Randall Thomas Davidson, primer barón Davidson de Lambeth , GCVO , PC (7 de abril de 1848 - 25 de mayo de 1930) fue un sacerdote anglicano que fue arzobispo de Canterbury desde 1903 hasta 1928. Fue el titular del cargo con más años de servicio desde la Reforma . y el primero en retirarse de él.
El Reverendísimo y Muy Honorable Randall Davidson PC de GCVO | |
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Arzobispo de Canterbury | |
![]() Davidson por John Singer Sargent | |
Instalado | 12 de febrero de 1903 |
Término terminado | 12 de noviembre de 1928 |
Predecesor | Frederick Temple |
Sucesor | Cosmo Lang |
Otras publicaciones | Decano de Windsor y capellán doméstico de la reina Victoria , 1883–1891 Secretario del armario del soberano 1891–1903 Obispo de Rochester , 1891–1895 Obispo de Winchester , 1895–1903 |
Pedidos | |
Ordenación | 1874 (diácono) 1875 (sacerdote) |
Detalles personales | |
Nombre de nacimiento | Randall Thomas Davidson |
Nació | 7 de abril de 1848 Edimburgo |
Fallecido | 25 de mayo de 1930 (82 años) Londres |
Cónyuge | Edith Tait |
Nacido en Edimburgo en el seno de una familia presbiteriana escocesa , Davidson se educó en Harrow School , donde se convirtió en anglicano, y en el Trinity College, Oxford , donde en gran medida no se vio afectado por las discusiones y debates entre seguidores de la alta y baja iglesia. facciones de la Iglesia de Inglaterra . Fue ordenado sacerdote en 1874 y, tras un breve período como coadjutor , se convirtió en capellán y secretario del arzobispo de Canterbury, Archibald Campbell Tait , cargo en el que se convirtió en confidente de la reina Victoria . Ascendió en la jerarquía de la Iglesia, convirtiéndose en Decano de Windsor (1883), Obispo de Rochester (1891) y Obispo de Winchester (1895). En 1903 sucedió a Frederick Temple como arzobispo de Canterbury y permaneció en el cargo hasta su jubilación en noviembre de 1928.
Davidson fue conciliador por naturaleza y pasó mucho tiempo durante su mandato esforzándose por mantener unida a la Iglesia frente a divisiones profundas y, a veces, enconadas entre evangélicos y anglocatólicos . Bajo su liderazgo, la Iglesia obtuvo cierta independencia del control estatal, pero sus esfuerzos por modernizar el Libro de Oración Común fueron frustrados por el Parlamento.
Aunque cauteloso en cuanto a llevar a la Iglesia a la política de los partidos nacionales, Davidson no rehuyó los problemas políticos más importantes: desempeñó un papel clave en la aprobación de la Ley de reforma del Parlamento de 1911 ; instó a ambas partes a la moderación en el conflicto por la independencia de Irlanda; hizo campaña contra los métodos de guerra percibidos como inmorales en la Primera Guerra Mundial y dirigió los esfuerzos para resolver la crisis nacional de la Huelga General de 1926 . Fue un firme defensor de la unidad cristiana y trabajó, a menudo en estrecha colaboración, con otros líderes religiosos durante su primacía. Cuando se jubiló, se convirtió en un par ; murió en su casa de Londres a la edad de 82 años, dieciocho meses después.
Primeros años
Davidson nació en Edimburgo el 7 de abril de 1848, el mayor de los cuatro hijos de Henry Davidson, un próspero comerciante de granos, y su esposa Henrietta, de soltera Swinton. [1] Ambos padres eran presbiterianos de la Iglesia de Escocia ; el padre, el abuelo y el bisabuelo de Henry eran ministros presbiterianos . [2] La familia era, sin embargo, en palabras de Davidson, "muy sin denominación ... No recuerdo haber recibido ninguna enseñanza sobre el arte de la Iglesia, ya sea episcopal o presbiteriana, la religión nos enseñó que somos totalmente de tipo personal pero hermosa en su simplicidad . " [3] El biógrafo de Davidson, George Bell, escribe que los Davidson eran profundamente religiosos sin ser solemnes, y que era una familia feliz. [4] Davidson fue educado por su madre y una sucesión de institutrices y tutores privados, antes de ser enviado, a los 12 años, a una pequeña escuela privada en Worksop en las Midlands inglesas . La enseñanza allí fue inadecuada; en particular, Davidson lamentó toda su vida su falta de conocimiento del latín y el griego. [5]
![left: head and shoulders shot of balding, portly white man with a bushy bears; right: side-whiskered but otherwise clean shaven younger white man with dark hair](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Montagu-Butler-Brooke-Westcott-Harrow.png/110px-Montagu-Butler-Brooke-Westcott-Harrow.png)
En 1862, a la edad de 14 años, Davidson se convirtió en alumno de Harrow School . [6] La escuela era anglicana en sus enseñanzas y prácticas religiosas, y participó en las clases de confirmación . La escarlatina le impidió ser confirmado junto con los otros muchachos en Harrow, y fue confirmado en junio de 1865 en St George's, Hanover Square por el obispo de Londres , Archibald Campbell Tait , un viejo amigo de Henry Davidson. [2] [7] Las mayores influencias en Davidson en Harrow fueron Henry Montagu Butler , el director, y Brooke Foss Westcott , su segundo director de la casa . Davidson se inspiró en los sermones de Butler y en la amplia instrucción de Westcott sobre temas que van desde la arquitectura y la poesía hasta la filosofía y la historia. [8] Davidson y Westcott se hicieron amigos de toda la vida, y cada uno acudió al otro en busca de consejo. [6]
En las vacaciones de verano de 1866, antes de su último año en Harrow, Davidson sufrió un accidente que afectó el resto de su vida. Mientras cazaba conejos junto con su hermano y un amigo, Davidson recibió un disparo accidental en la espalda baja. [2] La herida era grave y podría haber sido fatal, [6] pero se recuperó lentamente. Él recordó:
Al principio me movía con muletas, que tuve que usar durante mucho tiempo, y se suponía que mi pierna siempre estaría más o menos indefensa; pero poco a poco esto desapareció y recuperé toda la potencia, salvo por un tobillo permanentemente débil, que parece un efecto extraño que se produce a raíz de una herida en la cadera. También se inauguraron otros disturbios, que nunca han pasado, aunque he podido ignorarlos más o menos. Si alguien hubiera profetizado en esos meses de otoño que un par de años más tarde ganaría una copa de raqueta en Oxford, habría sido ridículo. [9]
Aunque Davidson se recuperó gradualmente de manera inesperada, [n 1] el accidente empañó su último año en Harrow, donde esperaba competir por varios premios senior; [12] también arruinó sus posibilidades de obtener una beca de Oxford. [13]
Davidson ascendió como plebeyo al Trinity College, Oxford , en octubre de 1867. El colegio no era distinguido en ese momento, y Davidson encontró la facultad de Trinity decepcionantemente mediocre. [14] A pesar de alta iglesia frente bajo la iglesia controversias eran abundantes en Oxford, él no estaba interesado mucho en ellos, siendo, como siempre, más preocupado religiosa que con litúrgicos consideraciones. [15] Su principal objetivo era completar sus estudios y llegar a ser ordenado sacerdote. Su salud afectó sus estudios; Tenía la esperanza de estudiar Grandes (clásicos y filosofía), pero como resultado de sus heridas tenía, dijo más tarde, "intensa dificultad para concentrar el pensamiento en los libros" y optó por las materias menos exigentes de derecho e historia. [16] Se graduó con una licenciatura en artes de tercera clase , conferida en noviembre de 1871. [17] [n 2]
Después de dejar Oxford, Davidson se reunió con su familia en Escocia y luego se fue con sus padres en una gira de seis semanas por Italia. A su regreso, comenzó un curso de estudios en Londres con Charles Vaughan , Maestro del Temple , con miras a la ordenación. [19] La salud de Davidson todavía era precaria, y después de tres meses se vio obligado a abandonar sus estudios. [20] Después de más descanso y otras tranquilas vacaciones, esta vez en el Medio Oriente, [21] reanudó sus estudios en octubre de 1873 y los completó en marzo siguiente. [22]
Cura y capellán
![young white man with neat side-whiskers and dark hair](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Craufurd-Tait-.png/170px-Craufurd-Tait-.png)
