Adana ( pronunciación turca: [aˈda.na] ) es una ciudad importante en el sur de Turquía . La ciudad está situada en el río Seyhan , a 35 km (22 millas) tierra adentro de la costa noreste del mar Mediterráneo . Es la sede administrativa de la provincia de Adana y tiene una población de 1,77 millones. [2]
Adana | |
---|---|
Arriba: vista desde Çukurova , primera a la izquierda: estación de Adana , primera a la derecha: Taşköprü , segunda a la izquierda: Sheraton Adana, segunda a la derecha: mezquita central de Sabancı , abajo: barrio de las Casas Blancas. | |
Emblema de la Municipalidad Metropolitana de Adana | |
Coordenadas: 37 ° 0′N 35 ° 19.28′E / 37.000 ° N 35.32133 ° ECoordenadas : 37 ° 0'N 35 ° 19.28'E / 37.000 ° N 35.32133 ° E | |
País | pavo |
Región | Mediterráneo |
Provincia | Adana |
Fundado | 6000 aC (8021 años atrás) |
Incorporado | 1871 (Hace 150 años) |
Distritos | Seyhan , Yüreğir , Çukurova , Sarıçam |
Gobierno | |
• Tipo | Gobierno del consejo de alcalde |
• Cuerpo | Municipio Metropolitano de Adana |
• Alcalde | Zeydan Karalar ( CHP ) |
Área | |
• Total | 1.945 km 2 (751 millas cuadradas) |
Elevación | 23 m (75 pies) |
Población (2019) [1] | 1,768,860 |
• Densidad | 909,44 / km 2 (2355,4 / mi2) |
Zona horaria | UTC + 3 ( TRT ) |
Código Postal | 01xxx |
Código (s) de área | 0322 |
Placa de matrícula | 01 |
Sitio web | www |
Adana se encuentra en el corazón de Cilicia , una región geo-cultural distinta, que en un momento fue una de las regiones más importantes del mundo clásico por ser encrucijada de religiones y civilizaciones. [3] Hogar de seis millones de personas, Cilicia es una de las mayores concentraciones de población en el Cercano Oriente , así como una zona agrícolamente productiva, debido a su gran llanura fértil de Çukurova. Sumando los grandes centros de población que rodean Cilicia, casi 10 millones de personas residen a dos horas en coche del centro de la ciudad de Adana.
Adana, uno de los asentamientos habitados continuamente más antiguos del mundo [4] y con un nombre sin cambios durante al menos cuatro milenios, era una ciudad comercial en la llanura de Cilicia y una de las puertas de entrada de Europa a Oriente Medio. La ciudad se convirtió en una potencia de Cilicia con la toma de posesión de Turkic en 1359. Permaneció como la capital del Emirato de Ramadánid hasta 1608, y luego el centro regional para el Imperio Otomano , Turquía y en breve para Cilicia francesa . La ciudad floreció con el estallido de la Guerra Civil estadounidense en 1861 y emergió como un centro para el comercio internacional de algodón. Tradicionalmente una ciudad poblada por armenios y turcos ; La afluencia de asirios , griegos , circasianos , judíos y alauitas durante este período convirtió a la ciudad en una de las más diversas del Imperio. El crecimiento económico, social y cultural se detuvo con la masacre de Adana , el genocidio armenio y la evacuación de Cilicia en 1921, [5] que devastaron la ciudad a principios del siglo XX. Después del desalojo de la comunidad cristiana, la mayoría de las propiedades privadas de la ciudad, en términos de valor, fueron confiscadas en 1923 y otorgadas a los turcos musulmanes que recientemente habían emigrado a la ciudad. Después de un período de estancamiento, la economía de la ciudad volvió a crecer en la década de 1950 con la construcción de la presa Seyhan , y el crecimiento continuó hasta la década de 1980.
En el siglo XXI, Adana es un centro de comercio regional, atención médica y servicios públicos y privados. La agricultura y la logística son sectores importantes de la ciudad. El declive económico causado por las políticas nacionales y la desindustrialización desde la década de 1990 se está revirtiendo, ya que la ciudad está ganando impulso con las ferias, festivales y entretenimiento. La rivalidad entre los clubes de fútbol de la ciudad, Adanaspor y Adana Demirspor , está ganando atractivo por ser un derbi que tiene sus raíces en las divisiones socioeconómicas.
Etimología
Una teoría sostiene que el nombre de la ciudad se origina en un hipotético término indoeuropeo ; a danu (inglés: on the river ). Muchos nombres de ríos en Europa se derivaron de la misma raíz protoindoeuropea : Danubio , Don , Dnieper y Donets . [6] La primera vez que se mencionó a Adana fue alrededor del año 2000 a. C. en las tablillas hititas. Con una historia de al menos cuatro milenios, Adana es uno de los topónimos de uso continuo más antiguos y solo tuvo cambios de pronunciación bajo diferentes reglas.
En la Illiad de Homero , el nombre de la ciudad se menciona como Adana. Durante un corto tiempo durante la era helenística, la ciudad fue conocida como Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Κιλικίας (inglés: Antioch in Cilicia ) y como Ἀντιόχεια ἡ πρὸς Σάρον (inglés: Antioch on Sarus ). En algunos cuneiformes , el nombre de la ciudad se menciona como Quwê , y como Coa en algunas otras fuentes que podrían ser el lugar donde Salomón había obtenido sus caballos según la Biblia (I Reyes 10:28; II Crónicas 1:16). Bajo el dominio armenio, la ciudad se conocía como Ատանա (Atana) o Ադանա (Adana). Una antigua leyenda grecorromana menciona que el nombre de Adana se origina en Adanus , el hijo del dios griego Urano , quien fundó la ciudad junto al río con su hermano. [7] El nombre de su hermano, Sarus , fue dado al río. Una leyenda más antigua, en mitologías acadias , sumerias , babilónicas , asirias e hititas , origina el nombre de la ciudad del dios de la tormenta y la lluvia Adad, que vivía en los bosques circundantes. Hay manuscritos hititas que se fundaron en la región con respecto a esta leyenda. La leyenda había sobrevivido mientras la tormenta y el dios de la lluvia continuaban creando lluvia y abundancia. Los lugareños tenían una gran admiración hacia el Dios y llamaron a la región Uru Adaniyya (en inglés: región de Adana) en su honor. Los habitantes de la ciudad se llamaban Danuna .
Según Memalik-i Osmaniye Coğrafya Lügatı de Ali Cevad (inglés: diccionario de geografía otomana ), los musulmanes de Adana originaron el nombre de la ciudad en Ebu Süleym Ezene, quien fue nombrado Wali por el califa abasí Harun al-Rashid . [8] Aparte de Ezene, los recursos otomanos e islámicos también mencionan la ciudad como Edene, Azana y Batana.
También se cree que está relacionado con el " Danaoi ", el nombre de los griegos de la guerra de Troya en Homero y Thukydides. [9]
Geografía
Adana se encuentra en el paralelo 37 norte en el borde noreste del Mediterráneo, donde sirve como puerta de entrada a la llanura de Cilicia. Esta gran extensión de tierra plana y fértil se encuentra al sureste de las montañas Tauro . Desde Adana, cruzando Cilicia hacia el oeste, la carretera de Tarso entra en las estribaciones de las montañas Tauro, alcanzando finalmente una altitud de casi 4.000 pies (1.200 m). Atraviesa las famosas Puertas de Cilicia , el paso rocoso por el que han pasado los ejércitos desde los albores de la historia, y continúa hasta la llanura de Anatolia.
El río Seyhan (anteriormente llamado Sarus) que pasa por Adana, ocasionalmente inundó la ciudad hasta que se construyeron terraplenes en la década de 1900. [10] El norte de la ciudad está rodeado por el embalse de Seyhan. La presa de Seyhan, terminada en 1956, fue construida para generar energía hidroeléctrica y para regar la llanura inferior de Çukurova. Dos canales de riego de la ciudad fluyen hacia la llanura, pasando por el centro de la ciudad de este a oeste. Hay otro canal para regar la llanura de Yüreğir al sureste de la ciudad.
Clima
Adana tiene un clima mediterráneo de verano caluroso (Csa) según la clasificación de Köppen , y un clima subtropical de verano seco-caluroso (Csa) según la clasificación de Trewartha . Los inviernos son suaves y húmedos. Las heladas ocurren ocasionalmente por la noche casi todos los inviernos, pero la nieve es un fenómeno muy raro. Los veranos son largos, calurosos, húmedos y secos. Durante las olas de calor, la temperatura a menudo alcanza o supera los 40 ° C (104,0 ° F). La temperatura más alta registrada fue el 8 de julio de 1978 a 45,6 ° C (114,1 ° F). La temperatura más baja registrada fue de -8,1 ° C (17,4 ° F).
Datos climáticos de Adana (1991-2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Registro alto ° C (° F) | 26,5 (79,7) | 28,5 (83,3) | 32,0 (89,6) | 37,5 (99,5) | 41,3 (106,3) | 42,8 (109,0) | 44,4 (111,9) | 45,6 (114,1) | 45,1 (113,2) | 41,5 (106,7) | 34,3 (93,7) | 30,8 (87,4) | 45,6 (114,1) |
Promedio alto ° C (° F) | 15,0 (59,0) | 16,6 (61,9) | 19,9 (67,8) | 24,1 (75,4) | 28,4 (83,1) | 31,7 (89,1) | 33,9 (93,0) | 34,9 (94,8) | 33,2 (91,8) | 29,5 (85,1) | 22,6 (72,7) | 16,8 (62,2) | 25,6 (78,1) |
Media diaria ° C (° F) | 9,5 (49,1) | 10,7 (51,3) | 13,9 (57,0) | 17,7 (63,9) | 22,1 (71,8) | 25,9 (78,6) | 28,6 (83,5) | 29,2 (84,6) | 26,6 (79,9) | 22,4 (72,3) | 15,8 (60,4) | 11,1 (52,0) | 19,5 (67,1) |
Promedio bajo ° C (° F) | 5,6 (42,1) | 6,3 (43,3) | 8,9 (48,0) | 12,4 (54,3) | 16,6 (61,9) | 20,8 (69,4) | 24,3 (75,7) | 24,7 (76,5) | 21,4 (70,5) | 16,9 (62,4) | 11,0 (51,8) | 7,3 (45,1) | 14,7 (58,5) |
Registro bajo ° C (° F) | −8,1 (17,4) | −6,6 (20,1) | −4,9 (23,2) | −1,3 (29,7) | 5,6 (42,1) | 9,2 (48,6) | 13,2 (55,8) | 14,8 (58,6) | 9,3 (48,7) | 3,5 (38,3) | −4,3 (24,3) | −4,4 (24,1) | −8,1 (17,4) |
Promedio de precipitación mm (pulgadas) | 111,1 (4,37) | 81,9 (3,22) | 59,2 (2,33) | 51,2 (2,02) | 48,2 (1,90) | 20,3 (0,80) | 12,3 (0,48) | 10,4 (0,41) | 25,1 (0,99) | 39,7 (1,56) | 78,4 (3,09) | 143,0 (5,63) | 680,8 (26,80) |
Días de precipitación promedio | 10.10 | 9.33 | 9.07 | 8,67 | 6,40 | 2,83 | 1,17 | 0,77 | 3,07 | 5.27 | 6.17 | 9.03 | 71,9 |
Promedio de horas de sol mensuales | 139,5 | 149,7 | 186,0 | 213.0 | 282.1 | 318,0 | 334,8 | 322,4 | 270,0 | 229,4 | 177,0 | 136,4 | 2.758,3 |
Promedio de horas de sol diarias | 4.3 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 6,9 | 8,6 | 9,9 | 10.1 | 9.4 | 8.7 | 7.2 | 5.7 | 4.0 | 7.2 |
Fuente: Servicio Meteorológico Estatal de Turquía [11] |
Historia
Adana es considerada la ciudad más antigua de Cilicia, y con una historia de 8 milenios, es una de las ciudades habitadas continuamente más antiguas del mundo. La historia del túmulo de Tepebağ se remonta al Neolítico , alrededor del 6000 a. C., época de los primeros asentamientos humanos. Un lugar llamado Adana se menciona por su nombre en una epopeya sumeria , la epopeya de Gilgamesh .
