Sir Donough MacCarty,[a] 1st Earl of Clancarty (1594–1665), was an Irish magnate, soldier, and politician. His title was 2nd Viscount Muskerry from 1641 to 1658. He rebelled against Charles I, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, demanding religious freedom as a Catholic and defended the rights of the Gaelic nobility in the Irish Catholic Confederation, but later supported the king against his parliamentarian enemies in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, a part of the Wars of the three kingdoms, also known as the British Civil War.
Donough MacCarty | |
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Earl of Clancarty | |
Tenure | 1658–1665 |
Predecessor | Charles, 1st Viscount Muskerry |
Successor | Charles James, 2nd Earl of Clancarty (an infant) |
Born | 1594 |
Died | 4 or 5 August 1665 London |
Spouse(s) | Eleanor Butler |
Issue | |
Father | Charles, 1st Viscount Muskerry |
Mother | Margaret O'Brien |
He sat as a member of parliament in the House of Commons of the Irish parliaments of 1634–1635 and 1640–1649 where he opposed Strafford, Charles I's authoritarian chief governor,[b] and in 1641 contributed to the governor's fall. In 1642 when the rebellion reached his estates in Munster, he joined the Irish Catholic Confederates, sat on their Supreme Council, and fought in the Irish Confederate Wars against the government. He led the Confederates' moderate faction (also called peace party or Ormondists), which opposed the clerical faction, led by Rinuccini, the papal nuncio. He negotiated the cease-fire of 1643, and the peace of 1646 between the Confederates and the king. During the Cromwellian conquest, he lost the Battle of Knocknaclashy in 1651 against Broghill but held on until 1652, being one of the last to surrender.
In 1653 he stood trial for war crimes in Dublin but was acquitted. In exile on the continent, Charles II created him Earl of Clancarty. He recovered his lands at the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and sat in the House of Lords during the Irish Parliament of 1661–1666.
Birth and origins
Donough was born in 1594[18] in County Cork, most likely at Blarney Castle[19] or Macroom Castle, residences of his parents.[20] He was the second[21] but would become the eldest surviving son of Charles (alias Cormac Oge) MacCarty and his first wife Margaret O'Brien.[22][23] His father was, at the time of Donough's birth, known as Sir Charles[24] while his paternal grandfather, Cormac MacDermot MacCarthy, held the title as the 16th Lord of Muskerry[d][26] and owned the ancestral land covering large parts of County Cork.[27][28] His father, when called Cormac rather than Charles, was distinguished from his grandfather by the Irish generational suffix "Oge", the younger.[e] His father's family were the MacCartys of Muskerry, a Gaelic Irish dynasty that had branched from the MacCarthy-Mor line with Dermot MacCarthy, second son of Cormac MacCarthy-Mor, a medieval Prince of Desmond.[14] This second son had been granted the Muskerry area as appanage.[37]
Donough's mother was the eldest daughter of Donogh O'Brien, 4th Earl of Thomond, called the great earl.[38] Donough was named for this grandfather (there were no Donoughs in the line of the MacCarthy of Muskerry).[39] The name is an anglicised, shortened form of the Gaelic first name Donnchadh.[40] Her family, the O'Briens, were another Gaelic Irish dynasty that descended from Brian Boru, medieval high king of Ireland.[41] His parents married about 1590.[42]
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Donough listed among his brothers |
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He was the younger of two brothers:
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Donough's sisters |
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The birth order is unknown, except that Mary was the second and Helen the fifth.[g]
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Religion
Although few Irish had converted to Protestantism under Henry VIII[68] or Queen Elizabeth,[69] both of Donough's grandfathers had done so. His paternal grandfather, Cormac MacDermot MacCarthy, had conformed to the established religion by adhering to the Church of Ireland.[29] Donough's maternal grandfather, Donogh O'Brien, 4th Earl of Thomond, was well known as a Protestant.[70][71][72] Donough's father had studied at Oxford University[73] where Catholics were not admitted[74] but later became a staunch Catholic.[75] His stepmother's father, the 7th Viscount Fermoy, was a Catholic.[76] Donough was a Catholic[77] and would in 1642 join the Irish Catholic Confederates as will be seen further down.[78] He wanted to support the Catholic religion[79] and fight for it.[80]
