Un salario es la distribución de un empleador de un valor (rendimiento esperado o ganancias derivadas únicamente de otros) pagado a un empleado. Al igual que se paga un interés a un inversionista sobre sus inversiones, se paga un salario (de las ganancias de la empresa) al empleado sobre los activos invertidos del empleado (tiempo, dinero, trabajo, recursos y pensamiento). Algunos ejemplos de distribuciones salariales incluyen pagos compensatorios como salario mínimo , salario prevaleciente y bonificaciones anuales, y pagos remunerativos como premios y pagos de propinas.
Los salarios son parte de los gastos que implica el funcionamiento de un negocio y agregan valor al empleado en honor a su principal pagaré protegido o inversión neta .
El pago por salario contrasta con el trabajo asalariado , en el que el empleador paga una cantidad acordada a intervalos regulares (como una semana o un mes) independientemente de las horas trabajadas, con una comisión cuyas condiciones se pagan en función del desempeño individual y con una compensación basada en el desempeño del empresa en su conjunto. Los empleados asalariados también pueden recibir propinas pagadas directamente por los clientes y beneficios para empleados que son formas de compensación no monetarias. Dado que el trabajo asalariado es la forma predominante de trabajo, el término "salario" a veces se refiere a todas las formas (o todas las formas monetarias) de compensación a los empleados.
Orígenes y componentes necesarios
Wage labour involves the exchange of money for time spent at work (the latter quantity is termed labor power by Marx and subsequent economists). As Moses I. Finley lays out the issue in The Ancient Economy:
- The very idea of wage-labour requires two difficult conceptual steps. First it requires the abstraction of a man's labour from both his person and the product of his work. When one purchases an object from an independent craftsman ... one has not bought his labour but the object, which he had produced in his own time and under his own conditions of work. But when one hires labour, one purchases an abstraction, labour-power, which the purchaser then uses at a time and under conditions which he, the purchaser, not the "owner" of the labour-power, determines (and for which he normally pays after he has consumed it). Second, the wage labour system requires the establishment of a method of measuring the labour one has purchased, for purposes of payment, commonly by introducing a second abstraction, namely labour-time. [1]
The wage is the monetary measure corresponding to the standard units of working time (or to a standard amount of accomplished work, defined as a piece rate). The earliest such unit of time, still frequently used, is the day of work. The invention of clocks coincided with the elaborating of subdivisions of time for work, of which the hour became the most common, underlying the concept of an hourly wage.[2][3]
Wages were paid in the Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt,[4] ancient Greece,[5] and ancient Rome.[5]
Determinantes de las tasas salariales
Depending on the structure and traditions of different economies around the world, wage rates will be influenced by market forces (supply and demand), labour organisation, legislation, and tradition. Market forces are perhaps more dominant in the United States, while tradition, social structure and seniority, perhaps play a greater role in Japan.[6][citation needed]
Wage differences
Even in countries where market forces primarily set wage rates, studies show that there are still differences in remuneration for work based on sex and race. For example, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2007 women of all races made approximately 80% of the median wage of their male counterparts. This is likely due to the supply and demand for women in the market because of family obligations.[7] Similarly, white men made about 84% the wage of Asian men, and black men 64%.[8] These are overall averages and are not adjusted for the type, amount, and quality of work done.
Wages in the United States
Seventy-five million workers earned hourly wages in the United States in 2012, making up 59% of employees.[9] In the United States, wages for most workers are set by market forces, or else by collective bargaining, where a labor union negotiates on the workers' behalf. The Fair Labor Standards Act establishes a minimum wage at the federal level that all states must abide by, among other provisions. Fourteen states and a number of cities have set their own minimum wage rates that are higher than the federal level. For certain federal or state government contacts, employers must pay the so-called prevailing wage as determined according to the Davis-Bacon Act or its state equivalent. Activists have undertaken to promote the idea of a living wage rate which account for living expenses and other basic necessities, setting the living wage rate much higher than current minimum wage laws require. The minimum wage rate is there to protect the well being of the working class.[10]
Definitions
For purposes of federal income tax withholding, 26 U.S.C. § 3401(a) defines the term "wages" specifically for chapter 24 of the Internal Revenue Code:
"For purposes of this chapter, the term “wages” means all remuneration (other than fees paid to a public official) for services performed by an employee for his employer, including the cash value of all remuneration (including benefits) paid in any medium other than cash;" In addition to requiring that the remuneration must be for "services performed by an employee for his employer," the definition goes on to list 23 exclusions that must also be applied.[11]
See also
- Compensation of employees
- Employee benefit (non-monetary compensation in exchange for labor)
- Employment
- Labour economics
- List of countries by average wage
- Performance-related pay
- Wage labour
- Wage share
- Real wage
- List of sovereign states in Europe by net average wage
- Marginal factor cost
- Overtime
Political science:
- Labour power
- Proletarian
- Working class
- Wage slavery
References
- ^ Finley, Moses I. (1973). The ancient economy. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780520024366.
- ^ Thompson, E. P. (1967). "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism". Past and Present. 38 (38): 56–97. doi:10.1093/past/38.1.56. JSTOR 649749.
- ^ Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard (1996). History of the hour: Clocks and modern temporal orders. Thomas Dunlap (trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226155104.
- ^ Ezzamel, Mahmoud (July 2004). "Work Organization in the Middle Kingdom, Ancient Egypt". Organization. 11 (4): 497–537. doi:10.1177/1350508404044060. ISSN 1350-5084.
- ^ a b Finley, Moses I. (1973). The ancient economy. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520024366.
- ^ "Student Login". Edgenuity. – Education 2020 Homeschool console, Vocabulary Assignment, definition entry for "wage rate" (may require login to view)
- ^ Magnusson, Charlotta. "Why Is There A Gender Wage Gap According To Occupational Prestige?." Acta Sociologica (Sage Publications, Ltd.) 53.2 (2010): 99-117. Academic Search Complete. Web. 26 Feb. 2015.
- ^ U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Earnings of Women and Men by Race and Ethnicity, 2007" Accessed June 29, 2012
- ^ "Employees" as a category excludes all those who are self-employed, and this statistics only considers workers over the age of 16. U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2013-02-26), Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers: 2012
- ^ Tennant, Michael. "Minimum Wage The Ups & Downs." New American (08856540) 30.12 (2014): 10-16. Academic Search Complete. Web. 26 Feb. 2015.
- ^ USC 26 § 3401(a)
Further reading
- Galbraith, James Kenneth. Created Unequal: the Crisis in American Pay, in series, Twentieth Century Fund Book[s]. New York: Free Press, 1998. ISBN 0-684-84988-7
External links
- Lebergott, Stanley (2002). "Wages and Working Conditions". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (1st ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty.OCLC 317650570, 50016270, 163149563
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
- Wealth of Nations – click Chapter 8
- U.S. Department of Labor: Minimum Wage Laws – Different laws by State
- Average U.S. farm and non-farm wage
- Prices and Wages by Decade library guide - Prices and Wages research guide at the University of Missouri libraries