Los Batallones de Construcción Naval de los Estados Unidos , más conocidos como Navy Seabees , forman la Fuerza de Construcción Naval de los Estados Unidos (NCF). El apodo de Seabee es una heterografía de las primeras letras "C B" de las palabras Construction Battalion. [1] Dependiendo del contexto, "Seabee" puede referirse a: todo el personal alistado en el campo ocupacional 7 (OF-7) de la USN, todo el personal de la Fuerza de Construcción Naval (NCF) o el Batallón de Construcción. Seabees prestan servicios tanto dentro como fuera del NCF. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, fueron titulares de tablas tanto de las Unidades de Demolición de Combate Naval como de los Equipos de Demolición Submarina (UDT). Los hombres de la NCF consideraron que estas unidades eran "Seabee". [2]Además, Seabees sirvió como elementos de Cubs, Lions, Acorns y el Cuerpo de Marines de los Estados Unidos . [3] También proporcionaron la mano de obra para el grupo de tanques de llamas CWS de alto secreto . Hoy en día, los Seabees tienen muchas asignaciones de tareas especiales, comenzando con Camp David y la Unidad de Apoyo Naval en el Departamento de Estado . Los Seabees sirven tanto a los comandantes de las flotas atlánticas / pacíficas de las Fuerzas Navales de Superficie como a muchos comandos de buceo de la USN y Obras Públicas.
Batallones de Construcción Naval | |
---|---|
Rama | Nosotros marina de guerra |
Tipo | Fuerzas expedicionarias |
Papel | Construcción militarizada |
Tamaño |
|
Apodo (s) | Seabees |
Lema (s) |
|
Colores | Marina de Estados Unidos |
Mascota (s) | Abejorro |
Aniversarios | 28/12/1941 formación solicitada 05/03/1942 formación autorizada |
Compromisos | Guadalcanal , Bougainville , Cabo Gloucester , Los Negros , Guam , Peleliu , Tarawa , Kwajalein , Saipan , Tinian , Iwo Jima , Filipinas , Okinawa , África del Norte , Sicilia , Anzio , Normandía , Desembarco de Inchon , Khe Sanh , Dong Xaoi , Chu Lai, Con Thien , Tormenta del Desierto , Guerra de Irak y Libertad Duradera |
Sitio web | https://www.public.navy.mil/seabee/Pages/default.aspx |
Comandantes | |
Comandantes notables | Almirante Ben Moreell |
Los batallones de construcción naval fueron concebidos como reemplazos de las empresas de construcción civil en las zonas de combate después de Pearl Harbor . En ese momento, los contratistas civiles tenían aproximadamente 70.000 hombres que trabajaban con contratos de USN en el extranjero. El derecho internacional declaró ilegal que los trabajadores civiles se resistieran a un ataque. Hacerlo los clasificaría como guerrilleros y podría conducir a una ejecución sumaria . [4] Eso es exactamente lo que sucedió en Wake [5] y serviría como historia de fondo para la película de la Segunda Guerra Mundial The Fighting Seabees .
El modelo conceptual CB del almirante Moreell era un equivalente militar entrenado por el USMC de esas empresas civiles: capaz de trabajar en cualquier lugar, bajo cualquier condición o circunstancia. [6] Se comprendió que los CB eran flexibles, adaptables y podían utilizarse en todos los escenarios de operaciones . El uso de la organización del USMC permitió una coordinación, integración o interfaz fluidas entre los elementos del NCF y el Cuerpo de Marines. Además, los EC se pueden implementar individualmente o en múltiples según lo dicte el alcance y la escala del proyecto. Lo que distingue a Seabees de los ingenieros de combate son los conjuntos de habilidades. La ingeniería de combate no es más que un subconjunto de la caja de herramientas de Seabee. Tienen un legado histórico de ingenio en el campo creativo, [7] que se extiende desde Normandía y Okinawa hasta Irak y Afganistán . El almirante Ernest King escribió a los Seabees en su segundo aniversario: "Su ingenio y fortaleza se han convertido en una leyenda en el servicio naval". [8] Los Seabees creen que cualquier cosa que se les asigne, "pueden hacer". Fueron únicos en la concepción y permanecen sin cambios con respecto al modelo del almirante Moreell actual. En la edición de octubre de 1944 de Flying , los Seabees se describen como "un fenómeno de la Segunda Guerra Mundial". [9] Desde su creación, todo el entrenamiento militar avanzado de Seabee ha estado bajo instrucción del USMC. Aun así, siempre traen su caja de herramientas. Una de esas herramientas es el ingenio al que hace referencia el almirante King. Ganaron fama por su aplicación durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Los UDT y los tanques lanzallamas son ejemplos de alto secreto desclasificados. Después de la guerra siguieron con más de lo mismo para la CIA y el Departamento de Estado . Junto con su entrenamiento del USMC y su capacidad para apropiarse de cualquier cosa, brindan a la Armada un activo poco convencional que no se encuentra en ningún otro lugar del ejército de EE. UU.
Formación conceptual CB
En la década de 1930, la Oficina de Yardas y Muelles (BuDocks) comenzó a proporcionar "Batallones de Construcción Naval" (CB) en planes de contingencia de guerra. [10] En 1934, la versión del capitán Carl Carlson del CB fue aprobada por el Jefe de Operaciones Navales [11] En 1935, RADM. Norman Smith, jefe de BuDocks, seleccionó al Capitán Walter Allen, Oficial de Planes de Guerra , para representar a BuDocks en la Junta de Planes de Guerra. El Capitán Allen presentó el concepto de CB de la oficina a la Junta y lo incluyó en los planes de guerra de Rainbow . [11] Los Seabees nombraron su primer centro de entrenamiento para el Capitán Allen. [12] Una crítica de la propuesta fue que los OC tendrían un comando dual; el control militar administrado por oficiales de línea de la flota , mientras que las operaciones de construcción serían administradas por oficiales del Cuerpo de Ingenieros Civiles . [11] Las críticas adicionales no fueron disposiciones para la organización militar o el entrenamiento militar necesario para proporcionar estructura de unidad, disciplina y espíritu de cuerpo . En diciembre de 1937, RADM. Ben Moreell se convirtió en el jefe de BuDocks y en el principal proponente de la propuesta de CB. [11]
En 1941, la Marina y BuDocks decidieron mejorar la supervisión del proyecto de los contratistas civiles mediante la creación de "Empresas de construcción de sedes". [11] Estas empresas tendrían 2 oficiales y 99 alistados, pero no harían ninguna construcción real. [11] El 31 de octubre de 1941, RADM. Chester Nimitz , Jefe de la Oficina de Navegación , autorizó la formación de la 1ª Compañía de Construcción de la Sede. [11] El reclutamiento comenzó en noviembre, mientras que el entrenamiento de botas comenzó el 7 de diciembre de 1941 en la Estación Naval de Newport . [11] Para el 16 de diciembre, se habían autorizado cuatro compañías adicionales, pero Pearl Harbor lo cambió todo. [11]
Segunda Guerra Mundial
El 28 de diciembre de 1941, el almirante Moreell solicitó autorización para encargar tres batallones de construcción naval. Su solicitud fue aprobada el 5 de enero de 1942 por el almirante Nimitz . [14] La primera empresa de construcción del cuartel general se utilizó para encargar el primer destacamento de construcción naval, que se asignó a la Operación Bobcat . [15] Fueron enviados a Bora Bora y son conocidos en la historia de Seabee como "Bobcats". [15]
Al mismo tiempo, se aprobaron las demás empresas solicitadas. BuDocks tomó las Compañías 2 y 3 para formar el 1er Batallón de Construcción Naval en Charleston, Carolina del Sur. Se utilizaron las empresas HQ 4 y 5 para el 2º CB. [14] Las cuatro empresas se desplegaron de forma independiente. Los CB 3, 4 y 5 se implementaron de la misma manera. [16] CB 6 fue el primer batallón en desplegarse como batallón. [dieciséis]
Antes de que todo esto pudiera suceder, BuDocks tuvo que abordar el problema del comando dual. Las reglas navales declararon que el mando de la unidad estaba estrictamente limitado a los oficiales de línea . BuDocks consideró esencial que los CB sean comandados por oficiales de la CEC capacitados en construcción. La Oficina de Personal Naval (BuPers) se opuso firmemente. El almirante Moreell llevó el asunto directamente al secretario de Marina , Frank Knox . El 19 de marzo de 1942, Knox dio a la CEC el mando completo de todo el personal de la NCF. Casi 11,400 se convertirían en CEC durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial con 7,960 haciendo servicio CB. Dos semanas antes, el 5 de marzo, todo el personal de CB se denominó oficialmente "Seabees".
Los primeros voluntarios fueron comerciantes que recibieron rango avanzado por sus habilidades comerciales. Esto resultó en que Seabees fuera el grupo de uniforme mejor pagado. [17] Para reclutar a estos hombres, se renunciaba a la edad y los estándares físicos hasta los 50 años. Hasta noviembre de 1942 el Seabee promedio era de 37, aun así, todos recibieron el mismo entrenamiento físico . [5] En diciembre, FDR ordenó al Sistema de Servicio Selectivo que proporcionara reclutas a CB. Los alistados pueden solicitar el servicio de CB con una declaración escrita que certifique que están calificados para el comercio. [1] : 136 Esto duró hasta octubre de 1943 cuando el alistamiento voluntario en Seabees cesó hasta diciembre de 1944. [1] : 136 Al final de la guerra, 258.872 oficiales y alistados habían servido en Seabees. Nunca alcanzaron la cuota autorizada de la Marina de 321.056. [18]
En 1942, el arranque inicial de CB fue en Camp Allen , VA., Que se trasladó a Camp Bradford, que se trasladó a Camp Peary [5] y finalmente se trasladó a Camp Endicott , Rhode Island. Los CB 1-5 se enviaron directamente al extranjero para proyectos urgentes. Los CB que siguieron se enviaron a Advance Base Depots (ABD) para su implementación. [19] Camp Rousseau en Port Hueneme entró en funcionamiento primero y fue el ABD del Pacífico. [20] El Davisville ABD entró en funcionamiento en junio con NTC Camp Endicott encargado ese agosto. [21] Otros campamentos de CB fueron Camp Parks , Livermore, Ca., [22] y Camp Lee-Stephenson, Quoddy Village, Eastport, Maine [23] y Camp Holliday, Gulfport. Los CB enviados al Pacífico se adjuntaron a uno de los cuatro Cuerpos Anfibios: I, III y V eran USMC. La VII Fuerza Anfibia estaba bajo el mando del general Douglas MacArthur , comandante supremo .
Bases avanzadas
La Oficina de Operaciones Navales creó un código que identifica la construcción de Advance Base (AB) [24] como una metáfora numerada para el tamaño / tipo de base. Ese código también se utilizó para identificar la "unidad" que sería la administración de esa base. [25] Estos eran León, Cachorro, Roble y Bellota, siendo un León una Base de Flota principal (numeradas del 1 al 6). [26] Los Cachorros eran Bases de Flotas Secundarias 1/4 del tamaño de un León (numerados del 1 al 12). [27] Oak y Acorn fueron los nombres que se dieron a las instalaciones aéreas, nuevas o capturadas (aeródromo o pista de aterrizaje). [28] Los cachorros ganaron estatus rápidamente. La velocidad con la que los Seabees podían hacer que uno estuviera operativo llevó a los marines a considerarlos un componente táctico . Camp Bedilion compartió una cerca común con Camp Rousseau en Port Hueneme y fue el hogar del Destacamento de Ensamblaje y Entrenamiento Acorn (AATD) [29] A medida que avanzaba la guerra, BuDocks se dio cuenta de que la logística requería que se construyeran Depósitos de Construcción de Base Avanzada (ABCD). y los CB construyeron siete. [30] Cuando se creó el código por primera vez, BuDocks previó que dos CB construirían un Lion. En 1944 se estaba utilizando un regimiento completo. La invasión de Okinawa tomó cuatro brigadas de construcción de 55.000 hombres. Los Seabees construyeron la infraestructura necesaria para llevar la guerra a Japón. Al final de la guerra, los CB habían servido en seis continentes y habían construido más de 300 bases en la misma cantidad de islas. [31] Se construyeron todo: aeródromos, pistas de aterrizaje, embarcaderos , muelles , rompeolas , PT y hidroavión bases, puentes, carreteras, com-centros, parques de combustible, hospitales, cuarteles y cualquier otra cosa. [32]
En el Atlántico, el trabajo más importante de Seabees fueron los preparativos para el desembarco de Normandía . Después de lo cual se encargaron las CBMU 627, 628 y 629 para facilitar el cruce del Rin . Para CBMU 629 fue un trabajo de primera línea. [33] El Pacífico es donde se desplegó el 80% del NCF.
Servicio afroamericano: los estibadores de Seabee
En febrero de 1942, el almirante de CNO Harold Rainsford Stark recomendó a los afroamericanos para las calificaciones en los oficios de la construcción. En abril, la Marina anunció que alistaría a afroamericanos en Seabees. Aun así, solo había dos CB que eran unidades " coloreadas ", el 34º y el 80º. [35] Ambos tenían oficiales sureños blancos y alistados negros. Ambos batallones experimentaron problemas con ese arreglo que llevaron al reemplazo de los oficiales. Los hombres del 34 hicieron una huelga de hambre que fue noticia nacional. El Comandante de la 80 había dado de baja deshonrosamente a 19 alistados por sedición. La NAACP y Thurgood Marshall consiguieron revertir 14 de ellos. En 1943, la Marina elaboró una propuesta para aumentar el número de CB de colores a 5 y exigir que todos los hombres no clasificados en los siguientes 24 CB fueran de color. La propuesta fue aprobada, pero no se tomó ninguna acción.