Uno de los amigos más cercanos de Davidson de sus días en Oxford fue Craufurd Tait, hijo de Archibald Campbell Tait. Como Davidson, Craufurd se estaba preparando para la ordenación; su padre era ahora arzobispo de Canterbury , y los dos amigos fueron aceptados para la ordenación como diáconos en la diócesis del arzobispo. Fueron ordenados en marzo de 1874 y Davidson fue asignado como coadjutor del vicario de Dartford en Kent. Fue ordenado sacerdote al año siguiente. [23] Durante sus dos años y medio en Dartford, Davidson sirvió bajo dos vicarios; el primero era un eclesiástico moderado y el segundo un evangélico moderado . Bell escribe que el joven coadjutor aprendió mucho de cada uno, "tanto en el trabajo pastoral como en la piedad". [24]
A fines de 1876, Craufurd Tait, que trabajaba como capellán residente y secretario privado de su padre , deseaba seguir adelante y el arzobispo eligió a Davidson para sucederlo. [21] En mayo de 1877, Davidson comenzó a trabajar en Lambeth Palace , la casa y la sede del arzobispo, comenzando lo que Bell describe como "una asociación con la vida central de la Iglesia de Inglaterra que duró más de cincuenta años". [25] Craufurd Tait murió después de una breve enfermedad en mayo de 1878; [26] su madre nunca se recuperó de este golpe y murió al cabo de un año. [27] [28] A pesar de las ofertas del arzobispo de varias parroquias atractivas durante los años siguientes, Davidson sintió que su lugar estaba al lado del desconsolado Tait, que acudía cada vez más a confiar en él y lo llamaba "verdadero hijo". . [29] Bell ve esto como altruismo por parte de Davidson; biógrafos posteriores han sugerido que también puede haber un elemento de ambición personal en su decisión de permanecer en el centro de los asuntos de la Iglesia. [2] [30] [n 3]
El 12 de noviembre de 1878, Davidson se casó con Edith Murdoch Tait (1858-1936), la segunda hija de diecinueve años del arzobispo. Cosmo Lang , amigo de Davidson y eventual sucesor en Canterbury, describió el matrimonio como una "unión perfecta de mente y espíritu". Edith Davidson se hizo conocida como una amable anfitriona y una esposa solidaria. No hubo hijos del matrimonio. [2]
![stout, clean-shaven white man in clerical dress](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Archbishop-Archibald-Campbell-Tait-1876.png/170px-Archbishop-Archibald-Campbell-Tait-1876.png)
Durante los siguientes cuatro años, Davidson desempeñó un papel cada vez más influyente en Lambeth Palace. Llegó a conocer a fondo la mente de Tait, y el arzobispo depositó total confianza en su yerno, delegándole cada vez más. Davidson tomó la iniciativa en nombre de Tait en la controversia en 1881 entre los defensores de la alta iglesia y los oponentes evangélicos del ritualismo ; en 1882 jugó un papel importante en desalentar las propuestas anglicanas al Ejército de Salvación , una organización en la que pensaba que había demasiado poder en manos de su general. [2]
En 1882, Tait le dijo a Davidson que esperaba ser sucedido por el obispo de Winchester , Harold Browne , o por el obispo de Truro , Edward White Benson . Tait no consideró correcto dar a conocer su preferencia a la reina Victoria o al primer ministro, WE Gladstone , pero después de la muerte de Tait en diciembre de 1882, Davidson se aseguró de que la reina conociera las opiniones del arzobispo. [32] A los pocos días envió a buscar a Davidson y quedó impresionada: escribió en su diario que estaba "muy impresionada ... El Sr. Davidson es un hombre que puede ser de gran utilidad para mí". [33] En el Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Stuart Mews comenta que, a la edad de 34 años, Davidson se convirtió rápidamente en el confidente de confianza de la reina de 63 años. [2] [n 4] Cuando Benson fue elegido para suceder a Tait, Victoria preguntó a Davidson sobre quién debería ser el próximo obispo de Truro; también le consultó sobre un sucesor del Decano de Windsor , Gerald Wellesley , quien murió en 1882 después de 28 años en el cargo. [36]
Davidson permaneció en Lambeth Palace como capellán y secretario de Benson, pero en mayo de 1883 el nuevo Decano de Windsor, George Connor , murió repentinamente después de solo unos meses en el cargo. Siguiendo el consejo de Benson, la Reina nombró a Davidson para la vacante. [32]
Decano
En Windsor, Davidson se desempeñó como decano, y también como capellán privado de la reina, durante seis años. Ella se encariñó cada vez más con él; desarrollaron relaciones personales más estrechas después de la muerte de su hijo menor, Leopold, duque de Albany , en marzo de 1884. Eso, y otras tribulaciones privadas, la llevaron a recurrir a Davidson en busca de consuelo religioso y así, en palabras de Bell, "darle cada vez más de su confianza de una manera bastante excepcional ". [35] La reina consultó a Davidson sobre todos los nombramientos importantes de la Iglesia desde 1883 hasta 1901. [35] En otros asuntos, su consejo no siempre fue de su agrado, y se necesitaba tacto para persuadirla de que cambiara de opinión. Escribió en su diario: "Hay muchas más dificultades en tratar con una niña malcriada de sesenta o setenta años que con una niña malcriada de seis o siete", [37] pero luego dijo: "Creo que a ella le gustaba y confiaba más en aquellos que ocasionalmente provocaban su ira, siempre que tuviera motivos para pensar que sus motivos eran buenos ". [35] Sus biógrafos citan su discreto pero decidido consejo de que Victoria sería imprudente al publicar otro volumen de sus Hojas del Diario de una vida en las tierras altas . [n 5] Ella siguió a regañadientes su consejo. [39]
Además de asesorar a la reina, Davidson siguió siendo un asesor clave del arzobispo de Canterbury. Benson le escribía casi todos los días, y en particular dependió de él en 1888-1890 durante el juicio de Edward King , el obispo de Lincoln de la alta iglesia , acusado de prácticas rituales ilegales. [35] [n 6] Davidson ayudó a influir en la Iglesia y la opinión pública escribiendo en The Times ; también ayudó a Benson al comunicarse con Lord Halifax , un prominente laico anglo-católico . [2] Mientras era Decano de Windsor, Davidson colaboró con el canónigo William Benham en la redacción de una biografía de Tait en dos volúmenes, que se publicó en 1891. [41]
obispo
Rochester
En 1890 estaba claro que, a pesar de la renuencia de la reina a perderlo de Windsor, la promoción de Davidson a obispado estaba atrasada. [42] Se le ofreció la posibilidad de elegir entre dos diócesis vacantes: Worcester y Rochester . [43] En ese momento, antes de la creación de la diócesis de Southwark , Rochester incluía todo Londres al sur del río Támesis y era la tercera más grande de Inglaterra. Davidson lo eligió en lugar de Worcester, y le explicó al Primer Ministro, Lord Salisbury , que desde sus años en Lambeth conocía tan bien la zona y su clero que estaba seguro de que podía hacer más allí que en Worcester, que apenas conocía. [44]
![Bald white man in middle age, wearing clerical collar and black clothing](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Randall-Davidson-1890.png/130px-Randall-Davidson-1890.png)
En la Abadía de Westminster, el 25 de abril de 1891, Benson consagró a Davidson como obispo. [45] Once días después, Davidson cayó gravemente enfermo a causa de una úlcera perforada y estuvo confinado en su casa en Kennington durante seis meses. [2] Su entronización en la catedral de Rochester tuvo que posponerse hasta octubre, cuando pudo reanudar su trabajo. [46] Durante una huelga de mineros en 1893, se destacó al abogar por un nivel de vida decente como condición esencial para la resolución de disputas laborales. Su política no fue radical; no se unió a la Unión Social Cristiana establecida por Westcott y otros en 1889 para llevar los principios del cristianismo a los asuntos económicos y sociales nacionales. [47] Se centró en el papel de la Iglesia: creía que la caridad cristiana requería que hiciera todo lo posible para ayudar a aliviar a los pobres. Rechazó la idea de que "en cualquier aspecto de la vida social ... podemos dejar de lado, aunque sea por una hora, la consideración de lo que Cristo quiere que hagamos". [48] Nombrado secretario del armario inmediatamente después de su consagración, se mantuvo en estrecho contacto con la reina Victoria. Continuó siendo el aliado cercano y leal de Benson en el trabajo de la Iglesia, particularmente durante 1894-1895 cuando Halifax y otros altos eclesiásticos intentaron llevar al arzobispo a negociar con Roma para buscar el reconocimiento papal de las órdenes anglicanas . [n 7]
