fell with several politically costly comments about the economy.
On August 20, John McCain said in an interview with Politico that he was uncertain how many houses he and his wife, Cindy, owned; "I think—I'll have my staff get to you," he told the media outlet.[91] Both on the stump and in Obama's political ad, "Seven", the gaffe was used to portray McCain as somebody unable to relate to the concerns of ordinary Americans. This out-of-touch image was further cultivated when, on September 15, the day of the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, at a morning rally in Jacksonville, Florida, McCain declared that "the fundamentals of our economy are strong," despite what he described as "tremendous turmoil in our financial markets and Wall Street."[92] With the perception among voters to the contrary, the comment appeared to cost McCain politically.
On September 24, 2008, after the onset of the 2008 global financial crisis, McCain announced that he was suspending his campaign to return to Washington so he could help craft a $700 billion bailout package for the troubled financial industry, and he stated that he would not debate Obama until Congress passed the bailout bill.[93] Despite this decision, McCain was portrayed as somebody not playing a significant role in the negotiations for the first version of the bill, which fell short of passage in the House. He eventually decided to attend the first presidential debate on September 26, despite Congress' lack of immediate action on the bill. His ineffectiveness in the negotiations and his reversal in decision to attend the debates were seized upon to portray McCain as erratic in his response to the economy. Days later, a second version of the original bailout bill was passed by both the House and Senate, with Obama, his vice presidential running mate Joe Biden, and McCain all voting for the measure (Hillary Clinton would as well).[94]
All the aforementioned remarks and campaign issues hurt McCain's standing with voters. All these also occurred after the onset of the economic crisis and after McCain's poll numbers had started to fall. Although sound bites of all of these "missteps" were played repeatedly on national television, many pundits and analysts say that the actual financial crisis and economic conditions caused McCain's large drop in support in mid-September and severely damaged his campaign.[95][96]
Health care
John McCain's proposals focused on open-market competition rather than government funding or control. At the heart of his plan were tax credits – $2,500 for individuals and $5,000 for families who do not subscribe to or do not have access to health care through their employer. To help people who are denied coverage by insurance companies due to pre-existing conditions, McCain proposed working with states to create what he calls a "Guaranteed Access Plan".[97]
Barack Obama called for universal health care. His health care plan proposed creating a National Health Insurance Exchange that would include both private insurance plans and a Medicare-like government run option. Coverage would be guaranteed regardless of health status, and premiums would not vary based on health status either. It would have required parents to cover their children, but did not require adults to buy insurance.
Critics of McCain's plan argued that it would not significantly reduce the number of uninsured Americans, would increase costs, reduce consumer protections and lead to less generous benefit packages.[98] Critics of Obama's plan argued that it would increase federal regulation of private health insurance without addressing the underlying incentives behind rising health care spending.[99][100] Mark Pauly suggested that a combination of the two approaches would work better than either one alone.[101]
A poll released in early November 2008 found that voters supporting Obama listed health care as their second priority; voters supporting McCain listed it as fourth, tied with the war in Iraq. Affordability was the primary health care priority among both sets of voters. Obama voters were more likely than McCain voters to believe government can do much about health care costs.[102]
Presidential debates
The United States presidential election of 2008 was sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), a bipartisan organization that sponsored four debates that occurred at various locations around the United States (U.S.) in September and October 2008. Three of the debates involved the presidential nominees, and one involved the vice-presidential nominees.
No. | Date | Time | Host | City | Moderators | Participants | Viewership (Millions) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | Friday, September 26, 2008 | 9:00 pm EDT | University of Mississippi | Oxford, Mississippi | Jim Lehrer | Senator Barack Obama Senator John McCain | 52.4[103] |
VP | Friday, October 3, 2008 | 9:00 pm EDT | Washington University in St. Louis | St. Louis, Missouri | Gwen Ifill | Senator Joe Biden Governor Sarah Palin | 69.9[103] |
P2 | Tuesday, October 7, 2008 | 9:00 pm EDT | Belmont University | Nashville, Tennessee | Tom Brokaw | Senator Barack Obama Senator John McCain | 63.2[103] |
P3 | Wednesday, October 15, 2008 | 9:00 pm EDT | Hofstra University | Hempstead, New York | Bob Schieffer | Senator Barack Obama Senator John McCain | 56.5[103] |
[104][105]
Oxford, MS
Nashville, TN
St. Louis, MO
Hempstead, NY
Another debate was sponsored by the Columbia University political union and took place there on October 19. All candidates who could theoretically win the 270 electoral votes needed to win the election were invited, and Ralph Nader, Cynthia McKinney, and Chuck Baldwin agreed to attend. Amy Goodman, principal host of Democracy Now!, moderated. It was broadcast on cable by C-SPAN and on the Internet by Break-the-Matrix.[106]
Campaign costs
The reported cost of campaigning for president has increased significantly in recent years. One source reported that if the costs for both Democratic and Republican campaigns were added together (for the presidential primary election, general election, and the political conventions), the costs have more than doubled in only eight years ($448.9 million in 1996, $649.5 million in 2000, and $1.01 billion in 2004).[107] In January 2007, Federal Election Commission Chairman Michael E. Toner estimated that the 2008 race would be a $1 billion election, and that to be taken seriously, a candidate would have needed to raise at least $100 million by the end of 2007.[108]
Expense summary
According to required campaign filings as reported by the Federal Election Commission (FEC), 148 candidates for all parties collectively raised $1,644,712,232 and spent $1,601,104,696 for the primary and general campaigns combined through November 24, 2008. The amounts raised and spent by the major candidates, according to the same source, were as follows:
Candidate (party) | Amount raised | Amount spent | Votes | Average spent per vote |
---|---|---|---|---|
Barack Obama (D) | $778,642,962 | $760,370,195 | 69,498,516 | $10.94 |
John McCain (R) | $379,006,485 | $346,666,422 | 59,948,323 | $5.78 |
Ralph Nader (I) | $4,496,180 | $4,187,628 | 739,034 | $5.67 |
Bob Barr (L) | $1,383,681 | $1,345,202 | 523,715 | $2.57 |
Chuck Baldwin (C) | $261,673 | $234,309 | 199,750 | $1.17 |
Cynthia McKinney (G) | $240,130 | $238,968 | 161,797 | $1.48 |
Excludes spending by independent expenditure concerns. Source: Federal Election Commission[109] |
Notable expressions and phrases
- Drill, baby, drill: Republican self-described energy policy
- Yes We Can: Obama's campaign slogan
- That one: McCain's reference to Obama during the 2nd debate.
- Lipstick on a pig: Obama used this phrase to insinuate that any changes that McCain was advocating from the policies of George W. Bush would only be slight modifications of Bush's policies but the underlying policies would be the same, and in Obama's opinion, bad. Some called it sexist, claiming it was a reference to Sarah Palin, who cracked a joke during the Republican convention that the only difference between a hockey mom and a pit bull is lipstick.[110]
Campañas de Internet
Fundraising
Howard Dean collected large contributions through the Internet in his 2004 primary run. In 2008, candidates went even further to reach out to Internet users through their own sites and such sites as YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook.[111][112]
On December 16, 2007, Ron Paul collected $6 million, more money on a single day through Internet donations than any presidential candidate in US history.[113][114][115]
Promotion
Not only did the Internet allow candidates to raise money, but also it gave them a tool to appeal to newer and younger demographics. Political pundits were now evaluating candidates based on their social media following. Senator Barack Obama's victory is credited to his competitive edge in social media and Internet following. Obama had over 2 million American supporters on Facebook and 100,000 followers on Twitter, while McCain attracted only 600,000 Facebook supporters (likes) and 4,600 followers on Twitter. Obama's YouTube channel held 115,000 subscribers and more than 97 million video views. Obama had maintained a similar advantage over Senator Hillary Clinton in the Democratic primary.[116]
Obama's edge in social media was crucial to the election outcome. According to a study by the Pew Internet and American Life project, 35 percent of Americans relied on online video for election news. Ten percent of Americans used social networking sites to learn about the election.[117] The 2008 election showed huge increases in Internet use.