La falta de estibadores en las zonas de combate fue un gran problema para la Marina. La autorización para la formación de CB de manipulación de carga o "CB especiales" ocurrió a mediados de septiembre de 1942. [36] Al final de las guerras se habían encargado 41 CB especiales de los cuales 15 eran de "color". Fueron las primeras unidades completamente integradas en la Marina de los EE. UU. [35] VJ Day supuso el desmantelamiento de todos ellos. Los CB especiales fueron los precursores de los actuales Batallones de Manejo de Carga Naval del Grupo de Apoyo Logístico Expedicionario de la Armada (Estados Unidos) . La llegada de 15 CB especiales de colores a Pearl Harbor convirtió la segregación en un problema para la Marina. [37] Durante algún tiempo los hombres durmieron en tiendas de campaña, pero la disparidad de trato era obvia incluso para la Marina. [37] El 14º Distrito Naval sintió que merecía un refugio adecuado con cuarteles al menos separados pero iguales. [37] Manana Barracks y Waiawa Gulch se convirtieron en la instalación militar de color más grande de los Estados Unidos con más de 4.000 estibadores Seabee alojados allí. [37] Fue el lugar de las luchas raciales hasta el punto de que el campo fue vallado y puesto bajo vigilancia armada. [37] Los Seabees fueron transportados desde y hacia los muelles en camiones de ganado. [37] Dos depósitos de suministros navales se ubicaron en Waiawa Gulch. Al final de las guerras, 12.500 afroamericanos servirían en los Batallones de Construcción. [38]
El 17º CB Especial (de color) en Peleliu del 15 al 18 de septiembre de 1944 no figura en el orden de batalla del USMC . El día D, el 7º de Infantería de Marina tuvo una situación en la que no tenían suficientes hombres para vigilar las líneas y llevar a los heridos a un lugar seguro . Vinieron en su ayuda las 2 compañías del 16º Marine Field Depot (en color) y el 17º CB Especial. Los japoneses organizaron un contraataque a las 0200 horas de la noche del día D. Cuando terminó, casi todo el 17 se había ofrecido como voluntario para llevar municiones a las líneas del frente en las camillas en las que llevaron a los heridos. Se ofrecieron como voluntarios para tripular la línea donde habían estado los heridos, cañones de 37 mm que habían perdido a sus tripulaciones y se ofrecieron como voluntarios para cualquier cosa que los marines necesitaran. El 17 permaneció con el 7º de Infantería de Marina hasta que el flanco derecho hubiera sido asegurado en D más 3. [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] Según la Enciclopedia de Historia Militar en la Web, "si no fuera por el Partido en la costa de los Marines Negros --- el contraataque contra el 7º Marines no habría sido rechazado ". [44]
- En Peleliu, los destacamentos del partido en tierra de los CB 33º y 73º recibieron Citaciones de Unidad Presidencial al igual que el partido en tierra principal (1º Pioneros de la Marina). [45] El Comandante de la 17ª CB Especial (de color) recibió la misma carta de encomio que los Comandantes de Compañía de la 7ª Marine Ammunition Co. (de color) y la 11ª Marine Depot Co. (de color). Antes incluso de que la batalla terminara, el mayor general Rupertus, USMC les escribió a cada uno:
"La raza negra bien puede estar orgullosa del trabajo realizado [por la 11th Marine Depot Co./ 7th Marine Ammunition Co./ 17th Special CB]. La cooperación incondicional y los esfuerzos incansables que demostraron en todos los aspectos que apreciaban el privilegio de llevar un uniforme de infantería de marina y servir con los marines en combate. Por favor, transmita a su mando estos sentimientos e infórmeles que a los ojos de toda la división se han ganado un 'bien hecho' ". [46] [47] El Departamento de Marina hizo un comunicado de prensa oficial el 28 de noviembre de 1944 de la copia de esta carta del 17º CB. [48]
- Abejas marinas afroamericanas [49] [50]
Exploración de petróleo de Seabee North Slope 1944
El Destacamento del Batallón de Construcción (CBD) 1058 se formó a partir de "examinar Camp Peary y la NCF en busca de geólogos , ingenieros petroleros , perforadores de petróleo , empujadores de herramientas , peones y matones " y luego se designó como 1058. [51] [52] Se eligió personal adicional para su experiencia ártica con los CB 12 y 66. [51] Se reunieron en Camp Lee Stephenson para la Operación Pet 4. El Congreso destinó $ 1,000,000 a la reserva de petróleo en la Reserva de Petróleo de la Marina de los EE. UU. No. 4 (NPR-4) en 1944. NPR-4 había fue creado y colocado en la reserva de petróleo en 1923. [51] Hoy NPR-4 es la Reserva Nacional de Petróleo en Alaska . La misión del destacamento era:
- Realice un estudio geológico detallado en Umiat y Cape Simpson
- Taladro de prueba y agujeros de núcleo
- Perforar un pozo profundo
- Realice estudios de oleoductos aéreos y terrestres completos para NPR 4. [51]
- Construye un campamento base con una pista de aterrizaje en Point Barrow
- Construir pistas de aterrizaje para campamentos en Umiat y Bettles
El 19 de julio, el USS Spica se dirigió hacia el norte con el SS Jonathan Harrington hacia Point Barrow y Cape Simpson . El campamento base del det fue construido en Point Barrow . Se prepararon cuatro D-8 con veinte trineos de suministros para el viaje de 330 millas hasta Umiat una vez que la tundra se había congelado. [53] El primer tren de tractores entregó suministros, el segundo, equipo pesado para pozos. [53] Los D8 harían ocho viajes en total. Cuando llegó el verano, un gato montés fue perforado a 1,816 'antes de que el frío apagara las operaciones. El agujero fue designado Seabee # 1 [54] Estaba cerca de cuatro filtraciones conocidas en Umiat en el sureste de NPR 4. [51] [53] Los estratos rocosos eran del Cretácico Superior y un estrato del mismo fue nombrado la "Formación Seabee". [55] En la costa, los Seabees perforaron pozos de prueba en el cabo Simpson y Point Barrow. [56] Una vez que se completaron las pistas, se enviaron suministros adicionales. En marzo de 1946, los civiles se hicieron cargo del proyecto. Algunos Seabees de CBD 1058 fueron contratados inmediatamente después del alta para continuar haciendo el trabajo que habían estado haciendo " [55] La Marina aplicó la experiencia de clima frío del CBD 1058 para la Operación Highjump y la Operación Deep Freeze . Seabee # 1 sigue siendo un buen monitor del USGS hoy . [57]
Estudios de la tierra
Dos veces a los Seabees se les ha asignado la tarea de realizar estudios de la tierra a gran escala. El primero fue realizado por CBD 1058 para una ruta de oleoducto NPR 4 propuesta a Fairbanks. El oleoducto Trans-Alaska sigue una parte de su estudio desde aproximadamente el círculo polar ártico hasta Fairbanks. El segundo lo haría un equipo de Seabee de MCB 10. Fueron a Vietnam en 1956 para estudiar y trazar un mapa de la red de carreteras existente . [58] Esa encuesta se utilizó ampliamente durante la Guerra de Vietnam .
ver notas
Grupo de control de la malaria y las epidemias
BUMED creó el Grupo de control de la malaria y las epidemias para tratar las enfermedades transmitidas por insectos. Entre agosto de 1942 y febrero de 1943, las tropas estadounidenses en el Pacífico promediaron 10 casos de malaria por cada herida de combate. Las abejas marinas engrasaron, drenaron y rociaron áreas de reproducción de mosquitos e inspeccionaron y fumigaron barcos y aviones que transitaban por áreas infestadas de malaria. [59] Era una tarea importante que era absolutamente necesaria para que Estados Unidos pudiera desplegar una fuerza de combate eficaz. En Guadalcanal, el 63º CB tenía el control de la malaria como su tarea principal. [60] En Gulfport se estableció una escuela para capacitar a los batallones del Grupo de control de la malaria y las epidemias.
Seabees de la Segunda Guerra Mundial fuera del NCF
Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, los Seabees fueron asignados fuera del NCF en el USMC, NCDU y UDT.
cuerpos de Marina
El historiador del USMC Gordon L. Rottman escribió "que una de las mayores contribuciones que la Marina hizo al Cuerpo de Marines durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial fue la creación de los Seabees". [64] A cambio, el Cuerpo influiría en la organización CB y su historia. Después de la experiencia de Guadalcanal, el Departamento de Guerra decidió que los Marines y Seabees realizarían todos los desembarcos posteriores juntos. [65] Ese arreglo condujo a numerosas afirmaciones de Seabee de que habían aterrizado primero, incluso dejando carteles en la playa preguntando a los marines "¿Por qué tardaron tanto?" [65] Los Seabees en los UDT hicieron un esfuerzo de esto [65] que sus compañeros en los CB aprobaron.
Cuando se formaron los primeros tres CB, los Seabees no tenían una base propia. Al salir de la bota, los reclutas fueron enviados a los campamentos de la Administración Nacional de la Juventud en Illinois, Nueva Jersey, Nueva York y Virginia para recibir entrenamiento militar de la Infantería de Marina. [1] : 138 El Cuerpo de Marines enumeró los CB en su tabla de organización : "División de la Serie D" para 1942, [66] "División de la Serie E" para 1943, [67] [68] y "Cuerpo Anfibio" para 1944 / 45. [69]
Cuando se crearon los CB, el Cuerpo de Marines quería uno para cada una de las tres Divisiones de Marines, pero se les dijo que no debido a las prioridades de la guerra. Aun así, las primeras unidades de Seabee estaban conectadas con las operaciones del Cuerpo de Marines. El 1er Destacamento de Construcción Naval (Bobcats) [15] junto con A Co CB 3 fue transferido a la Infantería de Marina y redesignado al 3er Batallón 22º de Infantería de Marina . [70] Los Bobcats se habían desplegado sin recibir entrenamiento militar avanzado. El 22º de Infantería de Marina se encargó de eso. [71] El 4º Destacamento de Construcción se incorporó al 5º Batallón de Defensa Marina durante dos años. [dieciséis]
En otoño, los CB 18, 19 y 25 [72] habían sido transferidos al Cuerpo como ingenieros de combate. [73] Cada uno estaba adjunto a un regimiento de ingenieros compuesto, [74] redesignado como 3er Batallón: [73] 17º Regimiento de Infantería de Marina , 18º Regimiento de Infantería de Marina , 19º Regimiento de Infantería de Marina y 20º Regimiento de Infantería de Marina . Cada uno de los CB 18 y 19 afirma haber sido los primeros CB autorizados para usar la emisión estándar del USMC. [63] Ambos recibieron su entrenamiento militar y una bolsa de lona del USMC en MTC New River, Carolina del Norte . No hay registro de cuántos OC recibieron una emisión del USMC. Se sabe que los OC 31, 43, [75] 76, [76] 121 y 133 recibieron problemas parciales o completos. [77] El 15 de enero de 1944 se encargó el 142º CB en New River, Camp Lejeune. El 2 de febrero, ese batallón llegó a Camp Pendelton para recibir más entrenamiento, y partió el 19 de abril.
Después de que las operaciones anfibias de Guadalcanal se convirtieran en emparejamientos conjuntos USMC / Seabee. El 6º CB se incorporó a la 1ª División de Infantería de Marina después de que comenzara el combate en Guadalcanal. El 18o CB fue enviado a unirse a ellos desde el depósito de la Fuerza Marina de la Flota en Norfolk. [78] Le seguirían muchos más. El 6º CB Especial fue asignado al 4º Depósito de Marines en los Russells . [16] Noviembre vio el 14º CB asignado al 2º Raider Bn en Guadalcanal. En junio, el 24º CB fue asignado al 9º Marine Defense Bn en Rendova . [79] Los CB 33º y 73º tenían dets asignados a los 1º Pioneros como fiesta en tierra en Peleliu [80] al igual que el 17º CB Especial coloreado . En la ensenada de Enogi en Munda , un desvío número 47 fue una fiesta en tierra para los asaltantes marinos primero y cuarto . [70] La 3ª División de Infantería de Marina. nombrado Comandante de la 71a CB en tierra comandante de la partida en Bougainville. Su 71 tuvo el apoyo de los CB 25, 53 y 75. [81] En Cabo Torokina, el 75º tenía 100 hombres voluntarios para realizar el asalto del 3º de Infantería de Marina. [82] También en Bougainville, el 53º proporcionó fiestas en la costa a los 2º Incursionistas en la playa verde y los 3º Incursionistas en la isla Puruata . [83] El 121º se formó en el Centro de Entrenamiento CB del MTC Camp Lejuene como 3º Bn 20º de Infantería de Marina. [84] Serían parte en tierra del 23º Marines en Roi-Namur, Saipan y Tinian.