En 1895, hacia el final de su tiempo en la diócesis, la antigüedad de Davidson como obispo le dio derecho a un asiento en la Cámara de los Lores . [n 8] Disfrutaba de la capacidad de contribuir a los debates, pero había sufrido tres episodios más de enfermedad durante sus cuatro años en el sur de Londres, y se hizo evidente que su salud era demasiado mala para continuar en el puesto excepcionalmente exigente de Obispo de Rochester. [35]
Winchester
![caricature of bishop in a shovel hat and gaiters](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Randall_Thomas_Davidson.png/170px-Randall_Thomas_Davidson.png)
En 1895 Davidson aceptó la oferta de traducción a la diócesis de Winchester , en gran parte rural , donde la carga de trabajo era menos onerosa. Renovó su contacto habitual con la Reina, que pasó mucho tiempo en la diócesis, en Osborne House en la Isla de Wight . [2] El arzobispo Benson murió al año siguiente y fue sucedido por el obispo de Londres, Frederick Temple . [n 9] La Reina vetó una propuesta propuesta del obispado vacante de Londres a Davidson, alegando que su salud no lo soportaría. [2] Temple, a diferencia de sus dos predecesores, no recurrió a Davidson en busca de consejo; [n 10] tenía fama de aislarse de todos los obispos y sus puntos de vista. Davidson lamentó mucho su repentina exclusión de los asuntos de la Iglesia nacional. [54]
Dentro de su diócesis, Davidson se vio envuelto en una controversia sobre una violación de la ley canónica por parte de la alta iglesia por parte de Robert Dolling , un ferviente sacerdote anglo-católico, a quien le gustaba que lo llamaran "Padre Dolling". Davidson descubrió que Dolling había instalado un tercer altar en su iglesia recién construida, para reservarlo para misas de muertos . La Iglesia de Inglaterra repudió la creencia católica romana en el Purgatorio y la eficacia de orar por las almas en él. [n 11] Davidson vio a Dolling y trató de llegar a un compromiso que traería las prácticas de este último dentro de las reglas anglicanas. Dolling se negó a comprometerse y renunció, dejando la diócesis. [57] Sus partidarios criticaron a Davidson; Mews cita a un periodista de la alta iglesia que concluyó que el episodio dejó su huella en Davidson "al formar su determinación de no ser el arzobispo que expulsó al partido de la alta iglesia de la Iglesia de Inglaterra". [2] Aunque tradicionalmente protestante en su rechazo de algunos aspectos de la doctrina católica romana como la bendición , pensaba que sus colegas evangélicos se molestaban con demasiada facilidad por " incienso , capas y otros adornos", que no tenían ningún significado doctrinal. [58]
Davidson estaba al lado de la cama de la moribunda reina Victoria y desempeñó un papel importante en los preparativos de su funeral a principios de 1901. [59] Cuando la sede de Londres volvió a quedar vacante en febrero de 1901, tras la muerte de Mandell Creighton , fue ofrecido a Davidson, quien lo rechazó con un firme consejo médico. [60] Habló con frecuencia en la Cámara de los Lores, particularmente sobre temas como educación, protección infantil, licencias de alcohol y horas de trabajo en las tiendas. [61] Se involucró cuando pudo en la política nacional de la Iglesia. Su comprensión de los temas impresionó al primer ministro, Arthur Balfour , quien registró que "el obispo tiene el arte de expresar con gran claridad y simpatía la esencia de las opiniones de las que difiere" y dijo que entendía la posición de Halifax y los anglosajones. -El lobby católico es mejor después de discutirlo con Davidson. [62]
Balfour siguió buscando el consejo de Davidson. El gobierno buscó reformar la educación primaria, y Balfour valoró enormemente la contribución de Davidson a la elaboración del Proyecto de Ley de Educación de 1902, al igual que su consejo sobre cómo defender el proyecto de ley contra la vociferante oposición inconformista , encabezada por el ministro bautista John Clifford . [63] Detrás de escena, Davidson fue un contribuyente clave a la coronación de Eduardo VII en agosto de 1902; el decano de Westminster estaba enfermo, y Davidson fue llamado para organizar el orden del servicio y actuar como enlace entre el Palacio de Buckingham y el Palacio de Lambeth. [64] Cuatro meses después de coronar al Rey, el Arzobispo Temple murió y Balfour nombró a Davidson como su sucesor. [61]
Arzobispo de Canterbury
Cuando se nombró a Temple en 1896, se estaban considerando tres candidatos para el arzobispado; [n 9] en 1902 Davidson fue el único. [6] Fue una elección generalmente popular, excepto entre los anglocatólicos más militantes. [6] Fue entronizado en Canterbury el 12 de febrero de 1903. [65] Desde el principio, Davidson, a diferencia de Temple, estuvo feliz de acudir a sus colegas en busca de consejo. En un estudio de 1997, Edward Carpenter describe al más destacado de ellos: John Wordsworth , obispo de Salisbury , "un hombre de gran aunque algo restringido aprendizaje eclesiástico"; Francis Paget , obispo de Oxford , "erudito y teólogo"; Edward Talbot , obispo de Rochester , "un diocesano práctico"; Cosmo Lang, obispo de Stepney y más tarde arzobispo de York , "un compañero escocés que hizo de Lambeth su hogar en Londres y se volvió casi indispensable" y Lord Stamfordham , que había sido el secretario privado de la reina Victoria. [66]
La preocupación constante de Davidson era por lo que llamó "el gran partido central de la Iglesia inglesa". [67] Fue uno de los principales impulsores en los esfuerzos por actualizar el Libro de Oración Común para hacerlo comprensible para las congregaciones del siglo XX, y su objetivo era acomodar a todo el clero de la Iglesia de Inglaterra dentro de la doctrina anglicana, trayendo a los pocos extremistas de la alta iglesia de nuevo a la obediencia a las reglas de la Iglesia. [6] Con su apoyo cauteloso, Balfour estableció una Comisión Real para investigar y proponer remedios para los trastornos prevalentes en la Iglesia. Llegó a la conclusión de que la Iglesia necesitaba más control sobre sus propios asuntos, pero que las leyes que rigen sus prácticas deben hacerse cumplir. [6] [68] Davidson no era un conservador acérrimo ni un reformador aventurero, pero tomó un camino intermedio. Sobre el deseo del gobierno de reformar las leyes matrimoniales para permitir que un viudo se case con la hermana de su difunta esposa, se opuso a la reforma (sin éxito); [n 12] sobre la interpretación del Credo de Atanasio , adoptó una línea liberal. [n 13]
![bald, clean-shaven white man in ecclesiastical robes, carrying as staff surmounted by a cross](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Archbishop-Randall-Davidson-1900s.png/220px-Archbishop-Randall-Davidson-1900s.png)
En agosto de 1904 Davidson, acompañado por su esposa, navegó a los Estados Unidos para asistir a la convención trienal de la Iglesia Episcopal Americana ; fue el primer arzobispo de Canterbury en visitar los Estados Unidos. [6] Conoció a muchos líderes de la Iglesia en los Estados Unidos y Canadá, y estableció vínculos más estrechos entre las Iglesias Anglicanas de Inglaterra y América del Norte. [71] Este logro en el extranjero fue seguido por un revés en casa: el intento fallido de Davidson de lograr que los líderes políticos se pusieran de acuerdo sobre la política educativa nacional. Los liberales se habían opuesto a la aprobación de la Ley de Educación de 1902, y una vez en el cargo en 1906 reabrieron el tema. Los conservadores se opusieron a sus intentos de realizar nuevas reformas , y desde 1906 hasta 1908 Davidson se esforzó por lograr que las dos partes se comprometieran. Su incapacidad para lograr un acuerdo y lograr un sistema de educación primaria cohesionado fue uno de los mayores lamentos de su vida. [72] En 1907 Davidson decepcionó a algunos liberales al no respaldar explícitamente las pensiones estatales de vejez, pero se negó a hacerlo simplemente en abstracto, insistiendo en propuestas detalladas antes de expresar su apoyo. [73] Fue mucho más franco sobre las atrocidades cometidas por los belgas en el Congo y los búlgaros en Macedonia , que condenó con vehemencia. [74]
Lambeth Conference, 1908
In July and August 1908 Davidson presided over the fifth Lambeth Conference of bishops from the world-wide Anglican communion;[75] 241 bishops were present.[76] The chief subjects of discussion were: the relations of faith and modern thought; the supply and training of the clergy; education; foreign missions; revision and "enrichment" of the Prayer-book; the relation of the Church to "ministries of healing" such as Christian Science; the questions of marriage and divorce; organisation of the Anglican Church; and reunion with other Churches.[76] Public interest focused on the bishops' desire for Christian unity. The resolutions showed a will for reunion, but a caution in taking any step towards the nonconformists that might destroy the possibility of ultimate reunion with the Roman Catholic or Orthodox Churches.[6]