Another study done after the election gave a lot of insight on young voters. Thirty-seven percent of Americans ages 18–24 got election news from social networking sites. Almost a quarter of Americans saw something about the election in an online video.[118] YouTube and other online video outlets allowed candidates to advertise in ways like never before. The Republican Party in particular was criticized for not adequately using social media and other means to reach young voters.
Anonymous and semi-anonymous smear campaigns, traditionally done with fliers and push calling, also spread to the Internet.[119] Organizations specializing in the production and distribution of viral material, such as Brave New Films, emerged; such organizations have been said to be having a growing influence on American politics.[120]
Controversias
Voter suppression allegations
Allegations of voter list purges using unlawful criteria caused controversy in at least six swing states: Colorado, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Nevada and North Carolina.[121] On October 5, 2008, the Republican Lt. Governor of Montana, John Bohlinger, accused the Montana Republican Party of vote caging to purge 6,000 voters from three counties which trend Democratic.[122] Allegations arose in Michigan that the Republican Party planned to challenge the eligibility of voters based on lists of foreclosed homes.[123] The campaign of Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama filed a lawsuit challenging this. The House Judiciary Committee wrote to the Department of Justice requesting an investigation.[124]
Libertarian candidate Bob Barr filed a lawsuit in Texas to have Obama and McCain removed from the ballot in that state.[125] His campaign alleged that both the candidates had missed the August 26 deadline to file, and were present on the ballot contrary to Texas election law. Neither Obama, or McCain at the time of the deadline had been confirmed as the candidate for their respective parties. The Texas Supreme Court dismissed the lawsuit without explanation.[126]
In Ohio, identified by both parties as a key state, allegations surfaced from both Republicans and Democrats that individuals from out of state were moving to the state temporarily and attempting to vote despite not meeting the state's requirement of permanent residency for more than 29 days. The Franklin County Board of Elections referred 55 cases of possible voting irregularities to the local prosecutor.[127] Three groups attracted particular notice: 'Vote from Home,' 'Vote Today Ohio,' and 'Drop Everything and Come to Ohio.' Vote from Home attracted the most attention when thirteen of the group's members moved to the same location in eastern Columbus. Members of the group organized by Marc Gustafson, including several Marshall and Rhodes scholars studying at Oxford University, settled with Franklin County Prosecutor Ron O'Brien to have their challenged ballots withdrawn.[128][129] The Obama campaign and others alleged that members of the McCain campaign had also voted without properly establishing residency.[127] Since 1953, only six people in Ohio have gone to prison for illegal voting.[130]
Media bias
Republicans and independents leveled significant criticism at media outlets' coverage of the presidential election season. An October 22, 2008 Pew Research Center poll estimated 70% of registered voters believed journalists wanted Barack Obama to win the election, as opposed to 9% for John McCain.[131] Another Pew survey, conducted after the election, found that 67% of voters thought that the press fairly covered Obama, versus 30% who viewed the coverage as unfair. Regarding McCain, 53% of voters viewed his press coverage as fair versus 44% who characterized it as unfair. Among affiliated Democrats, 83% believed the press fairly covered Obama; just 22% of Republicans thought the press was fair to McCain.[132]
At the February debate, Tim Russert of NBC News was criticized for what some perceived as disproportionately tough questioning of Democratic presidential contender Hillary Clinton.[133] Among the questions, Russert had asked Clinton, but not Obama, to provide the name of the new Russian President (Dmitry Medvedev).[133] This was later parodied on Saturday Night Live. In October 2007, liberal commentators accused Russert of harassing Clinton over the issue of supporting drivers' licenses for illegal immigrants.[134]
On April 16, ABC News hosted a debate in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Moderators Charles Gibson and George Stephanopoulos were criticized by viewers, bloggers and media critics for the poor quality of their questions.[133][134] Many viewers said they considered some of the questions irrelevant when measured against the importance of the faltering economy or the Iraq War. Included in that category were continued questions about Obama's former pastor, Senator Hillary Clinton's assertion that she had to duck sniper fire in Bosnia more than a decade ago, and Senator Obama's not wearing an American flag pin.[133] The moderators focused on campaign gaffes and some believed they focused too much on Obama.[134] Stephanopoulos defended their performance, saying "Senator Obama was the front-runner" and the questions were "not inappropriate or irrelevant at all."[133][134]
In an op-ed published on April 27, 2008, in The New York Times, Elizabeth Edwards wrote that the media covered much more of "the rancor of the campaign" and "amount of money spent" than "the candidates' priorities, policies and principles."[135] Author Erica Jong commented that "our press has become a sea of triviality, meanness and irrelevant chatter."[136] A Gallup poll released on May 29, 2008, also estimated that more Americans felt the media was being harder on Hillary Clinton than they were towards Barack Obama. Time magazine columnist Mark Halperin stated that the media during the 2008 election had a "blind, almost slavish" worship of Obama.[137]
The Project for Excellence in Journalism and Harvard University's Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy conducted a study of 5,374 media narratives and assertions about the presidential candidates from January 1 through March 9, 2008. The study found that Obama received 69% favorable coverage and Clinton received 67%, compared to only 43% favorable media coverage of McCain.[138] Another study by the Center for Media and Public Affairs at George Mason University found the media coverage of Obama to be 72% negative from June 8 to July 21 compared to 57% negative for McCain.[139] An October 29 study found 29% of stories about Obama to be negative, compared to 57% of stories about McCain being negative.[140]
Conducta
Election Day was on November 4, 2008. The majority of states allowed early voting, with all states allowing some form of absentee voting.[141] Voters cast votes for listed presidential candidates but were actually selecting representatives for their state's Electoral College slate.
A McCain victory quickly became improbable as Obama amassed early wins in his home state of Illinois, the Northeast, and the critical battleground states of Ohio (which no Republican has ever been elected president without winning) and Pennsylvania by 9:30 PM Eastern Standard Time.[142] Obama won the entire Northeast by comfortable margins and the Great Lakes states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota by double digits. McCain held on to traditionally Republican states like North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska (though notably, Obama did win an electoral vote from Nebraska's 2nd congressional district), Kansas, Oklahoma, Montana, Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, and his home state of Arizona. McCain, unlike Bush in 2000 and 2004, failed to win all the southern states: Obama won Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia. Obama also won the hotly contested states of Iowa and New Mexico, which Al Gore had won in 2000 and George W. Bush in 2004. Also, for only the second time since 1936 (1964 being the other), Indiana went Democratic, giving Obama all eight Great Lakes states, the first time a presidential candidate had won all of them since Richard Nixon in 1972.