Cuando los Regimientos de Ingenieros Marinos fueron desactivados en 1944, los CB fueron asignados a las Divisiones Marinas. Para Iwo Jima , la 31ª y la 133ª estaban adscritas a las 4ª y 5ª Divisiones de Infantería de Marina. El 133 fue fiesta en tierra para el 23 de infantes de marina . [85] mientras que el 31º CB estaba en el 5º Regimiento del Partido Shore. El 31º demoledor se adjuntó directamente a la División. [86] [87] El octavo depósito de campo marino era el escalón del mando del grupo en tierra para Iwo Jima. Solicitaron 26 operadores de equipos pesados y recibieron voluntarios del 8º CB. [88] Okinawa vio a los CB 58, 71, 130 y 145 separados de la Armada y asignados a las Divisiones 6, 2 y 1 del Cuerpo de Marines respectivamente. [89]
Desde Iwo Jima, la 5ª División de Infantería de Marina. Regresó al Campamento Tarawa para que se adjuntara el 116º CB. [87] Cuando Japón cayó, el 116º CB era parte de la fuerza de ocupación. El día de VJ dejó miles de tropas japonesas en China y el III Cuerpo Anfibio de la Marina fue enviado allí para llevarlos a casa. La 33ª NCR fue asignada a III Marine Amphib. Cuerpo para esta misión. [90]
Los CB también fueron asignados individualmente a los cuatro Cuerpos Anfibios. El 19º CB comenzó con el I MAC [78] antes de unirse al 17º de Infantería de Marina. El 53º CB se adjuntó al I MAC como Batallón de Construcción Naval I MAC Cuando el I MAC fue redesignado como III Cuerpo Anfibio, el batallón se convirtió en un elemento de la 1ª Brigada Marítima Provisional . [91] Para Guam, el III Cuerpo Anfibio tenía el 2º CB Especial, el 25º y el 53º CB. El CO 25 CB fue el comandante del grupo en tierra para el 3er. De Infantería de Marina en las playas Rojo 1 y Rojo 2. El 3er. De Infantería de Marina otorgaría al grupo de 25 en tierra 17 estrellas de bronce. [92] El V Cuerpo Anfibio (VAC) tenía el 23º Especial y el 62º CB en Iwo Jima. En Tinian, la 6ª Brigada de Construcción se incorporó al V Cuerpo Anfibio. [93]
- Dos secciones del CBMU 515 entraron en combate con la 22ª Infantería de Marina en Guam. [94]
- Cuando se tomó la decisión de construir la Base del Cuerpo de Marines, Camp Pendleton en 1942, BuDocks emitió los principales contratos a contratistas civiles. Sin embargo, el proyecto base era tan grande que se adjudicaron algunos contratos más pequeños a los Seabees, uno de los cuales fue un Campamento Quonsent para la instrucción del USMC de los Batallones de Construcción Naval en el área 25 (Vado del Río). [95] Seabees participó en la construcción de Camp Del Mar en el área 21 y erigió un campamento de construcción cerca mientras estaban involucrados. [95]
Cuando terminó la guerra, los Seabees tenían una posición única con el Cuerpo de Marines de EE. UU. [96] El historiador de Seabee William Bradford Huie escribió "que los dos tienen una camaradería desconocida en otros lugares del ejército de Estados Unidos". [97] A pesar de que son "Marina", los Seabees adoptaron uniformes de faena del USMC con una insignia de Seabee en lugar de la EGA. Al menos 10 unidades CB incorporaron la insignia del USMC en las suyas. El almirante Moreell escribió que los marines eran los mejores combatientes del Pacífico. Aun así, un cuello de cuero tuvo que servir 90 días con los Seabees para calificar como Junior Seabee. [98]
ver notas
A principios de mayo de 1943, el Jefe de Operaciones Navales ordenó un "Proyecto de Demolición Naval" en dos fases " para cumplir con un requisito actual y urgente" para la invasión de Sicilia . La Fase-1 comenzó en la Base de Entrenamiento Anfibio (ATB) Solomons, Maryland con la creación de la Unidad Operativa de Demolición Naval # 1. Seis Oficiales liderados por el Tte. Fred Wise CEC y dieciocho alistados reportados de la escuela de demolición y dinamización de Camp Peary. [100] Seabees los llamó "Demolitioneers". [101] Las Unidades de Demolición de Combate Naval (NCDU) consistían en un oficial subalterno de la CEC, [102] cinco alistados, y estaban numerados del 1 al 216. [103] Después de que el primer grupo había sido entrenado, el teniente comandante Draper Kauffman fue seleccionado para comandar el programa. Se había instalado en el "Área E" (explosivos) de Camp Peary en la escuela de dinamización y demolición. Entre mayo y mediados de julio, las primeras seis clases de NCDU se graduaron en Camp Peary. Mientras el programa se desarrollaba en Camp Peary, los hombres tenían privilegios de cabeza de fila en el comedor. El programa se trasladó a Fort Pierce, donde comenzó la primera clase a mediados de julio. [101] A pesar del movimiento, Camp Peary siguió siendo el principal centro de reclutamiento de Kauffman. "Regresaba a la escuela de dinamita, reunía a los (Seabees) en el auditorio y decía: " Necesito voluntarios para tareas peligrosas, prolongadas y distantes ". [5] Fort Pierce tenía dos unidades CB asignadas, CBD 1011 y CBMU 570. Se les encargó la construcción y el mantenimiento de los obstáculos necesarios para la formación en demolición.
La invasión de Normandía tuvo 34 NCDU. Cuando los primeros diez llegaron a Inglaterra, no tenían CO. El teniente Smith (CEC) asumió el cargo, dividiéndolos para entrenar con los ingenieros de combate 146, 277 y 299 . [104] A medida que llegaron más NCDU, hicieron lo mismo, con 5 ingenieros de combate adjuntos a cada NCDU. [105] El Grupo III (Teniente Smith) realizó investigación y desarrollo y se le atribuye el desarrollo del Paquete Hagensen. [104] Las NCDU tuvieron una tasa de víctimas del 53% en Normandía. [5] Cuatro de la playa de Utah participaron más tarde en la Operación Dragón .
Con la invasión de Europa, el almirante Turner requisó todas las NCDU disponibles de Fort Pierce para su integración en las UDT para el Pacífico. Eso le valió 20 NCDU que habían recibido Menciones de Unidad Presidencial y otros 11 que habían recibido Menciones de Unidad de la Marina. [106] Antes de Normandía, 30 NCDU [107] se habían embarcado hacia el Pacífico y otras tres habían ido al Mediterráneo . Las NCDU 1 a 10 se organizaron en Turner City en la isla de Florida a principios de 1944. [108] La NCDU 1 estuvo brevemente en las Aleutianas en 1943. [109] Las primeras NCDU en combate fueron 4 y 5 con el 4º de Infantería de Marina en Green Island. , Papua Nueva Guinea e Isla Emirau . [109] Posteriormente, las NCDU 1–10 se combinaron para formar la UDT Able de corta duración. Las NCDU 2, 3, 19, 20, 21 y 24 [110] fueron asignadas a la 7ª Fuerza Anfibia de MacArthur y fueron las únicas NCDU que quedaron al final de la guerra.
ver notas
Equipos de demolición submarina (UDT) s
Antes de la Operación Galvánica y Tarawa, el V Cuerpo Anfibio había identificado el coral como un problema para futuras operaciones anfibias . RADM. Kelly Turner , comandante del V Cuerpo Anfibio, había ordenado una revisión para controlar el problema. VAC descubrió que las únicas personas que tenían alguna experiencia aplicable con el material eran hombres de los Batallones de Construcción Naval. El teniente Thomas C. Crist, de CB 10, estaba en Pearl Harbor desde Canton Island [112] [113] donde había estado a cargo de la limpieza de cabezas de coral . Su estancia en Pearl Harbor fue fundamental en la historia de UDT . Mientras estaba allí, se enteró del interés del almirante Turner en la voladura de coral y se reunió con él. El almirante le encargó al teniente Crist que desarrollara un método para destruir coral en condiciones de combate y que reuniera un equipo para hacerlo. [107] El teniente Crist empezó por conseguir hombres del CB 10, pero consiguió el resto del 7º Regimiento de Construcción. [114] Para el 1 de diciembre de 1943 tenía cerca de 30 oficiales y 150 alistados en la Base Operativa Anfibia de Waipio en Oahu. [107]
En noviembre, la Marina tuvo una dura lección con los corales y las mareas en Tarawa . Incitó al almirante Turner a solicitar la creación de nueve equipos de demolición submarina para abordar esos problemas. [115] Seis equipos para VAC en el Pacífico Central, mientras que los otros tres irían al III Cuerpo Anfibio en el Pacífico Sur. Los UDT 1 y 2 se formaron a partir de los 180 hombres que el teniente Crist había puesto en escena. Los Seabees constituyen la mayoría de los hombres en los equipos 1-9, 13 y 15. [116] No se indica cuántos Seabees estaban en los UDT 10 y 12, para UDT 11 componían el 20% del equipo. [117] [118] Los oficiales de la UDT eran principalmente de la CEC. [119] El UDT 10 tenía 5 oficiales y 24 alistados originalmente entrenados como Unidad Marítima OSS : Grupo de Nadador Operativo II , [120] pero no se le permitió operar al OSS en el Teatro Pacífico . El almirante Nimitz necesitaba nadadores y aprobó su transferencia de la OSS a su control. Los hombres de MU trajeron las aletas con las que habían entrenado y los Seabees las hicieron parte del atuendo de UDT tan rápido como el departamento de Suministros . podría conseguirlos. [120] En los equipos dominados por Seabee, el siguiente grupo más grande de voluntarios de UDT provenía de la escuela conjunta Ejército-Marina Scouts y Raiders que también estaba en Fort Pierce. Voluntarios adicionales vinieron de la Escuela de Eliminación de Bombas de la Marina , el Cuerpo de Marines y la Flota de los EE. UU. [107] [116]
Los comandantes del primer equipo fueron Cmdr. ED Brewster (CEC) UDT 1 y Lt. Crist (CEC) UDT 2. Ambos equipos fueron "provisionales" totalizando los 180 hombres que Lt Crist había reunido en la 7ª NCR. [121] [114] Llevaban uniforme, chalecos salvavidas y se esperaba que permanecieran en botes como los NCDU. En Kwajalein Fort Pierce se cambió el protocolo. El almirante Turner ordenó un reconocimiento diurno y el alférez Lewis F. Luehrs, Charp. Bill Acheson y los hombres que los acompañaban llevaban bañador debajo de su uniforme de faena . [107] Se desnudaron y pasaron 45 minutos en el agua a plena luz del día. Todavía mojados y en sus baúles informaron directamente al almirante Turner. Concluyó que lo que habían hecho era la única manera de obtener información precisa sobre los obstáculos sumergidos, informándole al almirante Nimitz. [122] En Engebi Cmdr. Brewster resultó herido. [107] El éxito de UDT-1 que no siguió el protocolo de Fort Pierce reescribió el modelo de misión y el régimen de entrenamiento de UDT. [123] Ens. Luehrs y Charp. Cada uno de los Acheson recibió una Estrella de Plata por su iniciativa. [124] mientras creaba involuntariamente la imagen de "guerrero desnudo" de UDT. Las máscaras de buceo eran poco comunes en 1944 y algunos habían intentado usar gafas en Kwajalein. [125] Eran un artículo raro en Hawai, por lo que el teniente Crist y el jefe de CB Howard Roeder habían solicitado que se los trajera. [125] Una observación fortuita de uno de los hombres vio un anuncio en una revista de máscaras de buceo. Se realizó un envío prioritario a los Estados que se apropiaron de todo el stock de la tienda. [125] Los UDT adoptaron gafas protectoras independientes del OSS. Cuando los UDT 1 y 2 regresaron a Hawái, el Jefe Acheson y otros tres oficiales de UDT fueron transferidos al CB de dragado 301. [114] El 301st tenía 12 dragas que salvaban a los equipos de los canales de voladura, pero necesitaban buzos para hacer el trabajo. El alférez Leuhrs se convirtió en teniente y fue miembro del UDT 3 hasta que fue nombrado XO del equipo 18. El corazón púrpura del comandante Brewster lo sacó de los UDT y lo elevó a Comandante 7º NCR en lugar de volver al CB 10.
El almirante Turner también solicitó la formación de un centro de entrenamiento de demolición en Kihei . Fue aprobado. Las acciones de UDT 1 fueron un modelo, lo que hizo que el entrenamiento fuera claramente diferente al de Fort Pierce. El teniente Crist fue brevemente el primer oficial de entrenamiento y enfatizó la natación y el reconocimiento hasta que fue nombrado CO de la UDT 3. Cuando la UDT 3 regresó de Leyte en el otoño de 1944 se convirtió en los instructores de la escuela con el teniente Crist nuevamente como OIC de entrenamiento. [116] Las clases ahora incluían: operaciones nocturnas , armas, vivac , tácticas de unidades pequeñas , junto con explosiones de corales y lava . En abril de 1945, el equipo 3 fue enviado a Fort Priece para instruir allí. El teniente Crist fue ascendido a teniente comandante y enviado de regreso a Kihei. El equipo 3 capacitaría a los equipos 12-22. [116] UDT 14 se llama el primer "equipo de toda la flota" a pesar de que tenía Seabees del Team Able y el CO y XO eran ambos CEC. UDT 15 fue el último equipo formado por NCDU. Los equipos 12-15 fueron enviados a Iwo Jima. Tres despejaron la costa durante cinco días, D + 2-D + 7. Después de julio de 1944, los nuevos UDT eran solo USN. En 1945, CBMU 570 fue asignado al centro de entrenamiento de agua fría UDT en ATB Oceanside, CA. [126]
On Guam team 8 requested permission to build a base.[127] It was approved by AdComPhibsPac, but disapproved by Island Command.[127] Team 8 turned to the CBs on the island and got everything needed.[127] Coral paving got placed the night before Admiral Nimitz inspected, giving teams 8 & 10 a glowing review.[127]
By V-J day 34 teams had been formed. Teams 1–21 saw actual deployment with the Seabees providing over half of the men in those teams. The Navy did not publicize the existence of the UDTs until post-war and when they did they gave credit to Lt. Cmdr. Kauffman and the Seabees.[128] During World War II the Navy did not have a rating for the UDTs nor did they have an insignia. Those men with the CB rating on their uniforms considered themselves Seabees that were doing underwater demolition. They did not call themselves "UDTs" or "Frogmen", but rather "Demolitioneers"[129] reflecting where LtCdr Kauffman had recruited them from, the CB dynamiting and demolition school.
UDTs had to be of standard recruiting age, Seabees older could not volunteer. Mid-year 1945, in preparation for the cooler waters around Japan, a cold water training center was created. With it came a more demanding physical. Team 9 lost 70% of the team to this change.
Postwar, MCB 7 was tasked with projects at the UDT training facility on St. Thomas, Virgin Islands
see Notes
Guerra Fría
When World War II ended the Cold War began. Seabee service during this period supported a broad spectrum of the national interest; nuclear testing, two wars, embassy security, space race, CIA, military communications, international relations, pure science, and Camp David.