Domestic affairs, 1909–1911
In 1909 David Lloyd George as Chancellor of the Exchequer found his radical budget blocked by the Conservative majority in the House of Lords; a few bishops voted for or against the government's bill, but Davidson, like most of the 26 Lords Spiritual, abstained.[n 14] Partisans, both conservative and radical, criticised Davidson for his abstention, but he felt that being identified with one side or the other in party politics would bring the Church into disrepute.[78]
![Scene inside parliamentary debating chamber with peers and bishops walking into the voting lobbies. Two bishops are joining the peers opposing the current legislation; the others are voting with the government](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/68/Parliament-Act-1911-Division-in-House-of-Lords_%28retouched%29.png/440px-Parliament-Act-1911-Division-in-House-of-Lords_%28retouched%29.png)
The Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith, secured the King's reluctant agreement to create as many new peerages for government supporters as was necessary to secure a majority in the Lords. At the end of April 1911 Davidson convened a private meeting at Lambeth Palace to try to resolve the constitutional impasse; the other three attending were Balfour, Lord Knollys and Lord Esher – respectively, Leader of the Opposition, the King's private secretary, and an influential politician and courtier. Balfour said that if invited by the King, he would consider forming a minority Conservative government, so that the question of creating new Liberal peers would not arise; he subsequently decided that he would not be justified in doing so.[80] A week after this meeting Edward VII died, and was succeeded by George V.[80]
The Lords continued to resist the will of the Commons, even after a general election fought on the issue. Asquith proposed the 1911 Parliament Bill, to enshrine the supremacy of the Commons in British law, and King George followed his father in agreeing to create hundreds of Liberal peers, should it become necessary to ensure the bill was passed. Davidson, having unsuccessfully striven to bring the party leaders to compromise, voted for the bill. The votes of the Lords Spiritual were crucial in its passage through the Lords, where the majority was only 17.[81] The two archbishops and eleven bishops voted with the government; two bishops voted against.[81] There were strident protests that the bishops were harming the Church by taking sides, but Davidson had come to regard this as a matter on which the Church must take a stand. He believed that were the bill not passed, the creation of what he called "a swamping majority" of peers would make Parliament and Britain a world-wide laughing-stock, and would have grave constitutional implications for Church and state.[82][n 16] His speech in the Lords was credited with tipping the balance.[83]
On 22 June 1911, Davidson presided at the coronation of the new sovereign. The service largely followed the form he had arranged for the 1902 service, except for a revised coronation oath, less offensive to the King's Roman Catholic subjects,[n 17] and Davidson's crowning of both King George and Queen Mary. In contrast, in the 1902 coronation, Queen Alexandra had been crowned by the Archbishop of York.[6][85] When the King left Britain for the Delhi Durbar later in the year, Davidson was one of the four Counsellors of State appointed to transact royal business in the monarch's absence.[n 18]
Kikuyu controversy 1913–1914
Skirmishing between Anglican factions continued with the Kikuyu controversy in 1913–14.[87] William George Peel, who was the Bishop of Mombasa and John Jamieson Willis, the Bishop of Uganda, attended an interdenominational missionary conference at the Church of Scotland's parish in Kikuyu, British East Africa, during which they took part in an ecumenical communion service together with their nonconformist colleagues.[88] For this, and their agreement to cooperate with other Churches in their missionary work, they were denounced by Frank Weston, the Bishop of Zanzibar. Weston, described by Mews as a "champion of Anglo-Catholic hardliners", sought their trial for heresy. He was backed by the Bishop of Oxford, Charles Gore, the most vociferous of the Anglo-Catholic bishops.[n 19] Davidson's private view was that the attending bishops had been "rash" but the denunciations by Weston and Gore "preposterous" and "absurdly vituperative".[90] The issue was debated in the press for several weeks but Davidson's inclusive and pragmatic views prevailed, and the controversy dwindled away.[2][35]
First World War, 1914–1918
![People praying in church](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/Service-of-intercession-1917-Westminster-Abbey.png/310px-Service-of-intercession-1917-Westminster-Abbey.png)
The outbreak of the First World War was a severe shock to Davidson, who had held that war between Britain and Germany was inconceivable.[91] But he was clear that it was a just war in which it was Britain's duty to fight because of "the paramount obligation of fidelity to plighted word and the duty of defending weaker nations against violence".[35] He was reconciled to allowing clergy to serve as non-combatants, but not as combatants.[92][93]
When a group of theologians in Germany published a manifesto seeking to justify the actions of the German government, Davidson was ready to respond. At the government's request he took the lead in collaborating with a large number of other religious leaders, including some with whom he had differed in the past, to write a rebuttal of the Germans' contentions.[2] But unlike some of his colleagues in the Church, Davidson, in Bell's words, "felt the horror of war too keenly to indulge in anti-German rhetoric".[35] As The Times put it, "He was never betrayed into the wild denunciations and hysterical approval of war to which some ecclesiastics gave utterance".[6] He donated to a fund to help Germans and Austro-Hungarians in Britain, where they were classed as enemy aliens.[94]
Throughout the war Davidson criticised the use of what he considered immoral methods of warfare by the British side.[n 20] Most of his objections were made privately to political leaders, but some were public, and he was bitterly attacked for them. Mews records "hate mail flood[ing] into Lambeth Palace".[2] Davidson protested against the false information put out to hide British military reverses,[n 21] the use of poison gas, the punitive bombing of Freiburg in April 1917 and the targeting of non-combatants.[2][35] In 1916 he crossed to France for an eight-day visit to combatant troops at the front.[6]
While the war was going on, civil strife in Ireland was another matter of concern to Davidson. He spoke against the death sentence passed on Sir Roger Casement for his part in the Easter Rising, and later condemned the violence of the Black and Tans.[97]
In the last year of the war Davidson had to deal with further agitation from the high-church faction. Gore took exception to the liberal theology of Hensley Henson and attempted to thwart the Prime Minister's nomination of Henson for a bishopric.[98][n 22] Opinion among the laity and most of the clergy was against Gore. Davidson, who hated unnecessary conflict, was distressed by the controversy, and even considered resigning.[100] But, despite Henson's fear that the Archbishop might weaken,[101] Davidson stood by him, and the two agreed that Henson would issue a statement of faith to silence the critics.[100] Davidson then stated publicly that no fair-minded man could read Henson's sermons without feeling that they had in him a brilliant and powerful teacher of the Christian faith.[102] Gore and his followers were obliged to call off their protests.[100][103]
Throughout the war, Davidson distanced himself from pacifism. For him, Christian idealism must be accompanied by political realism. He maintained that alongside prayer and witness, Christians had a "duty to think", and that peace would come "when we have given our mind – yes, mind as well as heart – to these new and brave resolves".[104] With this conviction in mind, he was a strong supporter of the League of Nations when it was set up after the war.[97]