Las primeras personas conocidas que vivían en Adana y sus alrededores fueron los luwianos . Controlaron las costas mediterráneas de Anatolia aproximadamente desde el 3000 a. C. hasta el 1600 a. C. Los hititas se apoderaron de la región que llegó a conocerse como Kizzuwatna . Habitada por luwianos y hurritas , Kizzuwatna tenía un gobierno autónomo bajo la protección de los hititas, pero tuvieron un breve período independiente desde los años 1500 hasta 1420. Según la inscripción hitita de Kava , encontrada en Hattusa ( Boğazkale ), Kizzuwatna era el reino que gobernó Adana, bajo la protección de los hititas en 1335 a. C. Comenzando con el colapso del Imperio hitita c. 1191-1189 a. C., los pueblos marinos de Denyen , nativos de Adana, tomaron el control de la llanura hasta alrededor del 900 a. C. [12] Los estados neo-hititas se fundaron en la región y el estado Quwê se centró alrededor de Adana. Quwê y otros estados estaban protegidos por el Imperio Neo-Asirio , aunque tenían períodos independientes. Después de la migración griega a Cilicia en el siglo VIII a. C., la región se unificó bajo el gobierno de la dinastía Mopsos [13] y Adana se estableció como la capital. Las inscripciones bilingües de los siglos IX y VIII encontradas en Mopsuestia estaban escritas en jeroglíficos luvitas y fenicios . Los asirios tomaron el control de las regiones varias veces hasta su colapso en el 612 a. C.
Cilicios fundó el Reino de Cilicia en el año 612 antes de Cristo con los esfuerzos de Syennesis I . El reino fue independiente hasta la invasión del Imperio aqueménida en el 549 a. C., y luego se convirtió en una satrapía autónoma de los aqueménidas hasta el 401 a. C. La lealtad incierta de los Syennessis durante la rebelión de Ciro el Joven llevó a Artajerjes II a abolir la administración de Syennesis y reemplazarla con un sátrapa designado centralmente. Los restos arqueológicos de una procesión revelan la existencia de la nobleza persa en Adana. [14]
Alejandro tuvo una entrada inesperada en Cilicia en 333 a. C. a través de las Puertas de Cilicia y nombró a la dinastía Syennesis para volver a administrar la región. Su muerte en el 323 a. C. marcó el comienzo de la era helenística , ya que el griego reemplazó al luviano como idioma de la región. Después de un corto tiempo bajo el dominio ptolemaico , el Imperio seléucida tomó el control de la región en el 312 a. C. Los habitantes de Adanan habían adoptado un nombre griego para la ciudad, Antioch on Sarus , para demostrar lealtad a la dinastía seléucida. El nombre adoptado y los motivos que ilustran la personificación de la ciudad asentada sobre el dios del río Sarus en las monedas acuñadas de la ciudad, revelan el aprecio por los ríos, que eran una parte importante de la identidad de Cilicia. [15] Aunque el área de Adana estaba en el comercio internacional, las costas de la escarpada Cilicia estaban bajo el fuerte saqueo de los piratas de Cilicia . Los seléucidas gobernaron Adana durante más de dos siglos hasta que los debilitó la guerra civil que los llevó a ofrecer lealtad a Tigranes II , el rey de Armenia que conquistó una vasta región en el Levante . Cilicia se convirtió en un estado vasallo del Reino de Armenia en el 83 a. C. y los armenios fundaron nuevos asentamientos en la región. [dieciséis]
Época romano-bizantina, islámica y armenia
Pompeyo se apoderó de toda Cilicia y la organizó como provincia romana en el 64 a. C. Adana tuvo una importancia relativamente menor durante el período de influencia de los romanos , mientras que la cercana Tarso era la metrópoli de la zona. Durante la era de Pompeyo , la ciudad fue utilizada como prisión para los piratas de Cilicia. El puente Sarus se construyó a principios del siglo II y, durante varios siglos, la ciudad fue una estación de paso en una vía militar romana que conducía a Oriente. Después de la división permanente del Imperio Romano en 395 d.C., el área se convirtió en parte del Imperio Bizantino y probablemente se desarrolló durante la época de Juliano el Apóstata . Con la construcción de grandes puentes, carreteras, edificios gubernamentales, riego y plantaciones, Adana y Cilicia se convirtieron en los centros comerciales más desarrollados e importantes de la región.
Adana fue un obispado cristiano , sufragáneo de la sede metropolitana de Tarso, pero fue elevado al rango de arquidiócesis autocéfala después del 680, año en el que su obispo apareció como obispo simple en el Tercer Concilio de Constantinopla , pero antes de su inclusión en Notitiae Episcopatuum del siglo X como arquidiócesis. El obispo Paulinus participó en el Primer Concilio de Nicea en 325. Piso fue uno de los obispos inclinados al arrianismo en el Concilio de Sardica (344) que se retiraron y establecieron su propio concilio en Philippopolis; más tarde volvió a la ortodoxia y firmó la profesión de fe de Nicea en un sínodo en Antioquía en 363. Ciriaco estuvo en el Primer Concilio de Constantinopla en 381. Anatolio se menciona en una carta de San Juan Crisóstomo . Cirilo estuvo en el Concilio de Éfeso en 431 y en un sínodo en Tarso en 434. Filipo participó en el Concilio de Calcedonia en 451 [17] y fue signatario de la carta conjunta de los obispos de Cilicia Prima al emperador bizantino León I el tracio en 458 protestando por el asesinato de Proterio de Alejandría . Ioannes participó en el Tercer Concilio de Constantinopla en 680. [18] [19] Ya no es un obispado residencial, Adana está hoy en la lista de la Iglesia Católica como sede titular . [20]
En la batalla de Sarus en abril de 625, Heraclius derrotó a las fuerzas sasánidas de Shahrbaraz que están estacionadas en la orilla este del río, después de una intrépida carga a través del puente Justiniano (ahora Taşköprü). [21] Los bizantinos defendieron la región de la invasión de los califatos islámicos a lo largo del siglo VII d. C., pero finalmente fue conquistada en 704 por el califa omeya Abd al-Malik . Durante el gobierno omeya, Cilicia se convirtió en una frontera terrestre de nadie entre las fuerzas bizantinas cristianas y árabes musulmanas. [3] En 746, aprovechando las condiciones inestables en el califato omeya, el emperador bizantino Constantino V tomó el control de Adana en 746. El califato abasí tomó el control de la región de manos bizantinas después de la inauguración de Al-Mansur como califa en 756. Con el gobierno abasí, los musulmanes comenzaron a establecerse en Cilicia por primera vez. Abandonada por más de 50 años, Adana fue guarnecida y reubicada de 758 a 760. Para formar un Thughūr en la frontera bizantina, Cilicia fue colonizada con la tribu turca Sayābija de Khorasan . La ciudad había experimentado un rápido crecimiento económico y cultural durante el reinado de Harun al-Rashid y Al-Amin . El dominio abasí de la ciudad continuó durante más de dos siglos, [22] y los bizantinos volvieron a tomar el control de Adana en 965. La ciudad se convirtió en parte del tema de Seleucia . Después de la derrota en la batalla de Manzikert en 1071, el emperador Romanos IV Diogenes fue destituido por un golpe de estado. Luego reunió una tropa para recuperar su poder, aunque fue derrotado y tuvo que retirar su tropa a Adana. La guarnición de Adana lo obligó a rendirse al recibir garantías de su seguridad personal.
Suleiman ibn Qutulmish , el fundador del Sultanato selyúcida de Anatolia , anexó Adana en su campaña en 1084. Cilicia había sido atravesada por ejércitos invasores y las cruzadas durante este período hasta que fue capturada por las fuerzas del Principado armenio de Cilicia en 1132. , bajo su rey, León I . [23] Fue tomada por las fuerzas bizantinas en 1137, pero los armenios la recuperaron alrededor de 1170. La era armenia había convertido Adana en un centro de artesanías y comercio internacional. La ciudad era el centro de una gran red comercial desde Asia Menor hasta África del Norte , Cercano Oriente e India . Comerciantes venecianos y genoveses frecuentaban la ciudad para vender sus mercancías que pasaban por el puerto de Ayas . [24] En 1268, el devastador terremoto de Cilicia destruyó gran parte de la ciudad y 80 años después, en 1348, la peste negra llegó a la región y provocó una grave despoblación. Adana permaneció como parte del reino armenio de Cilicia hasta 1359, cuando la ciudad fue cedida a los Türkmen apoyados por el sultanato mameluco que marchó hacia Cilicia y capturó la llanura. La mayoría de los armenios de la ciudad huyeron a Chipre después de la cesión.
Era turca
Los mamelucos construyeron guarniciones en Tarso, el puerto de Ayas y Sarvandikar , y dejaron la administración de la llanura de Adana a los turcos Yüreğir, que ya formaron un emirato de Türkmen autorizado mameluco en el área de Camili en 1352, al sureste de Adana. El emir , Ramazan Bey, designó a Adana como la capital y encabezó a los turcos Yüreğir en la colonización de la ciudad. El emirato que más tarde se conoció como el Emirato de Ramadánid , fue de facto independiente durante todo el siglo XV, al ser un Thughūr en las relaciones otomano-mameluco. En 1517, Selim I incorporó el beylik al Imperio Otomano después de su conquista del estado mameluco. Los Ramadanid Beys mantuvieron la administración del nuevo sanjak otomano de Adana de manera hereditaria hasta 1608.
Los otomanos terminaron la administración de Ramadanid en 1608 después de las rebeliones de Celali y comenzaron a gobernar directamente desde Constantinopla a través de un Vali designado . [25] A finales de 1832, Vali de Egipto , Muhammad Ali Pasha , invadió Siria y llegó a Cilicia. La Convención de Kütahya, firmada el 14 de mayo de 1833, cedió Cilicia al Egipto independiente de facto . En el momento de la cesión, la población sanjak de Adana, de 68.934 habitantes, apenas recibía servicios urbanos. [26] Se fundó el primer barrio ( Verâ-yı Cisr ) al este del río y se trajeron alauitas desde Siria para trabajar en las florecientes tierras agrícolas. İbrahim Paşa, hijo de Muhammad Ali Paşa, demolió el castillo de Adana y las murallas de la ciudad en 1836. Construyó los primeros canales para el riego y el transporte y también construyó un sistema de agua para las zonas residenciales de la ciudad, incluidas las ruedas (tr: mavra ) Elevación del agua del río para fuentes públicas. [27] Después de la crisis oriental , la Convención de Alejandría que se firmó el 27 de noviembre de 1840, requirió el regreso de Cilicia a la soberanía otomana. La Guerra Civil estadounidense que estalló en 1861, hizo tambalear el flujo de algodón hacia Europa y dirigió a los comerciantes de algodón europeos a la fértil Cilicia. Adana había evolucionado hasta convertirse en un centro para el comercio de algodón y una de las ciudades más prósperas del Imperio en décadas. Se fundaron nuevos barrios armenios, turcos, griegos, caldeos , judíos y alauitas que rodean la antigua ciudad amurallada. La línea ferroviaria Adana-Mersin se abrió en 1886, conectando Adana con puertos internacionales a través del Puerto de Mersin . La migración adicional que había atraído por la industrialización a gran escala, infló la población de Adana a más de 107.000 a principios del siglo XX: 62.250 musulmanes (turcos, alauitas, circasianos , kurdos), 30.000 armenios, 8.000 caldeos , 5000 griegos, 1250 Asirios , 500 cristianos árabes y 200 internacionales. [28]
Masacre de Adana
La riqueza adquirida con la próspera economía regional, la duplicación de la población armenia de Cilicia debido a la huida de las masacres de Hamidian , el fin del gobierno autocrático de Abdulhamid con la revolución de julio de 1908, empoderó a la comunidad armenia e imaginó una Cilicia autónoma. La mala gestión de Vilayets después de la revolución de la CUP provocó que Vali Bahri Pasha , partidario de la diversidad, fuera destituido de la oficina a fines de 1908 y lo reemplazara con el impotente Cevad Bey. Aprovechando eso, Bağdadizade Abdülkadir (más tarde Paksoy), el líder local de Cemiyet-i Muhammediye, tomó casi el control del gobierno local y dirigió un plan de acción en toda Cilicia para "castigar" a los armenios. Los rumores de un próximo ataque armenio, provocaciones deliberadas tensaron los barrios turcos. Tan pronto como la noticia del contragolpe llegó a Cilicia, miembros enfurecidos de Cemiyet-i Muhammediye [29] y campesinos descontentos que se quedaron sin trabajo debido a la mecanización, acudieron en masa a la ciudad el día de mercado del martes. Después de pasar la noche en la ciudad, los grupos junto con los partidarios locales comenzaron a atacar las tiendas armenias desde la mañana del 14 de abril de 1909. Los ataques se dirigieron hacia las viviendas armenias más tarde ese día y también se extendieron al resto de Cilicia. Los armenios armados pudieron defenderse y los enfrentamientos duraron hasta el 17 de abril.