CNN and Fox News called Virginia for Obama shortly before 11:00 PM, leaving him only 50 electoral votes shy of victory with only six West Coast states (California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Alaska, and Hawaii) still voting. All American networks called the election in favor of Obama at 11:00 PM as the polls closed on the West Coast. Obama was immediately declared the winner in California, Oregon, Washington, and Hawaii, McCain won Idaho, and the Electoral College totals were updated to 297 for Obama and 146 for McCain (270 are needed to win). McCain gave a concession speech half an hour later in his hometown of Phoenix, Arizona.[143] Obama appeared just before midnight Eastern Time in Grant Park, Chicago, in front of a crowd of 250,000 people to deliver his victory speech.[144]
Following Obama's speech, spontaneous street parties broke out in cities across the United States including Philadelphia, Houston, Las Vegas, Miami, Chicago, Columbus, Detroit, Boston, Los Angeles, Portland, Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Denver, Atlanta, Madison, and New York City[145] and around the world in London; Bonn; Berlin; Obama, Japan; Toronto; Rio de Janeiro; Sydney; and Nairobi.[146]
Later on election night, after Obama was named the winner, he picked up several more wins in swing states in which the polls had shown a close race. These included Florida, Indiana, Virginia, and the western states of Colorado and Nevada. All of these states had been carried by Bush in 2004. North Carolina and the bellwether state of Missouri remained undecided for several days. Eventually Obama was declared the winner in North Carolina and McCain in Missouri, with Obama pulling out a rare win in Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. This put the projected electoral vote count at 365 for Obama and 173 for McCain. Obama's victories in the populous swing states of Florida, Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Virginia contributed to his decisive win. The presidential electors cast their ballots for president and vice president, and Congress tallied these votes on January 8, 2009.[147]
Turnout
The voter turnout for this election was broadly predicted to be high by American standards,[148][149] and a record number of votes were cast.[150] The final tally of total votes counted was 131.3 million, compared to 122.3 million in 2004 (which also boasted the highest record since 1968, the last presidential election before the voting age was lowered to 18). Expressed as a percentage of eligible voters, 131.2 million votes could reflect a turnout as high as 63.0% of eligible voters, which would be the highest since 1960.[151][152] This 63.0% turnout rate is based on an estimated eligible voter population of 208,323,000.[152] Another estimate puts the eligible voter population at 213,313,508, resulting in a turnout rate of 61.6%, which would be the highest turnout rate since 1968.[153][154]
Broken down by age group, voters under 35 voted for Obama by a large majority with McCain most popular among voters over 60. Voters between 35 and 59 were nearly split 50/50 between the two candidates.
American University's Center for the Study of the American Electorate released a report on November 6, 2008, two days after the election, which concluded that the anticipated increase in turnout had failed to materialize.[151] That report was the basis for some news articles that indicated voter turnout failed to meet expectations.[155][156] When the remaining votes were counted after the release of the report, the total number of votes cast in the presidential election was raised to 131.2 million, which surpassed the American University report's preliminary estimate of 126.5 to 128.5 million voters by a factor of between 2% and 4%.
The election saw increased participation from African Americans, who made up 13.0% of the electorate, versus 11.1% in 2004.[157] According to exit polls, over 95% of African Americans voted for Obama. This played a critical role in Southern states such as North Carolina. 74% of North Carolina's registered African American voters turned out, as opposed to 69% of North Carolinians in general, with Obama carrying 100% (with rounding) of African-American females and African Americans age 18 to 29, according to exit polling.[158] This was also the case in Virginia, where much higher turnout among African Americans propelled Obama to victory in the former Republican stronghold.[159] Even in southern states in which Obama was unsuccessful, such as Georgia and Mississippi, due to large African American turnout he was much more competitive than John Kerry in 2004.[160][161]
Ballot access
Presidential ticket | Party | Ballot access[162] | Votes |
---|---|---|---|
Obama / Biden | Democratic | 50+DC | 69,498,516 |
McCain / Palin | Republican | 50+DC | 59,948,323 |
Nader / Gonzalez | Independent | 45+DC | 739,034 |
Barr / Root | Libertarian | 45 | 523,715 |
Baldwin / Castle | Constitution | 37 | 199,750 |
McKinney / Clemente | Green | 32 + DC | 161,797 |
Others—total | (see below) | 242,685 |
No other candidate had ballot access in enough states to win 270 electoral votes. All six candidates appeared on the ballot for a majority of the voters, while the 17 other listed candidates were available to no more than 30% of the voters.[163]
The following candidates and parties had ballot listing or write-in status in more than one state:[164]
- Alan Keyes (America's Independent Party) received 47,746 votes; listed in three states: Colorado and Florida, plus California (listed as American Independent), and also had write-in status in Kentucky, Ohio, Texas, and Utah.
- Ron Paul received 42,426 votes; listed in Louisiana (Louisiana Taxpayers) and in Montana (Constitution), with write-in status in California.
- Gloria La Riva (Party for Socialism and Liberation) received 6,808 votes[165] nationally; listed in 12 states: Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin.
- Brian Moore (Socialist Party, see Brian Moore presidential campaign, 2008) received 6,538 votes; listed in eight states: Colorado, Florida, Iowa, New Jersey, Ohio, and Wisconsin, and Tennessee (independent) and Vermont (Liberty Union). He also filed for write-in status in 17 other states: Alaska, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming.
- Róger Calero (Socialist Workers Party) received 5,151 votes; listed in ten states. He was listed by name in Delaware, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, and Vermont. James Harris was listed as his stand-in in Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, and Washington, and also had write-in status in California.
- Charles Jay (Boston Tea Party) received 2,422 votes; listed in Colorado and Florida, and in Tennessee (as independent), with write-in status in Arizona, Montana, and Utah.
- Tom Stevens (Objectivist) received 755 votes; listed in Colorado and Florida.
- Gene Amondson (Prohibition) received 653 votes; listed in Colorado, Florida, and Louisiana.
- Jonathan Allen (Heartquake) received 483 votes; listed only in Colorado, with write-in status in Arizona, Georgia, Montana, Texas, and other states.
The following candidates (parties) were listed on the ballot in only one state:
- Richard Duncan (Independent) – Ohio; 3,905 votes.
- John Joseph Polachek (New Party) Illinois; 1,149 votes.
- Frank McEnulty (New American Independent) – Colorado (listed as unaffiliated); 829 votes.
- Jeffrey Wamboldt (We the People) – Wisconsin; 764 votes.
- Jeff Boss (Vote Here) – New Jersey; 639 votes.
- George Phillies – New Hampshire (also listed with the label Libertarian); 531 votes.
- Ted Weill (Reform) – Mississippi; 481 votes.
- Bradford Lyttle (U.S. Pacifist) – Colorado; 110 votes.
In Nevada, 6,267 votes were cast for "None of These Candidates".[166] In the three states that officially keep track of "blank" votes for president, 103,193 votes were recorded as "blank".[167] More than 100,000 write-in votes were cast and recorded for a scattering of other candidates, including 62 votes for "Santa Claus" (in ten states) and 11 votes for "Mickey Mouse" (in five states).[168]
According to the Federal Election Commission, an unusually high number of "miscellaneous" write-ins were cast for president in 2008, including 112,597 tallied in the 17 states that record votes for non-listed candidates.[169] There were more presidential candidates on the ballot than at any other time in U. S. history, except for the 1992 election, which also had 23 candidates listed in at least one state.