Early life, marriage, and children
Donough's mother must have died in or before 1599 as his father remarried that year.[81] Donough's stepmother was Ellen, widow of Donnell MacCarthy Reagh of Kilbrittain and eldest daughter of David Roche, 7th Viscount Fermoy.[82][83] No children from this marriage are recorded in the major genealogical sources.[84][85] His stepmother's father was a zealous Catholic[86] but a loyal supporter of the government.[87]
In 1616, his father succeeded as the 17th Lord of Muskerry.[88][89] On 15 November 1628 Charles I, king of Ireland, England and Scotland, created Donough MacCarty's father Baron Blarney and Viscount Muskerry. The titles had a special remainder[90] that appointed Donough as successor, excluding his elder brother, who was alive at the time but severely handicapped ("possibly an idiot").[31]
Donough MacCarty married Eleanor Butler,[91] some time before 1633 as their eldest son was born in 1633 or 1634.[i] She was a Catholic, the eldest daughter of Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles.[94] MacCarty was already in his late thirties while she was about twenty.[j] He possibly had been married once before and had a son from this marriage,[4] but this first marriage and this son are ignored by the major genealogical sources.[95][96][97]
His marriage with Eleanor made him a brother-in-law of James Butler, who succeeded as 12th Earl of Ormond on 24 February 1633.[98] Ormond was a Protestant,[72] as he had been brought up in England as a crown ward under the care of the Archbishop of Canterbury.[99]
Donough and Eleanor had five children, three sons:[100]
- Charles (1633 or 1634 – 1665), also known as Cormac,[35] predeceased his father, being slain in the Battle of Lowestoft, a naval engagement[92][93]
- Callaghan (c. 1638 – 1676), succeeded his elder brother's infant son, Charles James, as the 3rd Earl of Clancarty[101]
- Justin (c. 1643 – 1694),[102][103] fought for the Jacobites and became Viscount Mountcashel[104]
—and two daughters:[100]
- Helen (died 1722), became Countess of Clanricarde. She married first John FitzGerald of Dromana and secondly the 7th Earl of Clanricarde.[105][106]
- Margaret (died 1704), became Countess of Fingall by marrying Luke Plunket, 3rd Earl of Fingall[107]
Honours and parliaments
In 1634, MacCarty, already in his forties, was knighted[108] and became Sir Donough MacCarty. He was elected as one of the two "knights of the shire", as county MPs were then called,[109] for Cork County[7] in the Parliament of 1634–1635,[110] the first of Charles I. He sat in the House of Commons, while his father sat in the House of Lords as Viscount Muskerry.[111] At that time both houses held their meetings at Dublin Castle.[112] Parliament was opened with all pomp on 14 July 1634[113] by the new Lord Deputy of Ireland, Thomas Wentworth[114] (the future Lord Strafford), who had taken up office in July 1633.[115] The House of Commons had a Protestant majority[116] as King James I had created more than 30 pocket boroughs to that effect for his Irish Parliament of 1613–1615.[117][118]
King Charles I had announced in 1626 that he was willing to concede certain rights to the Irish Catholics against payment. These concessions are known as the Graces.[119] At Whitehall the king and a delegation of Irish Catholic noblemen had agreed upon a list of 51 articles.[120] At the core of the Graces were land rights and religious freedom.[121] The payment was fixed as £120,000 sterling (about £23,800,000 today) in three yearly instalments.[122] The Graces had been proclaimed, and a first instalment had been paid.[123] The Irish Parliament should have confirmed the Graces promptly, but the then Lord Deputy, Lord Falkland, never summoned that parliament.[124] The parliament for which Sir Donough was elected in 1634 was the first Irish parliament since the proclamation of the Graces. Sir Donough, therefore, expected to see them confirmed in this parliament[125][126] while Wentworth was apprehensive of the demands that would be made on him in this regard.[127] Wentworth insisted that subsidies for the king needed to be attended to first.[128] Six subsidies of £50,000 (about £8,400,000 today) each,[129] or according to another source £240,000 (about £40,500,000 today) altogether,[130] were voted unanimously[131] on 19 July 1634.[132]
Legislation concerning the Graces was tabled afterwards. Of the 51 articles Wentworth let 10 be voted into law, the others would be left at the discretion of the government, except articles 24[133] and 25,[134] concerning land tenure, which he rejected.[135] Feeling cheated, the Catholic MPs, including Sir Donough, expressed their anger by voting against any law later proposed by Wentworth and due to absenteeism among the Protestant MPs, the Catholics were able to vote several laws down.[136] The government recalled the absent Protestant MPs, and the laws passed.[137] Wentworth dissolved parliament on 18 April 1635.[138]