Después de una semana de silencio, 850 soldados de regimientos del ejército otomano llegaron a la ciudad el 25 de abril. Se dispararon contra las tiendas de campaña que los soldados instalaron en el campamento, e inmediatamente se difundió el rumor de que los armenios habían abierto fuego desde la torre de una iglesia. . Sin siquiera investigar la falsedad del rumor, el comandante militar Mustafa Remzi Pasha dirigió a los soldados, junto con los bashi-bazouks , hacia los barrios armenios y durante tres días; disparó a personas, destruyó edificios y quemó barrios cristianos. Los pogromos del 25 al 27 de abril fueron mucho más grandes que los enfrentamientos del 14 al 17 de abril, y las bajas fueron casi todas cristianas. [30]
La masacre de Adana de abril de 1909 resultó en la muerte de 18.839 armenios, 1250 griegos, 850 asirios, 422 caldeos y 620 musulmanes. Sumando los aproximadamente 2500 hadjinianos desaparecidos y otros trabajadores temporeros, la lista de muertos se estima en alrededor de 25,500 en todo Vilayet . Más tarde en el verano, 2000 niños murieron de disentería y pocos miles de adultos murieron a causa de lesiones o epidemias. La masacre dejó huérfanos a 3500 niños y provocó una gran destrucción de las propiedades cristianas. [31] [32] Cevad Bey y Mustafa Remzi Pasha fueron despedidos y levemente condenados por abuso de poder, y el 8 de agosto de 1909, Djemal Pasha fue nombrado Vali , quien rápidamente estableció relaciones con la comunidad armenia sobreviviente. Con el apoyo financiero que pudo reunir, Djemal Pasha fundó un nuevo barrio, Çarçabuk (ahora Döşeme), para los armenios en muy poco tiempo, ordenó la construcción de dos orfanatos y la restauración de edificios destruidos. [29] La sección Cilicia del ferrocarril Berlín-Bagdad se inauguró en 1912, conectando Adana con Oriente Medio. En pocos años, la ciudad había recuperado su impulso y, a finales de 1915, la población armenia ascendía a 30.000, cerca de la cifra anterior a 1909.
La ciudad durante el genocidio armenio
A principios de mayo de 1915, Vali Ismail Hakkı Bey recibió una orden de Constantinopla (ahora Estambul) para deportar a los armenios de la ciudad. Vali pudo retrasar las deportaciones y dejar que los armenios vendieran sus bienes muebles para adquirir dinero para el viaje. El primer convoy de deportados compuesto por más de 4000 armenios salió de la ciudad el 20 de mayo. Los católicos de Cilicia , Sahak II escribieron una carta a Djemal Pasha, entonces general de Siria-Cilicia Vali , para evitar más deportaciones y el secretario en jefe Kerovpe Papazian se reunió con el pasha en Aley a principios de junio y entregó el mensaje de Catholicos. Djemal Pasha inmediatamente telegrafió al Vali para que no deportara a más armenios. Con sus esfuerzos, los armenios de Adana obtuvieron una exención en un verano, mientras que el resto de los armenios de Cilicia eran deportados y cientos de miles de deportados armenios agotados de Anatolia occidental pasaban por la ciudad. Los intelectuales armenios que fueron deportados el 24 de abril de Constantinopla, Rupen Zartarian , Sarkis Minassian , Nazaret Daghavarian , Harutiun Jangülian y Karekin Khajag fueron detenidos en el Vilayet Hall durante unos días. Podían conseguir una reunión con los católicos en la catedral ; su último intento de supervivencia. Más tarde, en junio, dos líderes prominentes, Krikor Zohrab y Vartkes Serengülian también fueron retenidos en la ciudad en su último viaje hacia Diyarbakır . [33]
El ministro del Interior, Talaat Pasha , quiso poner fin a la exención de los armenios de Adana y envió a su segundo al mando en el ministerio, Ali Munif, a la ciudad a mediados de agosto para reanudar las deportaciones. Ali Munif deportó inmediatamente a 250 familias de Adana que fueron acusadas de insurrección y ejecutó a muchos armenios a diario en la plaza Kuruköprü. Ante las deportaciones del resto, Vali pudo volver a gestionar a los deportados para vender sus bienes. Como casi un tercio de los residentes de la ciudad estaban vendiendo sus productos, la ciudad parecía un sitio para la venta de liquidación masiva. Las deportaciones de 5000 familias armenias en ocho convoyes comenzaron el 2 de septiembre de 1915 y continuaron hasta finales de octubre. 1000 artesanos, oficiales estatales y personal del ejército fueron exentos de deportaciones con sus familias. A diferencia de los deportados de otros Vilayets, una buena parte de los armenios de Adana fueron enviados a Damasco y más al sur, por lo que fueron evitados de los campos de exterminio de Deir ez-Zor por solicitud personal de Djemal Pasha. [33] En el transcurso del genocidio armenio , la tasa de muerte de los aproximadamente 25.000 armenios de Adana que fueron deportados a lo largo de 1915, fue mucho más baja que la de los deportados de otras regiones debido a tres factores principales: No hay informes de asesinatos directos en y alrededor de la ciudad, una parte siendo deportada al área de Damasco y con dinero para manejar sus vidas en el camino y después de llegar a sus lugares designados.
Dominio francés
Hititas de 1600 a 1500
Kizzuwatna (gratis) de 1500 a 1420
Hititas de 1420 a 1190
Pueblos del mar de Denyen 1190 a 900 c.
Quwê / Asiria c. 900–612
Reino de Cilicia 612–549
Imperio aqueménida 549–333
Imperio de Alejandro 333–323
Reino Ptolemaico 323–312
Imperio seléucida 312–83
Reino de Armenia 83–64
Imperio Romano 64BC-395AD
Imperio bizantino 395–704
Califato omeya 704–746
Imperio bizantino 746–756
Califato abasí 756–965
Imperio bizantino 965-1084
Seljuk / Cruzadas 1084-1132
Principado armenio de Cilicia 1132-1137
Imperio bizantino 1137-1170
Reino armenio de Cilicia 1170-1359
Emirato de Ramadánid 1359-1608
Imperio Otomano 1608–1833
Egipto Eyalet 1833–1840
Imperio Otomano 1840-1918
Cilicia francesa 1918-1922
El armisticio de Mudros que se firmó el 30 de octubre de 1918 para poner fin a la Primera Guerra Mundial , cedió el control de Cilicia a Francia . El gobierno francés envió cuatro batallones de la Legión Armenia en diciembre para hacerse cargo de Adana y supervisar la repatriación de más de 170.000 armenios a Cilicia. Los armenios que regresaron negociaron con Francia para establecer un Estado autónomo de Cilicia y Mihran Damadian , el principal negociador de los armenios, firmó la Constitución provisional de Cilicia en 1919. [5] La vida anterior a la guerra se reanudó con la reapertura de las iglesias y las escuelas. , los centros culturales y los negocios.
Las fuerzas francesas se dispersaron demasiado en Cilicia y las aldeas que fueron repatriadas sufrieron ataques fulminantes por parte del turco Kuva-yi Milliye . Los costos y las dificultades asociadas con el proceso de repatriación, el creciente nacionalismo árabe en el mandato de Siria, obligaron a los altos comisionados franceses a reunirse con el líder turco, Mustafa Kemal Pasha , varias veces a fines de 1919 y principios de 1920, lo que resultó en la detención del despliegue de fuerzas adicionales en Cilicia. [34] Una tregua arreglada el 28 de mayo entre los franceses y los kemalistas, llevó a la retirada de las fuerzas francesas al sur del ferrocarril Mersin-Osmaniye. La posterior evacuación de miles de armenios de Sis y sus alrededores y su migración a Adana elevó el número de armenios en la ciudad a más de 100.000. [35] A lo largo de junio, la Legión Armenia, armenios y asirios repatriados habían cometido actos de venganza contra los turcos, matando a cientos en Kahyaoğlu , Kocavezir, Camili e İncirlik . [36] El 10 de julio de 1920, para aliviar el sur superpoblado del ferrocarril, una operación franco-armenia obligó a la población turca local a escapar hacia el norte. Aproximadamente 40.000 turcos de Adana y sus alrededores huyeron al campo y a las montañas del norte, un evento conocido como incidente de Kaç Kaç , que duró 4 días y se cobró cientos de vidas. [37] Mihran Damadian declaró la autonomía de Cilicia el 5 de agosto de 1920, al llegar a un consenso con las comunidades cristianas de la ciudad. El gobierno francés, sin embargo, no reconoció la autonomía, expulsó a los líderes comunitarios y disolvió la Legión Armenia en septiembre. [33]
Con el entorno político y los intereses cambiantes, los franceses invirtieron aún más su política y abandonaron todas las pretensiones de Cilicia, que originalmente habían esperado adjuntar a su mandato sobre Siria . [35] El Tratado de Paz de Cilicia se firmó el 9 de marzo de 1921 entre Francia y la Gran Asamblea Nacional de Turquía . El tratado no logró los objetivos previstos y fue reemplazado por el Tratado de Ankara que se firmó el 20 de octubre de 1921. Con base en los términos del acuerdo, Francia reconoció el fin de la Guerra de Cilicia y la retirada bajo la condición de las comunidades cristianas ' derechos a proteger. [38] Los armenios que no estaban satisfechos con las garantías que ofrecía el tratado y que no tenían confianza en el gobierno nacionalista turco después de las catástrofes de 1909 y 1915, se habían apresurado al puerto de Mersin y Dörtyol , y habían evacuado su patria de dos milenios por Diciembre de 1921. [39] Las tropas francesas junto con los voluntarios armenios restantes se retiraron de la ciudad el 5 de enero de 1922. Más tarde, en 1922, hasta 10.000 griegos de Adana se trasladaron a Grecia antes de que la política de intercambio de población greco-turca entrara en vigor. [5] [40] Los armenios de Adana se establecieron en el Líbano , donde fundaron el vecindario Nor Adana (en: New Adana) dentro de la ciudad mayoritariamente armenia de Bourj Hammoud , justo al noreste de Beirut . [41] Desde la década de 1920, alrededor del 60 por ciento de los armenios de Cilicia se trasladaron a Argentina . Un censo informal de 1941 reveló que el 70 por ciento de todos los armenios argentinos en Buenos Aires tenían orígenes Adana. [42]
Turquía moderna
El 15 de abril de 1923, justo antes de la firma del Tratado de Lausana , el gobierno turco promulgó la "Ley de Propiedades Abandonadas" que confiscó las propiedades de armenios y griegos que no estaban presentes en su propiedad. Adana fue una de las ciudades con más propiedades confiscadas, por lo que muhacirs de los Balcanes y Creta , migrantes de Kayseri y Darende fueron reubicados en los barrios armenios y griegos de la ciudad. Se les distribuyó todo tipo de modestas propiedades, terrenos, casas y talleres. Se concedieron grandes granjas, fábricas, tiendas y mansiones a los notables de Kayseri (por ejemplo, Nuh Naci Yazgan, Nuri Has, Mustafa Özgür) y a los nacionalistas locales (por ejemplo, Sefa Özler, Ali Münif) como prometió Mustafa Kemal (más tarde Atatürk ) en el Congreso de Sivas. ). [43] En una década, la ciudad experimentó un fuerte cambio demográfico, social y económico y perdió su diversidad al convertirse en una ciudad exclusivamente musulmana / turca. [5] Los judíos y cristianos restantes se vieron afectados por la pesada carga del impuesto sobre el patrimonio en 1942, lo que los obligó a abandonar Adana y vender sus propiedades por debajo del valor a familias como Sabancı , que construyeron su riqueza sobre la propiedad de propiedades confiscadas o infravaloradas. El cambio forzoso en los medios de producción condujo al abuso de la riqueza y al trato severo de la mano de obra a finales del siglo XX, ya que los nuevos poseedores no tenían los atributos de gestión que tenían los propietarios anteriores.
La ciudad fue golpeada por un terremoto de magnitud 6,2 ( terremoto de Adana-Ceyhan de 1998 ) el 27 de junio de 1998. El desastre mató a 145 personas y dejó 1500 heridos y muchos miles de personas sin hogar en la ciudad y en el distrito de Ceyhan. La pérdida económica total se estimó en alrededor de mil millones de dólares. [44]
Gobernancia
The city of Adana is referred as the area that is within the borders of Adana Metropolitan Municipality. This area covers 30 km2 (12 sq mi) around the City Hall excluding the areas out of the Province.[45] Four levels of government are involved in the administration of the city; national government, provincial administration, metropolitan municipality and the district municipalities. Government of Turkey in Ankara holds most of the power; health, education, police and many other city related services are administered by Ankara through an appointed Governor. National government is also the lawmaker, adjudicator and auditor of all the other levels of government and the neighborhood administration. Semi-democratic provincial governing body, Adana Province Special Administration, has minor powers, dealing mainly with construction and maintenance of primary schools, daycares and other state buildings and some level of social services.[46] Municipal governance is held in a two-tier structure; Metropolitan Municipality forms the upper and the district municipalities form the lower tier. Metropolitan municipality takes care of construction and maintenance of major roads and parks, operating local transit and fire services.[47] District municipalities are responsible for neighborhood streets, parks, operating garbage collection and cemetery services. The district municipalities are further divided into neighborhoods (mahalle), the smallest administrative units of the city.