Postwar interlude: Siberia-China
On V-J-Day CB 114 was in the Aleutians. In September 1945 the battalion sent a detachment to the USSR to build a Fleet Weather Central.[130][131] It was located 10 miles (16 km) outside Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on the Kamchatka Peninsula.[132] The original agreement gave the Seabees 3 weeks to complete the base. Upon arrival the Russians told them they had 10 days and were amazed it was done in 10.[132] It was one of two that Stalin agreed to.
V-J-Day brought about Operation Beleaguer and the repatriation of the Japanese Army from China. Elements of the 33rd CB Regiment were involved: CBs 83, 96, 122 and 32nd Special.[133] These units landed at Tsingtao and Tangku in November 1945 attached to the 6th Marine Division. CB 42 and A Co. 33rd Special landed at Shanghai with Naval Advance Base Unit 13.[134] With the war over, the ongoing discharge men eligible left only enough for one CB and the two CB Specials. The men were consolidated in the 96th[133] with the other CBs decommissioned. In December the 96th started airfields at Tsingtao and Chinwangtao in support of III Marine Amphibious Corps operations.[133] May 1946 CB III Marine Amphibious Corps was ordered to inactivate the 96th CB on 1 August. The 96th was transferred to the 4th Marines, 1st Marine Division and deactivated from them.
Nuclear tests
In early 1946 the 53rd NCB was deployed with Operation Crossroads for the nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll.[135] It was designated Task Unit TU 1.8.6.[136] 53's project list included observation, instrument and communication towers, radio beacons, seismic huts, photo reference crosses, general base and recreational facilities, as well as dredging the lagoon. In addition, recreational facilities were constructed on Japtan Island for the ships crews of the Operation. The Battalion also assisted the relocation of the natives. They disassembled bothbthe Community center and church for reassembly on Rongerik Atoll. In August the battalion was decommissioned with men transferred to CBD 1156 that was then commissioned on Bikini.[137] The TU 1.8.6 designation transferred to the CBD. CBD 1156 remained for nine days after the second test.[138][139]
UDT 3 was designated TU 1.1.3 for the operation. On 27 April 1946, seven officers and 51 enlisted embarked at CBC Port Hueneme for Bikini.[140] Their assignment was to retrieve water samples from ground zero of the Baker blast. In 1948, the displaced bikinians put in a request that a channel to the island Kili where they had been relocated be made. This was given to the Seabee detachment on Kwajelin who requested UDT 3 assist.
The 121st CB was decommissioned in December and re-designated CBD 1504.[141] In January 1947 CBs 104 and 105 were reactivated. The 30th NCR was home-ported on Guam composed of CBDs 1501-13 and NCB 103. In 1949, the 103rd was made a Mobile Construction Battalion (MCB) while CBs 104 and 105 were made Amphibious Construction Battalions(ACBs). From 1949 until 1968 CBs were designated MCBs. In 1949 MCB 1 was reactivated at Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek, VA. In June 1950 the NCF totaled a few thousand.
Korean War
The outbreak of the Korean War led to a call-up of 10,000 from the Seabee Reserve. Seabees landed at Inchon during the assault, installing causeways dealing with enormous tides and enemy fire. Their actions there and elsewheres underscored the necessity of having CBs. During that war the authorized size of a CB was 550 men. When the truce was declared there was no CB demobilization as there had been at the end of World War II.
During the Korea, the U.S. realized the need of an air station in the region. Cubi Point in the Philippines was selected. Civilian contractors were approached for bids. After seeing the Zambales Mountains and the maze of jungle, they claimed it could not be done. The Navy then turned to the Seabees. The first to arrive was CBD 1802 to do the surveying. MCB 3 arrived on 2 October 1951 to get the project going and was joined by MCB 5 in November. Over the next five years, MCBs 2, 7, 9, 11 and CBD 1803 all contributed to the effort. They leveled a mountain to make way for a nearly 2-mile long (3.2 km) runway. NAS Cubi Point turned out to be one of the largest earth-moving projects in the world, equivalent to the construction of the Panama Canal. Seabees there moved 20 million cubic yards (15 million cubic metres) of dry fill plus another 15 million that was hydraulic fill. The $100 million facility was commissioned on 25 July 1956, and comprised an air station and an adjacent pier that was capable of docking the Navy's largest carriers. Adjusted-for-inflation, today's price-tag for what the Seabees built at Cubi Point would be $906,871,323.53.
Seabee Teams The World War II precursor to Seabee teams was the PT Advance base Detachment of the 113th CB. Each man was cross-trained in at least three trades with some qualified as corpsmen and divers. [144] During Vietnam the requirement of being skilled in three trades was continued. < ref name="NAM"/> The first Seabees referred to as "Seabee Teams" were CBDs 1802 and 1803.[145] They were followed by Detachments Able and Baker. The U.S. State Department learned of the teams and concluded they could have a Cold War purpose. They could be U.S. "Good Will Ambassadors" to third world countries to counter the spread of Communism, a military version of the Peace Corps. These 13-man teams would construct schools, drill wells or build clinics creating a positive image for the U.S. They were utilized by the United States Agency for International Development and were in S.E. Asia by the mid-1950s. Then in the early sixties, the U.S. Army Special Forces were being sent into rural areas of South Vietnam to develop a self-defense force to counter the Communist threat and making use of the Seabee teams at these same places made sense[146] to the CIA. To start, twelve "Seabee teams, with Secret Clearances, were sent with the Army's Special Forces in the CIA funded Civilian Irregular Defense Group program (CIDG)"[147][148] in the years 1963–1965. By 1965 the U.S. Army had enough engineers in theater to end Seabee involvement with Special Forces. At first teams were called Seabee Technical Assistance Teams (STAT) and were restricted to two in theater at a time. Teams after STAT 1104 were renamed Seabee Teams and by 1969 there were 17 in theater.[148] As a military force Seabee Teams received many awards for heroism.[149] Teams were sent to other nations as well. The Royal Thai government requested STATs in 1963 and ever since the Seabees have continued to deploy teams.
Construction Civic Action Details or CCAD[150] CCADs or "See-Kads" are larger civic action units of 20–25 Seabees[151] with the same purpose as Seabee Teams. The CCAD designation is not found in the record prior to 2013.
Camp David
Camp David is officially known as Naval Support Facility Thurmont, as it is technically a military installation. The base is staffed by the CEC, Seabees,[152] and Marines. "In the early 1950s, Seabee BUs, UTs and CEs took over routine maintenance of the base and additional rates were added for administrative functions. Today Seabees still man the base public works and see that the grounds are in an impeccable condition."[153] "Selectees undergo a single scope background investigation to determine if they qualify for a Top Secret Sensitive Yankee White (YW) clearance. All personnel in Presidential support activities are required a "Yankee White" security clearance. The tour lasts 36 months."[152] When the base has a larger construction project a Construction Battalion from the fleet can be tasked. NMCBs 5 and 133 have drawn these assignments.
Antarctica: Science
Operation Highjump
In December 1946, 166 Seabees sailed from Port Hueneme on the USS Yancey and USS Merrick assigned to Operation Highjump. They were part of Admiral Richard E. Byrd's Antarctic expedition. The U.S. Navy was in charge with "Classified" orders "to do all it could to establish a basis for a (U.S.) land claim in Antarctica".[154] The Navy sent the Seabees to do the job starting with the construction of Little America (exploration base) IV as well as a runway for aerial mapping flights.[155] This Operation was vastly larger than IGY Operation Deep Freeze that followed.[154]
Operation Deep Freeze
In 1955, Seabees were assigned to Operation Deep Freeze making Antarctica an annual deployment site. Their task was the construction and maintenance of scientific bases for the National Science Foundation. The first "wintering over" crew included 200 Seabees. They cleared an 6,000-foot (1,800 m) ice runway at Mcmurdo for the advance party of Deep Freeze II to fly to South Pole Station. MCB 1 was assigned for Deep Freeze II.
Antarctica added to the Seabee's list of accomplishments:
- Tractor train traverses covering hundreds of miles.
- Bases built: McMurdo Station, South Pole Station, Byrd Station, Palmer Station, Siple Station, Ellsworth Station, Brockton Station, Eights Station, Plateau Station, Hallett Station, and Little America IV and Little America V
- MCB 1s construction of a nuclear power plant[157] which got them a Navy Unit Commendation.
- NMCB 71s construction of a Buckminster Fuller Geodesic dome at So. Pole Station.[158] It became a symbolic icon of the United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP).
see Notes
Vietnam War
Seabees were in Vietnam twice in the 1950s. First in June 1954, as elements of Operation Passage to Freedom and then two years later to map and survey the nation's roads. Seabee teams 501 and 502 arrived January 1963 and are recorded as the first Seabees of the Vietnam War. They went to Dam Pau and Tri Ton to build Special Forces camps.[159] In 1964 ACB 1 was the first CB in the theatre. In 1965 Marines and Seabees made an amphibious landing at Chu Lai and entire Naval Construction Regiments followed.[160] Seabees supported the Marines at Khe Sanh and Chu Lai combat bases in addition to building numerous aircraft-support facilities, roads, and bridges. Every mile of road improved equated to 100' of bridgedeck constructed.[160] They also worked civic action projects throughout the country. In June 1965, Construction Mechanic 3rd Class Marvin G. Shields of Seabee Team 1104 was at the Battle of Dong Xoai. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor and is the only Seabee to receive the award. Seabee Teams were deployed throughout the War. They typically built schools, clinics, or drilled wells. In 1966 Seabees repaired the airfield at Khe Sahn laying aluminum matting covering 3,900'x60' in four days. General Westmoreland "called it one of the most outstanding military engineering feats of the war."[161] MCB 4 had a det at Con Thien whose actions were a near repeat of Dong Xoai.
In 1968 the Marine Corps requested that the Navy make a change. The Marines were using "MCB" for Marine Corps Base while the Navy was using "MCB" for Mobile Construction Battalion, it was causing confusion in logistics. The Navy agreed and added "Naval" to MCB creating the NMCBs that now exist. During that year the 30th NCR had five battalions in the Da Nang area and two at Chu Lai. The 32nd NCR had three battalions tasked near Phu Bai and one at Dong Ha. In May 1968 two reserve battalions RNMCB 12 and 22 were activated, bring the total number of battalions in Vietnam to 21. Both ACBs were in theater as well as CBMUs 301 and 302. In 1968 NMCB 10 drew an atypical Seabee "task" supporting the 101st Airborne. During 1969 the number of Seabees deployed reached 29,000, from there their draw-down began.[162] The last battalion withdrew late 1971 with the last Seabee teams out a year later. When it was over they had sent 137 Seabee teams, built 15 CB camps, and deployed 22 battalions.[163] CBMU 302 became the largest CB ever at over 1400 men and was homeported at Cam Rahn Bay. On 23 April 1975 it was announced that U.S. involvement in Vietnam was over. That day CB 4 started construction of a temporary camp for Operation New Life on Guam. In seven days 2,000 squad tents were erected and numbered 3,500 when done.[164]
During Vietnam the Seabees had a few uniform variations. One was the stenciling of unit numbers across the back of the field jacket M-65.[165] Another was the collar and cover devices for enlisted E4-E6. The Navy authorized that the "crow" be replaced by the rating insignia of each trade. Nametags were another, they started out white with a multicolored seabee. In 1968 the USMC OD green pattern was copied. The NAVCATs became the only Seabees to ever be authorized to wear a shoulder patch.[166]
NAVCATs Naval Construction Action Teams
CBMU 302 had 23 NAVCATS(Naval Construction Action Teams) total with 15 the most active at one time.[167] Teams were numbered 1-23. They were Vice Admiral Elmo Zumwalt's expansion of the Seabee Team concept. He submitted it in November 1968 to General Creighton Abrams commander of Military Assistance Command, Vietnam.[168]
Agent Orange Many Seabees were exposed to the defoliant herbicide while in Vietnam. NCBC Gulfport was the largest storage depot in the United States for agent orange. From there it was shipped to Vietnam.[169] In 1968 the NCBC received 68,000 barrels to forward.[170] Long term barrel storage began in 1969. That lasted until 1977. The site covered 30 acres and was still being cleaned up in 2013.[169][171] see Notes0
Space race: NASA/Tektite I
In 1960 a MCB 10 detachment built a Project Mercury telemetry and ground instrumentation station on Canton island.[172][173]
On 28 January 1969 a detachment of 50 men[174] from Amphibious Construction Battalion 2 plus 17 Seabee divers began installation of the Tektite habitat in Great Lameshur Bay at Lameshur, U.S. Virgin Islands.[175] The Tektite program was funded by NASA and was the first scientists-in-the-sea program sponsored by the U.S. government.[176] The Seabees also constructed a 12-hut base camp at Viers that is used today as the Virgin Islands Environmental Resource Station.[177] The project was a by product of the space race. It caused the U.S. Navy to realize the need for a permanent Underwater Construction capability that led to the formation the Seabee Underwater Construction Teams".[178]
At present NASA is working on the Moon to Mars program. In 2015 ACB 1 was involved in moving the Orion's Boilerplate Test Article (BTA).[179] ACB 1 was tasked in August 2019 in a test recovery exercise of the Orion spacecraft.[180] ACB 2 was put through the same task a year later in August 2020.[181]
- After the Seabees left Camp Peary the CIA moved into the base and now refer to it as "the Farm".