Resultados
Popular vote totals are from the official Federal Election Commission report. The results of the electoral vote were certified by Congress on January 8, 2009.[147]
Presidential candidate | Party | Home state | Popular vote | Electoral vote | Running mate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | Percentage | Vice-presidential candidate | Home state | Electoral vote | ||||
Barack Hussein Obama II | Democratic | Illinois | 69,498,516 | 52.93% | 365 | Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. | Delaware | 365 |
John Sidney McCain III | Republican | Arizona | 59,948,323 | 45.65% | 173 | Sarah Louise Palin | Alaska | 173 |
Ralph Nader | Independent | Connecticut | 739,034 | 0.56% | 0 | Matt Gonzalez | California | 0 |
Bob Barr | Libertarian | Georgia | 523,715 | 0.40% | 0 | Wayne Allyn Root | Nevada | 0 |
Chuck Baldwin | Constitution | Florida | 199,750 | 0.15% | 0 | Darrell Castle | Tennessee | 0 |
Cynthia McKinney | Green | Georgia | 161,797 | 0.12% | 0 | Rosa Clemente | North Carolina | 0 |
Alan Keyes | America's Independent Party | New York | 47,941 | 0.04% | 0 | Wiley S. Drake, Sr. | Colorado | 0 |
Other | 242,685 | 0.18% | — | Other | — | |||
Total | 131,313,820 | 100% | 538 | 538 | ||||
Needed to win | 270 | 270 |
Results by state
The following table records the official vote tallies for each state for those presidential candidates who were listed on ballots in enough states to have a theoretical chance for a majority in the Electoral College. State popular vote results are from the official Federal Election Commission report. The column labeled "Margin" shows Obama's margin of victory over McCain (the margin is negative for states and districts won by McCain).
States/districts won by Obama/Biden | |
States/districts won by McCain/Palin | |
† | At-large results (for states that split electoral votes) |
Barack Obama Democratic | John McCain Republican | Ralph Nader Independent | Bob Barr Libertarian | Chuck Baldwin Constitution | Cynthia McKinney Green | Others | Margin | Total votes | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State/district | EV | # | % | EV | # | % | EV | # | % | EV | # | % | EV | # | % | EV | # | % | EV | # | % | EV | # | % | # | |
Alabama | 9 | 813,479 | 38.74% | - | 1,266,546 | 60.32% | 9 | 6,788 | 0.32% | - | 4,991 | 0.24% | - | 4,310 | 0.21% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 3,705 | 0.18% | - | -453,067 | -21.58% | 2,099,819 | AL |
Alaska | 3 | 123,594 | 37.89% | - | 193,841 | 59.42% | 3 | 3,783 | 1.16% | - | 1,589 | 0.49% | - | 1,660 | 0.51% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 1,730 | 0.53% | - | -70,247 | -21.54% | 326,197 | AK |
Arizona | 10 | 1,034,707 | 45.12% | - | 1,230,111 | 53.64% | 10 | 11,301 | 0.49% | - | 12,555 | 0.55% | - | 1,371 | 0.06% | - | 3,406 | 0.15% | - | 24 | 0.00% | - | -195,404 | -8.52% | 2,293,475 | AZ |
Arkansas | 6 | 422,310 | 38.86% | - | 638,017 | 58.72% | 6 | 12,882 | 1.19% | - | 4,776 | 0.44% | - | 4,023 | 0.37% | - | 3,470 | 0.32% | - | 1,139 | 0.10% | - | -215,707 | -19.85% | 1,086,617 | AR |
California | 55 | 8,274,473 | 61.01% | 55 | 5,011,781 | 36.95% | - | 108,381 | 0.80% | - | 67,582 | 0.50% | - | 3,145 | 0.02% | - | 38,774 | 0.29% | - | 57,764 | 0.43% | - | 3,262,692 | 24.06% | 13,561,900 | CA |
Colorado | 9 | 1,288,633 | 53.66% | 9 | 1,073,629 | 44.71% | - | 13,352 | 0.56% | - | 10,898 | 0.45% | - | 6,233 | 0.26% | - | 2,822 | 0.12% | - | 5,895 | 0.25% | - | 215,004 | 8.95% | 2,401,462 | CO |
Connecticut | 7 | 997,772 | 60.59% | 7 | 629,428 | 38.22% | - | 19,162 | 1.16% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 311 | 0.02% | - | 90 | 0.01% | - | 34 | 0.00% | - | 368,344 | 22.37% | 1,646,797 | CT |
Delaware | 3 | 255,459 | 61.94% | 3 | 152,374 | 36.95% | - | 2,401 | 0.58% | - | 1,109 | 0.27% | - | 626 | 0.15% | - | 385 | 0.09% | - | 58 | 0.01% | - | 103,085 | 25.00% | 412,412 | DE |
District of Columbia | 3 | 245,800 | 92.46% | 3 | 17,367 | 6.53% | - | 958 | 0.36% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 590 | 0.22% | - | 1,138 | 0.43% | - | 228,433 | 85.92% | 265,853 | DC |
Florida | 27 | 4,282,074 | 51.03% | 27 | 4,045,624 | 48.22% | - | 28,124 | 0.34% | - | 17,218 | 0.21% | - | 7,915 | 0.09% | - | 2,887 | 0.03% | - | 6,902 | 0.08% | - | 236,450 | 2.82% | 8,390,744 | FL |
Georgia | 15 | 1,844,123 | 46.99% | - | 2,048,759 | 52.20% | 15 | 1,158 | 0.03% | - | 28,731 | 0.73% | - | 1,402 | 0.04% | - | 250 | 0.01% | - | 63 | 0.00% | - | -204,636 | -5.21% | 3,924,486 | GA |
Hawaii | 4 | 325,871 | 71.85% | 4 | 120,566 | 26.58% | - | 3,825 | 0.84% | - | 1,314 | 0.29% | - | 1,013 | 0.22% | - | 979 | 0.22% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 205,305 | 45.26% | 453,568 | HI |
Idaho | 4 | 236,440 | 36.09% | - | 403,012 | 61.52% | 4 | 7,175 | 1.10% | - | 3,658 | 0.56% | - | 4,747 | 0.72% | - | 39 | 0.01% | - | 51 | 0.01% | - | -166,572 | -25.43% | 655,122 | ID |
Illinois | 21 | 3,419,348 | 61.92% | 21 | 2,031,179 | 36.78% | - | 30,948 | 0.56% | - | 19,642 | 0.36% | - | 8,256 | 0.15% | - | 11,838 | 0.21% | - | 1,160 | 0.02% | - | 1,388,169 | 25.14% | 5,522,371 | IL |
