El Servicio de Hospitales Marinos era una organización de Hospitales Marinos dedicados a la atención de marineros enfermos y discapacitados en la Marina Mercante de los Estados Unidos , la Guardia Costera de los Estados Unidos y otros beneficiarios federales. El Marine Hospital Service se convirtió en el Servicio de Salud Pública de EE . UU .
Fue el punto de origen de varios componentes del actual Servicio de Salud Pública, incluido el Cuerpo Comisionado del Servicio de Salud Pública , los Institutos Nacionales de Salud y múltiples programas ahora incorporados a la Administración de Servicios y Recursos de Salud .
Historia
Fondo Hospitalario Marino
Los orígenes del sistema de hospitales marinos se remontan a la aprobación, por el 5º Congreso de los Estados Unidos , de " Una ley para el alivio de los marineros enfermos y discapacitados " en 1798. Esta ley creó los hospitales marinos para atender a los marineros enfermos. . [1] [2] El Fondo del Hospital Marino se colocó bajo el Servicio de Ingresos Marinos (un precursor de la Guardia Costera actual ) dentro del Departamento del Tesoro . [3]
Fue la primera ley de salud federal. [2] Autorizó un impuesto, que consistía en la deducción de veinte centavos mensuales del salario de los marineros. [4] Este impuesto recaudó fondos para médicos y para apoyar la red de hospitales. [5] La financiación de los hospitales fue proporcionada por un impuesto obligatorio de alrededor del 1% de los salarios de todos los marineros. [1] [6] (En 1884, el impuesto fue abolido y en 1906 el Congreso dispensó fondos).
La ley condujo a la creación gradual de una red de hospitales a lo largo de las vías navegables costeras e interiores. [7] Inicialmente se ubicaron a lo largo de la costa este , en los puertos de las principales ciudades portuarias, siendo Boston el sitio de la primera instalación de este tipo, seguida más tarde por otras, incluso en las cercanías de Baltimore en Curtis Bay . [1] [2] A medida que se expandieron las fronteras de los Estados Unidos y se construyeron puertos en otras costas, también lo hicieron los hospitales marinos. En las décadas de 1830 y 1840 se construyeron a lo largo de vías navegables interiores, los Grandes Lagos y el Golfo de México . Después de la adquisición del Territorio de Oregón (1846) y California (1848), se construyeron hospitales en la década de 1850 en los puertos de la costa del Pacífico . [1]
Establecimiento del Servicio Hospitalario Marítimo
Following the Civil War, public outcry and scandal surrounded the Marine Hospital Fund. In 1869, Dr. John Shaw Billings, a prominent Army surgeon, was appointed to head an investigation of the Marine Hospital Fund. Dr. Billings found the hospital fund to be inadequate and completely disorganized.
In June 1870 the 41st Congress formally converted the loose network of locally controlled marine hospitals, the Marine Hospital Fund, into a centrally controlled Marine Hospital Service, with its headquarters in Washington, D.C. This reorganization made the Marine Hospital Service into its own bureau within the Department of the Treasury.[3]
Dr. John Maynard Woodworth was subsequently appointed to the Service as "Supervising Surgeon." He transformed the service into a disciplined organization based on his experience in the Union Army as a surgeon. Dr. Woodworth required his physicians to be a mobile work force stationed where the service was in need, and he mandated the daily wear uniforms. This eventually led to the creation of the modern-day Public Health Service Commissioned Corps. Dr. Woodworth, using Army-style heraldry, created the Marine Hospital Service fouled anchor and caduceus seal which is used to this day by the Public Health Service. In 1873, Dr. Woodworth's title was changed to "Supervising Surgeon General," a forerunner of the modern-day office of Surgeon General of the United States.[8]
Woodworth created a cadre of mobile, career service physicians, who could be assigned as needed to the various Marine Hospitals. The commissioned officer corps was established by legislation in 1889, and signed by President Grover Cleveland. At first open only to physicians, over the course of the 20th century, the Corps expanded to include veterinarians, dentists, physician assistants, sanitary engineers, pharmacists, nurses, environmental health officers, scientists, and other types of health professionals. It is now known as the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service.