- During World War II NAS Tanapag, Saipan was a "major propaganda site of the Office of War Information" (OWI).[182] In 1947 CBD 1510 began maintaining NAS Tanapag for the NTTU (Naval Technical Training Unit).[183][184] In 1948 CBD 1510's men were transferred to CBD 1504 when it was replacing CB 121 as island Public Works. That year the CIA created the NTTU as a "cover" and made access highly restricted to the base. The CIA station had Capitol Hill constructed to administer its operations at a cost of $28 million. The station covered the northern half of Saipan including, Kagman Field, Marpi Point Field, and the four radio towers.[184] "Brig. Gen. Edward G. Lansdale, Pentagon expert on guerrilla warfare, shared with Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor, President Kennedy's military adviser, on "Resources for Unconventional Warfare in SE. Asia."....that the "CIA maintains a field training station on the island of Saipan ... the installation is under Navy cover and is known as the Naval Technical Training Unit. The primary mission of the Saipan Training Station is to provide physical facilities and competent instructor personnel to fulfill a variety of training requirements including intelligence tradecraft, communications, counter-intelligence and psychological warfare techniques. Training is performed in support of CIA activities conducted throughout the Far East area."[185] The Seabees cease listing the Public Works assignments at NAS Tanapag in 1953 while the CIA remained until 1962. However, MCB 9 deployed to Saipan in 1954 with one of their projects being the up-grading of the Public Works shops.[186] MCB 10 Det Bravo deployed to Saipan from July 1957 until February 1958 with projects unlisted.[187]
- A year before the Bay of pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis the CIA took a "top secret" urgent/immediate project to the Seabees.[188] The agency wanted two 220' radio towers with a supporting airstrip, dock, and quonsets erected on Swan Island, built asap, with no construction plans for the Seabees.[188] The station would be independent-self sufficient. Det Tango of MCB 6 was given the project.[188] LSTs 1046 and 1056 delivered men and materials from CBC Quonset Point.[188] The Seabees had the CIA's "Radio Swan" on the air in short order.[188]
see Notes
Naval Intelligence: NAVFACs
The Navy built 22 Naval Facilities (NAVFACs) for its Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) to track Soviet submarines. They were in service 1954–79 with Seabees staffing all the Public works. In the 1980s the number of tracking stations was halfed with the advent of the Integrated Underwater Surveillance System (IUSS). The NAVFACs were decommissioned by further advances in technology, the end of the Cold War and disclosures by John Walker to the Soviets.
The Seabees have also been tasked building Naval Communication facilities. One at Nea Makri Greece was built by MCB 6 in 1962 and upgraded by NMCB 133. Naval Comm Station Sidi Yahya was first built in World War II another is NavCommSta Guam. It started out on the island as the Joint Communications Agency (JCA) in 1945.
In 1964, at the height of the Cold War, Seabees were assigned to the State Department because listening devices were found in the Embassy of the United States in Moscow.[190] Those initial Seabees were "Naval Mobile Construction Battalion FOUR, Detachment November".[191] The U.S. had just constructed a new embassy in Warsaw. After what had been found in Moscow Seabees were dispatched and found many "bugs" there also. This led to the creation of the Naval Support Unit in 1966 as well as the decision to make it permanent two years later.[192][193] That year William Darrah, a Seabee of the support unit, is credited with saving the U.S. Embassy in Prague, Czechoslovakia from a potentially disastrous fire.[194] In 1986, "as a result of reciprocal expulsions ordered by Washington and Moscow" Seabees were sent to "Moscow and Leningrad to help keep the embassy and the consulate functioning".[195]
The Support Unit has a limited number of special billets for select NCOs, E-5 and above. These Seabees are assigned to the Department of State and attached to Diplomatic Security.[196][190] Those chosen can be assigned to the Regional Security Officer of a specific embassy or be part of a team traveling from one embassy to the next. Duties include the installation of alarm systems, CCTV cameras, electromagnetic locks, safes, vehicle barriers, and securing compounds. They can also assist with the security engineering in sweeping embassies (electronic counter-intelligence). They are tasked with new construction or renovations in security sensitive areas and supervise private contractors in non-sensitive areas.[197] Due to Diplomatic protocol the Support Unit is required to wear civilian clothes most of the time they are on duty and receive a supplemental clothing allowance for this. The information regarding this assignment is very scant, but State Department records in 1985 indicate Department security had 800 employees, plus 1,200 Marines and 115 Seabees.[198] That Seabee number is roughly the same today.[199]
Cold War winds down
As the Cold War wound down, new challenges and changes came for the Seabees starting with the increased incidence of terrorism. This was in addition to ongoing Seabee support missions for USN/USMC bases worldwide. Cold War Facilities still required support, like the Polaris and Poseidon submarines at Holy Loch, Rota. In 1971, the Seabees began the huge project on Diego Garcia[200] in the Indian Ocean. It was completed in 1987 at a cost of $200 million. With the extended construction timeline, it is difficult to inflation-adjust that cost into today's dollars. The complex accommodates the Navy's largest ships and cargo planes. The base served as a staging facility for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Additionally, Seabees were also tasked upgrading and expanding Naval Air Station Sigonella, Sicily for the United States Sixth Fleet.
In 1983, a truck bomb demolished the Marine's barracks in Beirut, Lebanon.[200] From the Beirut International Airport Druze militia artillery harassed the Marines. NMCB-1 was in Rota and sent its AirDet to construct bunkers for the Marines.[200] EO2 Kirt May became the first Seabee post-Vietnam to receive a Purple Heart while on this mission.
CN Carmella Jones became the first female Seabee when she cross-rated to Equipment Operator during the summer of 1972.[201] The Cold war ends 1991.
Terrorismo internacional
The Cold war did not end until 1991 and 9/11 was further off yet, but SW2 Robert Stethem was executed by the Lebanese Shia militia Hezbollah when they hijacked TWA Flight 847 in 1985. Stethem was a diver in UCT 1. The Navy named USS Stethem (DDG-63) in his honor. On 24 August 2010, during a shipboard ceremony, Stethem was posthumously honored to the rank of Master Chief Constructionman (CUCM) by the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy and given the Prisoner of War Medal.
Persian Gulf War
Over 5,000 Seabees served in the Gulf War. In August 1990 the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF) was assigned NMCBs 4, 5, 7, and 40.[202] The first Seabees in theater were a Det from ABC 1, followed by a Det from ACB 2[202] and then CBUs 411 and 415.[202] Mid September Air-Dets from the four battalions deployed to construct air fields for Marine Air Groups (MAG) 11, 13, 16, and 25 of the 3rd Marine Air Wing.[202] NMCB 7 was the first Battalion to arrive. Camp Nomad was a NMBC-74 project at Ras Al Mishab for MAG 26. Camps were constructed for both the 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions as well as Hq complexes for MEF I and II.[202] In Saudi Arabia, Seabees built numerous camps, galleys, runways, aprons,helo zones, plus two 500-bed Fleet Hospitals near Al-Jubayl. The 3rd NCR was activated to provide a command echelon. NMCBs 24 and 74 also deployed in support of the Marines.[202]
Iraq, Afghanistan, and the War on Terror
Seabees deployed in the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003. All active and reserve NMCBs and NCRs were sent to repair infrastructure in both countries.[203] NMCB 133 deployed to FOB Camp Rhino and Kandahar Airfield where a detention facility was constructed.[203] One of the Seabees most visible tasks was the removal of statues of Saddam Hussein in Baghdad. In Afghanistan, the Seabees' main task was the construction of multiple forward operating bases.[203]
Since 2002, Seabees have provided civic action support in the Philippines.[203] Most notably near Abu Sayyaf's jungle training area in the southern Philippines. Seabees work with Army, Marines, and Air Force under the Joint Special Operations Task Forcem -Philippines.[203]
Alivio y recuperación en casos de desastre
- Hurricane Camille hit NCBC Gulfport, Mississippi, NMCB-121 was in homeport and was tasked with base cleanup, rescue, and community outreach.
- Cyclone Ofa in 1990 NMCB 133 sent a det to American Samoa to aid the recovery.
- 1994 Northridge earthquake, Seabees supported the disaster recovery.
- Hurricane Andrew in 1992, Seabees provided disaster recovery to Homestead, Florida.[202]
- Operation Restore Hope In 1992–1993 two battalions were sent for the humanitarian efforts in Somalia.[204]
- Operation Sea Signal 1994 Seabees provided assistance to the Haitian Relief effort at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.[202]
- Operation Joint Endeavor In Dec. 1995, Seabees were in Croatia supporting the peacekeeping in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. NMCB 40 was tasked to the U.S. Army 1st Infantry Div. for dismantling FOBs during the IFOR/SFOR phase.[202]
- Hurricane Georges Seabees deployed to the Caribbean with damage assessment teams, generators and water trucks providing disaster relief.
- Hurricane Mitch 1998 Seabees deployed to Honduras with Joint Task Force Bravo. They did road and bridge repair, debris cleanup, and erected camps. For NMCB 7, it was on their second humanitarian mission of the deployment.
- Hurricane Ivan NMCBs 1 & 74 deployed in September 2004 to the repair Naval Air Station Pensacola. They cleared debris, repaired roads, erected tents, and provided general support.
- Typhoon Nanmadol (2004) NMCB 7 provided disaster relief.
- 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami NMCBs 7, 40, and UCT 2 provided disaster relief.
- Joint Task Force Katrina 2005. Seabees from NMCBs 1, 7, 18, 40 and 133 plus ACB 2 and CBMUs 202 and 303 and UCT 1 were tasked the reconstruction of CBC Gulfport and the recovery of the Gulf Coast[205]
- 2010 Haiti earthquake NMCB 7 provided construction support and disaster relief with UCT 1, ACB-2 and Army Engineers.
- April 2011 Miyagi earthquake Seabees from NMCB-133 and UCT 2 deployed to Japan as part of the relief effort.
- Hurricane Sandy NMCB 11 Air Det deployed to support disaster recovery in New Jersey and New York.[206] NMCB 5 assisted disaster relief throughout the Sandy Hook area.[207]
At present, there are six active-duty Naval Mobile Construction Battalions (NMCBs) in the United States Navy, split between the Pacific Fleet and the Atlantic Fleet.
30th Naval Construction Regiment is located on Guam. Naval Construction Battalion Center Port Hueneme Ca. is homeport to the Regiment's battalions.
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 3
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 4
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 5
22nd Naval Construction Regiment is stationed at Naval Construction Battalion Center (Gulfport, Mississippi) the homeport to the Atlantic fleet CBs.
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 1
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 11
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 133
NCF Reserve From the 1960s through 1991, reserve battalions were designated as "Reserve Naval Mobile Construction Battalions" (RNMCBs). After 1991 "Reserve" was dropped with the integration of reserve units within the NCF making all battalions NMCBs
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 14, HQ Gulfport, MS. detachments in five states and Puerto Rico.
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 18, HQ Port Hueneme, CA., detachments in six states and Guam.
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 22, HQ Port Hueneme, CA. detachments in five states.
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 25, HQ Port Hueneme, CA. detachments in six states.
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 27, HQ Gulfport, MS. detachments in seven states.
Detachment: A construction crew that is "detached" from the battalion's "main body" deployment site. The size is determined by the project scale and timeline.
Battalion: The battalion is the basic NCF unit with a HQ Company plus four Construction Companies: A, B, C, & D. CBs are organized to function as independent self sufficient units.
Regiment: Naval Construction Regiments (NCRs) provide a higher echelon command to three or four CBs operating on close proximity.
Naval Construction Groups 1 and 2: In 2013, Seabee Readiness Groups (SRGs) were decommissioned, and re-organized as NCG-1 and NCG-2. They are regimental-level command groups tasked with administrative and operational control of CBs, as well as conducting pre deployment training for all assigned units. NCG-2 is based at CBC Gulfport while NCG-1 is at CBC Port Hueneme.
Seabee Engineer Reconnaissance Team (SERTs)
SERTs are the Special operations capable element of the NCF developed by the First Naval Construction Division (1st NCD) in Operation Iraqi Freedom. They are intended to provide engineering assessments in the field in support of the United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions. A team has two CEC officers and eight enlisted Seabees, augmented by additional personnel as needed.[208] A team has three elements: liaison, security, and reconnaissance. The liaison (LNO) element has an officer and two communications specialists responsible for communicating the assessments and intelligence. Reconnaissance has the other officer, who is the Officer-in-Charge (OIC), a BU or SW cpo with bridge construction experience. The team has a corpsman or medically-trained member, the remainder are selected for being the most qualified in their trade. All are required to have the Seabee Warfare pin. In 2013, 1st Naval Construction Division along with SERT's were decommissioned. Today, UCTs performance demonstrate the SERT concept for NECC.[209]
Seabees fuera del NCF
Amphibious Construction Battalions (PHIBCBs)
ACBs (or PHIBCB) were preceded by the pontoon assembly CBs formed during World War II. On 31 October 1950, MCBs 104 and 105 were re-designated ACB 1 and ACB 2, and assigned to Naval Beach Groups. ACBs report to surface TYCOMs. Additionally, in an ACB half the enlisted are a construction rate while the other half are fleet.
Construction Battalion Maintenance Units
When during World War II these units had 1/4 the personnel of a CB. Their task was to assume maintenance of bases once CBs had completed construction. Today, CBMU's provide public works support at Naval Support Activities, Forward Operating Bases, and Fleet Hospital/Expeditionary Medical Facilities during wartime or contingency operations for a Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), Marine Expeditionary Group (MEG), or NSW. They also provide disaster recovery support to Naval Regional Commanders in CONUS.
- CBMU 202[210] Naval Base Little Creek, VA
- det Jacksonville
- CBMU 303[211] Navy Expeditionary Combat Force, Naval Base San Diego, Ca.
- det Port Hueneme
- det Pearl Harbor
NAVFAC Engineering & Expeditionary Warfare Center Ocean Facilities Department.[212] Gives support to the Fleet through the support of Underwater Construction Teams.[212] UCTs deploy worldwide to conduct underwater construction, inspection, repair, and underwater demolition.