Enabling Act, 1919 and Welsh disestablishment, 1922
Up to this point the Church of England had little power to make its own rules. As the established Church it was subject to Parliamentary control, and had no independent authority to initiate legislation.[105] The Enabling Act, strongly backed by Davidson, gave the Church the right to submit primary legislation for passage by Parliament.[106] The historian Jeremy Morris calls it "probably the most significant single piece of legislation passed by Parliament for the Church of England in the twentieth century",[107] and summarises its effects:
It led to the full integration of lay representatives with the two houses of clergy and bishops into a new Church Assembly. It provided some legislative autonomy for the Church, thus drawing the sting of anti-establishmentarian criticism, and instituted at local level the Parochial Church Councils which constitute the bedrock of the Church of England's representative system today.[107]
Davidson failed to achieve his aims over Welsh disestablishment. Unlike England, Wales had long been mainly nonconformist; the Anglican Church there was widely seen as that of the ruling elite, and its legal status as the official Church of the principality was strongly resented. The historian Callum G. Brown quotes the view that "church disestablishment was to Wales what home rule was to the Irish".[108] There had been pressure since the 1880s for disestablishment, and bills to bring it about had been unsuccessfully put to Parliament in 1894, 1895, 1911 and 1912. Davidson was against disestablishment, but Parliament finally voted for it in 1914 and after considerable delay it came into effect in 1922.[109]
Lambeth Conference, 1920
![Long procession of mostly white clergymen in episcopal costume](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/Lambeth-Conference-1920.png/330px-Lambeth-Conference-1920.png)
At Davidson's instigation the sixth Lambeth Conference was held as soon as practicable after the end of the war. It met at Lambeth Palace in July and August 1920; 252 bishops attended. The bishops reaffirmed the Lambeth Quadrilateral – the four fundamentals of the Anglican Communion's doctrine. From this starting-point they developed the major initiative of the conference, the "Appeal to all Christian People", which set out the basis on which Anglican Churches would seek to move towards union with Churches of other traditions.[110]
Other resolutions of the conference welcomed the League of Nations "as an expression of Christianity in politics", affirmed the eligibility of women for the diaconate, and declared marriage an indissoluble and life-long union, with no acceptable ground for divorce except adultery. The bishops denounced birth control, spiritualism, and attempts to communicate with the dead. Christian Science and theosophy were stated to involve grave error, but were given credit for showing a reaction against materialism.[110][111]
General Strike, 1926
In May 1926 a general strike was called by the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an attempt to force the government to do something to prevent wage cuts and ameliorate worsening conditions for British coal miners. Some 2.5 million workers struck from 3 to 12 May, paralysing transport and industry.[112] Davidson sought to play a conciliatory role; the historian G. I. T. Machin calls his intervention "probably the most celebrated actions of his twenty-five years as Archbishop of Canterbury". Davidson first spoke about the strike on 5 May, addressing the Lords. He expressed disapproval of the strike but called on the Government to act to end the industrial bitterness. Two days later he convened an interdenominational group of Church leaders and they drew up an appeal for a negotiated settlement.[113] They called for the resumption of talks in a spirit of cooperation, with three tenets: the TUC should call off the general strike, the government should agree to subsidise the coal industry for a short time, and the mine owners should withdraw the disputed wage terms.[114] Davidson wished to make the appeal known to the whole country by making a radio broadcast, but John Reith, the general manager of the BBC, refused to allow it, fearing reprisals from the government.[115]
The initiative was only partly successful – though the strike was called off, the miners' grievances were not remedied – but the joint action by Davidson and the other religious leaders was a further step in the direction of unity. One of the nonconformist clerics told Davidson, "For the first time in my life it has been possible to feel that the Christian forces in this country were united and courageous, and for that we have to thank your leadership. A new sense of unity has been given to us."[116]
Revision of the Book of Common Prayer
The historian Matthew Grimley describes the Prayer-book controversy of 1927–28 as "the last great parliamentary battle over Church and state".[117] Davidson – like his Tudor predecessor Thomas Cranmer, according to The Times – had "immense and perhaps excessive faith in a new Prayer-book as a means of composing differences and restoring discipline within the Church".[6] He also considered that a modern Prayer-book would enrich Anglican services and make them relevant to 20th-century needs unforeseen when Cranmer and his colleagues wrote the original version in the 16th century.[6][n 23] Work had been going on under his supervision since 1906, and in 1927 a version was finally ready. The Church Assembly approved it, and it was put to Parliament for authorisation. The House of Lords agreed it by an unexpectedly large majority of 241 votes. The measure then went before the House of Commons, where it was introduced by William Bridgeman, who made a listless speech that did not impress MPs.[119] Opposing, William Joynson-Hicks spoke vehemently, maintaining that the new Prayer-book opened the door to Romish practices.[120][121] Davidson privately wrote of Bridgeman's speech, "He absolutely muffed it. It was a poor speech with no knowledge and no fire";[122] Bell calls Joynson-Hicks's speech "flashy" but "abundantly successful".[119] The Commons rejected the bill by 238 votes to 205.[123] The MP Austen Chamberlain described Davidson as "a tragically pathetic figure as he left ... after the result".[124] The Times said:
Few people, whether they desired a revised Prayer-book or not, failed to sympathize with the Archbishop in his personal disappointment, or to regret that the 25 years of his Primacy should not have ended with what must have seemed its crowning achievement.[6]
A second attempt the following year was voted down in the Commons on 14 June 1928. After that defeat Davidson told the Church Assembly:
It is a fundamental principle that the Church – that is, the Bishops together with the Clergy and the Laity – must in the last resort, when its mind has been fully ascertained, retain its inalienable right, in loyalty to our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, to formulate its Faith in Him and to arrange the expression of that Holy Faith in its forms of worship.[125]
This statement had the unanimous approval of the bishops.[125] Some of Davidson's colleagues felt that Parliament's rejection of the Prayer-book would have grave consequences. William Temple, his successor-but-one at Canterbury, wrote that "some sort of disestablishment is (I suppose) the necessary result";[126] Henson, previously a strong supporter of establishment, now began to campaign against it.[127] The historian Adrian Hastings writes that "by adroitness of manoeuvre and delay" Davidson led his fellow bishops away from such a drastic outcome.[126]
Retirement
In June 1928 Davidson announced his retirement, to take effect on 12 November.[128] He had served as Archbishop of Canterbury for longer than anyone since the Reformation.[2] He was the first holder of the post to retire,[129][n 24] and to deal with this unprecedented event the King appointed a four-man commission to accept Davidson's formal resignation.[n 25] On his retirement he was created Baron Davidson of Lambeth, and was introduced in the House of Lords on 14 November by Lord Harris and Lord Stamfordham.[136] After leaving Lambeth Palace, Davidson moved to a house in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea.[137] He died there on 25 May 1930, aged 82.[138] The Dean of Westminster offered interment in Westminster Abbey, but Davidson had made it known that he hoped to be buried at Canterbury, and his wishes were followed. He was buried on 30 May in the cloister of Canterbury Cathedral, opposite the Chapter House.[139] His widow died in June 1936, and was buried with him.[140]