Increasing scope
The scope of activities of the Marine Hospital Service began to expand well beyond the care of merchant seamen in the closing decades of the nineteenth century, beginning with the control of infectious disease. Starting in the mid-14th century, ships entering harbors were quarantined when any of the crew was sick. This practice was normal procedure at United States harbors, with quarantine originally a function of the individual states, rather than of the Federal Government. The National Quarantine Act of 1878 vested quarantine authority to the Marine Hospital Service. and the National Board of Health. The National Board was not reauthorized by Congress in 1883 and its powers reverted to the Marine Hospital Service.[9] Over the next half a century, the Marine Hospital Service increasingly took over quarantine functions from individual state authorities.
The Marine Hospitals, as their name suggests, were hospitals constructed at key sea and river ports across the nation to provide health care for merchant marine sailors. Aside from the well-being of these sailors, the hospitals provided a key monitoring and gate-keeping function against pathogenic diseases.[3] As immigration increased dramatically in the late 19th century, the Federal Government also took over the processing of immigrants from the individual states, beginning in 1891. The Marine Hospital Service was assigned the responsibility for the medical inspection of arriving immigrants at sites such as Ellis Island in New York Harbor. Commissioned officers played a major role in fulfilling the Service's commitment to prevent disease from entering the country.
As the nation grew, the scope of Marine Hospital Service's scope of duties grew to include domestic and foreign quarantine and other national public health functions. Over time, the hospitals of the service were also expanded to include research and prevention work as well as the care of patients. Aside from merchant seamen, members of the military, immigrants, Native Americans, other federal beneficiaries, and people affected by chronic and epidemic diseases found a source for health care in the PHS and its hospitals.[citation needed]
Transformation into Public Health Service
In 1902, the Marine Hospital Service was renamed the "Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service." In 1912, as the emphasis of its responsibilities shifted from sailors to general public health and with the decommissioning of various old marine hospitals, the name was changed again to the "Public Health Service" to encompass its diverse and changing mission.
As a result of the Reorganization Act of 1939, the Public Health Service was transferred from the Department of the Treasury into the new Federal Security Agency.[10] All of the laws affecting the functions of the public health agencies were consolidated for the first time in the Public Health Service Act of 1944.[3] In 1953 the Federal Security Agency was replaced with the newly formed Department of Health, Education and Welfare, which was later renamed the Department of Health and Human Services in 1980.
Today, the records for these institutions sit in storage at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland and the National Archives in College Park, Maryland.[citation needed]
During the Nixon administration, funding was cut to the PHS hospitals program and many of these institutions closed or were turned over to local public health offices. Eight survived as federal institutions until the early 1980s, when further budget cuts put an end to their funding. Some, such as the one in Savannah, Georgia, continued as outpatient low-income health clinics up to 2003 while others, such as the large hospital in San Francisco on the grounds of the US Army Presidio, were diverted to other Federal and military uses. In the case of the Presidio, the PHS Hospital was used as a site for language training for military officers in the late 1980s.
Hospitales
The hospitals themselves were, by the middle of the 19th century, fairly imposing and architecturally grand structures in many cases. As long as ample federal funding was available for their construction, these hospitals were impressive examples of government-provided health care. The hospitals of the early 20th century in major port cities such as New Orleans, San Francisco, and Savannah displayed ornate architectural detail and reflected many of the changes sweeping medicine at the time.[citation needed]
This list only contains Marine Hospitals that were closed or transferred to another organization before 1943. For hospitals that existed after 1943, see Bureau of Medical Services Hospitals. The links are to the hospital rather than the city.