About 1638 the MacCartys bought a baronetcy of Nova Scotia for Sir Donough.[139] The king sold these for 3000 merk Scots each,[140] equivalent to £166 13s. 4d. sterling[k] at the time and about £260,000 today. The king created Wentworth Earl of Strafford in January 1640,[142] and raised him from Lord Deputy to Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.[16][143]
The Irish Parliament 1640–1649[l] was the second parliament of Charles I in Ireland. On 2 March 1640, Sir Donough was re-elected for Cork County. The parliamentary records list him as a knight,[5] despite having become a baronet in the meantime, probably because his baronetcy was not Irish. Parliament was opened on 16 March 1640 by Christopher Wandesford, whom Strafford had appointed Lord Deputy.[147][148] Strafford arrived two days later.[147] In its first session the parliament unanimously voted four subsidies of £45,000[149] (about £8,100,000 today) to raise an Irish army of 9,000[150] for use by the king against the Scots in the Bishops' Wars. On 31 March 1640 Strafford prorogued parliament until the first week of June.[151][152]
On 3 April 1640, Strafford (i.e. Wentworth) left Ireland.[153] Wandesford opened the second parliamentary session on 1 June 1640.[154][155] News from England was the Short Parliament had refused subsidies to the king.[156] The Irish MPs regretted having voted subsidies and wanted to sabotage their action by changing how the subsidies would be evaluated and collected.[157] After two weeks of inconclusive discussions, Wandesford prorogued parliament on 17 June.[158]
Parliament reconvened on 1 October.[159] The House of Commons formed a committee for grievances on which Sir Donough served.[160] The committee prepared a remonstrance (complaint) against Strafford, that was then approved by the House of Commons.[161] Wandesford prorogued parliament on 12 November,[162] a day after Strafford's impeachment in Westminster by the Long Parliament.[163] Sir Donough was part of the delegation of 13 MPs,[164] headed by Audley Mervyn, that travelled to London to submit the remonstrance to the king,[165] arriving on 21 November.[166] The Irish House of Lords had not acted on grievances during the parliamentary session, but some lords decided afterwards to send Gormanston, Dillon, Kilmallock, and Muskerry (i.e. Sir Donough's father) to London to present separate lords' grievances to the king.[12][167] The Irish Parliament met again on 26 January 1641.[162] Lord Deputy Wandesford had died on 3 December 1640[168] and the Irish government had devolved to the Lords Justices, Parsons and Borlase.[169] The House of Lords recognised its members who had gone to London as one of its committees.[170] On 18 February 1641 the lords' grievances were written up in 18 articles. The main complaint was that Strafford had overtaxed them.[171]
On 20 February 1641, Sir Donough's father, aged about 70, died in London[172] during his parliamentary mission. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.[m] Sir Donough succeeded as 2nd Viscount Muskerry. As his ailing elder brother had died some time before,[51] the special remainder of the title did not need to be invoked. He had to abandon his seat in the House of Commons where he was replaced by Redmond Roche.[181] Lord Muskerry would be his name for 16 eventful years, from 1641 to 1657, when he would be promoted Earl of Clancarty. On 3 March 1641, the lords replaced Sir Donough's father as member of the lords' delegation in London with Thomas Roper, 2nd Viscount Baltinglass.[182][183][184] On 22 March Strafford's trial before the House of Lords began. Muskerry was one of the Irish witnesses against him, stating that Strafford had refused passports to Irishmen who wanted to see the king.[185] Back in Dublin Muskerry now sat in the House of Lords.[186]
Irish wars
Ireland suffered 11 years of war from 1641 to 1652, which are usually divided into the Rebellion of 1641, the Confederate Wars, and the Cromwellian Conquest. This eleven years' war in turn forms part of the Wars of the three kingdoms,[187] also known as the British Civil Wars.[188]
Phelim O'Neill launched the Rebellion from the northern province of Ulster in October 1641.[189] He pretended, in his Proclamation of Dungannon,[190] to have a commission from the king sanctioning his actions.[191] Muskerry, based in the southern province of Munster, offered to raise an armed force of his tenants and dependants attempting to maintain law and order.[192] He and his wife also tried to save Protestants fleeing from the rebels.[193][194]