Honores
Davidson's honours and appointments included: Prelate of the Order of the Garter (1895–1903); Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (1902); Privy Counsellor (1903); Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (1904); Royal Victorian Chain (1911); Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Saviour (Greece, 1918); Grand Cordon de l'Ordre de la Couronne (Belgium, 1919); Order of Saint Sava, First Class (Serbia, 1919); and Freeman of the City of London (1928).[141]
Reputación
Davidson commented to a friend in 1928, "If I was describing myself I should say I was a funny old fellow of quite mediocre, second-rate gifts and a certain amount of common sense – but that I had tried to do my best; I have tried – and I have tried to stick to my duty; but that is really all there is about it."[142] Historians have rated him more highly, although in a 2017 study, Michael Hughes comments that Davidson has "largely slipped from public memory, and perhaps even from that of the Church",[143] his reputation eclipsed by successors such as William Temple or Michael Ramsey whose public profiles were considerably higher.[144] Hastings calls him "perhaps the most influential of churchmen", because he was "a man of remarkable balance of judgment, intellectual humility, sense of responsibility and capacity for work ... His great sense of public moral responsibility gave him an influence and a position which were remarkable".[145] The historian Keith Robbins observes that Davidson "did not attempt to resolve differences of outlook and doctrine at an intellectual level. The Church of England had always contained many mansions and it was his task to prevent the sinking of this particular bark of Christ by one faction or another. He was, on the whole, remarkably successful in a sober, uninspiring way".[146] In a 1966 study of the Church of England, Roger Lloyd writes:
As the years pass by one has less and less desire to quarrel with the judgement that Davidson was one of the two or three greatest of all the Archbishops of Canterbury. If towards the end of his years the firmness of his grasp faltered a little, as it seemed to do over the matter of the Revised Prayer Book, he had nevertheless raised his high office to a pinnacle of eminence and a height of authority which it had never before known.[147]
Bell's conclusion is that Davidson "immensely increased the influence of the Anglican communion in Christendom, and he saw the Church of England taking far more of a world view than it had taken previously". Bell adds:
His own personal hold on the affection of Church people grew steadily. ... In his general policy he pursued a middle course; and he was often criticized for not giving a clear enough lead, and for being too ready to wait on circumstances. His capacities were essentially those of a chairman, and a chairman of extraordinary fairness. He was a most able administrator, while at the same time a man of great simplicity of character, and this won him the friendship and trust of men of widely different points of view.[35]
Mews's summary is:
Davidson's achievement was to maintain the comprehensiveness of the Church of England and to ensure liberty of thought. He maintained a Christian vision in British society at a time when international and class conflict could have obliterated institutional religion. Davidson's great skill was as a chairman, where he usually managed to secure unanimity ... For nearly fifty years he exercised more influence in Anglican affairs than anyone else.[2]
Notas, referencias y fuentes
Notes
- ^ He was nevertheless left with lifelong after-effects. Some of the shot remained in his body and caused recurring abdominal illness;[10] damage to the hip caused frequent lumbago and a hernia obliged him to wear a truss.[2] Despite this, he remained active throughout his life. In 1926 Winston Churchill recorded his surprise that Davidson, who was by then 78, continued to play squash frequently.[11]
- ^ An Oxford MA degree was conferred on Davidson in 1875.[18]
- ^ F. E. Smith (Lord Birkenhead) wrote in 1924, "The smiles of Archbishops are very pleasant to young curates. The secretary soon became familiar with every fold of that mantle which he now so decently becomes".[31]
- ^ The biographer Sidney Dark suggests that Davidson's influence may have been at least as important as Gladstone's in the choice of Benson.[34] Later biographers such as Bell and Mews make no such suggestion.[2][35]
- ^ Davidson's strongly held view – expressed with the utmost tact – was that the lower classes made mock of the Queen for her accounts of her holidays at Balmoral, and particularly for her relationship with her ghillie, John Brown, about which, he thought, the less said the better.[38]
- ^ The charges against the Bishop were that he had contravened the prescriptions of the Book of Common Prayer by what low-church critics felt were unacceptably high-church practices, including celebrating Holy Communion facing the altar rather than facing the congregation, having lighted candles on the altar, and making the sign of the cross at both absolution and blessing. The charges were mostly dismissed, although King was bidden to refrain, inter alia, from making the sign of the cross.[40]
- ^ Davidson warned Halifax that a mere recognition of Anglican orders by the papacy would do nothing to overcome the deeper divisions between Rome and Canterbury.[49] Halifax's intervention had the reverse effect from the one he intended: Pope Leo XIII formally made the Vatican's position explicit, declaring Anglican orders null and void in the eyes of the Roman Catholic Church.[50]
- ^ The 26 senior diocesan bishops sat, and (2020) still sit, as Lords Spiritual as opposed to Lords Temporal.[51] Davidson succeeded to a seat on the death of James Atlay, Bishop of Hereford.[52]
- ^ a b The three candidates considered were Temple, Davidson and Mandell Creighton. The last had been consecrated bishop alongside Davidson in 1891,[45] and distinguished himself as Bishop of Peterborough, and was favoured by the Archbishop of York (William Maclagan) and the Prince of Wales to succeed Benson; Queen Victoria would have preferred Davidson; and Salisbury's conclusive recommendation was for Temple. Creighton was then invited to succeed Temple at London.[53]
- ^ Temple incorrectly suspected Davidson of seeking the appointment to the see of Canterbury for himself.[54] Temple had earlier said of Davidson, "My only doubt is whether so much political sagacity is altogether compatible with perfect piety".[55]
- ^ Number XXII of the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion reads "The Romish Doctrine concerning Purgatory, Pardons, Worshipping and Adoration, as well of Images as of Relics, and also Invocation of Saints, is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God".[56]
- ^ This possibility had been a matter of controversy for decades. Marriage with a deceased wife's sister had been added to the Church's list of prohibited marriages in 1835. Gladstone had been among the prominent Liberals allied with the Marriage Law Reform Association seeking the overturning of the ban. In 1882 W. S. Gilbert made fun of the recurrent controversy in Iolanthe: "that annual blister, marriage with deceased wife's sister". The ban was overturned by Parliament in 1907.[69]
- ^ The question was how literally Christians should take the clauses of the creed that threatened damnation to those who do not keep the faith "whole and undefiled".[70]
- ^ The votes or abstentions of the Lords Spiritual had no practical effect on the outcome: the Lords rejected the government's bill by 350 votes to 75.[77]
- ^ The two bishops (rear centre-right) walking towards the opposition lobby are Watkin Williams, Bishop of Bangor, and Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs, Bishop of Worcester.[79]
- ^ Among Davidson's concerns was the question of legislation affecting the Church, particularly with regard to Welsh disestablishment, which Liberals generally supported.[82]
