| Yuan judicial (Tribunal Constitucional) | |
|---|---|
| 司法院 Sīfǎ Yuàn ( mandarín ) Su-hoat Īⁿ ( taiwanés ) Sṳ̂-fap Yen ( Hakka ) | |
 | |
 El Edificio Judicial alberga el Tribunal Constitucional | |
| Establecido | 1947 |
| Localización | Zhongzheng , Taipéi |
| Coordenadas | 25°02′16″N 121°30′44″E / 25.0379 ° N 121.5121 ° E Coordenadas : 25.0379 ° N 121.5121 ° E25°02′16″N 121°30′44″E / |
| Método de composición | Nominado por el Presidente de la República y aprobado por el Yuan Legislativo |
| Autorizado por | Artículos adicionales y Constitución original de la República de China |
| Duración del mandato del juez | 8 años |
| Numero de posiciones | 15 |
| Sitio web | www.judicial.gov.tw |
| Presidente y presidente del Tribunal Supremo | |
| Actualmente | Hsu Tzong-li |
| Desde | 1 de noviembre de 2016 |
| Vicepresidente y Justicia | |
| Actualmente | Tsai Jeong-duen |
| Desde | 1 de noviembre de 2016 |
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| chino | 司法院 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Portal de Taiwán
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El Yuan Judicial ( chino :司法院; pinyin : Sīfǎ Yuàn ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Su-hoat Īⁿ ) es la rama judicial del gobierno de la República de China en Taiwán . [1] [2] Se ejecuta un Tribunal Constitucional y supervisa todos los sistemas de tribunales en Taiwán , incluidos los tribunales ordinarios como el Tribunal Supremo , los tribunales superiores , tribunales de distrito , así como tribunales especiales como los tribunales administrativos y tribunales disciplinarios. Según la ley taiwanesa, el Yuan Judicial tiene los siguientes poderes: [3]
- Interpretación : el Tribunal Constitucional interpreta la Constitución y otros estatutos y reglamentos del gobierno central o de los gobiernos locales .
- Adjudicar - La mayoría de los casos civiles, penales y administrativos son adjudicados por los respectivos tribunales supervisados por el Yuan Judicial. El Tribunal Constitucional adjudica los casos de juicio político presidencial y disolución de partidos políticos .
- Disciplina - Las medidas disciplinarias con respecto a los funcionarios públicos son adjudicadas por el tribunal disciplinario.
- Administración judicial: el Yuan judicial supervisa todos los tribunales establecidos por la ley taiwanesa .
De acuerdo con la actual Constitución , [2] la Corte Constitucional tendrá 15 jueces . Un juez será el presidente del tribunal y otro será el vicepresidente. Todos los jueces, incluidos el presidente y el vicepresidente, serán nominados por el presidente de Taiwán y aprobados por el Yuan Legislativo (el parlamento de Taiwán ). Una vez aprobados, los jueces tienen un límite de mandato de ocho años, pero este límite de mandato no se aplica al presidente y al vicepresidente.