Metropolitan municipality
Adana Municipality was incorporated in 1871 though the city continued to be governed by the muhtesip system until 1877 by the first mayor Gözlüklü Süleyman Efendi. The first modern municipal governance began with the second mayor Kirkor Bezdikyan and his successor Sinyor Artin. The roads were widened and paved with cobblestone, drainage canals and trenches were opened, more importantly the first municipal regulations were put in effect. After the foundation of the republic, major infrastructure projects were completed and the first planned neighborhoods were built north of the city. Turhan Cemal Beriker served as mayor and governor for 12 years during this period. With the completion of Seyhan Dam in 1956, the city saw explosive growth when then prime minister Adnan Menderes showed special interest in Adana; he initiated large-scale infrastructure projects like citywide underground sewer systems and rezoning of residential areas into roads and public spaces. From 1984 to the present, the cityscape has seen revolutionary changes with the revitalization of Seyhan river and the construction of large parks and boulevards.[48]
Metropolitan Municipality Law was introduced in 1989 and the municipal governance was split between metropolitan municipality and district municipalities. Adana Municipality then became the Metropolitan Municipality and two new district municipalities were founded; Seyhan and Yüreğir. Karaisalı was annexed to the city in 2006, Çukurova and Sarıçam districts were founded in 2008 by the partitioning of Seyhan and Yüreğir districts respectively. On 3 February 2012, Karataş Municipal Council accepted a motion to amalgamate the municipality with Adana, hence Karataş will become the sixth district of the city after the transition process is completed.[49]
Metropolitan municipality consists of three organs; Metropolitan Council, Mayor and the Encümen. Each district municipal council elects one-fifth of their members to represent the district at the metropolitan council. Thus, metropolitan council consists of 35 councilors, ten from Seyhan district, eight from Yüreğir, eight from Çukurova, six from Sarıçam, two from Karaisalı and the metropolitan mayor who is elected directly by the voters.[50] Encümen, the executive committee, consists of ten members, five being metropolitan councilors and the other five are the directors at the metropolitan hall who are appointed to the Encümen by the metropolitan mayor.[51]
Districts
City of Adana consists of the urban areas of the four metropolitan districts; Seyhan, Yüreğir, Çukurova, Sarıçam. Seyhan district is fully within the city limits whereas Yüreğir, Çukurova and Sarıçam districts have rural areas outside the city.
Seyhan district, located west of Seyhan River, is the cultural and business center of the city. D-400 state road (also called Turhan Cemal Beriker Boulevard within the city limits) divides the district into north and south. Seyhan's north of D-400, is economically the most developed part of the city. Hotels, cultural centers, commercial and public buildings line up along D-400. Old town, located south of D-400, is the market place where traditional and modern shops serve the residents. South of the old town is a low-income residential area.
Çukurova district is a modern residential district that lies north of the Seyhan district and south of the Seyhan Reservoir. The district was planned in the mid-1980s to direct the urban sprawl to low-fertile 3000 hectare land north of the city. Named as New Adana, the project consisted of 200,000 homes including villas along the lake shore and high-rise apartment buildings along the newly opened wide boulevards of Turgut Özal, Süleyman Demirel and Kenan Evren.[52]
Yüreğir district, located east of the river, consists mainly of low-income residential areas and large-scale industries. With the construction of new bridges on the river and the extension of metro line to the district, Yüreğir became increasingly important, Adana Court of Justice re-locating to the district and a 47.5-hectare health campus planned to be built in the Kazım Karabekir neighborhood.[53] An extensive urban redevelopment plan is under effect in the district which will convert the neighborhoods of Sinanpaşa, Yavuzlar, Köprülü and Kışla into modern residential areas.[54]
District of Sarıçam lies north and east of Yüreğir, consisting of former municipalities that were amalgamated to the City of Adana in 2008. Some of the large institutions of the city are in Sarıçam: Çukurova University, İncirlik Air Base and the Organized Industrial Region.
Neighborhoods
Neighborhoods (Mahalle) are administrative units within the district municipalities and are administered by the muhtar and the Neighborhood Seniors Council. Although elected by the neighborhood residents, the muhtar is not granted any powers, thus functions as an administrator of the national government. Muhtar can voice neighborhood issues to the district municipality and do have a seat at the Adana City Assembly, an umbrella organization for the coordination of public institutions in the city.[55] Despite the fact that neighborhood administration cannot provide social services nor have funding to increase the involvement of residents in neighborhood issues, many residents still like to identify themselves strongly with their neighborhoods especially in the low-income areas.
There are a total of 254 neighborhoods in the city. Seyhan has 99 neighborhoods, 69 of them in the urban area and 30 are the neighborhoods of the former municipalities and the former villages that converted into neighborhoods. Yüreğir has 99 neighborhoods, 38 in the urban area and 61 rural. There are 29 neighborhoods in Sarıçam, 16 neighborhoods in Çukurova and 11 in Karaisalı district. A neighborhood population can range from 150 to 63,000.[56] Some neighborhoods, especially in the Çukurova district, are very large—almost the size of a town—making resident access to muhtars difficult.
Tepebağ, Kayalıbağ, Kuruköprü, Ulucami, Sarıyakup and Alidede are the historical neighborhoods of Adana. The planned neighborhoods of the republican era, Reşatbey, Cemalpaşa, Kurtuluş and Çınarlı are the core of cultural life in the city. Güzelyalı, Karslılar and Kurttepe are the scenic neighborhoods overlooking the Seyhan reservoir.
Economía
Adana is one of the first industrialized cities, as well as one of the economically developed cities of Turkey. A mid-size trading city until the mid-1800s, the city attracted European traders after the United States, a major cotton supplier, was embroiled with its Civil War. Cilicia farmers exported agricultural products for the first time and started building capital. By the start of the 20th century, factories almost all processing cotton, began to operate in the region. Factories were shut down and the economy almost came to a standstill in 1915, after the genocide of Armenians who ran most of the businesses in the city. Foundation of the republic, again accelerated the growth of industrialization by re-activation of closed plants and opening of state-owned ones. With the construction of Seyhan Dam and improvements in agricultural techniques, there was an explosive growth in agricultural production during the 1950s. Large-scale industries were built along D-400 state road and Karataş road. The service industry, especially banking, developed during this period.[57] Rapid economic growth continued until the mid-1980s and was accompanied by the rise of capitalistic greed which attracted movie makers to the region, filming income inequalities and the abuse of wealth.
Extensive neo-liberal policies by then Prime Minister Turgut Özal to centralize the country's economy, caused almost all Adana-based companies to move their headquarters to Istanbul. The decline in cotton planting in the region raised the raw material cost for manufacturing, thus the city has seen a wave of plant closures starting from the mid-1990s.[58] Young professionals fled the city, contributing to Adana's status as the top brain drain city of Turkey. Financial and human capital flight from Adana further increased since 2002 with the current national governing party, AKP, due to neo-liberal centralization policies similar to Özal's and in addition, hidden policy not to invest in major projects in a city nonaligned with AKP version of conservatism. In 2010, unemployment in the city reached a record high of 19.1 percent.[59] After 20 years of stagnation, the economy of Adana is picking up recently with investments in the tourism and service industry, wholesale and retail sectors and the city is re-shaping as a regional center.
Adana was named among the 25 European Regions of the Future for 2006/2007 by Foreign Direct Investment magazine. Chosen alongside Kocaeli for Turkey, Adana scored the highest points for cost effectiveness against Kocaeli's points for infrastructure development, while Adana and Kocaeli tied on points for the categories of human resources and quality of life.[60]
Commerce
A leading commercial center in southern Turkey, the city hosts regional headquarters of many corporate and public institutions. TÜYAP Exhibition and Congress Center hosts fairs, business conferences and currently it is the main meeting point for businesses in Çukurova.[61] Academic oriented 2000-seater Alper Akınoğlu Congress Center is expected to open in 2012 at Çukurova University campus.[62]
Adana Chamber of Commerce (ATO) was founded in 1894 to guide and regulate the cotton trade and it is one of the oldest of its kind in Turkey. Today the Chamber has more than 25,000 member companies, furthers the interests of businesses and advocates on their behalf.[63] Adana Commodity Exchange, founded in 1913, functions mainly to organize the trade of agricultural produce and livestock in a secure and open manner. The Exchange is located across the Metropolitan Theatre Hall.[64]
Designation of coastal areas of Ceyhan and Yumurtalık districts as Energy-specific Industrial Areas has made Adana an attraction for hotel building. Current capacity of 29 hotels hosting 4200 guests will double in two years; total number of hotel beds rising to 8400.[65] Current 5-star hotels of the city, Hilton, Seyhan and Sürmeli will be complemented by Sheraton and Türkmen hotels on the river bank, Ramada and Divan hotels in the city center, Anemon hotel at the west end which are all currently under construction.[66]
Agriculture
Adana is the marketing and distribution center for Çukurova agricultural region, where cotton, wheat, corn, soy bean, barley, grapes and citrus fruits are produced in great quantities. Farmers of Adana produce half of the corn and soy bean in Turkey. 34 percent of Turkey's peanuts and 29 percent of Turkey's oranges are harvested in Adana.[67] Most of the farming and agricultural-based companies of the region have their offices in Adana. Producer co-operatives play a significant role in the economy of the city. Çukobirlik, Turkey's largest producer co-operative, has 36,064 producer members in ten provinces and services from planting to marketing of cotton, peanut, soybean, sunflower and canola.[68]
Adana Agriculture Fair is the region's largest fair attracting more than 100 thousand visitors from 20 nations. The fair hosts agriculture, livestock, poultry and dairy businesses. Greenhouse and Gardening Fair also takes place at the same time in part of the Agriculture Fair. The fair is organized on a 3.5-hectare area at TÜYAP Exhibition Center every year in October.[69]
Manufacturing
Adana is an industrialized city where large-scale industry is based mostly on agriculture. Food processing and fabricated metal products are the major industries constituting 27 percent of Adana's manufacturing,[70] furniture and rubber/plastic product manufacturing plants are also numerous. As of 2008[update], Adana has 11 companies in Turkey's top 500 industrial firms.[71] The largest company in Adana, Temsa Global, an automotive manufacturer, has more than 2500 employees and manufactures 4000 buses annually. Marsan-Adana is the largest margarine and plant oil factory in Turkey.[72] Advansa Sasa is Europe's largest polyester manufacturer employing 2650.[73] Organized Industrial Region of Adana has an area of 1225 hectare with 300 plants, mostly medium-scale.
Demografía
As of December 2019, the total population of the four districts is 1,768,860.[74]
The population of the four districts of Adana since 2008 are:
District | City Population | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
Seyhan | 752,308 | 722,852 | 723,277 | 757,928 | 764,714 | 779,232 | 788,722 | 797,563 | 800,387 | 793,480 | 796,286 |
Yüreğir | 411,299 | 415,047 | 417,693 | 421,692 | 416,302 | 419,240 | 419,011 | 419,902 | 424,999 | 415,198 | 414,574 |
Çukurova | 267,453 | 327,460 | 343,770 | 326,938 | 335,733 | 353,680 | 359,315 | 362,351 | 364,118 | 365,735 | 376,390 |
Sarıçam | 86,727 | 90,879 | 99,313 | 103,232 | 111,976 | 143,547 | 150,425 | 156,748 | 163,833 | 173,154 | 181,610 |
Total | 1,517,787 | 1,556,238 | 1,584,053 | 1,609,790 | 1,628,725 | 1,695,699 | 1,717,473 | 1,736,564 | 1,753,337 | 1,747,567 | 1,768,860 |
Two-thirds of the residents of Adana live west of the Seyhan River, where the city was first founded. Urban sprawl east of the river is limited due to large institutions such as Çukurova University and Incirlik Air Base. Seyhan is the most diverse district, accommodating all ethnic groups.
The major ethnic groups in Adana are the Turks, Arabs and Kurds. Population growth slowed between 1885 and 1927 because of the Adana Massacre and the Armenian deportations, with the numbers only being replenished, rather than increased, by refugees brought in from the Balkans and Crete as part of the Population Exchange of 1923. The first Turks moved to the city from Khorosan at the 8th century. In the early 14th century, several Türkmen tribes were settled after Mamluks took control of Çukurova.[75] An Ottoman tax register from 1526 records 16 Turkish residential areas, but only one Armenian and none that were Greek, Jewish, Kurd or Arab.[76] During the 17th century more Armenians and Greeks settled in the city; according to Evliya Çelebi there was also an Arab population.[76]
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1885 | 69,266 | — |
1908 | 107,450 | +55.1% |
1927 | 72,577 | −32.5% |
1955 | 100,367 | +38.3% |
1980 | 574,515 | +472.4% |
2000 | 1,130,710 | +96.8% |
2019 | 1,768,860 | +56.4% |
Arabs are concentrated in Karşıyaka quarter of Yüreğir. The demography of the city changed significantly in the 1990s after the massive migration of Kurds, many of them being forced to leave their villages in the southeast at the peak of Turkey–PKK conflict.[77] Kurds mostly live in southern neighborhoods of the city.[78] Conos, a tribe of Romani people of Romania, settled in Adana during the Balkan Wars. Conos mainly live around Sinanpaşa neighborhood. Around 8,000 Romani people live in Adana Province, including Conos.[79] There is a sizeable community of migrants from the Balkans and Caucasia, who also settled in Adana during the Balkan Wars and before.