- ^ The existing text, dating from the 17th century, referred to some teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, particularly transubstantiation, as "superstitious and idolatrous". Davidson successfully proposed omitting this section of the oath.[84]
- ^ The others were Prince Arthur of Connaught, the Lord Chancellor (Lord Loreburn) and the Lord President of the Council (Lord Morley). They held office from November 1911 to the end of January 1912, when the King returned from India.[86]
- ^ Hensley Henson, Dean, and later Bishop, of Durham, privately described Weston and Gore as "fanatical in temper, bigoted in their beliefs, and reckless in their methods".[89]
- ^ He wrote, "the principles of morality forbid a policy of reprisal which has, as a deliberate object, the killing or wounding of non-combatants ... the adoption of such a mode of retaliation, even for barbarous outrages, would permanently lower the standard of honourable conduct between nation and nation".[95] He said in the House of Lords that Christianity required Britain to fight in a way that "in the coming years, whatever record leaps to light, we shall never be ashamed".[95]
- ^ With regard to Davidson's protests about the government's deceit of the public over British losses, Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty, told Asquith, "I arranged some time ago not to publish any more Navy Lists during the war. I don't know who studies them except the German Admiralty and the Archbishop of Canterbury".[96]
- ^ The Prime Minister was Lloyd George, who had succeeded Asquith in 1916.[99]
- ^ The original 1549 version edited by Cranmer had been lightly revised several times in the 16th and 17th centuries; the one in use in Davidson's time, largely based on the original Tudor text, dated from 1662.[118]
- ^ Several earlier Archbishops were deposed or deprived of their sees – Byrhthelm,[130] Robert of Jumièges,[131] Stigand,[132] Roger Walden,[133] Thomas Cranmer[134] and William Sancroft[135] – but Davidson was the first to retire voluntarily in old age.[129]
- ^ The commissioners were the Archbishop of York (Cosmo Lang) and the Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester (respectively, Arthur Winnington-Ingram, Hensley Henson and Theodore Woods.[128]
References
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 5
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Mews, Stuart. "Davidson, Randall Thomas, Baron Davidson of Lambeth (1848–1930), archbishop of Canterbury", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2011. Archived 10 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 8 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Hughes, p. 10
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 5–6
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 10
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Death of Lord Davidson – Archbishop for 25 Years – A Wise Leader", The Times, 26 May 1930, pp. 15–16
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 14
- ^ Davidson, quoted in Bell (Volume I), p. 16
- ^ Quoted in Bell (Volume I), p. 19
- ^ Begbie, p. 206
- ^ Gilbert (1977), p. 1373
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 20–21
- ^ Hughes, p. 11
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 21
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 23
- ^ Barber, p. 415
- ^ "University Intelligence", The Times, 18 November 1871, p. 6
- ^ "University Intelligence", The Times, 12 June 1875, p. 14
- ^ Hughes, pp. 11–12
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 29
- ^ a b Hughes, p. 12
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 33
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 33–34
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 34
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 38
- ^ Davidson and Benham, p. 327
- ^ Davidson and Benham, pp. 334–335
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 42 and 44
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 44
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 44; and Hughes, pp. 12 and 14
- ^ Smith, p. 56
- ^ a b Hughes, p. 16
- ^ Quoted in Hughes, p. 15
- ^ Dark, p. 17
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bell, George. "Davidson, Randall Thomas, Baron Davidson of Lambeth (1848–1930), Dictionary of National Biography, Macmillan, 1937 and Oxford University Press, 2004. Archived 9 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Hughes, pp. 15–16
- ^ Quoted in Roberts, p. 318
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 93–94; and Hughes, p. 17
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 95; and Hughes, p. 17
- ^ Newton, John A. "King, Edward (1829–1910), bishop of Lincoln", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2010. Archived 24 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ "The Times Column of New Books and New Editions", The Times, 15 June 1891, p. 12
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 189–190
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 193
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 194
- ^ a b "Consecration of New Bishops", The Times, 27 April 1891, p. 6
- ^ "Enthronement of the Bishop of Rochester", The Morning Post, 23 October 1891, p. 3
- ^ Hughes, p. 21
- ^ Hughes, pp. 20–21
- ^ Hughes, p. 22
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 237
- ^ "Lords Spiritual and Temporal Parliament.co.uk. Archived 5 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 8 December 2019
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 241
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 284
- ^ a b Bell (Volume I), pp. 287–289
- ^ Lee and Clark, p. 236
- ^ "Articles agreed upon by the Archbishops and Bishops of both Provinces, and the whole Clergy", Society of Archbishop Justus. Archived 5 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 December 2019
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 278
- ^ Barber, pp. 436–437
- ^ Hughes, p. 25
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 360–361
- ^ a b "New Archbishop of Canterbury", The Times, 9 January 1903, p. 8
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 349–350
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 377
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 370
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 393
- ^ Carpenter, p. 411
- ^ Hastings, p. 83
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 471
- ^ Bradley, pp. 406–408
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 434
- ^ "The Archbishop of Canterbury", The Times, 22 October 1904, p. 9
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 539
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 545
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 547–548
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 559
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 597
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 600
- ^ "The Passing of the Veto Bill without a Creation of New Peers: The Separation of the Contents and the Not-Contents", The Illustrated London News, 19 August 1911, pp. 292–93
- ^ a b Rose, p. 123
- ^ a b "House of Lords", The Times, 11 August 1911, p. 5
- ^ a b Davidson, Randall. Letter to The Times, 24 August 1911, p. 4; and Quinault, p. 41
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 629–631
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 613 and 617
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 637
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 637–638
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 690
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 691
- ^ Henson, p. 159
- ^ Barber, p. 433
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 731
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 739
- ^ Hughes, p. 91
- ^ Van Emden, p. 53
- ^ a b Carpenter, p. 418
- ^ Gilbert (1972), p. 496
- ^ a b Marshall, p. 269
- ^ Bell (Volume II), pp. 859–862
- ^ Morgan, Kenneth O. "George, David Lloyd, first Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor (1863–1945), prime minister", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2018. Archived 4 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 January 2020 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ a b c Grimley, Matthew. "Henson, Herbert Hensley (1863–1947), bishop of Durham" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2011. Archived 12 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Peart-Binns, p. 91