Tribunal Constitucional [ editar ]
Funciones [ editar ]
El Tribunal Constitucional ( chino :憲法 法庭; pinyin : Xiànfǎ Fǎtíng ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Hiàn-hoat Hoat-têng ), también conocido como el Consejo de Grandes Jueces (大法官 會議), dicta resoluciones sobre las siguientes cuatro categorías de casos:
- Interpretación de la Constitución ;
- Interpretación uniforme de estatutos y reglamentos ;
- Acusación del presidente y vicepresidente de Taiwán ; y
- Declarar la disolución de partidos políticos en violación de la Constitución . [1] [2]
La petición de interpretación de la Constitución se presentará en las siguientes circunstancias: [3]
- Cuando una agencia del gobierno central o local no esté seguro de la aplicación de la Constitución mientras ejerce sus poderes, o si la agencia, mientras ejerce sus poderes, tiene disputas con otra agencia con respecto a la aplicación de la Constitución, o si la agencia no está segura de la constitucionalidad de una ley u orden en particular al aplicar la misma; [3]
- Cuando un individuo, una persona jurídica o un partido político alega que se ha violado su derecho constitucional y que ha agotado todos los recursos judiciales previstos por la ley, cuestiona la constitucionalidad de la ley o el orden aplicado por el tribunal de última instancia en su decisión final; [3]
- Cuando los miembros del Yuan Legislativo, en el ejercicio de sus facultades, tengan dudas sobre la aplicación de la Constitución o sobre la constitucionalidad de una ley en particular al aplicar la misma, y al menos un tercio del número total de los miembros de el Yuan Legislativo ha presentado una petición; [3] o
- Cuando un tribunal crea que una ley en particular, que está aplicando a un caso pendiente con él, está en conflicto con la Constitución. [3]
Justices[edit]
There are in total of 15 justices (Chinese: 大法官; pinyin: Dàfǎguān; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tōa-hoat-koaⁿ) serving in the Constitutional Court, current members are: [4]
| Chief Justice and President | Justice and Vice President | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Hsu Tzong-li | Tsai Jeong-duen | ||
| Justices | |||
| Term from 2015 to 2023 | Term from 2016 to 2024 | Term from 2019 to 2027 | |
| Lin Jiun-Yi Huang Horng-Shya Tsai Ming-Cheng Wu Chen-Huan | Chang Chong-Wen Hsu Chih-Hsiung Huang Jui-Ming Hwang Jau-Yuan Jan Sheng-Lin | Lu Tai-Lang Shieh Ming-Yan Tsai Tzung-Jen Yang Hui-Chin | |
Important decisions[edit]
Important decisions of the Constitutional Court are listed as the following.
| No. | Date | Summary | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jan 6, 1949 | Legislative Yuan members shall not hold positions in executive government concurrently. | [5] |
| 31 | Jan 29, 1954 | Extended term of the first Legislative Yuan and Control Yuan indefinitely until the next elections in China. | [6] |
| 86 | Aug 15, 1960 | All high courts and district courts shall be organizationally placed under the Judicial Yuan | [7] |
| 99 | Dec 19, 1962 | The New Taiwan Dollar shall be the national fiat money, not local currency, and the Central Bank entrusted the issuance. | [8] |
| 261 | Jun 21, 1990 | Term of the first National Assembly, Legislative Yuan, and Control Yuan shall be terminated by December 31, 1991. This interpretation resulted in the total re-election of the National Assembly in 1991 and the Legislative Yuan in 1992. This interpretation also opened the subsequent legislative elections in Taiwan. | [9] |
| 328 | Nov 11, 1993 | Coverage of the national territory shall not be interpreted by the Constitutional Court. | [10] |
| 365 | Sep 23, 1994 | Judged the jus sanguinis principle in the Taiwanese nationality law shall apply to both mother and father. | [11] |
| 499 | Mar 24, 2000 | Voided the 5th amendment of the Additional Articles of the Constitution | [12] |
| 644 | Jun 20, 2008 | Judged the ban of "advocate Communism or secession" in the Civil Associations Act as unconstitutional. | [13] |
| 748 | May 24, 2017 | Judged the statutory ban on same-sex marriage in the Taiwanese Civil Code as unconstitutional. The government shall take motion to legalize same-sex marriage in Taiwan. | [14] |
| 791 | May 29, 2020 | Judged the criminalization of adultery as unconstitutional. |
Ordinary courts[edit]
Supreme court[edit]
The Supreme Court (Chinese: 最高法院; pinyin: Zuìgāo Fǎyuàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chòe-ko Hoat-īⁿ) is the court of last resort for civil and criminal cases. A civil case can be appealed to the Supreme Court only when more than NT $1,500,000 is at stake. Except for petty offences enumerated in Article 376 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, any criminal case may be appealed to the Court.
This Court exercises jurisdiction over the following cases:
- appeals from judgments of High Courts or their branches as courts of first instance in criminal cases;
- appeals from judgments of High Courts or their branches as courts of second instance in civil and criminal cases;
- appeals from rulings of High Courts or their branches;
- appeals from judgments or rulings rendered by the civil court of second instance by the summary procedure, the amounts in controversy exceeding NT $1,500,000, and with permission granted in accordance with specified provisions;
- civil and criminal retrials within the jurisdiction of the court of third instance;
- extraordinary appeals; or
- any other case as specified by laws.