An estimated 2,000 families of Crypto-Armenians live in Adana, identifying themselves as Arabs, Kurds or Alevis for the last century.[80][unreliable source?] In addition, there are a large number of descendants of the Armenian children given to Muslim families to be fostered in 1915, either by their Armenian parents or by Ottoman officials. Christians constituted 45% of the population of Adana before 1915.[81] Most Adana Armenians now live in Buenos Aires, Argentina where they form majority of the Armenian Argentines there.[42]
Adana is home to a community of around 2,000 British and Americans serving at the Incirlik NATO Air Base. Before 2003, the community numbered up to 22,000, but declined when many troops were stationed in Iraq.[82]
Similar to other cities on the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts, secularism is strong in Adana. Among the people with faith, the majority of the residents adhere to Sunni Islam. The majority of Turks, most of the Kurds and some of the Arabs are Sunni Muslim. Adana is also a stronghold of Alevism, many Alevis having moved to the city from Kahramanmaraş after the incidents in 1978. Arabs of Adana are mostly Alawi, which is often confused with Alevis. Alawi Arabs are locally known as Nusayri or Fellah. Arabs from Şanlıurfa Province are Sunni Muslims. There is a tiny community of Roman Catholics and a few Jewish families.
Paisaje urbano
Architecture
The golden age for the architecture of Adana was the late 15th and 16th centuries when Ramadanid principality chose Adana as their capital. The city grew rapidly during that period with many new neighborhoods being built. Most of the historical landmarks of Adana were built during this period, thus Mamluk and Seljuqid architecture are dominant in Adana's architectural history. Taşköprü is the only remaining landmark from the Roman-Byzantine era, and few public buildings were built during Ottoman rule. Adana is home to modern Turkey's historic Armenian architecture, which can be found behind the city's central modern buildings.
The first traces of settlement in the quarter of Tepebağ, can be traced to the neolithic age. The quarter is next to the Taşköprü stone bridge, situated on a hill which gave its name Tepebağ (Garden on the hill). The city administration has launched a campaign to preserve the heritage of this area, particularly the Ottoman houses. Atatürk stayed in one of these houses on Seyhan Caddesi which now houses the Atatürk Museum.
Several bridges cross the Seyhan river within the city, the most notable among them is the Taşköprü, a 2nd-century Roman bridge.[83] Currently used by pedestrians and cyclists, it was the oldest bridge in the world to be open to motorized vehicles until 2007. Demirköprü is a railway bridge that was built in 1912 as part of the Berlin-Baghdad Railway project. Regülatör bridge, at the southern section of the city, is a road bridge as well as a regulator for the river water. There are also three footbridges, Seyhan and Mustafakemalpaşa road bridges, the bridge of the metro and the bridge of the motorway spanning the river.
Büyük Saat (The Great Clock Tower), built by the local governor of Adana in 1882, is the tallest clock tower in Turkey rising 32 m (104.99 ft) high. It was damaged during French occupation, but was rebuilt in 1935, and its image can be found in the city's coat of arms. Kazancılar Çarşısı (Bazaar of Kazancilar), founded around the Büyük Saat.
Ramazanoğlu Hall was built in 1495 during the reign of Halil Bey. A three-story building, made of stone and brick, it is one of the oldest examples of a house in Turkey. This hall is the Harem section, where the Ramadanid family lived. Selamlık section, where the government offices were, no longer exists.
Çarşı Hamam (Turkish bath of the Bazaar) was built in 1529 by Ramazanoğlu Piri Pasha and it is the largest hamam in Adana. It is built with five domes and the inside is covered with marble. During the time it was built, water was brought from Seyhan River by water wheels and canals.[84]
Irmak Hamam (Turkish bath of the River), located next to Seyhan District Hall, was built in 1494 by Ramazanoğlu Halil Bey on the ruins of an ancient Roman bath. Its water comes from the river. Other historical hamams in the city are Mestenzade Bath and Yeni Bath.
Mosques Sabancı Merkez Camii, though not being historical, is the most visited mosque in Adana, as it is one of the largest mosques in the Middle East. Built in loyalty to Ottoman Architecture, the mosque was opened in 1998 to a capacity of 28,500 prayers. The mosque has six minarets, four of them being 99 meters high. Its dome has a diameter of 32 meters and is 54 meters above the praying area. It is located on the west bank of Seyhan River at the corner of Seyhan Bridge and can be seen from a wide area.[85]
Ulu Cami, a külliye built in 1541 during Ramadanid era, is the most interesting medieval structure of Adana with its mosque, madrasah and türbe. The mosque is of black and white marble with decorative window surrounds and it is famous for the 16th century Iznik tiling used in its inner space. The minaret is unique with the Mamluk effects it bears and with its orthogonal plan scheme.
Yağ Camii was originally built as the Church of St. James, then converted into a mosque by Ramazanoğlu Halil Bey in 1501.[86] His successor Piri Mehmet Paşa added its minaret in 1525 and its madrasah in 1558. It is in the Seljuqid Grand Mosque style and has an attractive gate made of yellow stone.
Yeni Camii (New Mosque) was built in 1724 by Abdülrezzak Antaki, and is still known as Antaki Mosque by some. The influence of Mamluk architecture is visible. It is built in rectangular order and has an interesting stonework on its south walls.[87]
Alemdar Mescidi, Şeyh Zülfi Mescidi, Kızıldağ Ramazanoğlu Mosque, Hasan Aga Camii (16th Century wooden architecture constructed without nails) are some other mosques having historical value.
Churches
In the 19th century, the city had four churches; two Armenian, one Greek and one Catholic. Saint Paul Church (Bebekli Kilise) is a Roman Catholic church that was built in 1870. It is located in the old town, close to 5 Ocak Square and currently serves the Roman Catholic and the Protestant communities.
Agios Nikolaos Greek Orthodox Church was built in 1845 in the Kuruköprü area and was converted into a museum in 1950. The church was restored to its original state and purpose in 2015 and is renamed Kuruköprü Monumental Church.
Armenian Church on Ali Münif Street, at midpoint between Yağ Camii to Büyüksaat, was converted into a Ziraat Bank branch during the Republican Era. Surp Asdvadzadzin Armenian Apostolic Church on the Abidinpaşa Street which served until 1915, was used as a movie theatre until 1970, and then demolished by the government and the Central Bank (Merkez Bankası) regional headquarters was built in its stead.[88]
Parks and gardens
Adana has many parks and gardens.[89] Owing to the warm climate, parks and gardens are open all year long without the need of winter maintenance.
Recreational pathways on both banks of Seyhan river cross the entire city from south end to Seyhan Reservoir. Pathway then connects to Adnan Menderes Boulevard which follows the southern shores of Seyhan Reservoir, and the wide sidewalks of the boulevard extend the pathway to the west end of the reservoir. Dilberler Sekisi is the most scenic part of the pathway which is along the west bank, in between the old and the new dam. Recreational pathway along the north side of the Grand Canal goes from east end to west end of the city, crossing Seyhan river from old dam's pathway. Some sections of this pathway have not yet been completed. Once completed, within the city there will be almost 30 kilometres (19 miles) of continuous recreational pathway connecting several parks.
Merkez Park (Central Park) is a 33-hectare urban park that is located on both banks of Seyhan river, just north of Sabancı Mosque. With a 2100-seater amphitheatre, a Chinese Garden, and two cafes, it is the main recreational area of the city. In the park, there is a Rowing Club which serves recreational rowers.
Süleyman Demirel Arboretum is a large botanical garden containing living collections of woody plants intended partly for the scientific study of Çukurova University researchers. The arboretum is also used for educational and recreational purposes by city residents. 512 species of plants exist in the arboretum.[90]
Atatürk Park is a 4.7-hectare city park built during the first years of the Republic. It is centrally located in the commercial district. The park holds a statue of Atatürk and hosts public ceremonies.
Çobandede Park is a 16.5-hectare park at the west shore of Seyhan Reservoir. It is situated on a hill overlooking the reservoir. The park has the tomb of Çoban Dede, a wise man from Karslı Village.
Yaşar Kemal Woods is a hiking area on the east bank of Seyhan river across Dilberler Sekisi. It is dedicated to Çukurova native writer Yaşar Kemal. Çatalan Woods is a large recreational area between Çatalan and Seyhan reservoirs, north of the city, in the Karaisalı district.
sociedad y Cultura
One of the major elements that define the society of Adana is the agriculture-based living and its extension, agriculture-based industrial culture. However, developments in industrial life, improvements in transportation, effects of communication and massive migrations have affected the unique culture of Adana. Similar to other cities in Turkey, the culture in some sections in the city are very distinct from each other.[91]
Cocina
Adana cuisine is influenced mainly from Yörük, Arabic and Armenian cuisine and the city has kept up its traditions. Spicy, sour and fatty dishes made of meat (usually lamb) and bulghur are common. Bulghur and flour are found in all Çukurova kitchens. In almost every home, red pepper, spices, tahini, a chopping block and pastry board can be found. The bulghur used in cooking is specific to Adana, made from dark colored hard wheat species with a preferred flavor.[92]
Adana Kebab, called "Kebap" locally, is a kebab made from minced meat. Since it can be found at all kebab restaurants in Turkey and at most Turkish restaurants around the world, the Adana name still suggests kebab to many people. Adana Kebab is the most popular dining choice in Adana, although foods from other cultures are becoming increasingly popular. Besides many kebab restaurants, there are also many kebab serving vendors in the older streets of Adana.
Adana Kebab is usually served with onion salad, green salad or with well-chopped tomato salad. Rakı and Şalgam usually accompany it as drinks. There are many varieties of salads typical to the city. Radish salad with tahini is popular and it is found only in the Çukurova region. Şalgam and pickle juice are the drinks of the winter and aşlama (licorice juice) is the choice of drink in summer.
One of the famous sweets of Turkey called "Sweet Sausage" originated from Adana. It was invented by Sir Duran O. during the First World War, around 1915 Seker Sucugu.
Vegetable dishes are also popular in the city. Besides tomato paste, pepper paste is used in almost every dish. The city is also famous for its Şırdan a kind of home-made sausage stuffed with rice, and eaten with cumin; paça, boiled sheep's feet; bicibici (pronounced as bee-jee-bee-jee) made from jellied starch, rose water and sugar is served with crushed ice and consumed especially in summertime. Furthermore, the city has a number of famous desserts, such as Halka Tatlı, a round-shaped dessert, and Taş Kadayıf, a bow-shaped dessert. Several types of fruit, including the apricot, are native to this area.
arte y Entretenimiento
Performing arts
Çukurova State Symphony Orchestra performed its first concert in 1992 and since then, the orchestra performs twice weekly from October to May at the Metropolitan Theatre Hall. The orchestra consists of 39 musicians and conducts regular tours in Turkey and abroad. Adana State Theater opened its stage in 1981 at the Sabancı Cultural Center. It performs regularly from October to May.[93] Adana Town Theatre was founded in 1880 by governor Ziya Paşa to be the first theater in Adana. In 1926, the theater moved to the newly built Community Center. Town Theatre currently performs weekly at the Metropolitan Theatre Hall and the Ramazanoğlu Center. Seyhan Town Theatre and Seyhan Folkloric Dances are weekly events at the Theater Hall of Seyhan Cultural Center.
Amphitheaters in Adana host performances from April to November. Mimar Sinan Amphitheater, the largest in Adana, can accommodate 8,000 guests and hosts concerts and movies. It is located at the west bank of the Seyhan River. 2,100-seater Merkez Park Amphitheater, 3,000-seater Çukurova University Amphitheater and Doğal Park Amphitheater in Çukurova District also host theaters, concerts and cinemas. Recently, historic buildings have been restored and converted into cultural centers. The 515-year-old Ramazanoğlu Hall and 130-year-old former high school for girls (now called the Adana Center for Arts and Culture) serve as cultural centers hosting art exhibitions and cultural events.
Museums and art galleries
Adana Archaeological Museum was opened in 1924 as one of the oldest ten museums in Turkey. It moved to its current location at the west corner of Seyhan Bridge in 1972. The museum exhibits archeological works from all over Çukurova. Notable works are the two Augustus statues from Hittites, Achilles Sarcophagus depicting Trojan War and statues from Magarsus and Augusta ancient cities.
Adana Ethnography Museum was opened in 1983 after Archeological Museum moved to its new location. In the front and back yard there are epitaphs and gravestones of Adana's leading figures of the 17th century. In the west yard, there are inscriptions of Taşköprü, Misis Bridge, old City Hall and Bahripaşa Fountain. Inside, there are clothing, jewellery and weaponry of Yörük villagemen.
Atatürk Museum exhibits War of Independence and first years of Republic at the mansion where Atatürk stayed during his trips to Adana.