Indiana | 11 | 1,374,039 | 49.95% | 11 | 1,345,648 | 48.91% | - | 909 | 0.03% | - | 29,257 | 1.06% | - | 1,024 | 0.04% | - | 87 | 0.00% | - | 90 | 0.00% | - | 28,391 | 1.03% | 2,751,054 | IN |
Iowa | 7 | 828,940 | 53.93% | 7 | 682,379 | 44.39% | - | 8,014 | 0.52% | - | 4,590 | 0.30% | - | 4,445 | 0.29% | - | 1,423 | 0.09% | - | 7,332 | 0.48% | - | 146,561 | 9.53% | 1,537,123 | IA |
Kansas | 6 | 514,765 | 41.65% | - | 699,655 | 56.61% | 6 | 10,527 | 0.85% | - | 6,706 | 0.54% | - | 4,148 | 0.34% | - | 35 | 0.00% | - | 36 | 0.00% | - | -184,890 | -14.96% | 1,235,872 | KS |
Kentucky | 8 | 751,985 | 41.17% | - | 1,048,462 | 57.40% | 8 | 15,378 | 0.84% | - | 5,989 | 0.33% | - | 4,694 | 0.26% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 112 | 0.01% | - | -296,477 | -16.23% | 1,826,620 | KY |
Louisiana | 9 | 782,989 | 39.93% | - | 1,148,275 | 58.56% | 9 | 6,997 | 0.36% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 2,581 | 0.13% | - | 9,187 | 0.47% | - | 10,732 | 0.55% | - | -365,286 | -18.63% | 1,960,761 | LA |
Maine† | 2 | 421,923 | 57.71% | 2 | 295,273 | 40.38% | - | 10,636 | 1.45% | - | 251 | 0.03% | - | 177 | 0.02% | - | 2,900 | 0.40% | - | 3 | 0.00% | - | 126,650 | 17.32% | 731,163 | ME |
Maine's 1st | 1 | 232,145 | 60.51% | 1 | 144,604 | 37.69% | - | 5,263 | 1.37% | - | - | - | 1,362 | 0.36% | - | 252 | 0.07% | - | 87,541 | 22.82% | 383,626 | ME1 | ||||
Maine's 2nd | 1 | 189,778 | 54.61% | 1 | 150,669 | 43.35% | - | 5,373 | 1.55% | - | - | - | 1,538 | 0.44% | - | 179 | 0.05% | - | 39,109 | 11.25% | 347,537 | ME2 | ||||
Maryland | 10 | 1,629,467 | 61.92% | 10 | 959,862 | 36.47% | - | 14,713 | 0.56% | - | 9,842 | 0.37% | - | 3,760 | 0.14% | - | 4,747 | 0.18% | - | 9,205 | 0.35% | - | 669,605 | 25.44% | 2,631,596 | MD |
Massachusetts | 12 | 1,904,097 | 61.80% | 12 | 1,108,854 | 35.99% | - | 28,841 | 0.94% | - | 13,189 | 0.43% | - | 4,971 | 0.16% | - | 6,550 | 0.21% | - | 14,483 | 0.47% | - | 795,243 | 25.81% | 3,080,985 | MA |
Michigan | 17 | 2,872,579 | 57.43% | 17 | 2,048,639 | 40.96% | - | 33,085 | 0.66% | - | 23,716 | 0.47% | - | 14,685 | 0.29% | - | 8,892 | 0.18% | - | 170 | 0.00% | - | 823,940 | 16.47% | 5,001,766 | MI |
Minnesota | 10 | 1,573,354 | 54.06% | 10 | 1,275,409 | 43.82% | - | 30,152 | 1.04% | - | 9,174 | 0.32% | - | 6,787 | 0.23% | - | 5,174 | 0.18% | - | 10,319 | 0.35% | - | 297,945 | 10.24% | 2,910,369 | MN |
Mississippi | 6 | 554,662 | 43.00% | - | 724,597 | 56.18% | 6 | 4,011 | 0.31% | - | 2,529 | 0.20% | - | 2,551 | 0.20% | - | 1,034 | 0.08% | - | 481 | 0.04% | - | -169,935 | -13.17% | 1,289,865 | MS |
Missouri | 11 | 1,441,911 | 49.29% | - | 1,445,814 | 49.43% | 11 | 17,813 | 0.61% | - | 11,386 | 0.39% | - | 8,201 | 0.28% | - | 80 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | -3,903 | -0.13% | 2,925,205 | MO |
Montana | 3 | 231,667 | 47.25% | - | 242,763 | 49.51% | 3 | 3,686 | 0.75% | - | 1,355 | 0.28% | - | 143 | 0.03% | - | 23 | 0.00% | - | 10,665 | 2.18% | - | -11,096 | -2.26% | 490,302 | MT |
Nebraska† | 2 | 333,319 | 41.60% | - | 452,979 | 56.53% | 2 | 5,406 | 0.67% | - | 2,740 | 0.34% | - | 2,972 | 0.37% | - | 1,028 | 0.13% | - | 2,837 | 0.35% | - | -119,660 | -14.93% | 801,281 | NE |
Nebraska's 1st | 1 | 121,411 | 44.33% | - | 148,179 | 54.10% | 1 | 1,963 | 0.72% | - | 922 | 0.34% | - | 1,024 | 0.37% | - | 394 | 0.14% | - | - | -26,768 | -9.77% | 273,893 | NE1 | ||
Nebraska's 2nd | 1 | 138,809 | 49.97% | 1 | 135,439 | 48.75% | - | 1,628 | 0.59% | - | 1,014 | 0.36% | - | 599 | 0.22% | - | 320 | 0.12% | - | - | 3,370 | 1.21% | 277,809 | NE2 | ||
Nebraska's 3rd | 1 | 73,099 | 29.63% | - | 169,361 | 68.64% | 1 | 1,815 | 0.74% | - | 804 | 0.33% | - | 1,349 | 0.55% | - | 314 | 0.13% | - | - | -96,262 | -39.01% | 246,742 | NE3 | ||
Nevada | 5 | 533,736 | 55.15% | 5 | 412,827 | 42.65% | - | 6,150 | 0.64% | - | 4,263 | 0.44% | - | 3,194 | 0.33% | - | 1,411 | 0.15% | - | 6,267 | 0.65% | - | 120,909 | 12.49% | 967,848 | NV |
New Hampshire | 4 | 384,826 | 54.13% | 4 | 316,534 | 44.52% | - | 3,503 | 0.49% | - | 2,217 | 0.31% | - | 226 | 0.03% | - | 40 | 0.01% | - | 3,624 | 0.51% | - | 68,292 | 9.61% | 710,970 | NH |
New Jersey | 15 | 2,215,422 | 57.27% | 15 | 1,613,207 | 41.70% | - | 21,298 | 0.55% | - | 8,441 | 0.22% | - | 3,956 | 0.10% | - | 3,636 | 0.09% | - | 2,277 | 0.06% | - | 602,215 | 15.57% | 3,868,237 | NJ |
New Mexico | 5 | 472,422 | 56.91% | 5 | 346,832 | 41.78% | - | 5,327 | 0.64% | - | 2,428 | 0.29% | - | 1,597 | 0.19% | - | 1,552 | 0.19% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 125,590 | 15.13% | 830,158 | NM |
New York | 31 | 4,804,945 | 62.88% | 31 | 2,752,771 | 36.03% | - | 41,249 | 0.54% | - | 19,596 | 0.26% | - | 634 | 0.01% | - | 12,801 | 0.17% | - | 8,935 | 0.12% | - | 2,052,174 | 26.86% | 7,640,931 | NY |
North Carolina | 15 | 2,142,651 | 49.70% | 15 | 2,128,474 | 49.38% | - | 1,448 | 0.03% | - | 25,722 | 0.60% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 158 | 0.00% | - | 12,336 | 0.29% | - | 14,177 | 0.33% | 4,310,789 | NC |