High court[edit]
There are six High Court (Chinese: 高等法院; pinyin: Gāoděng Fǎyuàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ko-téng Hoat-īⁿ) branches in Taiwan:
| No. | Name | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taiwan High Court | 臺灣高等法院 |
| 2 | Taiwan High Court Taichung Branch Court | 臺灣高等法院臺中分院 |
| 3 | Taiwan High Court Tainan Branch Court | 臺灣高等法院臺南分院 |
| 4 | Taiwan High Court Kaohsiung Branch Court | 臺灣高等法院高雄分院 |
| 5 | Taiwan High Court Hualien Branch Court | 臺灣高等法院花蓮分院 |
| 6 | Fujian High Court Kinmen Branch Court | 福建高等法院金門分院 |
The High Courts and its branches exercise jurisdiction over the following cases:[15]
- Appeals from judgments of the District Courts or their branches as courts of the first instance in ordinary proceedings of civil and criminal cases;
- Interlocutory appeals from rulings of the District Courts or their branches in ordinary proceedings;
- First instance criminal cases relating to rebellion, treason, and offenses against friendly relations with foreign states;
- Military appellate cases whose judgments are imprisonment for a definite period rendered by the High Military Courts and their branches; and
- Other cases prescribed by law.
The High Courts and its Branch Courts are divided into civil, criminal and specialized divisions. Each Division is composed of one Division Chief Judge and two Associate Judges. Additionally, the High Court and its Branch Courts have a Clerical Bureau, which is headed by a Chief Clerk who assists the President with administrative affairs.[15]
Cases before the High Courts or its Branch Courts are heard and decided by a panel of three judges. However, one of the judges may conduct preparatory proceedings.[15]
The Court has seven civil courts, each of which has one presiding judge and three judges to handle civil appeals of the second instance and counter-appeal cases under the system of collegial panels, but they do not deal with simple litigation. The Court has eleven criminal courts, each of which has one presiding judge and two or three judges to handle criminal appeals of the second instance and counter-appeal cases under the system of collegial panels as well as litigation of the first instance concerning civil strife, foreign aggression or violation of foreign relations. Based on various needs, the Court manages several professional courts such as the Professional Court of Fair Trade Cases, Family Professional Court, Professional Court of International Trade, Maritime Professional Court, Professional Court of State Compensation, Professional Court of Anti-corruption, Professional Court of Intellectual Property Rights, Professional Court of Juvenile Delinquency, Professional Court of Serious Criminal Cases, Professional Court of Public Security, Professional Court of Fair Trade Act, Professional Court of Sexual Harassment, etc.[15]
District court[edit]
There are currently 22 District Courts (Chinese: 地方法院; pinyin: Dìfāng Fǎyuàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tē-hng Hoat-īⁿ) in Taiwan:[16]
| No. | Name | Chinese | No. | Name | Chinese | No. | Name | Chinese | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Changhua | 臺灣彰化地方法院 | 9 | Lienchiang | 福建連江地方法院 | 17 | Tainan | 臺灣臺南地方法院 | ||
| 2 | Chiayi | 臺灣嘉義地方法院 | 10 | Miaoli | 臺灣苗栗地方法院 | 18 | Taipei | 臺灣臺北地方法院 | ||
| 3 | Ciaotou | 臺灣橋頭地方法院 | 11 | Nantou | 臺灣南投地方法院 | 19 | Taitung | 臺灣臺東地方法院 | ||
| 4 | Hsinchu | 臺灣新竹地方法院 | 12 | New Taipei | 臺灣新北地方法院 | 20 | Taoyuan | 臺灣桃園地方法院 | ||
| 5 | Hualien | 臺灣花蓮地方法院 | 13 | Penghu | 臺灣澎湖地方法院 | 21 | Yilan | 臺灣宜蘭地方法院 | ||
| 6 | Kaohsiung | 臺灣高雄地方法院 | 14 | Pingtung | 臺灣屏東地方法院 | 22 | Yunlin | 臺灣雲林地方法院 | ||
| 7 | Keelung | 臺灣基隆地方法院 | 15 | Shilin | 臺灣士林地方法院 | |||||
| 8 | Kinmen | 福建金門地方法院 | 16 | Taichung | 臺灣臺中地方法院 |