Misis Mosaic Museum, located on the city's far east end at the west bank of Ceyhan river, exhibits mosaics that were on the floor of a 4th-century temple in the ancient city of Misis. The mosaic depicts Noah and 23 birds and poultry that he took onto the ark during the Flood. The museum also exhibits the works that were excavated from Misis Tumulus.[94]
Karacaoğlan Museum of Literature, Adana Museum of Cinema, Yeşiloba Martyrs' Museum, Mehmet Baltacı Museum of Photography and Adana Urban Museum are other noteworthy museums in the city, many of them located in restored historical buildings.[95] State Fine Arts Gallery was opened in Sabancı Cultural Center in 1982. It carries 59 plastic pieces of art. 75.Yıl Art Gallery in Atatürk Park, Adana City Hall Art Gallery and Art Gallery in Seyhan Cultural Center are the other public art galleries.
Festivals
Altın Koza International Film Festival is one of the top film festivals in Turkey, taking place since 1969. During the Altın Koza of 2009, 212 international films were shown in 11 movie theatres across the city. Long Film Contest, International Student Film Contest and Mediterranean Cultures Film Contest are held during the festival.
International Sabancı Theater Festival is held every year in April since 1999. At the festival in 2011, 461 artists from 17 ensembles (10 local and 7 international) performed plays on the stage at the Sabancı Cultural Center. The festival's opening show was staged on the Seyhan River and Taşköprü by Italian ensemble Studio Festi. "Water Symphony" show was greeted by thousands of people with great enthusiasm.[96]
Orange Blossom Carnival is held every April, inspired by the scent coming from the city's orange tree-lined streets. The carnival parade of 2015 attracted more than 90 thousand people—the highest attendance ever in an outdoor event in Adana.[97] Organized concerts and shows in the city's squares, parks and streets are accompanied by spontaneous street celebrations.
International Çukurova Instrumental Music Festival is a two-week long festival held annually in Adana, Antakya and Gaziantep. In 2009, the festival took place for the fifth time with an opening concert from Çukurova State Symphony Orchestra. Baritone Marcin Bronikowski, pianist Vania Batchvarova, guitarist Peter Finger, cellist Ozan Tunca and pianist Zöhrap Adıgüzelzade were some of the musicians who performed at the festival.[98]
Çukurova Art Days is a regional festival that takes place yearly since 2007. In 2012, the festival took place on 22–26 March in Adana, Mersin, Tarsus, Antakya, İskenderun, Silifke, Anamur and Aleppo. There were 94 events including concerts, poetry, exhibitions, talks and conferences.[99]
13 Kare Arts Festival began in 1999 as a festival of photography dedicated to 13 photographers of Adana who died in an accident during an AFAD (Adana Photography Amateurs Association) trip. The festival then expanded to include other arts. During the festival, exhibitions of nature, undersea and architecture photography, puppet shows, shadow theater and several concerts are held. The festival takes place every December.
Adana Literature Festival is held every April at Adana Center for Arts & Culture. Around 100 writers, poets and critics participate in the festival and give talks, make up panels and make presentations.
Nightlife
The city was well known for its vibrant nightlife and many pavyons from the 1950s to the 1980s. Although some were family entertainment places, pavyons mostly functioned as adult entertainment clubs, similar to hostess clubs of Japan, with live music, usually two-storey, a stage and a lounge with tables lined up at the main floor and private rooms at the upper floor.[100] The first pavyons opened in the city by 1942 with the arrival of English workers who worked on the Adana-Ulukışla road that was funded by the British Government to persuade Turkey to form a front in World War II.[101] As Çukurova cotton was valued by the early 1950s, the surplus took landowners to the pavyons which opened more and more along the Seyhan river. In the 1960s, rapid industrialization brought more men to pavyons not only from the city, but from a wide region including Istanbul and Ankara, thus Adana was named Pavyon Capital of Turkey. Many popular singers took the stage at and owe their fame to the pavyons of Adana.
Pavyons led the way to Western-style pubs and night clubs by the late 1980s with the socio-economic changes in Adana. The traditional entertainment district is Sular, near Central Station, but the pubs and clubs nowadays are spread throughout the city. The bigger clubs such as Life Legend, Uptown, Casara and Lava host world star singers at their elegant locations, mostly along the river and the lake. There are still two active pavyons, Afrodit and Maksim, but adult entertainment is directed mostly to what is known locally as tele-bars. Tele-bars are licensed as regular pubs, but function as places where bargirls entertain customers and usually hook with them afterwards. There are around 20 tele-bars mainly in the city center and around the old dam.[102]
A hundred-year-long tradition of kebab, liver and rakı in the Kazancılar Bazaar, with street music and dances, turned into a festival since 2010, with all-night entertainment. World Rakı Festival, held the second Saturday night of December, attracts more than 20 thousand people to the old town.[103]
Sports
Athletic sport life progressed in Cilicia in the early 20th century with the coaches that were invited to Adana from Istanbul. Varag Pogharian and Mateos Zarifian played an important role in the organization of the athletic movement and the first sports clubs in the city were founded by the Armenian community. Adana Türkgücü were founded in 1913 by Ahmet Remzi Bey and İsmail Sefa Bey in alliance with the Istanbul Türkgücü club that is initiated by the Committee of Union and Progress.[104] Athletic clubs of Adana joined the Cilician Olympic Games that were held in April 1914 at a venue north of Dörtyol, first of its kind in the region.[105] Adana İdman Yurdu, Adana Türk Ocağı, Seyhanspor and Milli Mensucat clubs were founded in the city in the 1920s, all joining the Adana Football League that was established in 1924 with the clubs from other Cilician provinces. Adanaspor that were founded in 1932 and Adana Demirspor that were founded in 1940, later on joined the Çukurova League.
Football is the most popular sport in Adana; basketball, volleyball and handball are also played widely at professional and amateur levels. Warm weather make the city a haven for sports like rowing, sailing, swimming and water polo. Horse racing and horse riding are also popular. Bi-annual Men's European Wheelchair Basketball Championship took place in Adana on 5–15 October 2009. Twelve countries competed at the event and Italy won the title after a final game against Turkey.[106] Adana also hosted the 2013 IWBF Men's U23 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.[107] 1967 Women's European Volleyball Championship was organized in Turkey and Adana was a host city together with Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir. Group C games are played in Adana at the Menderes Sports Hall.[108]
Club | Sport | League | Venue (capacity) | Founded |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adana Demirspor | Football (men) | Süper Lig | New Adana Stadium (33,543) | 1940 |
Adanaspor | Football (men) | TFF First League | New Adana Stadium (33,543) | 1954 |
Adana İdmanyurdu | Football (women) | First Football League | Gençlik Stadium (2000) | 1993 |
Kiremithanespor | Football (men) | Turkish Regional Amateur League | Kaynak Kardeşler Stadium (2000) | 1979 |
Adana Basketbol Kulübü | Basketball (women) | Women's Super League | Atatürk Sports Hall (2000) | 2000 |
Adanaspor | Basketball (men) | Basketball Second League | Menderes Sports Hall (2000) | 2006 |
ABB Şakirpaşa | Handball (women) | Women's Super League | Yüreğir Serinevler Arena (2000) | 2012 |
Adanaspor and Adana Demirspor are the two clubs of Adana that appear in Turkish Professional Football League. After 12 years, Adanaspor returned to Super Lig,[109] in which they had competed for 21 years and were the runner up in 1980–81 season. Adanaspor also performed at the UEFA Cup for three years. Adana Demirspor, currently performing at the TFF First League, was the runner up at the Turkish Cup in 1977–1978 season and performed at the SuperLig for 17 years. Both teams share 5 Ocak Stadium as their venue, and the matches between them are known as the Adana derby, an archrival atmosphere that is found in only three cities in Turkey. Kiremithanespor of the Yüreğir district, compete at the Turkish Regional Amateur League. In women's football, Adana İdmanyurduspor competes in the First Football League, and plays their home games at the Gençlik Stadium.
Adana ASKİ are the major clubs in Women's Pro-Basketball—both performing in the Turkish Women's Basketball League (TKBL). Adana ASKİ was founded in Ceyhan in 2000, under the name 'Ceyhan Belediyespor', and renamed and moved to Adana in 2014. After the move, the club performed the best season ever (2014–15), playing in the final at the Turkish Women's Cup and semi-final at the TKBL First Division. Adana ASKİ also play their home games at Menderes Sports Hall. Adanaspor, relegated to the third tier of the Turkish Men's Basketball League in 2016,[110] playing their home games at the Menderes Sports Hall. Wheelchair basketball clubs, Adana Engelliler and Martı Engelliler appear in the first division of the Turkish Wheelchair Basketball League, both playing their home games at the Serinevler Sports Hall.
Professional volleyball club Adana Toros was promoted to the top flight of the Turkish Men's Volleyball League on 12 April 2016 at the play-off finals in Bursa.[111] Adana Toros play their homes games at the Menderes Sports Hall.[112] The city's handball club, Şakirpaşa HEM, promoted to the Turkish Women's Handball Super League on 21 April 2016, at the play-off finals in Ankara.[113] The venue of Şakirpaşa is Yüreğir Serinevler Arena.[114]
Water sports have been recreationally and competitively the traditional sports of Adana. Water polo team of Adana Demirspor is a legend in the community, joining the Turkish Waterpolo League in 1942 after the first modern water sport venue of Turkey, Atatürk Swimming Complex, opened in Adana in 1936. The team has a record 22 years of straight championship title in Turkish Men's Waterpolo League, 17 years of it without losing a game and thus their given name "Unbeatables". Demirspor has a total of 29 championship titles.[115] Rowing became a popular sport in Adana in the last 20 years. Rowing competitions are held all year long on Seyhan River and Seyhan Reservoir. Metropolitan Rowing Club and Çukurova University SK compete at national and international level. Sailing competitions[116] are also held at Seyhan Reservoir all year long. Adana Sailing Club performs at sailing competitions in different categories. In swimming, Erdal Acet of Adana Demirspor is a prominent figure in Adana, who broke the record of swimming Canal La Manche (English Channel) in 9 hours and 2 minutes in 1976. Recreationally, the lack of swimming pools made Seyhan River and the irrigation canals attractive for swimmers who want to cool off from the hot and humid summers. Due to almost 100 people suffocating every year, the Metropolitan Municipality built and opened 41 swimming pools over the last 15 years.[117]
Adana Half Marathon was inaugurated in 2011 on a national level with the participation of 223 athletes. In 2012, the marathon gained IAAF International Marathon status and hosted 610 athletes from 10 nations.[118] The marathon takes place on the first Sunday following 5 January, Adana's independence day. Master Men, Master Women and Wheelchair competitions, as well as 4 kilometres (2 miles) Public Run are held during the event. The racecourse follows the historic streets of Adana and the streets along the Seyhan river.[119]
Adana is one of the cities of Turkey where horse racing is highly popular. Yeşiloba Hippodrome is traditionally one of the four race courses of Turkey, hosting horse racing competitions from October to May. Adana Equestrian Club is the largest center of horse riding in Turkey, hosting national and international competitions.
Vida contemporánea
Media
Media in Adana runs by national and local agencies. Çukurova Journalists Union is the umbrella organization for the local media in the region.
There are several newspapers published daily in Adana, the most popular ones being the Yeni Adana, Ekspres, Toros, Bölge and 5 Ocak papers. Yeni Adana is the oldest newspaper and dates back to 1918.[120] The newspaper played a significant role in the independence movement after the First World War. Most newspapers in Adana serve not only the city but the Çukurova region. Many national newspapers have their regional publishing centers in Adana. Hürriyet publishes a supplement paper, Hürriyet Çukurova, the most popular regional newspaper, that has circulation of 48,000. Sabah's regional supplement paper, Güney, is also published in Adana.
Kanal A is the longest serving TV broadcaster in Adana, Çukurova TV, Akdeniz TV, Koza TV and Kent TV are the other major broadcasters. There are numerous local radio channels and TRT's Çukurova Radio can be listened to in the city.
Shopping
Çakmak Street is the traditional shopping street that is located in the old town. Several attempts by the city to designate it as a pedestrianised street were unsuccessful because traffic flow could not be diverted to another street. There are several historical bazaars around Büyük Saat and Yağ Camii. Covered markets around Saydam street, Kilis and Mısır bazaars, were once a haven for shopping for quality foreign goods.
Ziyapaşa Boulevard is the street of elegance where expensive brands are located. The street runs from D-400 state road to the Central Train Station and the shops are concentrated towards the north end. The streets around Ziyapaşa and the streets of northern Adana, Özal, Demirel and Evren boulevards also have high-end shops.
There are four modern shopping malls in the city. Galleria was the first to be built in the early 1990s but did not become popular due to administrative issues. M1 and Carrefour malls were built during the late 1990s at the west end of the city. Recently opened Optimum Outlet is the first mall east of the river and is also the closest to the city center. The mall has a view of the river and the Merkez Park.
Educación
Public, private and not-for-profit foundation institutions are located in Adana. Primary and secondary education in the city is regulated by the provincial directorate of the national Ministry of Education which also administers the state schools.