North Dakota | 3 | 141,278 | 44.62% | - | 168,601 | 53.25% | 3 | 4,189 | 1.32% | - | 1,354 | 0.43% | - | 1,199 | 0.38% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | -27,323 | -8.63% | 316,621 | ND |
Ohio | 20 | 2,940,044 | 51.50% | 20 | 2,677,820 | 46.91% | - | 42,337 | 0.74% | - | 19,917 | 0.35% | - | 12,565 | 0.22% | - | 8,518 | 0.15% | - | 7,149 | 0.13% | - | 262,224 | 4.59% | 5,708,350 | OH |
Oklahoma | 7 | 502,496 | 34.35% | - | 960,165 | 65.65% | 7 | 0 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | -457,669 | -31.29% | 1,462,661 | OK |
Oregon | 7 | 1,037,291 | 56.75% | 7 | 738,475 | 40.40% | - | 18,614 | 1.02% | - | 7,635 | 0.42% | - | 7,693 | 0.42% | - | 4,543 | 0.25% | - | 13,613 | 0.74% | - | 298,816 | 16.35% | 1,827,864 | OR |
Pennsylvania | 21 | 3,276,363 | 54.49% | 21 | 2,655,885 | 44.17% | - | 42,977 | 0.71% | - | 19,912 | 0.33% | - | 1,092 | 0.02% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 17,043 | 0.28% | - | 620,478 | 10.32% | 6,013,272 | PA |
Rhode Island | 4 | 296,571 | 62.86% | 4 | 165,391 | 35.06% | - | 4,829 | 1.02% | - | 1,382 | 0.29% | - | 675 | 0.14% | - | 797 | 0.17% | - | 2,121 | 0.45% | - | 131,180 | 27.81% | 471,766 | RI |
South Carolina | 8 | 862,449 | 44.90% | - | 1,034,896 | 53.87% | 8 | 5,053 | 0.26% | - | 7,283 | 0.38% | - | 6,827 | 0.36% | - | 4,461 | 0.23% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | -172,447 | -8.98% | 1,920,969 | SC |
South Dakota | 3 | 170,924 | 44.75% | - | 203,054 | 53.16% | 3 | 4,267 | 1.12% | - | 1,835 | 0.48% | - | 1,895 | 0.50% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | -32,130 | -8.41% | 381,975 | SD |
Tennessee | 11 | 1,087,437 | 41.83% | - | 1,479,178 | 56.90% | 11 | 11,560 | 0.44% | - | 8,547 | 0.33% | - | 8,191 | 0.32% | - | 2,499 | 0.10% | - | 2,337 | 0.09% | - | -391,741 | -15.07% | 2,599,749 | TN |
Texas | 34 | 3,528,633 | 43.68% | - | 4,479,328 | 55.45% | 34 | 5,751 | 0.07% | - | 56,116 | 0.69% | - | 5,708 | 0.07% | - | 909 | 0.01% | - | 1,350 | 0.02% | - | -950,695 | -11.77% | 8,077,795 | TX |
Utah | 5 | 327,670 | 34.41% | - | 596,030 | 62.58% | 5 | 8,416 | 0.88% | - | 6,966 | 0.73% | - | 12,012 | 1.26% | - | 982 | 0.10% | - | 294 | 0.03% | - | -268,360 | -28.18% | 952,370 | UT |
Vermont | 3 | 219,262 | 67.46% | 3 | 98,974 | 30.45% | - | 3,339 | 1.03% | - | 1,067 | 0.33% | - | 500 | 0.15% | - | 66 | 0.02% | - | 1,838 | 0.57% | - | 120,288 | 37.01% | 325,046 | VT |
Virginia | 13 | 1,959,532 | 52.63% | 13 | 1,725,005 | 46.33% | - | 11,483 | 0.31% | - | 11,067 | 0.30% | - | 7,474 | 0.20% | - | 2,344 | 0.06% | - | 6,355 | 0.17% | - | 234,527 | 6.30% | 3,723,260 | VA |
Washington | 11 | 1,750,848 | 57.65% | 11 | 1,229,216 | 40.48% | - | 29,489 | 0.97% | - | 12,728 | 0.42% | - | 9,432 | 0.31% | - | 3,819 | 0.13% | - | 1,346 | 0.04% | - | 521,632 | 17.18% | 3,036,878 | WA |
West Virginia | 5 | 303,857 | 42.59% | - | 397,466 | 55.71% | 5 | 7,219 | 1.01% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 2,465 | 0.35% | - | 2,355 | 0.33% | - | 89 | 0.01% | - | -93,609 | -13.12% | 713,451 | WV |
Wisconsin | 10 | 1,677,211 | 56.22% | 10 | 1,262,393 | 42.31% | - | 17,605 | 0.59% | - | 8,858 | 0.30% | - | 5,072 | 0.17% | - | 4,216 | 0.14% | - | 8,062 | 0.27% | - | 414,818 | 13.90% | 2,983,417 | WI |
Wyoming | 3 | 82,868 | 32.54% | - | 164,958 | 64.78% | 3 | 2,525 | 0.99% | - | 1,594 | 0.63% | - | 1,192 | 0.47% | - | 0 | 0.00% | - | 1,521 | 0.60% | - | -82,090 | -32.24% | 254,658 | WY |
U.S. Total | 538 | 69,498,516 | 52.93% | 365 | 59,948,323 | 45.65% | 173 | 739,034 | 0.56% | - | 523,715 | 0.40% | - | 199,750 | 0.15% | - | 161,797 | 0.12% | - | 242,685 | 0.18% | - | 9,550,193 | 7.27% | 131,313,820 | US |
Note: Maine and Nebraska each allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates. In both states, two electoral votes are awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote is awarded to the winner of each congressional district.[170][171]
Popular vote by county. Red represents counties that went for McCain; blue represents counties that went for Obama. Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont had all counties go to Obama. Oklahoma had all counties go to McCain.
Presidential popular votes by county as a scale from red/Republican to blue/Democratic.
Cartogram of popular vote with each county rescaled in proportion to its population. Deeper blue represents a Democratic majority; brighter red represents a Republican majority.[172]
Voting shifts per county from the 2004 to the 2008 election. Darker blue indicates the county voted more Democratic. Darker red indicates the county voted more Republican.
Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote.
Change in vote margins at the county level from the 2004 election to the 2008 election. Obama made dramatic gains in every region of the country except for Arizona, Appalachia, and the inner South, where McCain improved over Bush.
Results by congressional district.
Close states
Red font color denotes states won by Republican John McCain; blue denotes those won by Democrat Barack Obama.