Each District Court may establish one or more summary divisions for the adjudication of cases suitable for summary judgment. The civil summary procedure is for cases involving an amount in controversy of not more than 300,000 New Taiwan dollar and for simple legal disputes.[16] Currently there are a total of 45 divisions in Taiwan.[16] Additionally, there is a Taiwan Kaohsiung Juvenile Court, established in accordance with the Law Governing the Disposition of Juvenile Cases.[16]
Each of the District Courts has civil, criminal and summary divisions and may establish specialized divisions to handle cases involving juveniles, family, traffic, and labor matters as well as motions to set aside rulings on violations of the Statute for the Maintenance of Social Order.[16] Each division has a Division Chief Judge who supervises and assigns the business of the division. Each District Court has a Public Defenders' Office and a Probation Officers' Office.[16]
A single judge hears and decides cases in ordinary and summary proceedings as well as in small claims cases.[16] A panel of three judges decides cases of great importance in ordinary proceedings as well as appeals or interlocutory appeals from the summary and small claims proceedings.[16] Criminal cases are decided by a panel of three judges, with the exception of summary proceedings which may be held by a single judge.[16] The Juvenile Court hears and decides only cases involving juveniles.[16]
Special courts[edit]
Administrative court[edit]
The administrative courts (Chinese: 行政法院; pinyin: Xíngzhèng Fǎyuàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hêng-chèng Hoat-īⁿ) handle cases regarding administrative litigation. The current administrative litigation system adopts a "Two Level Two Instance System" litigation procedure. The administrative courts are classified into the High Administrative Court, which is the court of first instance, and the Supreme Administrative Court, which is the appellate court. The first instance of the High Administrative Court is a trial of facts. The Supreme Administrative Court is an appellate court.
| Name | Chinese |
|---|---|
| Supreme Administrative Court | 最高行政法院 |
| Taipei High Administrative Court | 臺北高等行政法院 |
| Taichung High Administrative Court | 臺中高等行政法院 |
| Kaohsiung High Administrative Court | 高雄高等行政法院 |
| Tainan High Administrative Court (planned) | 臺南高等行政法院（籌設中） |
Intellectual property court[edit]
The intellectual property court (Chinese: 智慧財產法院; pinyin: Zhìhuìcáichǎn Fǎyuàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tì-hūi-châi-sán Hoat-īⁿ) [17] handles cases regarding intellectual properties.
Disciplinary court[edit]
The disciplinary court (Chinese: 懲戒法院; pinyin: Chéngjiè Fǎyuàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Têng-kài Hoat-īⁿ) [18] maintains official discipline and punishes public servants, regardless of rank or appointment, for violations of the law or negligence in his or her duty in accordance with Article 77 of the Constitution.
Judges[edit]
Article 80 of the Constitution states that Judges shall be above partisanship and shall, in accordance with law, hold trials independently, free from any interference.[1] Furthermore, Article 81 states that Judges shall hold office for life.[1] No judge shall be removed from office unless he has been guilty of a criminal offense or subjected to disciplinary measure, or declared to be under interdiction.[1] No judge shall, except in accordance with law, be suspended or transferred or have his salary reduced.[1] Judges shall be appointed from those persons who have passed the Examination of Judicial Officials, completed the Training Course for Judicial Officials and possessed distinguished records after a term of practice.[3]
President and Vice President of Judicial Yuan[edit]
Since a constitutional amendment ratified in 1997, the President and Vice President of the Judicial Yuan need to be justices. However, they are not subject to the 8-year term limit like the other 13 justices. In the current constitution, the President and Vice President of the Judicial Yuan shall be nominated by the President of Taiwan and approved by the Legislative Yuan (the parliament of Taiwan).