Underwater Construction Teams (UCT)
UCTs deploy worldwide tasked with underwater construction, inspections, repairs, and demolition operations. They can support a Fleet Marine Force amphibious operation or provide combat service support ashore. UCT1 is home ported at Little Creek, Virginia, while UCT2 is at Port Hueneme, California.[213]
After basic UCT training a diver is qualified as a 2nd Class Diver. Training is 26 weeks at the Dive school at Panama City, Florida. It includes a tactical training phase for advanced combat and demolitions skills.[214] The training qualifies divers as Underwater Construction Technicians skilled in: seafloor excavation, hydrographic surveys, search and recovery, engineering reconnaissance, and precision demolitions. Senior NCOs are schooled for their supervisory positions whether construction or demolition.[215]
UCT divers can apply for selection to support the Naval Special Warfare Development Group.[216]
Public Works: U.S. Naval Bases
These units have CEC officers leading them and enlisted Seabees for the various crews. About one-third of new Seabees are assigned to Public Works Departments (PWD) at naval installations both within the United States and overseas. While stationed at a Public Works Department, a Seabee can get specialized training and experience in multiple facets of their rating. Many bases have civilians that augment Public Works, but the department is a military operation.
Combat Service Support Detachments (CSSD) / Naval Special Warfare (NSW)
The Seabee detachments have several hundred supporting Naval Special Warfare (NSW) units based out of Coronado, CA, and Virginia Beach, VA. Field support can include camp construction, camp and vehicle maintenance, power generation, transportation logistics, and water purification.[217][218] The assignment requires additional training in first aid, small arms, driving, specialized equipment, and [217][218] qualifying as Expeditionary Warfare Specialists.[219] With that qualification a Seabee can be classified as 5306 – Naval Special Warfare (Combat Service Support) or 5307 – Naval Special Warfare (Combat Support).[220] They also can apply for selection to support the Naval Special Warfare Development Group.[221]
Capacitación y tarifas
Trainees begin "A" School (trade school) upon completion of boot: 4 weeks classroom, 8 weeks hands-on. From "A" School, trainees most often report to a NMCB or ACB. There recruits go through four-weeks of Expeditionary Combat Skills (ECS) which is also required for those who report to a Navy Expeditionary Combat Command. ECS is basic training in: map reading, combat first aid, recon, and other combat-related skills. Half of each course is spent on basic marksmanship to qualify with a M16 rifle and the M9 service pistol. Those posted to Alfa Company of a NMCB may be assigned to a crew-served weapon: MK 19 40mm grenade launcher, the .50-caliber machine gun, or the M240 machine gun. Many reserve units still field the M60 machine gun. Seabees were last U.S. military to wear the U.S. Woodland camouflage uniform or the Desert Camouflage Uniform. They now have the Navy Working Uniform NWU Type III and use ALICE field gear. Some units, with the Marines, will use USMC-issue Improved Load Bearing Equipment (ILBE).
Current rates:[222][223] The current ratings were adopted by the Navy in 1948.
- BU : Builder
- CE : Construction Electrician
- CM : Construction Mechanic
- EA : Engineering aide
- EO : Equipment operator
- SW : Steelworker
- UT : Utilitiesman
The Seabee "constructionman" ranks of E-1 through E-3 are designated by sky-blue stripes on uniforms. The color was adopted in 1899 as a uniform trim color designating the Civil Engineer Corps, but was later given up. Its continued use is a bit of Naval Heritage in the NCF.
At paygrade E-8, the Builder, Steelworker, and Engineering Aid rates combine into a single rate: Senior Chief Constructionman (CUCS). Before NAVADMIN 054/21, at the E-9 paygrade they were referred to as a Master Chief Constructionman (CUCM).
Before NAVADMIN 054/21, the remaining Seabee rates combined only at the E-9 paygrade:
- Master Chief Equipmentman (EQCM) for Equipment Operator and Construction Mechanic.
- Master Chief Utilitiesman (UCCM) for Construction Electrician and Utilitiesman.
Per NAVADMIN 054/21: Constructionman Master Chief (CUCM), Equipmentman Master Chief (EQCM) and Utilities Constructionman Master Chief (UCCM) renamed Seabee Master Chief (CBCM). Those Master Chiefs already in CUCM, EQCM or UCCM ratings were to be automatically converted to CBCM on 15 March 2021, but current source ratings badges were to be retained.
Diver : is a qualification that the various rates can obtain with three grades: Basic Underwater Construction Technician/ NEC 5932 (2nd Class Diver), Advanced Underwater Construction Technician/ NEC 5931 (1st Class Diver), and Master Underwater Construction Technician/ NEC 5933 (Master diver). Seabee divers are attached to five principal commands outside the NCF:
- UCT ONE, Little Creek, VA.[224]
- UCT TWO, Port Hueneme, CA.
- Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC) that has detachments in Port Hueneme, CA, and in the Washington Navy Yard, DC. These are CEC officer billets only. Those at Port Hueneme are with the highly technical NFESC "Dive Locker Team".[225]
- Navy System Commands, e.g., NAVSEA or NAVAIR. These are CEC officer billets only.[224]
- NEDU/NDSTC (Navy Experimental Diving Unit – Navy Diving & Salvage Training Center)[224]
Las insignias "Seabee" y Unit
On 1 March 1942 the RADM Moreell recommended that an insignia be created to promote esprit de corps in the new CBs to ID their equipment as the Air corps did to ID squadrons. It was not intended for uniforms.[1]:136 Frank J. Iafrate, a civilian file clerk at Quonset Point Advance Naval Base, Davisville, Rhode Island, who created the original "Disney Style" Seabee. In early 1942 his design was sent to RADM Moreell who made a single request. That the Seabee being set inside a letter Q, for Quonset Point, be changed to a hawser rope and it would be officially adopted.[226]
The Seabees had a second Logo. It was of a shirtless constructionman holding a sledge hammer with a rifle strapped across his back standing upon the words "Construimus Batuimus USN". The figure was on a shield with a blue field across the top and vertical red and white stripes. A small CEC logo is left of the figure and a small anchor is to the right. This logo was incorporated into many CB Unit insignias.[227]
During World War II, artists working for Disney Insignia Department designed logos for about ten Seabee units including the: 60th NCB,[228] 78th NCB[228] 112th NCB,[229] and the 133rd NCB.[230] There are two Disney published Seabee logos that are not identified with any unit.[231]
The end of World War II brought the decommissioning of nearly all of the CBs. They had been in existence less than four years when this happened and the Navy had not created a Historical Branch or Archive for the NCF. So, there was no central archive for Seabee history. As time passed, first with Korea and then Vietnam, Construction Battalions were reactivated with the units having no idea what the World War II insignia had been so they made new ones.
Insignias de calificación y premios de unidad
The military qualification badge for the Seabees is known as the Seabee combat warfare specialist insignia (SCW). It was created in 1993 for both officers and enlisted personnel attached to qualifying units: NMCBs, ACBs, UCTs, or NCRs. Its designer, Commander Ross S. Selvidge, CEC, USNR, was the first to wear the insignia.
The Fleet Marine Force Insignia or Fleet Marine Force pin (FMF pin), is for USN officers or enlisted trained and qualified to support the USMC. It comes in three classes : enlisted, officer, and chaplain. For requirements, see: Fleet Marine Force Warfare Specialist (EFMFWS) Program per OPNAV Instruction 1414.4B.
The Peltier Award is given annually to the "Best of Type" active duty Construction Battalion. It was instituted by Rear Admiral Eugene J. Peltier CEC in 1960. He was Commander of BuDocks 1959–1962. [232]
Portadores de barcazas seabee
There were six "Seabee" ships built:[233] the SS Cape Mendocino (T-AKR-5064), the SS Cape May (T-AKR-5063), SS Cape Mohican (T-AKR-5065) and three operated by Lykes Brothers Steamship Company. (the SS Doctor Lykes, the SS Tillie Lykes, and the SS Almeria Lykes). The NCF is the principal user of Seabee barges. Barges are shuttled to and from the mother ship, facilitating the unloading of containerized cargo wherever needed. These ships have an elevator system for lifting the barges out of the water at the stern onto the vessel. Barges, loaded or not are elevated to one of the three decks and then moved forward towards the bow on a track to be stored. The ship can carry 38 barges, 12 each on the lower decks and 14 on the upper. The 38 barges have a total capacity for 160 shipping containers. They have a draft of 2.5', and measure 97'x35'.[234] Besides the barges, the ship has a fuel storage capacity of nearly 36000 m³(9,510,194 gal.) built in its sides and double hull, allowing it to double as a fuel transport. The ships were purchased by the Military Sealift Command.
Museos
The U.S. Navy Seabee Museum[235] is located outside the main gate of Naval Base Ventura County, Port Hueneme, Ca. In July 2011 the new facility opened with galleries, grand hall, theater, storage, and research areas.
The Seabee Heritage Center is the Atlantic Coast Annex of the Seabee Museum in Port Hueneme.[236] It opened in 1995.[237] Exhibits at the Gulfport Annex are provided by the Seabee Museum in Port Hueneme.[238]
The Seabee Museum and Memorial Park[239] in Davisville, Rhode Island was opened in the late 1990s. A Fighting Seabee Statue is located there.
Abejas marinas notables
- Admiral Ben Moreell[240]
- CM3 Marvin Glenn Shields, Medal of Honor recipient posthumously and first sailor to receive one in the Vietnam War.
- SW2 Robert Stethem (Diver 2c), was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart and Bronze Star
- CM3 Brandon Wolff, former Navy SEAL and former Ultimate Fighting Championship Welterweight fighter.
- Cdr Blake Wayne Van Leer
Ver también
- Military engineering of the United States
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 7
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 26
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 40
- Seabee Engineer Reconnaissance Team
- Parks Reserve Forces Training Area
- Seabees Memorial
- United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit
- Unsinkable aircraft carrier
- USS Marvin Shields, now an Allende-class frigate
Other U.S. military construction/engineering organizations:
- RED HORSE – U.S. Air Force
- United States Army Corps of Engineers
- USMC Combat Engineers List of United States Marine Corps battalions
- Wikipedia:Articles with the most references
Notas
World War II
- Presidential Unit Citation USN/USMC
- 6th CB, 1st Marine Div., Guadalcanal.[106]
- 18th CB, 2nd Marine Div., Tarawa[106]
- 33rd CB, shore party detachment, 1st Marine Div., Peleliu[106]
- 73rd CB, shore party detachment, 1st Marine Div., Peleliu[106]
- 121st CB, 12-man doodlebug landing party, 4th Marine Div., Tinian[106]
- U.S. Army Distinguished Unit Citation
- 40th CB, 1st Cavalry Div., Los Negros[106]
- 78th CB, 12 men, 1st Cavalry Div., Los Negros[106]
- WWII U.S.N. CB awards for valor were listed each month in All Hands along with the rest of the Navy.[241]
Marine Corps, Seabees outside the NCF
- When the 18th, 19th and 25th CBs were transferred to the Marine Corps they each were reduced by one company plus 1/5th of Hq Co to match the organization of a USMC battalion. B Co from the 25th CB[242] and C Co from the 18th CB[243] were used to form the 53rd CB. The other company was used to form the 121st CB.
- Due to Seabees being given advanced rank upon enlistment, enlisted Marines referred to construction battalions as "sergeant's battalions". USMC sergeants do not pull guard duty, so the ranked Seabees would not be assigned. The NCOs of the 18th wore USMC chevrons and not USN "crows" on their uniforms.[244]
- USN insignia on USMC issue.[245]
- Seabees were shore party for the Marines on Bougainville,[81] Peleliu,[80] Guam,[246] Purata Island,[82] Roi-Namur, Saipan,[247] Iwo Jima,[85] and Okinawa.[248] The Marines deployed them as combat engineers at Cape Gloucester,[249] Tarawa,[250] and Tinian.[251]
- The first Marines assigned to a CB were attached to CBD 1010 on Guam.[252] The 2nd Separate Marine Engineer Battalion was next, assigned to the 27th NCR with two former USMC CBs; the 25th and the 53rd.[253] In mid-August 1944 the 1st Separate Marine Engineer Battalion was assigned to the 30th NCR.[254] Prior, 100 Marines were assigned to the 71st CB on Bougainville.
NCDUs, Seabees outside the NCF
- NCDUs at Normandy: 11, 22–30, 41–46, 127–8, 130-42[104]
- The Joint Army Navy Experimental Testing (JANET) site for beach obstacle removal, Project DM-361, was located at the ex-Seabee base, Camp Bradford after the NCDU program moved.[255]
- 14 NCDUs were combined to create UDT 9, almost completely Seabees[116]
- NCDUs 200 – 216 were combined to create UDT 15.[107]
- Presidential Unit Citation USN/USMC : Naval Combat Demolition Force O on Omaha beach at Normandy.[256]
- Navy Unit Commendation: Naval Combat Demolition Force U on Utah beach at Normandy.
UDTs, Seabees outside the NCF
- The Naval Special Warfare Command building at the U.S.N. Seal base at Fort Pierce is named for Ltjg. Frank Kaine CEC commander of NCDU 2.
- General Donovan the head of the OSS approached General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz about using OSS men in the Pacific[120] with Europe invaded. Gen. MacArthur had no interest.[120] Adm. Nimitz looked at Donovan's list and also said no, except he could use the swimmers from the Maritime Unit.[120] He was only interested in them for being swimmers not being OSS.
- Seabees outside the NCF, made naval history.[257] Admiral Turner recommended over 60 Silver Stars and over 300 Bronze Stars with Vs for the Seabees and other service members of UDTs 1-7[257] That was unpresendented in USN/USMC history.[257] For UDTs 5 and 7 at Tinian and UDTs 3 and 4 at Guam, all officers received a silver stars and all enlisted received bronze stars with Vs.[111] Adm. Conolly felt Lt. Crist and Lt. Carberry of UDTs 3 & 4 should have received Navy Crosses at Guam.[111]
- many of the men from UDTs 1 and 2 were used to form UDTs 3 and 4.[107]
- UDT 3 at formation had 11 CEC, 4 USN, 1 USMC Officers[117]
- UDT 7's officers went through "indoctrination" in "Area E" at Camp Peary.[117]
Seabee North Slope Oil Exploration 1944
- Seabee Creek was named by CBD 1058 and runs into the Colville River at Umiat, AK.