There are 282 public and 12 private primary schools which pupils attend from grades 1 to 8. From grades 9 to 11, pupils go to one of the 85 public and 26 private high schools. Notable high schools of the city that require an examination to enter are the state-owned Adana Fen, Adana Anadolu, and the private Gündoğdu and Bilfen. Adana Gundogdu Schools is the largest private School in Adana and is increasing in size every year. There are six public and six private schools for pupils with special needs. Nine Community Training Centers support adult residents to improve their skills.[121]
Ramazanoğlu Library was founded in 1923 by combining two smaller libraries. The library moved to its current location in the Sabancı Cultural Center in 1976 and renamed as Adana Public Library.[122] The library also has a branch in the Karacaoğlan Museum of Literature. Seyhan, Yüreğir, Sarıçam and Karaisalı also have district public libraries administered by each district. Adana City Library is specific on publications about Adana and Çukurova's history, culture and has a good collection of photography and films about the city. City Library is located in the Adana Center for Arts and Culture.[123]
Çukurova Book Fair took place for the fifth time in 2012, hosting 182,450 visitors from Çukurova and neighboring regions. 205 publishers and volunteer organizations had stands, more than 50 cultural events were performed and 300 authors were present to meet the readers. At the same time, Çukurova Education Fair was organized at the Tüyap Exhibition Center with the participation of 45 education institutions.[124]
The city has large ethnic communities and education conducted in unofficial languages is only at institutions that do not get government support. Few of these institutions teach Arabic and Kurdish in Adana. The requirement for taking admission tests to high schools, universities and to a career in national public services led to the opening of more than one hundred cram schools (Turkish: dershane) in the city since 1984 which added extra schooling and financial burden to residents.[125]
Universities
There are two state universities and one foundation university in the city, and there is a second foundation university just outside the city. Universities are regulated by the Council of Higher Education (YÖK).
Çukurova University is a state university located at the east shores of Seyhan Reservoir. In 2008, with 3 faculties, it is placed among the top 500 universities of the world according to research conducted by Blackwell Publishing, Quacquarelli Symonds and The Times.[126][127] The university was founded in 1973 with the union of the colleges of Agriculture and Medicine. Its campus has many cultural, social and athletic facilities for its 40,000 students.[128]
Adana University for Science and Technology is a recently opened state university that has nine faculties, two institutions and a college.[129]
Çağ University is a not-for-profit tuition-based university founded in 1997. The university is 20 kilometres (12 miles) away from the city center at approximately midway to Tarsus. Most of its 2,500 students commute from Adana, Tarsus and Mersin.
Kanuni University is a recently opened, tuition-based university founded by the Çukurova Education and Culture Foundation.
Cuidado de la salud
Adana is a major health center to a wide region from Mediterranean to Southeastern Anatolia. There are four university hospitals, eight state hospitals and seven private hospitals in the city.
Hastaneler (Hospitals) area in the Seyhan district is home to hospitals lined up on both sides of the H. Ömer Sabancı Street. Numune General Hospital, Çukurova State Hospital, Hospital for Thoracic Diseases, Military Hospital and medical centers are healthcare facilities in this area.
Balcalı Hospital of the Çukurova University is a research hospital that was founded in 1987 after the Faculty of Medicine moved to the main campus. The hospital has 1050 inpatient beds in 47 service units, a 58-bed intensive care unit and 17-bed emergency unit. It is the largest hospital in Southern and Southeastern Anatolia and one of the major hospitals of Turkey.[130]
A new health campus is expected to open in Yüreğir by 2014, which will include a 600-bed General Hospital, 200-bed Heart and Stroke Hospital, 250-bed maternity hospital, 100-bed oncology hospital, 150-bed Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Center, 100-bed Psychiatry Hospital. The campus will have a capacity of 1400 inpatients in total and will be connected to Hastaneler area of the Seyhan district through a bridge over the Seyhan river which will create one big campus.[131]
Transporte
Adana is on the major route that connects Europe to the Middle East. In the 16th century, Adana was a port city where ships could navigate on Seyhan River to the port just south of Taşköprü.
Intercity transport
Şakirpaşa Airport lies just west of the old town. Together with the Central Bus Terminal and the Central Train Station, the three are the main locations for intercity transportation.
Şakirpaşa Airport, located within the city, is an international airport serving the Çukurova region. It is the sixth busiest airport in Turkey for passenger traffic, with 5.4 million passengers in 2015.[132] There are international flights to major cities of Germany, to Beirut, Jeddah, Erbil and Nicosia (TRNC), frequent domestic flights to Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Antalya, Trabzon, Bodrum and Van.[133]
Turkish State Railways (TCDD) runs five long-distance lines that connect Adana to Ankara, Kayseri, Karaman, Konya and Elâzığ. All these lines are served at the Central Railway Station; some are also served at the other railway stations of the city—Şehitlik and Şakirpaşa stations at the west, Kiremithane, İncirlik and Yakapınar stations at the east. TCDD also runs three regional lines in Çukurova. Adana-Mersin Line runs as a commuter train with 27 train times daily.[134] Train service from Adana to Osmaniye–Islahiye[135] and to Iskenderun run once daily. Regional trains stop at all city stations.
Although they lost their popularity as private airlines introduced inexpensive flights to major cities, coaches are still the major form of transportation to and from Adana. Adana has two intercity coach terminals providing service to almost all the cities and towns in Turkey. Coach companies that serve transportation to cities west of Adana, depart from Central Coach Terminal, whereas the buses that serve cities east of Adana depart from Yüreğir Coach Terminal. A shuttle service is provided between the two terminals. Regional bus services from Adana to other places in Çukurova are plentiful and carried by bus and minibus co-operatives. Seasonal bus services to the high plains of Tekir, Bürücek and Kızıldağ run in summer, due to high demand of Adana residents escaping the heat of the city.
There is an extensive motorway network (O50-O59) in the region, connecting Adana to as far as Erdemli in the west, Niğde in the north, Şanlıurfa in the east and Iskenderun in the south. Traffic runs smoothly throughout the day; driving can take as little as 40 minutes to Mersin and two hours to Gaziantep.
Local transport
Local transport in Adana is provided by Adana Transit Corporation (a division of the Metropolitan Municipality) and by dolmuş and bus co-operatives. Transit Corporation runs the metro and the municipal buses.
Adana Metro is a rail rapid transit system that extends 14 kilometres (9 miles) from the north-west to the city center and then to Yüreğir.[136] The metro serves 13 stations and can transport 21,600 passengers per hour one-way, a complete journey taking 21 minutes. The second line of the metro will run from Akıncılar to Çukurova University in the Sarıçam District. It will be 9.5 kilometres (6 miles) long and will have seven stations. The project is contracted in January 2010 and the construction is expected to start after the funding is received from the Ministry of Transportation.[137] Adana Metro will eventually extend to 23.5 kilometres (14.6 miles) and serve 20 stations.[138]
Adana Transit Corporation serves the city with 229 buses, eight of them designed specifically for disabled users. Payment is collected by Kentkart Smartcard system. Six Bus Co-operatives (known as Can buses) serve the city with 411 buses. The only form of payment is by Kentkart. 18 Dolmuş Co-operatives, with a total of 1,086 minibuses, provide service even to secondary streets.Kentkart is the only payment method accept in minibuses.
Cycling and walkability
The city of Adana is mostly flat and the warm weather makes it convenient for all year cycling and walking. The square shape of the city, city center's location right at the center of the square and the river running straight north–south in the middle of the city create further advantage for cycling as a means of transportation. Compact urban form due to dominance of high-rise buildings that are closely built, especially in Seyhan and Çukurova districts, make cycling from any end of the city to the city center to take less than 40 minutes. Despite all the advantages, car-oriented urban planning since the 1950s caused cycling to take a minor part in commuting to work or school. There are no bike lanes, but there are two bike paths, one along Fuzuli Street, the other along M. Kemalpaşa Boulevard—the latter not used by cyclists at all. Bicycles for commuting are currently only used by residents of low-income neighborhoods. Bicycle use for transportation is low all over Turkey,[139] but when compared to cities like İzmir, Konya and Eskişehir, Adana is less bicycle friendly.
Car-oriented urban planning became even more extreme since the 1980s, pedestrians seeing part of the sidewalks of the city's popular streets being converted into car-parking spots. The rise in car ownership not only caused high traffic, but also led to drivers parking their cars on the sidewalks. The city currently has no car-free squares or streets other than a few narrow ones. There are plans to convert both ends of Taşköprü to squares and widen the sidewalks in the old town where it is difficult to walk at the peddler-invaded narrow sidewalks. By far the most pedestrian friendly street of the city is Turgut Özal Boulevard; Kenan Evren and other major streets in Çukurova district are also very convenient for walking.
Relaciones Internacionales
Adana is twinned with:
Europe
| Asia
|
Galería
Adana Yeni Camii (New Mosque) Side view
Adana Yeni Camii (New Mosque) Entrance to courtyard
Adana Yeni Camii (New Mosque) Entrance to courtyard's backside
Adana Hasan Ağa mosque Exterior
Adana Hasan Ağa mosque Courtyard
Adana Hasan Ağa mosque Mihrab and minber
Adana Hasan Ağa mosque Woodwork under balcony
Adana Hasan Ağa mosque Woodwork under balcony
Adana Tahtalı Cami From west
Adana Tahtalı Cami From east
Adana Tahtalı Cami Interior
Adana Ağca Mescit Exterior
Adana Ağca Mescit Interior
Adana Ağca Mescit Decorative stonework
Adana Yesil Mescit Exterior
Adana Yesil Mescit Window decoration
Adana Alidede Mosque Exterior
Adana Alidede Mosque Interior
Ver también
- List of people from Adana
- List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey
- List of mayors of Adana
Referencias
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ a b Mark, Joshua J. "Cilicia Campestris". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
- ^ "Adana Genel Bilgiler". Adana İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Ermeni Kültür Varlıklarıyla Adana" (PDF). HDV Yayınları. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ Osman Fikri Sertkaya, " Adana, Begrek, Beyrek ve Elma Kelimelerinin Kökeni Üzerine", Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Türkoloji Dergisi, S.12, (2012), pages 101-103 (Article)
- ^ Anton, Charles (1841). Classical Dictionary: Containing an account of the principal proper names mentioned in ancient authors... New York: Harper & Brothers.
- ^ "Memalik-i Osmaniye Tarih ve Coğrafya Lügatı" (in Turkish). Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Cambridge University Press, 1977, vol. 1-2, pp. 679, 680
- ^ A.F. Baldwin (chief editor) Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Manufactures, Daily Consular and Trade Reports, Issues 1-75 (1910), p. 662, at Google Books
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ^ Ann E. Killebrew, 2013, The Philistines and Other Sea Peoples in Text and Archaeology, Society of Biblical Literature, page 659, ISBN 978-1589837218
- ^ Fox, Robin Lane (2009) Travelling Heroes: In the Epic Age of Homer Alfred A. Knopf, New York, pages 211-224, ISBN 978-0-679-44431-2
- ^ Michael Weiskopf. "Cilicia". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
- ^ Meyer, Marion (2001), Cilicia as Part of the Seleucid Empire - The Beginning of Municipal Coinage, Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil, pp. 505–518
- ^ Hye Etch. "King Tigran II – The Great". Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
- ^ Price, Richard; Gaddis, Michael (2005). The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon. Volume 1. Liverpool University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-85323-039-7.
|volume=
has extra text (help) - ^ Michel Le Quien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, (Paris 1740), Vol. II, coll. 881–882
- ^ Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 435
- ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 825
- ^ Norwich, John Julius (1997). A Short History of Byzantium. Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-77269-3.
- ^ Ener, Kasım. "Adana İl Yıllığı". Adana Valiliği. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ Morton, Nicholas (2020). The Crusader States and their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099-1187. Oxford University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0192557988.
- ^ Dreisbusch, Denis (2019). Ermeni Soykırımı ve İslam (1870-1923). Dönüşüm Yayınları. p. 459. ISBN 978-9758286331.
- ^ Prof. Dr. Yılmaz KURT, "Ramazanoğulları’nın Sonu: Adana’da Çemşid Bey İsyȃnı (1606-1607)", Tarihin İçinden, Ankara Üniversitesi
- ^ Baysun, C. (1963), Cevdetpaşa Tezakir, İstanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayın No:11 Seri:17b, pp. 27–35
- ^ Toksöz, Meltem (2010). Nomads, Migrants and Cotton in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Making of the Adana-Mersin Region, 1850-1908. Brill. ISBN 978-9004191051.
- ^ Matossian, Bedross Der (2018), 1909:The Adana Massacres, New York: Greenhaven Publishing, pp. 25–57, ISBN 978-1534501201
- ^ a b "106. yıldönümünde Adana Katliamı'nın ardındaki gerçekler". Agos Gazetesi. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ Yeghiayan, Puzant (1970), Ատանայի Հայոց Պատմութիւն [The History of the Armenians of Adana] (in Armenian), Beirut: Union of Armenian Compatriots of Adana, pp. 211–272
- ^ Raymond H. Kévorkian, "The Cilician Massacres, April 1909" in Armenian Cilicia, eds. Richard G. Hovannisian and Simon Payaslian. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 7. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2008, pp. 351–353.