Before 1947 Constitution[edit]
| President | Vice President |
|---|---|
|
|
1947 Constitution[edit]
| Term | Date | President | Vice President | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | July 1948 – May 1950 | Wang Ch'ung-hui | Shi Zhiquan | Inaugurated in Nanking and moved to Taipei |
| May 1950 – March 1958 | Hsieh Kuan-sheng | President Wang Chung-hui died in office | ||
| March 1958 – June 1958 | Vice President as Acting President | |||
| 2 | June 1958 – July 1965 | Hsieh Kuan-sheng | Fu Bingchang | Vice President Fu Ping-chang died in office |
| July 1965 – July 1966 | Post vacant | |||
| July 1966 – December 1971 | Xie Yingzhou | President Hsieh Kuan-sheng died in office | ||
| 3 | December 1971 – April 1972 | Tien Chung-chin | Vice President Hsieh Ying-chou died in office | |
| April 1972 – July 1972 | Post vacant | |||
| July 1972 – March 1977 | Tai Yen-hui | President Tien Chung-chin died in office | ||
| 4 | April 1977 – July 1979 | Tai Yen-hui | Han Chung-mo | Tai Yen-hui is the first Taiwanese President |
| 5 | July 1979 – May 1987 | Huang Shao-ku | Hung Shou-nan | |
| 6 | May 1, 1987 – May 1, 1993 | Lin Yang-kang | Wang Tao-yuan | |
| May 1, 1993 – Sep 1, 1994 | Lu Yu-wen | |||
| 7 | Sep 1, 1994 – Aug 1, 1998 | Shih Chi-yang | ||
| Aug 1, 1998 – Feb 1, 1999 | Post vacant | Constitution amended, justices took over the positions |
1997 Constitution amendment[edit]
| Term | Date | President | Vice President |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Feb 1, 1999 – Sep 30, 2003 | Weng Yueh-sheng | Cheng Chung-mo |
| 2 | Oct 1, 2003 – Apr 7, 2006 | Weng Yueh-sheng | Cheng Chung-mo |
| 3 | Apr 7, 2006 – Sep 30, 2007 | Lai In-jaw | |
| 4 | Oct 1, 2007 – Jul 18, 2010 | Lai In-jaw | Hsieh Tsai-chuan |
| Jul 19, 2010 – Oct 12, 2010 | Vice President as Acting President | ||
| 5 | Oct 13, 2010 – Oct 31, 2016 | Rai Hau-min | Su Yeong-chin |
| 6 | Nove 1, 2016 – present | Hsu Tzong-li | Tsai Jeong-duen |
See also[edit]
- Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China
- Constitution of the Republic of China
- Six Codes
- Law of Taiwan
- Law schools in Taiwan
- Supreme Court of the Republic of China
- High Court (Taiwan)
- District Court (Taiwan)
- Ministry of Justice (Taiwan)
- Supreme Prosecutors Office
- Taiwan High Prosecutors Office
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f See Constitution arts. 77-82, available at "Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan)". January 1, 1947.
- ^ a b c See Additional Articles of the Constitution art. 5, available at "Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan)". July 10, 2005.
- ^ a b c d e f g See Introduction to the Judicial Yuan, available at "Judicial Yuan >> About Us >> Introduction".
- ^ "Justices of the Constitutional Court". October 1, 2019.
- ^ No. 1
- ^ No. 31
- ^ No. 86 Separation of the Judicial and the Prosecutorial Institutions Case
- ^ No. 99
- ^ No. 261 Terms of Office of the First Congress Members Case
- ^ No. 328
- ^ No. 365 Father’s Preferred Parental Rights Case
- ^ No. 499 Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments Case
- ^ No. 644 The Prohibition against Associations Advocating Communism or Secession Case
- ^ No. 748 Same-Sex Marriage Case
- ^ a b c d See, Taiwan High Court, available athttp://tph.judicial.gov.tw/en/default.htm (last visited Mar. 28, 2012)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j See, Taipei District Court, About Us - Organization,http://tpd.judicial.gov.tw/indexen.asp?struID=52&navID=53&contentID=125 (last visited Mar. 28, 2012)
- ^ "Intellectual Property Court". July 17, 2020.
- ^ "懲戒法院 (Disciplinary Court)". July 17, 2020.
External links[edit]
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judicial Yuan. |
 | Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Annotated Republic of China Laws/Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China/Article 5 |
- The Judicial Yuan
- The Ministry of Justice
- Taiwan Law Resources
- Official Website of the Supreme Court of ROC
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