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Pashto name in Pashto alphabet
Part of a series on
Pashto language
Writing systems
Dialects
Language regulation
Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
Pashto Academy
Native to
Northern Pashto
Native toPakistan, Afghanistan
EthnicityPashtun
Native speakers21 million (2013)[1]
Language family
Writing systemPashto alphabet
Official status
Regulated byPashto Academy (Peshawar, Pakistan)[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3pbu
Glottolognort2646

Northern Pashto (Pashto: شمالي پښتو) comprises the North Western (Pashto: شمال لويديزه پښتو) and North Eastern (Pashto: شمال ختيځه پښتو) dialects.[3]

North Eastern[edit]

Northeastern Pashto,[4] is spoken primarily in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Apridi[edit]

Afridi/Apridi is also categorised as a Northeastern Dialect.[5]

Vowel Shift[edit]

See also: Pashto phonology

There is presence of the additional vowels close-mid central rounded vowel /ɵ/ and open back rounded vowel /ɒː / in Apridi. The following vowel shift has been noted by Josef Elfenbein:[6]

  • The [a] in Pashto can become [ɑ] and also [e] in Apridi:
Northeastern General IPAApridi IPAMeaning
/las//lɑs/ten
/ɣag//ɣɑg/sound
/ʃpag//ʃpeg/six
/wraz//wrez/day
  • The [ɑ] in Pashto can become [ɒː] in Apridi:
Northeastern General IPAApridi IPAMeaning
/ˈban.d̪e//ˈbɒːn.d̪e/upon
  • The [o] in Pashto can becomes [ɵ] in Apridi:
Northeastern General IPAApridi IPAMeaning
/mor//mɵr/mother
  • The [u] in Pashto can becomes [i] in Apridi:
Northeastern General IPAApridi IPAMeaning
/u.ˈd̪ə//wi.ˈd̪ə/asleep

Lexical Comparison[edit]

Naseem Khan Naseem provides the following list:[7]

ApridiYusapzaiMeaning
کالۀ

kālə́

کور

kor

house
خور[8]

xɵr

خور

xor

sister
مړييې[9]

maṛíye

ډوډۍ

ḍoḍə́i

food
پلور[8]plɒrپلار

plār

father

Sample Text[edit]

The following difference can be noticed in pronunciation:

Literary PashtoApridi PashtoYusapzai PashtoMeaning
پورته شو بېل کښېناستۀpɵ́rta šo byel kenɒstópórta šo byal kenāstóhe went ahead, sat separately.
pórta šo bel kx̌enāstə́

Kurama[edit]

The following is an example from Central Kurram agency; where a change in /ɑ/ to /ɔ/ can be seen:

Literary PashtoKurram PashtoMeaning
هغه ددې نه ډېر بهتر و. خو چې اوس ړنګ شو خدای نه راغله. بس اوس موږ دې کښې ډېر خوشحاله يوáğa da de na ḍer bextár u. xo če os ṛang šo xodai na rɔ́ ğla . bas os mug de ke ḍer xošɔ́la yuThat was much better than this. But now that it is destroyed it came from God. Now we are very happy in this; that's all.
háğa da de na ḍer behtár wə. xo če os ṛang šo xwdāi na rā́ ğla. bas os mug de kx̌e ḍer xošā́la yu.

Yusapzai[edit]

Yusufzai/Yusapzai Pashto is the most-spoken subdialect[10] in the Northeastern Dialect.

Comparison:

Dialects[11]ښږڅځژ
North Eastern (e.g. Yusapzai)[x][ɡ][s][z][d͡ʒ]
North Western (e.g Jalalabad)[x][ɡ][s][z][ʒ]
North Western (e.g. Wardak)[ç][ʝ][t͡s][d͡z][ʒ, z]

Lexical Variation[edit]

Even within the Yusapzai dialect; regional lexical variation is noted; as pointed out by Dr. Muhammad Ali Kaleem:[12]

MeaningMardanSwat
Ringګتمه

gʊ́tma

ګوتۍ

gwә́təi

Spinachساګ

sāg

سابه

sābә́

Cupپيالۍ

pyālә́i

پياله

pyālá

Puppyکوتری

kutré

کوکری

kukré

Sub-regional lexical variation[edit]

Even with regions there can be minor differences in pronunciation. Example:

Malakand District

[some localities]

Malakand District

[general]

Standard PashtoMeaning
فپه

fpa

ښپه

xpa

پښه

px̌a,

pxa,

pša,

pṣ̌a

foot

North Western[edit]

The North Western is spoken in the east and northeast Afghanistan.[13]

Phonological Variation[edit]

There is regional difference in North Western Pashto in pronunciation of words:[14]

MeaningWardakJalalabadBati Kot
دویtheydeɪˈduwiˈduwi
راکړهgive [imperative of راکول]ˈrɑkaˈrɑkaˈrɑkɽa
پوهېدلto know [infinitive]pijeˈdəlpojeˈdəlpojidəl
شپږsixʃpaʝʃpagʃpiʒ
وريځcloudwərˈjed͡zwrezwəˈred͡z
ښځهwomanˈçəd͡zaˈxəza
اوبهwateroˈbəuˈbəoˈbə

References[edit]

  1. ^ Northern Pashto at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ^ Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1976). Current Trends in Linguistics: Index. Walter de Gruyter. p. 705.
  3. ^ "Glottolog 4.3 - Northern Pashto". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  4. ^ Prods Oktor Skjærvø, P.O. 1989. Pashto. In "Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum", R. Schmitt (ed.), 384-410.
  5. ^ Kaye, Alan S. (1997-06-30). Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus). Eisenbrauns. p. 740. ISBN 978-1-57506-019-4.
  6. ^ Kaye, Alan S. (1997-06-30). Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus). Eisenbrauns. pp. 750–751. ISBN 978-1-57506-019-4.
  7. ^ خان نسيم, نسيم (2019). د پښتو د دوو غټو لهجو پېښورۍ او قندهارۍ لساني جائزه. p. 174.
  8. ^ a b Kaye, Alan S. (1997-06-30). Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus). Eisenbrauns. p. 751. ISBN 978-1-57506-019-4.
  9. ^ Kaye, Alan S. (1997-06-30). Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus). Eisenbrauns. pp. 752–753. ISBN 978-1-57506-019-4.
  10. ^ https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/pbu/
  11. ^ Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4.
  12. ^ Kaleem, Muhammad (2015). "Lexical Variation in Pashto: A Comparative Study Conducted in Mardan and Swat , in Pashto" (PDF). Pashto. Vol. 44 (650): 21–52. |volume= has extra text (help)
  13. ^ Anna B. David (2014). A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-61451-303-2.
  14. ^ Coyle, Dennis (2014-01-01). "Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties". Theses and Dissertations.
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