- ^ "Bishopric of Hereford: The Primate's Attitude", The Manchester Guardian, 18 January 1918, p. 5
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 879
- ^ Chapman, p. 27
- ^ Bell (Volume II), pp. 956–957
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 968
- ^ a b Morris, p. 246
- ^ Brown, p. 82
- ^ Brown, pp. 82–83
- ^ a b "The Lambeth Resolutions", The Times, 14 August 1920, p. 11
- ^ Bell (Volume II), pp. 1007–1015
- ^ Butt, p. 391
- ^ Bell (Volume II). pp. 1306–1307
- ^ Machin, p. 38
- ^ Machin, p. 39
- ^ The Rev Herbert Gray, quoted in Machin, p. 39
- ^ Grimley, p. 143
- ^ Jacobs and Magee, pp. 83, 85 and 159–160
- ^ a b Bell (Volume II), p. 1345
- ^ Bell (Volume II), pp. 1345–1346
- ^ "House of Commons", The Times, 16 December 1927, p. 7
- ^ Private Papers of Randall Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury 1903–28, vol. xvi, Diaries and Memoranda, 1927–1930, Memorandum of 15 January 1928, pp. 11–12, quoted in Martell, p. 218
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 1346
- ^ Grimley, p. 140
- ^ a b Barber, p. 406
- ^ a b Hastings, Adrian. "Temple, William (1881–1944), archbishop of Canterbury". Retrieved 15 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Grimley, p. 153
- ^ a b "The Primate", The Times, 26 July 1928, p. 14
- ^ a b Collinson, p. 278
- ^ Rumble, p. 102
- ^ Rumble, p. 107
- ^ Cowdrey, H. E. J. "Stigand (d. 1072), archbishop of Canterbury", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2104. Archived 13 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 14 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Davies, R. G. "Walden, Roger (d. 1406), administrator, archbishop of Canterbury, and bishop of London", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2104. Retrieved 14 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Carpenter, p. 145
- ^ Carpenter, pp. 220–221
- ^ "The Primate", The Times, 13 November 1928, p. 16
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 1365
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 1380
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 1381
- ^ "Death of Lady Davidson of Lambeth", The Times, 27 June 1936, p. 14
- ^ "Davidson of Lambeth, 1st Baron, (Most Rev. Randall Thomas Davidson) (7 April 1848–25 May 1930)" Who's Who and Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2019 (subscription required)
- ^ Quoted in Bell (Volume II), p. 1364
- ^ Hughes, p. 171
- ^ Webster, Peter. "Archbishop Randall Davidson", Reviews in History, November 2017, DOI: 10.14296/RiH/2014/2201. Retrieved 14 December 2019
- ^ Hastings, pp. 60–61
- ^ Robbins, p. 120
- ^ Lloyd, p. 248
Sources
Books
- Barber, Melanie (1999). "Randall Davidson: A Partial Retrospective". In Stephen Taylor (ed.). From Cranmer to Davidson: A Church of England Miscellany. Woodbridge: Boydell. ISBN 978-0-85115-742-9.
- Begbie, Harold (1922). Painted Windows; Studies in Religious Personality. New York and London: Putnam. OCLC 65931294.
- Bell, George (1935). Randall Davidson: Archbishop of Canterbury, Volume I. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 896112401.
- Bell, George (1935). Randall Davidson: Archbishop of Canterbury, Volume II. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 896112401.
- Bradley, Ian (1996). The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-816503-3.
- Brown, Callum G. (2014). Religion and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-14798-0.
- Bruce, Alex (2000). The Cathedral "Open and Free": Dean Bennett of Chester. Liverpool Historical Studies. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. OCLC 994453174.
- Butt, John (2015). "General Strike, 1926". In John Cannon (ed.). Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967783-2.
- Carpenter, Edward (1997). Cantuar: The Archbishops in Their Office. London: A. & C. Black. ISBN 978-0-264-67449-0.
- Chapman, Mark (2018). Theology at War and Peace: English Theology and Germany in the First World War. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-38589-4.
- Collinson, Patrick (1979). Archbishop Grindal, 1519–1583: The Struggle for a Reformed Church. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03831-8.
- Dark, Sidney (1929). Archbishop Davidson and the English Church. London: Philip Allan. OCLC 931334619.
- Davidson, Randall; William Benham (1891). The Life of Archibald Campbell Tait, Volume II. London: Macmillan. OCLC 12561176.
- Gilbert, Martin (1972). Winston S. Churchill, Companion Volume III, Part 1: August 1914 – April 1915. London: Heinemann. OCLC 56393138.
- Gilbert, Martin (1977). Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume IV, Part 2: July 1919 – March 1921. London: Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-434-13013-9.
- Grimley, Matthew (2010). Citizenship, Community and the Church of England. Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927089-7.
- Hastings, Adrian (1986). A History of English Christianity, 1920–1985. London: Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-627041-6.
- Henson, Hensley (1943). Retrospect of an Unimportant Life, Volume 2, 1920–1939. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 504487878.
- Hughes, Michael (2017). Archbishop Randall Davidson. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1866-1.
- Jacobs, Alan (2019). The Book of Common Prayer: A Biography. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19178-2.
- Lee, Arthur (1974). Alan Clark (ed.). A Good Innings: The Private Papers of Viscount Lee of Fareham. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-2850-7.
- Lloyd, Roger (1966). The Church of England, 1900–1965. London: SCM Press. OCLC 923343620.
- Machin, G. I. T. (1998). Churches and Social Issues in Twentieth-Century Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821780-0.
- Marshall, William M. (2015). "Davidson, Randall". In John Cannon (ed.). Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967783-2.
- Martell, J. D. (1974). The Prayer Book Controversy 1927–28 (Masters). Durham: Durham University. OCLC 1015456607.
- Morris, J. N. (2016). The High Church Revival in the Church of England. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-32680-4.
- Peart-Binns, John Stuart (2013). Herbert Hensley Henson – A Biography. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press. ISBN 978-0-7188-9302-6.
- Robbins, Keith (1993). History, Religion and Identity in Modern Britain. London: Hambledon Press. ISBN 978-1-85285-101-9.
- Roberts, Andrew (1999). Salisbury: Victorian Titan. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-81713-0.
- Rose, Kenneth (2000). King George V. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-1-84212-001-9.
- Rumble, Alexander (2012). Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church: From Bede to Stigand. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-700-8.
- Smith, F. E. (Lord Birkenhead) (1924). Contemporary Personalities. London: Cassell. OCLC 61585163.
- Van Emden, Richard (2013). Meeting the Enemy: The Human Face of the Great War. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4088-3981-2.
Journals
- Quinault, Roland (February 1992). "Asquith's Liberalism". History. 77 (249): 33–49. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1992.tb02391.x. JSTOR 24420531. (subscription required)
Otras lecturas
- Hubbard, Kate (2012). Serving Victoria: Life in the Royal Household. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-8368-4.
- Philip, The Rev Adam (1903). The Ancestry of Randall Thomas Davidson, D.D., Archbishop of Canterbury. London: Stock. OCLC 664421178.
enlaces externos
- Portraits of Randall Davidson at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Davidson's papers and correspondence
Church of England titles | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded by George Connor | Dean of Windsor 1883–1891 | Succeeded by Philip Eliot |
Preceded by Anthony Thorold | Bishop of Rochester 1891–1895 | Succeeded by Edward Talbot |
Bishop of Winchester 1895–1903 | Succeeded by Herbert Ryle | |
Preceded by Frederick Temple | Archbishop of Canterbury 1903–1928 | Succeeded by Cosmo Gordon Lang |
Peerage of the United Kingdom | ||
New creation | Baron Davidson of Lambeth 1928–1930 | Extinct |