- USN geologists with CBD 1058 discovered the large Aupuk Gas Seep.[258]
Cold War: Korea – Seabee Teams
- In October 1965 MCB 11 had two Seabee Teams assigned to "Project Demo". The U.S. State Dept. tasked them with de-bugging embassies behind the iron curtain and repair the damage caused by the removal.[259][260]
Cold War: Antarctica
- Seabee Heights is a geologic feature of the Transantarctic mountains. It overlooks the Beardmore Glacier Seabee traverse route inland.
- Seabee Hook is located near the site of Hallett Station on the Ross sea.
Cold War: Vietnam
- Commander Naval Construction Battalion U.S. Pacific Fleet, Tân Sơn Nhất, Republic of Vietnam, Completion Report 1963–1972.[122]
- Military training for CBs during this period lasted six weeks. Two weeks were at the respective homeport and four weeks with the Marines at Camp Lejuene or Camp Pendleton.
- Presidential Unit Citation USN/USMC : Dets from MCBs 5, 10, 53 and CBMU 301 in support of the 26th Marines at the Battle of Khe Sanh Jan–Feb 1968.[159]
- Cold War projects: 1961 floating dry dock for Polaris submarines at Holy Loch, Scotland.[261] 1963 U.S. Naval Communications Listening Station Nea Makri, Greece.[261]
Cold War: CIA
- When CBD 1510 transferred to CBD 1504 it was designated for function similar to Acorns: Aviation and OTA.[262] The Navy's use of "OTA" denotes the assignment to the CIA in that Other Transaction Authority (OTA) is the term commonly used to refer to the (10 U.S.C. 2371b) authority of the Department of Defense (DoD) to carry out certain prototype, research and production projects."[263]
- In 2007 the Naval Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC) authorized funding forty Naval Intelligence billets in the NCF.[264] The goal was to have organic NCF Intelligence personnel. Historically the training officer would become the intelligence officer when a CB deployed.
- CIA redacted memorandum dated 14 June 1968 discusses the use on Naval Construction Personal/Seabees on a project.[265]
Iraq Afghanistan
- Presidential Unit Citation USN/USMC : 30th NCR, NMCBs 4, 5, 74, 133, Air-Det 22nd NCR, Air-Det UCT 2, NCF Support Unit 2 in support of the First Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF Engineer Group) in November 2003 added later upon review were: NMCBs 7, 15 as well as Air-Det NMCB 21, Air-Det NMCB 25, and CBMU 303 Det.[266] (per: CMC MARADMIN 507/03)[267]
- In 2015 ACB 1 moved the Orion (spacecraft) Boilerplate (spaceflight) test article for NASA at San Diego, CA.
Seabee insignia
- World War II Naval Construction Battalion Logos[268]
- CBs sponsored many B-29s on Tinian tagging the aircraft with Seabee unit insignia as nose art.[269][270][271]
Naval Support Unit
- In 1977 the U.S. Embassy in Moscow suffered a severe fire prompting the construction of a new one in 1979. At the construction site of the new embassy twenty to thirty Seabees were assigned to oversee 800 plus Russian construction workers.[272] This prompted the Russians to embed bugs in construction materials prior to delivery to the construction site. The success of the KGB in bugging the new embassy only reinforced the State Department's need for the Seabees.
SEABEE Barge Carriers
- Unusual Hull Design Requirements of the SEABEE Barge Carriers.[273]
Referencias
- ^ a b c d e "Chapter VI: The Seabees". Building the Navy's Bases in World War II: History of the BuDocks and the CEC 1940–1946. Vol I. Washington, DC: U.S.GPO. 1947. Retrieved 18 October 2017 – via HyperWar.
|volume=
has extra text (help) - ^ 37th Seabees cruisebook, Seabee Museum Archives website, Port Hueneme, CA, Jan. 2020, p. 12-16
- ^ U.S. Marine Corps WWII Order of Battle, Gordon L. Rottman, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 2002, p. 32
- ^ "Seabee History: Formation of the Seabees and World War II". NHHC. 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Training the Fighting Seabees of WWII at Camp Peary, Daily Press, E-newspaper 3 Dec 2017, Mark St. John Erickson, Newport News, VA.[1]
- ^ "Admiral Ben Moreell, CEC, USN". Seabee Museum and Memorial Park. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Coca-Cola and the Art of Seabee Acquisition, Seabee Museum, Seabee Museum website, Port Hueneme, CA.[2]
- ^ "SeaBees Name and Insignia Officially Authorized". Naval History Blog. U.S. Naval Institute. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ "The Seabees". Flying (magazine). Vol. 35 no. 4. October 1944. p. 261. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Rogers, J. "U.S. Navy Seabees During World War II" (PDF). Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Seabee History: Introduction, Naval History, and Heritage Command official U.S. Navy web site, Published: Fri Feb 17 06:36:45 EST 2017 [3]
- ^ Docks, United States Bureau of Yards and (1947). Building the Navy's Bases in WWII: History of the BuDocks and the CEC, 1940-1946. U.S. GPO.
- ^ Flags, Pennants & Customs, NTP 13 (B), Naval Computer And Telecommunications Command, Washington, DC, section 17.11, p. 17-5 [4]
- ^ a b Introduction 2017.
- ^ a b c "Chapter IV: Bobcat". Dept. of the Navy Office of Naval Operations: The Logistics of Advance Bases: The Base Maintenance Division Op30 (Op415). Washington, DC: U. S. GPO. 1947. Retrieved 18 October 2017 – via HyperWar.
- ^ a b c d "Seabee Unit Histories" (PDF). The NMCB 62 "Minutemen". Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Rogers, J. David. "U.S. Navy Seabees During World War II" (PDF). Missouri University of Science and Technology. p. 8. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ The King Bee, Capt. A. N. Olsen (CEC), Trafford Publishing, 2007 The King Bee
- ^ "129th Seabees collection - State Archives - Kansas Historical Society". www.kshs.org. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ Formation 2017.
- ^ Schroder, Walter K.; Emma, Gloria A. (1999). Davisville and the Seabees. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738501062.
- ^ Navy Civil Engineer. NAVFAC Engineering Command. 1962.
- ^ Battalion, 30th, United States Navy Construction (1945). The 30th Log, 1942-1944. U.S. Navy Seabee Museum.
- ^ "Chapter VI: AB Units – Lions, Cubs, Acorns". Dept. of the Navy Office of Naval Operations: The Logistics of ABs: The Base Maintenance Div. Op30 (Op415). Washington, DC: U. S. GPO. 1947. Retrieved 18 October 2017 – via HyperWar.
- ^ "Chapter XXVI: Bases in the Southwest Pacific". Building the Navy's Bases in WWII: History of the BuDocks and the CEC 1940–1946. I. Washington, DC: U.S. GPO. 1947. p. 120. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-military Study. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 78. ISBN 9780313313950. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Building the Navy's Bases in WWII: History of the BuDocks and the CEC 1940–1946. II. Washington, DC: U.S. GPO. 1947. p. 264. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ "Chapter V: Procurement and Logistics for ABs". Building the Navy's Bases in WWII: History of the BuDocks and the CEC 1940–1946. I. Washington, DC: U.S. GPO. 1947. Retrieved 18 October 2017 – via HyperWar.
- ^ Camp Bedilion, Historic California Posts, NCBC, Port Hueneme, CA., State Military Museums, 2814 B Street, Sacramento, CA., 95816 [5]
- ^ Building the Navy's Bases in WWII: History of the BuDocks and the CEC 1940–1946. I. Washington, DC: U.S. GPO. 1947. p. 130. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Seabees, U.S. Navy Official website, 12 August 2009
- ^ "Chapter XXV: Campaign in the Solomons". Building the Navy's Bases in WWII: History of the BuDocks and the CEC 1940–1946. II. Washington, DC: U.S. GPO. 1947. Retrieved 18 October 2017 – via HyperWar.
- ^ Seabees at the Rhine Crossing, Building the Navy's Bases in WWII, Vol. II (Part III): The Advance Bases, U.S. Navy official website, published: Nov. 2018, p. 118 [6]
- ^ Antill, Peter (2003), Peleliu, battle for (Operation Stalemate II) – The Pacific War's Forgotten Battle, September–November 1944, "Hitting the Beach 3rd paragraph" [7]
- ^ a b Magazine, Seabee. "Building for a Nation and Equality: African American Seabees in World War II".
- ^ This week in Seabee History, Sept 17–23, Seabee Online Magazine, NAVFAC Engineering Command, Wash. Navy Yard, DC. live.mil/326-2/
- ^ a b c d e f Historical Content Significance, Naval Aviation Supply Depot Hut 33 at Waiawa Gulch, Peral City, U.S. Dept of Interior, Nat. Park Service, p. 10 [8]
- ^ Building for a Nation and for Equality: African American Seabees in WWII, U.S. Navy Seabee Museum, Naval History and Heritage Command, Dr. Frank A. Blazich Jr., March 4, 2014 [9]
- ^ "17th Special NCB cruisebook" (PDF). NHHC. pp. 29, 30. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ "Seabees of 17th Special Naval Construction Battalion wait to assist wounded of 7th Marines". World War II Database. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ "African-American Marines of 16th Field Depot Rest on Peleliu". World War II Database. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ "17th Special NCB" (PDF). NHHC. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Princeton University Library, Marine Corps Chevron, Vol 3 No. 48, 2 December 1944 [10]
- ^ Peleliu, battle for (Operation Stalemate II) – The Pacific War's Forgotten Battle, Sept–Nov 1944, (section: Hitting the Beach, 3rd paragraph), Military History Encyclopedia on the Web, by: Peter D. Antill, Tristan Dugdale-Pointon, and Dr. John Rickard, [11]
- ^ 1st Marine Pioneers, Presidential Unit Citation, 1st Marine Div., Reinforced, Assault and seizure of Peleliu and Ngesebus, Palau Islands, Part II. Unit Awards, Section 1, Navy-Marine Corps Awards Manual (Rev 1953) p. 15 Naval History and Heritage Command, [12]
- ^ The Right to Fight:African American Marines in WWII, Peleliu and Iwo Jima, Bernard C. Naulty, Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC, 1974,[13]
- ^ African Americans at War: an Encyclopedia, Vol. I, Jonathan D. Sutherland, ABC, CLIO, Santa Barabra, CA, 2004, p. 480, [14]
- ^ "17th Special NCB cruisebook" (PDF). NHHC. p. 29. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ The Sextant, Building for a Nation and for Equality: African American Seabees in World War II – 4 March 2014, Dr. Frank A. Blazich Jr., U.S. Navy Seabee Museum, NHHC [15]
- ^ Breaking Down Barriers: The 34th NCB, Seabee Museum online, Port Huemene, CA. Feb 2018 [16]
- ^ a b c d e Exploration of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 and Adjacent Areas Northern Alaska, 1944–53 Part 1, History of the Exploration By John C. Reed, CDR, USNR, Geological Survey Professional Paper 301 Prepared and published at the request of and in cooperation with the U. S. Dept. of the Navy, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, US GPO, Washington: 1958, pp. 4, 23 [17]
- ^ ComIcePac, CBD 1058, 1945, Seabee Museum, Port Hueneme, CA
- ^ a b c Kiska Sector, Chapter XXII, Bases in Alaska and the Aleutians, Building the Navy's Bases in World War II, History of the BuDocks and the CEC, 1940–1946, Volume II, U.S.Gov. Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1947, p. 188-90 [18]
- ^ Dept. of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Selected Data from Fourteen Wildcat Wells in the NPR in Alaska, USGS Open File Report 00-200, Wildcat Well Seabee 1, Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Central Region Energy Resources Team, Denver, CO [19]
- ^ a b Div. of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Preliminary Interpretive Report 2008-1, Preliminary Results Of Recent Geologic Field Investigations in the Brooks Range Foothills and North Slope, Alaska by Marwan A. Wartes and Paul L. Decker, March 2008, Released by State of Alaska, Dept. of Natural Resources, Div. of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, AK. [20]
- ^ Exploration of the Petroleum Reserve No. 4 and Adjacent Areas, Northern Alaska 1944–53, Part 1, History of the Exploration, John C. Reed, Cdr, CEC, Geological Survey Professional Paper 301, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1958, pp. 21–46 [21]
- ^ Alaska Legacy Wells Summary Report:NPR Alaska, Rob Brumbaugh, Stan Porhola, BLM/AK/ST-05/004+2360+941, November 2004, U.S. Dept. of Interior Bureau of Land Management [22]
- ^ Southeast Asia: Building the Bases, Richard Tregaskis, 1975, p. 16, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, DC [23]
- ^ News Releases, R & D Chronicles - The Mosquito Fighters, Part VIII: Malaria Control in the Pacific War, BUMED, Naval Medical Research and Development Enterprise Laboratories, André B. Sobocinski Released: 11/18/2016 [24]
- ^ Malaria Control, Chapt. 8, Office of Medical History, U.S.Army Medical Department, P.A. Harper MD, W.C. Downs MD, P.W. Downs MD, N.D. Levine MD. [25]
- ^ "Chap. 5: Identification Badges/Awards/Insignia: #5319: Miscellaneous Devices". USN Uniform Regulations. NAVPERS. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Photo of a vet wearing CB insignia on USMC issue, U.S. Militaria Forum webpage [26]
- ^ a b "Photo of: Marine with early Seabee insignia WWII, U.S. Militaria Forum".
- ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). USMC WWII Order of Battle: Ground & Air units in the Pacific War, 1939–1945. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 31.
- ^ a b c The U.S. Navy's Seabees: Bulldozing a Road to Victory, Glenn Barnett, Warfare History Network website, 2020, Sovereign Media, 6731 Whittier Ave, Suite C-100 McLean, VA. [27]
- ^ Rottman (2002), Fig. 4.2.
- ^ Rottman (2002), Fig. 4.3.