States in which the margin of victory was under 1% (26 electoral votes):
- Missouri 0.13% (3,903 votes)
- North Carolina 0.33% (14,177 votes)
States/districts in which the margin of victory was under 5% (62 electoral votes):
- Indiana 1.03% (28,391 votes)
- Nebraska's 2nd congressional district 1.21% (3,370 votes)
- Montana 2.26% (11,723 votes)
- Florida 2.82% (236,148 votes)
- Ohio 4.59% (262,224 votes)
States/districts in which margin of victory was more than 5% but less than 10% (73 electoral votes):
- Georgia 5.21% (204,636 votes)
- Virginia 6.30% (234,527 votes)
- South Dakota 8.41% (32,130 votes)
- Arizona 8.52% (195,404 votes)
- North Dakota 8.63% (27,484 votes)
- Colorado 8.95% (215,004 votes) (tipping point state)
- South Carolina 8.98% (172,447 votes)
- Iowa 9.53% (146,561 votes)
- New Hampshire 9.61% (68,292 votes)
- Nebraska's 1st congressional district 9.77% (26,768 votes)
Statistics
Counties with highest percentage of Democratic vote:[173]
- Washington, D.C. 92.46%
- Prince George's County, Maryland 88.87%
- Bronx County, New York 88.71%
- Shannon County, South Dakota 88.69%
- Petersburg, Virginia 88.64%
Counties with highest percentage of Republican vote:
- King County, Texas 92.64%
- Roberts County, Texas 92.08%
- Ochiltree County, Texas 91.70%
- Glasscock County, Texas 90.13%
- Beaver County, Oklahoma 89.25%
International reaction
The American presidential election was followed closely internationally.[174] When it was clear that Obama was victorious, many world leaders sent congratulations and well wishes to the president-elect.[175]
Demografía de votantes
The 2008 presidential vote by demographic subgroup | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic subgroup | Obama | McCain | Other | % of total vote | |||
Total vote | 53 | 46 | 1 | 100 | |||
Ideology | |||||||
Liberals | 89 | 10 | 1 | 22 | |||
Moderates | 60 | 39 | 1 | 44 | |||
Conservatives | 20 | 78 | 2 | 34 | |||
Party | |||||||
Democrats | 89 | 10 | 1 | 39 | |||
Republicans | 9 | 90 | 1 | 32 | |||
Independents | 52 | 44 | 4 | 29 | |||
Gender | |||||||
Men | 49 | 48 | 3 | 47 | |||
Women | 56 | 43 | 1 | 53 | |||
Marital status | |||||||
Married | 47 | 52 | 1 | 66 | |||
Non-married | 65 | 33 | 2 | 34 | |||
Race | |||||||
White | 43 | 55 | 2 | 74 | |||
Black | 95 | 4 | 1 | 13 | |||
Asian | 62 | 35 | 3 | 2 | |||
Other | 66 | 31 | 3 | 2 | |||
Hispanic | 67 | 31 | 2 | 9 | |||
Religion | |||||||
Protestant | 45 | 54 | 1 | 54 | |||
Catholic | 54 | 45 | 1 | 27 | |||
Jewish | 78 | 21 | 1 | 2 | |||
Other | 73 | 22 | 5 | 6 | |||
None | 75 | 23 | 2 | 12 | |||
Religious service attendance | |||||||
More than weekly | 43 | 55 | 2 | 12 | |||
Weekly | 43 | 55 | 2 | 27 | |||
Monthly | 53 | 46 | 1 | 15 | |||
A few times a year | 59 | 39 | 2 | 28 | |||
Never | 67 | 30 | 3 | 16 | |||
White evangelical or born-again Christian? | |||||||
White evangelical or born-again Christian | 24 | 74 | 2 | 26 | |||
Everyone else | 62 | 36 | 2 | 74 | |||
Age | |||||||
18–24 years old | 66 | 32 | 2 | 10 | |||
25–29 years old | 66 | 31 | 3 | 8 | |||
30–39 years old | 54 | 44 | 2 | 18 | |||
40–49 years old | 49 | 49 | 2 | 21 | |||
50–64 years old | 50 | 49 | 1 | 27 | |||
65 and older | 45 | 53 | 2 | 16 | |||
Age by race | |||||||
Whites 18–29 years old | 54 | 44 | 2 | 11 | |||
Whites 30–44 years old | 41 | 57 | 2 | 20 | |||
Whites 45–64 years old | 42 | 56 | 2 | 30 | |||
Whites 65 and older | 40 | 58 | 2 | 13 | |||
Blacks 18–29 years old | 95 | 4 | 1 | 3 | |||
Blacks 30–44 years old | 96 | 4 | n/a | 4 | |||
Blacks 45–64 years old | 96 | 3 | 1 | 4 | |||
Blacks 65 and older | 94 | 6 | n/a | 1 | |||
Latinos 18–29 years old | 76 | 19 | 5 | 3 | |||
Latinos 30–44 years old | 63 | 36 | 1 | 3 | |||
Latinos 45–64 years old | 58 | 40 | 2 | 2 | |||
Latinos 65 and older | 68 | 30 | 2 | 1 | |||
Others | 64 | 33 | 3 | 5 | |||
First time voter? | |||||||
First time voter | 69 | 30 | 1 | 11 | |||
Everyone else | 50 | 48 | 2 | 89 | |||
Sexual orientation | |||||||
Gay, lesbian, or bisexual | 70 | 27 | 3 | 4 | |||
Heterosexual | 53 | 45 | 2 | 96 | |||
Education | |||||||
Not a high school graduate | 63 | 35 | 2 | 4 | |||
High school graduate | 52 | 46 | 2 | 20 | |||
Some college education | 51 | 47 | 2 | 31 | |||
College graduate | 50 | 48 | 2 | 28 | |||
Postgraduate education | 58 | 40 | 2 | 17 | |||
Education by race/ethnicity | |||||||
White college graduates | 47 | 51 | 2 | 35 | |||
White no college degree | 40 | 58 | 2 | 39 | |||
Non-white college graduates | 75 | 22 | 3 | 9 | |||
Non-white no college degree | 83 | 16 | 1 | 16 | |||
Family income | |||||||
Under $15,000 | 73 | 25 | 2 | 6 | |||
$15,000–30,000 | 60 | 37 | 3 | 12 | |||
$30,000–50,000 | 55 | 43 | 2 | 19 | |||
$50,000–75,000 | 48 | 49 | 3 | 21 | |||
$75,000–100,000 | 51 | 48 | 1 | 15 | |||
$100,000–150,000 | 48 | 51 | 1 | 14 | |||
$150,000–200,000 | 48 | 50 | 1 | 6 | |||
Over $200,000 | 52 | 46 | 2 | 6 | |||
Union households | |||||||
Union | 59 | 39 | 2 | 21 | |||
Non-union | 51 | 47 | 2 | 79 | |||
Military service | |||||||
Veterans | 44 | 54 | 2 | 15 | |||
Non-veterans | 54 | 44 | 2 | 85 | |||
Region | |||||||
Northeast | 59 | 40 | 1 | 21 | |||
Midwest | 54 | 44 | 2 | 24 | |||
South | 45 | 54 | 1 | 32 | |||
West | 57 | 40 | 3 | 23 | |||
Community size | |||||||
Urban | 63 | 35 | 2 | 30 | |||
Suburban | 50 | 48 | 2 | 49 | |||
Rural | 45 | 53 | 2 | 21 |
Source: Exit polls conducted by Edison Research of Somerville, New Jersey, for the National Election Pool, a consortium of ABC News, Associated Press, CBS News, CNN, Fox News, and NBC News.[176]
Análisis
Obama, having a white mother and Kenyan father of the Luo ethnic group,[177] became the first African American as well as the first bi-racial president.[178] Although he may have been the first black president to win an election, Obama was not the first African American to run for president. Shirley Chisolm, Jesse Jackson, Lenora Fulani, Carol Moseley Braun, Alan Keyes, and Al Sharpton all at some point were in the process for presidential nomination.[179] The Obama-Biden ticket was also the first winning ticket in American history on which neither candidate was a White Anglo-Saxon Protestant; Biden is Roman Catholic and is the first Roman Catholic to be elected vice president; all other tickets with Catholic vice presidential candidates had been defeated (1964, 1972, 1984).[180] Obama and Biden were the first president and vice president elected from the Senate since 1960 (John F. Kennedy/Lyndon B. Johnson) (in the previous election cycle (2004) Democrats also nominated two sitting senators, John Kerry of Massachusetts and John Edwards of North Carolina, but they lost to incumbents Bush and Cheney), Obama became the first Northern Democratic president since Kennedy, and the Obama-Biden ticket was the first winning Democratic ticket to feature two Northerners since 1940 (Franklin D. Roosevelt/Henry A. Wallace). Also, Obama became the first Democratic candidate to win a majority of the popular vote since Jimmy Carter in 1976, the first to win a majority of both votes and states since Lyndon Johnson in 1964, and the first Northern Democrat to win a majority of both votes and states since Franklin Roosevelt in 1944. This was the first presidential election since 1952 in which neither of the major party candidates was either the incumbent president or vice-president.