- ^ Kevorkian, Raymond H. (2015). Ermeni Soykırımı. Istanbul: İletişim. ISBN 978-9750517280.
- ^ a b c Kevorkian, Raymond (2011). The Armenian Genocide: Complete History. London: I.B.Taurus & Co.Ltd. ISBN 978-1848855618.
- ^ Cemal Güven, Milli Mücadele'de Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın Yabancılarla temas ve görüşmeleri, Eğitim Yayınevi, 2012, ISBN 978-605-4392-80-3
- ^ a b Moumjian, Garabet K. "Cilicia Under French Administration: Armenian Aspirations, Turkish Resistance, and French Stratagems" in Armenian Cilicia, pp. 457–489.
- ^ Kemal Çelik, Milli Mücadele'de Adana ve Havalisi (1918-1922), Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1999, ISBN 978-975-16-1144-4
- ^ Robert Farrer Zeidner, The Tricolor over the Taurus: The French in Cilicia and Vicinity, 1918-1922, Atatürk Supreme Council for Culture, Language and History, 2005, ISBN 978-975-16-1767-5
- ^ Ankara Treaty, Franco-Turkish Agreement signed at Angora on October 20, 1921, His Majesty's Stationery Office, London [1]
- ^ Benjamin Thomas White, A Grudging Rescue: France, the Armenians of Cilicia, and the History of Humanitarian Evacuations, Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Volume 10, Number 1, Spring 2019, pp. 1-27 (Article), University of Pennsylvania Press, [2]
- ^ "Adana araştırması ve saha çalışması". Hrant Dink Foundation. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ "Bourj Hammmoud". bourjhammoud.com. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
- ^ a b "Adana'dan Buenos Aires'e uzun bir yolculuk". Agos Gazetesi. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
- ^ "Sabancıların İmparator olması". Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ Yalcinkaya, Esref (2005). "Stochastic Finite-fault Modeling of Ground Motions From the June 27, 1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake" (PDF). Earth Planets Space. 57 (2): 107–115. doi:10.1186/BF03352554. S2CID 54891624.
- ^ "5216 sayılı Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kanunu" (in Turkish). Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "5302 sayılı İl Özel İdaresi Kanunu" (in Turkish). Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ^ "5216 sayılı Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kanunu". Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Adana Büyükşehir Belediyesi Tarihçesi" (in Turkish). Adana Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Karataş Belediyesi Büyükşehir'e Bağlanma Kararı Aldı" (in Turkish). Haberler.com. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ "Adana Büyükşehir Belediyesi Meclis Üyeleri" (in Turkish). Adana Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ "Adana Büyükşehir Belediyesi Encümeni" (in Turkish). Adana Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ "Yeni Adana Projesi" (in Turkish). Adana Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
- ^ "Sağlık Kampüsü Yüreğir'e". haber01.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
- ^ "Adana'da Kentsel Donusum". Kentsel Haber. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2009.
- ^ Koçberber, Seyit (2007), Yeni Belediye Yasası ile Mahalle Yönetimi (in Turkish), 56, Sayıştay Journal, pp. 103–114
- ^ "Adana Kenti İlçe Mahalle ve Muhtarlıklar" (in Turkish). Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ "Bekleyen dev: Adana". Aksiyon. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
- ^ "Adana'da sanayi tasfiye oluyor.(Turkish)". Vatan Gazetesi. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
- ^ "Adana'da 5 kişiden biri işsiz(Turkish)". Radikal Gazetesi. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ "European Regions of the Future". Foreign Direct Investment Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007.
- ^ "Adana Exhibition and Congress Center". TÜYAP. Archived from the original on 13 November 2008.
- ^ "ÇÜ'de, 2 bin kişilik kültür ve kongre merkezi temeli atıldı (Turkish)". Zaman Gazetesi. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2008.
- ^ "ATO Tarihçe (Turkish)". Adana Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ "Adana Ticaret Borsası Tarihçe (Turkish)". Adana Commodity Exchange. Archived from the original on 11 April 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ "Adana Otel Yatırımcılarının Yeni Gözdesi Oldu". Haberler.com.
- ^ "Hotels in Adana". ÇUKTOB. Archived from the original on 19 January 2010.
- ^ "İllere göre tarım miktarları". Turkcebilgi.net. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010.
- ^ "Çukobirlik Tarihçe". Çukobirlik. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "Adana Tarım Fuarı'na 20 Ülkeden Katılımcı Geliyor". Haberler.com.
- ^ "Distribution Of Sectors in Adana" (PDF) (in Turkish). Adana Chamber of Industry. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
- ^ "Türkiye'nin en büyük 500 sanayi kuruluşu arasına Adana'dan sadece 11 firma girdi (Turkish)". Zaman Gazetesi.
- ^ "Marsan Adana Plant". Marsan. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009.
- ^ "Advansa Adana Plant". Advansa.
- ^ "Biruni". Biruni.tuik.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "Adana Tarihi (Turkish)". Mekan360. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ a b The Plain of Saints and Prophets: The Nusayri-Alawi Community of Cilicia, Gisela Procházka-Eisl, Stephan Procházka, p. 39
- ^ "1990'larda kimine göre 2.5 milyon, kimine göre 4.5 milyon Kürt göç ettirildi.(Turkish)". Radikal. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "Distribution of Ethnic Groups in Turkey (Turkish)". Habername. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ "Adana Gezilecek Yerler". Gezily.
- ^ "Gizli Ermeniler (Turkish)". AZSAM. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ "Amerikalı asker sayısı azaldı. (Turkish)". CİHAN News Agency. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2008.
- ^ "Adana Taşköprü (Stone Bridge)". Governorship of Adana Tourism and Culture Department.
- ^ "Çarşı Hamamı(Turkish)". Kenthaber Kültür Kurulu. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009.
- ^ "Sabancı Merkez Camii". Sabancı Vakfı.
- ^ "Adana". Adonis İstanbul. Archived from the original on 11 March 2010.
- ^ "Yeni Camii". Kenthaber Kültür Kurulu. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009.
- ^ Yurtsever, Cezmi. "Kiikya Ermenileri". Cezmiyurtsever.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011.
- ^ "Rekreasyon Çalışmaları". Adana Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014.
- ^ "Çukurova Süleyman Demirel Arboretumu (Turkish)". Adana Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Artun, Erman. "Adana Halk Kültürüne bakış". Çukurova Üniversitesi Türkoloji Araştırmaları Merkezi.
- ^ "Adana Mutfağı(Turkish)". adanadan.biz.
- ^ "Adana Devlet Tiyatrosu Tarihçesi(Turkish)". Adana Devlet Tiyatroları. Archived from the original on 9 September 2009.
- ^ "Misis Mozaik Müzesi (Turkish)". Buneki.
- ^ "Müzelere öğrenci ilgisi (Turkish)". Haberler.com. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
- ^ "13th State Theater-Sabancı International Adana Theater Festival". Sabancivakfi.org. Archived from the original on 4 April 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- ^ "Nisan'da Adana'da". Nisandaadanada.com. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
- ^ "5.Uluslararası Çukurova Çoksesli Müzik Festivali(Turkish)". Çukurova Müzik Dostları Derneği. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010.
- ^ "6. Uluslararası Çukurova Sanat Günleri (Turkish)". Son Dakika. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ Altay, İbrahim. "Adana artık pavyonla anılmıyor.(Turkish)". Sabah Gazetesi. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
- ^ Altay, İbrahim. "Adana'da bar-pavyon hayatı". Sabah Gazetesi.
- ^ Altay, İbrahim. "Tele-bar Furyası (Turkish)". Sabah Gazetesi.
- ^ "Rakıcılar bir kez daha Dünya Rakı Gününde buluşuyor". Cnnturk.com. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
- ^ Tekin İdem (2015) Journal of History Schools, Volume 8, Part 22, Ahmet Remzi Yüreğir'in Hayatı ve 8.Yasama Dönemi Meclis Faaliyetleri, Batman Üniversitesi, Batman, Türkiye page 325
- ^ Hayk Demoyan (editor) (2014) International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies, Volume 1, Part 1, Patriotism, Competitive Nationalism and Minority's Success: Armenian Sports in the Ottoman Empire pre-1915 period, Tigran Mets Publishing House, Yerevan, Armenia, page 21
- ^ "Avrupa Tekerlekli Sandalye Basketbol Şampiyonası Adana'da başladı.(Turkish)". Haberler.gen.al.
- ^ "2013 Dünya Gençler Tekerlekli Sandalye Basketbol Şampiyonası'na doğru(Turkish)". Haberler.com.
- ^ "Volleyball VII European Championship 1967". Todor66.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
- ^ "Adanaspor, Spor Toto Süper Lig'de – TFF'den Mesajlar Detay Sayfası TFF". Tff.org. 24 April 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
- ^ "Türkiye 1. Basketbol Ligi'nde Adanaspor küme düştü". Karar.com. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
- ^ "Türkiye Voleybol Federasyonu". Tvf.org.tr. 24 May 2016. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
- ^ "Adana Byz Algomed Spor İddiali". Gazeteolay.com. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
- ^ "Adana Şakirpaşa HEM SK Süper Ligde – Haberler". Thf.gov.tr. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
- ^ "> LİGLER > Bayanlar 1. Lig". Thf.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
- ^ "Adana Demirspor Tarihçe (Turkish)". Adana Demirspor Club. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010.
- ^ "Adana'da Yelken Heyecanı (Turkish)". Adana Metropolitan Municipality.
- ^ "Büyükşehir'den 7 Yeni Havuz(Turkish)". Haberler.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
- ^ "Adana'da yağmura rağmen maraton büyük ilgi gördü.(Turkish)". Adana Büyükşehir Belediyesi.
- ^ "Adana Uluslararası Kurtuluş Yarı Maratonu'na Doğru(Turkish)". Haberler.com.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Schools in Adana". Adana Governorship Education Department. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009.
- ^ "Adana İl Halk Kütüphanesi Tarihçe (Turkish)". Adana İl Halk Kütüphanesi Müdürlüğü. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012.
- ^ "Adana Kent Kütüphanesi Hakkında(Turkish)". Adana Kent Kütüphanesi. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
- ^ "Çukurova 5.Kitap Fuarı sona erdi. (Turkish)". Turkish Publishers Association. Archived from the original on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
- ^ "Dershaneler Dosyası (Turkish)". Ankara Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- ^ "ISLAMIC STATES: Network to improve quality assurance". University World News. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
- ^ "Dünyanın en iyileri arasında 5 Türk üniversite (Turkish)". Star Gazete. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ "ÇÜ'de Öğrenci Kayıtları (Turkish)". Haber FX. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011.
- ^ "Adana'ya bilim üniversitesi(Turkish)". Radikal. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
- ^ "Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi(Turkish)". Çukurova Üniversity. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Adana'ya 400 milyon TL'lik Sağlık Kampüsü yapılacak(Turkish)". Medikal Plus. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "DHMİ İstatistikler(Turkish)". DHMİ. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ "Pegasus, Adana merkezli Diyarbakır ve Van uçuşlarına başladı(Turkish)". Dünya Gazetesi. Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
- ^ "Adana -Mersin Hızlı Tren Seferleri Başlıyor (Turkish)". Anadolu Ajansı. Archived from the original on 23 November 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
- ^ "Islahiye-Adana Regional Train". Todd.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- ^ "Adana Hafif Raylı Taşıma Sistemi Devreye Girdi. (Turkish)". Anadolu Ajansı. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
- ^ "Metronun İkinci Etap İhalesi Başlıyor. (Turkish)". Adana Medya. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010.
- ^ "İkinci Etap Raylı Taşıma Sistemi Projesi 210 milyon dolara mal olacak (Turkish)". Adana Haber. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
- ^ Volkan Emre Uz, Mustafa Karaşahin (2004). "Kentiçi ulaşımda bisiklet" (PDF). Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri. 429 2004/1: 41–46.
- ^ "Adana ve Debrecen kardeş şehir oldu". Hürriyet.
- ^ "International Relations of the City of Beersheba" (in Hebrew). Beersheba Municipality. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
Otras lecturas
- Parpola, Simo; Porter, Michael (2001). The Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Helsinki, Finland: Gazetteer. ISBN 951-45-9050-3.
- Mango, Andrew (2004). The Turks Today. New York City: The Overlook Press. ISBN 1-58567-756-6.
- Talbert, Richard (2004). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. New York City: The Overlook Press. ISBN 0-691-03169-X.
- Yeghiayan, Puzant (1970). Ատանայի Հայոց Պատմութիւն [The History of the Armenians of Adana] (in Armenian). Beirut: Union of Armenian Compatriots of Adana.
enlaces externos
- Governorship of Adana
- Adana Metropolitan Municipality
- Adana Trade and Industry Chamber