- ^ U.S . Marine Corps Pacific Theater of operations 1943–44, Gordon L. Rottman, Osprey Pub., Combat Mission Chapt., Engineer Regiments Section, 2004 [28]
- ^ Rottman (2002) Fig. 4.2.1
- ^ Bobcats-Bora bora, Chapter XXIV Bases in the South Pacific, Building the Navy's Bases in World War II, History of the BuDocks and the CEC, 1940–1946, Volume II. U.S GPO, Washington, DC, 1947, p. 202 [29]
- ^ Ratomski, John J. "The 25th NCB". WWII Stories in Their Own Words. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ a b Rottman (2002), pp. 218–220.
- ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (2004). Battle Orders: USMC Pacific Theater of Operations 1943–44. Osprey Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 9781472802217.
- ^ "43rd Seabees Wearing USMC Uniforms – Maui, Hawaii". seabee-rvn.com. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ "Navy Seabees in Marine Corps Service Uniform". Uniforms of WWII. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Ratomski, John J. "121st NCB". WWII Stories in Their Own Words. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ a b "Seabee Battalion List". seabees93.net. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
- ^ Melson, Charles D. (2013). "The Munda Drive and the Fighting 9th". Up The Slot: Marines in the Central Solomons. Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ a b Ratomski, John J. "Peleliu Shore Party". Tribute to Michael A. Lazaro and all other Peleliu Veterans. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ a b 71st U.S. NCB. Seabee Museum. p. 14.
- ^ a b "Seabees!". WWII Forums. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
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- ^ "WWII Seabees photos". Witness to War. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ a b "4th Marine Div. Ops Report, Iwo Jima, 19 Feb. to 16 Mar., 1945". Ike Skelton Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library. Retrieved 18 October 2017. PDFs 6 and 7, Appendix 1 Annex Dog (Shore Party Log D-Day–D+18)
- ^ Annex Uncle, 5th Marine Div. Operations Report, April 1945, NARA, College Park, Md.
- ^ a b The 5th Marine Div. in WWII, Lt. John C. Chapin, Historical Div., Hq, USMC, Aug 1945, Appendix B, Component Units [31]
- ^ 8th NCB cruise book, 1946, Seabee Museum Archive, Port Hueneme, CA. p. 83/142 [32]
- ^ 58th CB History file, Seabee Museum Archives webpage, Prot Hueneme, CA., Jan 15, 2015 [33]
- ^ Building the Navy's Bases in WWII: History of the BuDocks and the CEC 1940–1946. II. Washington, DC: U.S. GPO. 1947. p. 470. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ 53rd Naval Construction Battalion: the Marine Seabee 1st M.A.C. U.S. Navy Seabee Museum. pp. 14 & 106.
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- ^ "USN Seabee Museum Archives". Picssr. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Chapter XXVIII, Bases in the Marianas and Iwo Jima, Building the Navy's Bases in WWII, History of the BuDocks and the CEC, 1940–1946, Vol I, U.S. GPO, Washington, DC, 1947, p. 347 [35]
- ^ a b 1. Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Marine Corps Installations-West, Installation Histories, USMC Official website p.2, 4 [36]
- ^ Kester, Charles (January 1963). "Can Do!". Leatherneck. p. 30. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Third Marine Div. Assoc. (1992). Third Marine Division's Two Score and Ten History. Turner Pub. Comp. p. 162. ISBN 9781563110894. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ The King Bee Pens Foreword for Book on World War II Seabees, The Navy Civil Engineer, Sept. 1963, Vol. 4, No 9, Admiral Moreell, p. 4 [37]
- ^ Blazich, Frank A. (6 June 2014). "Opening Omaha Beach: Ensign Karnowski and NCDU-45". Seabees Online. Washington Navy Yard, DC: Navy Facilities Engineering Command. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Blazich, Frank A. (12 May 2017). "This Week in Seabee History (Week of May 14)". Seabees Online. Navy Facilities Engineering Command. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ a b "Naval Combat Demolitions Units". SpecWarNet.net. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ NCDU Officer class photo (note CEC insignia above cuff) 1988.0022.23, Navy Seal Archives, Fort Pierce, FL [38]
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- ^ a b c Report on Naval Combat Demolition Units in Operation "NEPTUNE" as part of Task Force 122, Lt.(jg) H. L. Blackwell, Jr., USNR, 5 July 1944.[40]
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- ^ a b c d e f g h The Water Is Never Cold, James Douglas O'Dell, 2000, p. 132, Brassey's, Dulles, VA.
- ^ WWII USN Special Warfare Units, Eugene Lipak, Osprey Publishing, New York, 2014, p. 25
- ^ a b Navy SEAL History Part One, A Glance at the Origins of Naval Special Warfare, Aug. 2018, MC2 Taylor Stinson, Defense Media Activity, All Hands Magazine, Defense Media Activity, U.S. DOD [43]
- ^ SEAL History: Origins of Naval Special Warfare–WWII, UDT–SEAL Museum, Fort Pierce, FL. [44]
- ^ a b c Naked Warriors, Cdt. Francis Douglas Fane USNR (Ret.), St. Martin's Press, New York, 1996, pp. 122, 131
- ^ Lt Crist, "The MOCK-UP", Fort Pierce ATB Newspaper, 20 July 1945, p. 4, Fort Pierce SEAL Archives, Fort Pierce, FL
- ^ UDTs 1 & 2, The Marshall Islands, Kwajalein, Roi-Namur, Eniwetok, U. S. Naval Special Warfare Archives [45]
- ^ a b c Submarine blasting, 301 NCB cruisebook, Seabee Museum Archives website, Jan 2020, p.60[46]
- ^ The Underwater Demolition Teams of the Pacific, Pearl Harbor Visitors Bureau, [47]
- ^ a b c d e "The Teams in World War II". View of the Rockies. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ a b c "The Teams in World War II". View of the Rockies. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Interview with Wright S. Travis (11/20/2007)Comment #30 "Seabees as UDTs", he was ex-OSS Maritime Unit in UDT 10, The Library of Congress, American Folklife Center, Veterans History Project, Library of Congress, Washington, DC [48]
- ^ Blazich, Frank A. (12 September 2016). "This Week in Seabee History (Week of September 11)". Seabees Online. NavFac Engineering Command. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ a b c d e OSS in Action The Pacific and the Far East, Series: OSS Training in the Nat. Parks and Service Abroad in World War II, Catoctin Mountain Park, Prince William Forest Park, August, 2017, Nat. Park Service, Washington, DC [49]
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- ^ Kelly, Orr (24 June 2014). Brave Men, Dark Waters: The Untold Story of the Navy SEALs. Open Road Media. p. 30. ISBN 9781497645639. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ The Water is Never Cold), James Douglas O'Dell, Brassey's, Dulles, VA, 2001, p. 136
- ^ a b c Naked Warriors, Cdmr. Francis Douglas Fane USNR (Ret.), St. Martin's Press, New York, 1996, p. 828
- ^ CBMU 570 Records, Seabee Museum Archives, Port Hueneme, CA. [50]
- ^ a b c d UDT Histories, WWII UDT Team Eight, U.S. Naval Special Warfare Archives, [51]
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- ^ a b Yanks in Siberia: U.S. Navy Weather Stations in Soviet East Asia, 1945, G. Patrick March, Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Aug. 1988), pp. 327–342, Published by: U of Cal. Press.[56]
- ^ a b c Building the Navy's Bases in World War II, History of the BuDocks and the CEC, 1940–1946, Volume I, US GPO Washington, 1947, Seabees in China, p. 416 [57]
- ^ 33rd Special Naval Construction Battalion file, 1946, Seabee Museum Archives, Port Hueneme, CA.[58]
- ^ Building the Navy's Bases in World War II: History of the BuDocks and the CEC 1940–1946. II. Washington, DC: U.S. GPO. 1947. p. 416. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
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- ^ Blazich, Frank A. (30 July 2017). "This Week in Seabee History (Week of July 30 - August 5)". Seabees Online. Navy Facilities Engineering Command. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
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- ^ Operation Crippled Chick, ACB 1 Builds Emergency Airstrip Behind Enemy Lines, By Steve Karoly, The Seabeecook [63]
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- ^ a b Commander Naval Construction Battalion U.S. Pacific Fleet, Tân Sơn Nhất, Republic of Vietnam, Completion Report 1963–1972.[68]
- ^ Commander Naval Construction Battalion U.S. Pacific Fleet, Tân Sơn Nhất, Republic of Vietnam, Completion Report 1963–1972. p. 4-7 /4-12 [69]
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- ^ "The Critical Mission of Providing Diplomatic Security: Through the Eyes of a U.S. Navy Seabee". DipNote.
- ^ a b "This Week in Seabee History (Week of April 16)".
- ^ History of the Bureau of Diplomatic Security of the United States Department of State, Chapter 5 – Spies, Leaks, Bugs, and Diplomats, written by State Department Historian's Office, pp. 179–80, U.S. State Department [90]
- ^ Chapter 1, US Navy Basic Military Requirements for Seabees
- ^ Department of State, Justice, Commerce, the Judiciary and related Agencies appropriations for 1966, Hearings...Dept of State, p. 6 [91] M
- ^ August 26, This Week in Seabee History (August 26 – September 1), by Dr. Frank A. Blazich Jr, NHHC, Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), Washington Navy Yard, DC [92]
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- ^ "Protecting Information". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ US Navy Basic Military Requirements for Seabees, Chapter 1, p. 11
- ^ Barker, J. Craig (2016). The Protection of Diplomatic Personnel. New York: Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-317-01879-7.
- ^ "From bugs to bombs, little-known Seabee unit protects US embassies from threats", Stars and Stripes, 26 April 2018,[94]
- ^ a b c Seabee History: After Vietnam, Published: 16 Apr 2015, NHHC, Official U.S. Navy web site [95]
- ^ Woman in the CEC and the Seabees, Seabee Museum, Port Hueneme, Ca
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- ^ a b "Building Camp NSW" (PDF). Ethos. No. 16. pp. 24–27. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
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- ^ Disney Don's Dogtags, Walton Rawls, Abbeville Press, 1992
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Fuentes generales
- "Seabee History: Between the Second World War and the Korean War". Naval History and Heritage Command. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Otras lecturas
- A Brief History of USOM Support to the Office of Accelerated Rural Development, prepared by USOM Office of Field Operations, James W. Dawson, Assistant Program Officer, Sept, 1969 [123]
- COM-ICE-PAC, reports CBD 1058, Lt. Harry F. Corbin, ChC, CBD 1058, 1956 [124]
- Exploration of the Petroleum Reserve No. 4 and Adjacent Areas, Northern Alaska 1944–53, Part 1, History of the Exploration, Cmdr. John C. Reed CEC, Geological Survey Professional Paper 301, U.S. GPO, Washington, DC, 1958, pp. 21–46 [125]
- History of the SEABEES, Command Historian, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 1996, [126]
- Gropman, Alan (1997). The Big 'L' : American logistics in World War II. Diane Publishing. p. 244. ISBN 9781428981355.
- Kubic, Charles R.; Rife, James P. (2009). Bridges to Baghdad: The US Navy Seabees in the Iraq War. Thomas Publications.
- Nichols, Gina (2007). The Seabees at Gulfport. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing.
- Hettema, Arthur D. "My Experience With U.D.T. at Luzon and Iwo Jima".
- MILPERSMAN 1306–919, Naval Support Unit State Dept. [127]
- NAVPERS 15,790 (REV 1953), Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual, Dept of the Navy, Unit Awards, Part II, [128]
- NAVEDTRA-14234A, USN BMR for Seabee Combat Handbook 14234A. USN BMR online
- Peleliu 1944, Jim Moran Gordon L Rottman, Osprey Publishing, 2012, "Black Shore party" [129]
- Tektite and the Birth of the Underwater Construction Teams by Dr. Frank A. Blazich Jr., Historian, U.S. Navy Seabee Museum [130]
- Test Wells, Umiat Area Alaska, Florence I. Rucker Collins, Exploration of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 and Adjacent Areas, Northern Alaska, 1944–53, Part 5, Subsurface Geology And Engineering Data, Geological Survey Professional Paper 305-B, U. S. Dept. of the Navy, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, U.S. GPO, Washington, DC: 1958 [131]
- Capt. A. N. Olsen (CEC), The King Bee, Trafford Publishing, 2007
- Thesis: USAWC Strategy Research Project, The effectiveness of the Seabee in Employing New Concepts During Operation Iraqi Freedom, Cmdr. Marshall Sykes USN, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA, 2005. [132]
- Thesis: U.S. Navy Seabees as a Stability Asset, Aaron W. Park, 2009, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA [133]
- Thesis: "Navy Seabees: Versatile Instruments of Power Projection", Master of Military Studies: Lt Cmdr. Wernher C. Heyres, CEC, USN, 2013, USMC Command & Staff College, Marine Corps University, Quantico, VA [134]
- Tregaskis, Richard (1972). Southeast Asia: Building the Bases. Washington, DC: U.S. GPO.
- United States Navy Construction Battalions, Seabees in Action, Seabee Teams, published by: Dept. of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 1967, Washington, DC [135]
- "All gave some, some gave all: 17th Special CB, Bob Sohrt/Full Memoirs, Featured WWII Memoirs/Stories" (click: branch of service: Marines) Witness to War website, p. 4 of 11 [136]
enlaces externos
- Camille and the Seabees (1971)
- Official website
- Report_EuropeanOperations Seabees Report: European Operations (1945)
- Seabees. Department of the Navy. Bureau of Yards and Docks (c. 1944)
- Seabee Divers
- Seabee History, Naval History & Heritage Command
- Seabee & CEC Historical Foundation
- Seabees in the Antarctic: Base Construction
- Seabee Online: official online magazine of the Seabees
- Seabee Unit Histories and Cruisebooks at the Seabee Museum
- The Marston Mat and Seabee
- The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
- U.S. Navy Seabee Museum Online Reading Room
- U.S. Navy Divers Training Center