Rebel
In February 1642 Muskerry still sided with William St Leger, Lord President of Munster, against the rebels.[195] However, the rebellion was gaining ground everywhere,[196] and on 2 March 1642,[n] Muskerry joined the rebels[78] to defend the Catholic faith and the King.[198][199] He believed Phelim O'Neill acted under a royal warrant.[200] Hearing of his defection, the Irish Parliament declared Muskerry's estates forfeit.[201][202] This was for now an empty threat, as the government was on the defensive and had no power to seize his estates.[203][204]
Like many other Catholic royalists, Muskerry imagined Charles could be convinced to accept Catholicism in Ireland as he accepted Presbyterianism in Scotland.[205] He was also prompted to take up arms by the atrocities committed by St Leger against the Catholic population[206][207] and by the approach of Mountgarret's rebel army entering Munster from Leinster.[208][209] Muskerry refused to serve under Mountgarret and competed for the leadership in Munster with Maurice Roche, 8th Viscount Fermoy,[210] who had led the rebellion in Munster before Muskerry joined.[211] Fermoy outclassed him in terms of precedence,[o] but Muskerry was richer.[214] In March and April, Muskerry and Fermoy[215] unsuccessfully besieged St Leger in Cork City[216] trying to deny the harbour to the English.[217] On 13 April 1642, Murrough O'Brien, 6th Baron of Inchiquin, a Protestant,[72] drove them from their base at Rochfordstown[218] relieving their siege of Cork.[219] Muskerry lost his armour, tent, and trunks in this action.[220] St Leger died on 2 July 1642,[221] and Inchiquin, the vice-president, took over.[222][223] On 16 May 1642, Muskerry and Fermoy captured Barrymore Castle at Castlelyons, seat of Lord Barrymore, a Protestant.[72][224]
Siege of Limerick
In May and June 1642, Muskerry, Garret Barry, Patrick Purcell of Croagh, and Fermoy fought at the Siege of Limerick.[225] The town opened its gates willingly,[226] but the Protestants, led by George Courtenay,[227] obstinately defended King John's Castle, the town's citadel. Muskerry had a cannon placed on the tower of St Mary's Cathedral, which overlooked the castle.[228] The besiegers attacked the castle's eastern wall and the bastion on its south-east corner by digging mines.[229] The castle surrendered on 21 June and Muskerry took possession.[230] That same force also attacked and took castles in the area west of Limerick that had been settled with English during the Plantation of Munster. In May Patrick Purcell took Castletown, defended by Hardress Waller,[231] the future Cromwellian general. In July, Muskerry and Patrick Purcell used artillery, captured at King John's Castle, to take Kilfinny, defended by Elizabeth Dowdall,[232] Waller's mother-in-law.[233][234] On 3 September, Muskerry and Fermoy were among the losers at the Battle of Liscarroll, where Inchiquin, together with Lord Broghill and Barrymore, fielding an inferior force,[235] routed the Munster rebels under Barry.[236][237]
On 24 October 1642, Muskerry attended the Confederates' first General Assembly at Kilkenny[238][239] but was not elected to the Supreme Council; his rival Fermoy was.[240] The assembly appointed General Barry as the head of the Munster army,[241] despite his recent defeat at Liscarroll. Barry seems to have kept the position until his death in March 1646,[242] but having become old and infirm, others commanded in his stead. In the second General Assembly held in May 1643, Muskerry and Fermoy were both elected to the second Supreme Council.[243][p]
Muskerry led the infantry at the Battle of Cloughleagh on 4 June 1643[247] where the Irish cavalry under James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven, routed a detachment of Inchiquin's troops[248][249] under Sir Charles Vavasour, who had attacked and taken the Cloughleagh tower house near Fermoy the day before.[250] Later that same year, Muskerry led the Munster army in an attack against Inchiquin in County Waterford.[251] His General Patrick Purcell in vain besieged Lismore Castle, the seat of the Earls of Cork.[252] Muskerry was about to take Cappoquin but engaged in parleys with complex conditions[253] and was outwitted by Inchiquin's delaying tactics allowing him to keep the town until it was saved by the cease-fire in September (see below).[254]
Cessation