- Charleston, South Carolina (1833–?)[11][12]
- Lahaina, Hawaii (1844–1862)[13]
- Key West (1845–1943)[14][15]
- New Haven, Connecticut[12][16]
- Newport, Rhode Island[16]
- Natchez, Mississippi (1850s–?)[16]
- Paducah, Kentucky (1850s–?)[16]
- Napoleon, Arkansas (1850s–?)[16]
- Vicksburg, Mississippi (1850s–?)[16]
- Burlington, Ohio (1850s–?)[16]
- Galena, Illinois (1850s–?)[16]
- St. Louis (1855–1939, replaced by Kirkwood)[12][16][17][18]
- Cincinnati (1882–1905)[12][19]
- Memphis, Tennessee (1884-1960s)[20]
- Port Townsend, Washington (1895–1933)[21][14][22]
- Palo Alto (No. 24, 1919–?)[23]
Additional hospitals:[12]
- Ellsworth, ME
- Rockland, ME
- Boothbay Harbor, ME
- Bath, ME
- Portsmouth, NH
- Barnstable, MA
- Edgartown, MA
- Providence, RI
- Middletown, CT
- Tuckerton, NJ
- Little Egg Harbor, NJ
- Atlantic City, NJ
- Camden, NJ
- Philadelphia, PA
- Lewes, DE
- Georgetown, DC
- Washington, DC
- Wilmington, NC
- Pelham, GA
- Rome, GA
- Pensacola, FL
- Rock Island, IL-Davenport, IA
- Duluth, MN
- Milwaukee, WI
- Ashland, WI
- Saginaw, MI
- Danville, NY
Gallery
Chelsea, Massachusetts
Charleston, South Carolina
Greenville, South Carolina
Key West
Pensacola
Natchez, Mississippi
St. Louis
Cairo, Illinois
Galena, Illinois
Cincinnati
Buffalo
Lahaina, Hawaii
Ver también
- Timeline of the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
- United States Public Health Service
Referencias
- ^ a b c d Gostin, Lawrence O. (2008). "Box 8: The Federal Presence in Public Health". Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint, Revised and Expanded (2nd ed.). University of California Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0520253766. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
- ^ a b c "Public Health". marinehospital.org. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Images From the History of the Public Health Service: Introduction". nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
- ^ "Justice Network - Sick and Disabled Seaman Act of 1798 Govt. Healthcare". nosue.org. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
- ^ "Public Health in the United States". sphweb.bumc.bu.edu. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
- ^ Ungar, Rick (January 17, 2011). "Congress Passes Socialized Medicine and Mandates Health Insurance -In 1798". Forbes.com. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
- ^ "About the Commissioned Corps". usphs.gov. Archived from the original on July 28, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
- ^ ASPA. "John Maynard Woodworth (1871-1879)". surgeongeneral.gov. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
- ^ Smillie, W. G. "The National Board of Health, 1879-1883" American Journal of Public Health and The Nation's Health (1943) 33(8):925-930.
- ^ "Message to Congress on the Reorganization Act". The American Presidency Project. April 25, 1939. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
- ^ Tray Stephenson and Bernard Kearse (April 25, 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Old Marine Hospital" (pdf). National Park Service. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) and Accompanying two photos, exterior, from 1973 (32 KB) - ^ a b c d e "Records of the Public Health Service [PHS], 1912-1968". National Archives. August 15, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
- ^ "HABS HI,5-LAHA,10- (sheet 1 of 5) - U. S. Marine Hospital, 1038 Front Street, Lahaina, Maui County, HI". www.loc.gov. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ a b "United States. Public Health Service. Division of Hospitals". SNAC. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
- ^ "Marine Hospital – Historic Walking Tour". Fun in Key West. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Jensen, J. (November 1, 1997). "Before the Surgeon General: marine hospitals in mid-19th-century America". Public Health Reports. 112 (6): 525–527. ISSN 0033-3549. PMC 1381932. PMID 10822481.
- ^ Nicklemen (December 5, 2014). "Marine Villa's Lost Marine Hospital". St. Louis History Blog. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Naffziger, Chris (April 1, 2019). "Old Marine Hospital". St. Louis Patina. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Furman, Bess (1973). A Profile of the United States Public Health Service, 1798–1948. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. pp. 295–298.
- ^ MHI2016 (April 4, 2018). "U.S. Marine Hospital Executive Building and Laundry-Kitchen (listed in 1980)". Memphis Heritage. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
- ^ "U.S. Marine Hospital - Port Townsend". Washington Rural Heritage. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ Rogers, Gregory Parker (September 24, 2010). Cincinnati's Hyde Park: A Queen City Gem. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 59–61. ISBN 978-1-61423-166-0.
- ^ Annual Report of the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1921. p. 301.
enlaces externos
- The National Library of Medicine has a guide to the documents culled from various PHS hospitals when these closed.
- marinehospital.org- Website of the U.S. Hospital Foundation, which is restoring the Marine Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky.
- History Of National Institution Of Health