Prior to the election, commentators discussed whether Senator Obama would be able to redraw the electoral map by winning states that had been voting for Republican candidates in recent decades.[181] In many ways, he was successful. He won every region of the country by double digits except the South, which John McCain won by nine percent. Obama won Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, North Carolina, Florida, and Virginia in the South (region as defined by the US Census Bureau). McCain won most of the Deep South, where white voters had generally supported Republican candidates by increasingly large margins in the previous few decades.[182] Obama also defied political bellwethers, becoming the first person to win the presidency while losing Missouri since 1956 (as well as the first Democrat ever to do so) and while losing Kentucky and Tennessee since 1960. He was the first Democrat to win without Arkansas since that state joined the Union in 1836 and the first Democrat to win the presidency without winning West Virginia since 1916. Because one West Virginia elector voted for the Democrat in 1916, Obama was the first Democrat to win without any electors from the state since its founding in 1863. Indiana and Virginia voted for the Democratic nominee for the first time since 1964. Although Obama did not win other normally Republican states such as Georgia and Montana (which were won by Bill Clinton in 1992), he nonetheless was competitive in both. He lost Montana by just under 3% and Georgia by slightly more than 5%. Also notably, Barack Obama won all of the 2004 swing states (states that either Kerry or Bush won by less than 5%) by a margin of 8.5 percent or more except for Ohio, which the Democrat carried by 4.5 percent.
Obama was the first presidential candidate to split the electoral votes from Nebraska. Together with Maine, which would not split its votes until 2016, Nebraska is one of two states that split their electoral votes, two going to the statewide popular vote winner and the rest going to the winner of each respective congressional district (Nebraska has three, and Maine has two). Obama won the electoral vote from Nebraska's 2nd congressional district, which contains the city of Omaha. Nebraska's other four electoral votes went to John McCain.
As of 2020[update], this election is the last time that Indiana and North Carolina voted Democratic, and is also the most recent election where one of the nominees has since died.
This election exhibited the continuation of some of the polarization trends evident in the 2000 and 2004 elections.[183] McCain won whites 55–43 percent, while Obama won blacks 95–4 percent,[184] Hispanics 67–31 percent, and Asians 62–35 percent. Voters aged 18–29 voted for Obama by 66–32 percent while elderly voters backed McCain 53–45 percent.[185] The 25-year age gap between McCain and Obama was the widest in U.S. presidential election history among the top two candidates.[186]
Ver también
- Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories
- Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories
- First inauguration of Barack Obama
- Newspaper endorsements in the 2008 United States presidential election
- Presidential transition of Barack Obama
- 2008 United States gubernatorial elections
- 2008 United States House of Representatives elections
- 2008 United States Senate elections
- Third-party and independent candidates for the 2008 United States presidential election
Opinion polling
- Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election
- Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election
- International opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election
- Scientific forecasts: FiveThirtyEight
Notas
- ^ Shirley Chisholm had previously won a contest in New Jersey in 1972 that was a no-delegate-awarding, presidential preference ballot in which the major candidates were not listed; the actual delegate selection vote went to George McGovern.[2][3]
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- ^ "America.gov". America.gov. November 7, 2008. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
- ^ "Obama Over the Top: How New Voters Could Redraw The Electoral Map". Progress Illinois. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
- ^ Exit Polls, The New York Times, November 5, 2008.
- ^ Cost, Jay (November 20, 2008). "HorseRaceBlog—Electoral Polarization Continues Under Obama". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ Kuhn, David Paul (November 5, 2008). "Exit polls: How Obama won". Politico. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
- ^ "Exit poll". CNN. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
- ^ Hunt, Albert R. (February 3, 2008). "Obama vs. McCain would be dream match". The New York Times.
Otras lecturas
- Plouffe, David. The Audacity to Win. 2009
- Balz, Dan, and Haynes Johnson. The Battle for America 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election (2009), by leading reporters with inside information
- Crotty, William. "Policy and Politics: The Bush Administration and the 2008 Presidential Election," Polity, July 2009, Vol. 41 Issue 3, pp 282–311 online
- Curtis, Mark. Age of Obama: A Reporter's Journey With Clinton, McCain and Obama in the Making of the President in 2008 (2009)
- Gidlow, Liette. Obama, Clinton, Palin: Making History in Election 2000 (2012)
- Nelson, Michael. The Elections of 2008 (2009), factual summary except and text search
- Sussman, Glen. "Choosing a New Direction: The Presidential Election of 2008," White House Studies, 2009, Vol. 9 Issue 1, pp 1–20
- Wolffe, Richard. Renegade: The Making of a President (2010) excerpt and text search, narrative
Voters
- Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. Change and Continuity in the 2008 Elections (2009) excerpt and text search
- Corwin E. Smidt and others. The Disappearing God Gap? Religion in the 2008 Presidential Election (Oxford University Press; 2010) 278 pages. Finds that the gap between church-attending traditionalists and other voters is not closing, as has been claimed, but is changing in significant ways; draws on survey data from voters who were interviewed in the spring of 2008 and then again after the election.
- Crespino, Joseph. "The U.S. South and the 2008 Election," Southern Spaces (2008) online
- Jessee, Stephen A. "Voter Ideology and Candidate Positioning in the 2008 Presidential Election," American Politics Research, March 2010, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pp 195–210
- Kenski, Kate, Bruce W. Hardy, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. The Obama Victory: How Media, Money, and Message Shaped the 2008 Election (Oxford University Press; 2010) 378 pages. Draws on interviews with key campaign advisors as well as the National Annenberg Election Survey. excerpt and text search
- Sabato, Larry. The Year of Obama: How Barack Obama Won the White House (2009)
- Stempel III, Guido H. and Thomas K. Hargrove, eds. The 21st-Century Voter: Who Votes, How They Vote, and Why They Vote (2 vol. 2015).
- Todd, Chuck, and Sheldon Gawiser. How Barack Obama Won: A State-by-State Guide to the Historic 2008 Presidential Election (2009) excerpt and text search
enlaces externos
- United States Presidential Election of 2008 at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- 2008 United States presidential election at Curlie
- Beyond Red and Blue: 7 Ways to View the Presidential Election Map—from Scientific American
- Campaign commercials from the 2008 election
- How close was the 2008 election?—Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- US Election 2008 Web Monitor
- 2008 Electoral Map
- "Behind the Results", USA Today election coverage
- Joseph Crespino, "The U.S. South and the 2008 Election", Southern Spaces, December 11, 2008.
- Election of 2008 in Counting the Votes