The Confederates had rebelled against the government. Muskerry, like most of the other magnates among the Confederates, had his lands declared forfeit and was afraid to lose title and land when the king would regain control. They therefore formed a faction within the Confederates, called the peace party or the Ormondists,[255] that sought an agreement that would protect them against loss of title and lands. The king, on the other hand, sought peace with the Confederates to be able to withdraw troops from Ireland for use in the First English Civil War.[256] In 1643, the king asked Ormond to open talks with the Confederates.[257] On 15 September 1643 at Sigginstown, Strafford's unfinished house,[258] the Confederates and Ormond signed a cease-fire, called the "Cessation".[254] Muskerry was one of the signatories for the Confederates.[259] The Confederates agreed to pay the King £30,000 (about £5,100,000 today) in several instalments.[260] In return, the Confederates gained some degree of official diplomatic recognition from it.[261] The articles of the cessation are given in Gilbert (1882) including the territorial delimitation, which shows that Inchiquin kept Lismore Castle and Cappoquin.[262]
In November 1643 the Supreme Council appointed seven delegates, Muskerry, Alexander MacDonnell, Robert Talbot, Nicholas Plunkett, Dermot O'Brien, Geoffrey Browne, and Richard Martin,[263] to submit grievances to the king [264] and negotiate a peace treaty. In January 1644 they obtained save-conducts from the Lords Justices, Sir Henry Tichborne (who had replaced Parsons in 1642)[265] and John Borlase. It must have been their last days in office as Ormond was appointed and sworn lord lieutenant of Ireland on 21 January 1644.[266] The delegates arrived on 24 March 1644 at Oxford where the king held his court.[267] Muskerry was the leader of the delegation.[268] He demanded free exercise of the Catholic religion, independence of the Irish Parliament from that of England, and oblivion for their rebellion.[269][270] However, a competing Irish Protestant delegation arrived on 17 April 1644.[271][272] The Confederate delegates returned to Ireland end of June 1644 without a treaty.[273]
The Cessation allowed the Confederates to focus on their war with the covenanters in Ulster, who were aligned with the English Parliament. Owen Roe O'Neill led the Confederate Ulster army, deployed on that front, but the Supreme Council imposed Castlehaven as general for the campaign of 1644.[274] Castlehaven marched north to Charlemont but did not bring the covenanters to battle.[275] In July 1644 Inchiquin declared for the Parliament,[276] reactivating the southern front around the city of Cork,[277] where the Munster army was deployed. The fourth general assembly, in July 1644, elected the fourth supreme council. Muskerry regained his seat, but not Fermoy.[278][246][245] The cessation had a duration of one year and therefore expired on 15 September 1644. It was extended twice: until 1 December 1644 by Muskerry and Ormond in Dublin in August 1644;[279][280][281] and until 31 January 1645 by Muskerry and Lord Chancellor Bolton in September 1644.[282][283]
In the campaign of 1645, Castlehaven commanded the Munster army in its fight against Inchiquin (aligned with the Parliament since July 1644).[284] Under his command Lieutenant-General Purcell took Lismore Castle,[285][286] but Inchiquin defended most of his territory with success.[287] In the fifth general assembly in summer 1645, Muskerry was re-elected to the fifth supreme council.[288][246]
Nuncio
On 15 September 1644, a new pope, Innocent X, had been elected.[289] He decided to step up the help for the Irish Catholic Confederates. He sent Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, an Italian archbishop, as nuncio to Ireland[290] to replace the envoy Friar Pierfrancesco Scarampi, who had been sent to Ireland by his predecessor, the pope Urban VIII, in 1643.[291] On 21 October 1645, Rinuccini landed with money and weapons at Kenmare, County Kerry.[292][293] On his way to Kilkenny, the Confederate capital, Rinuccini visited Macroom Castle where Lady Muskerry received him with all honours while her husband was away negotiating with Ormond in Dublin.[294] Their 11-year old eldest son Charles was also present at this occasion.[295] After a sojourn of four days, the Nuncio continued to Kilkenny arriving at the capital on 12 November 1645.[296] Mountgarret, the president of the Confederacy, received him at the castle. Rinuccini also met Muskerry, who had just returned from Dublin.[297] Rinuccini spoke Latin to the Irish, which needed to be interpreted to most of them. All the official business of the Confederates was done in English.[298][299] Early in 1646, Muskerry for the first time lost a part of his estates: Lord Broghill with a Parliamentarian force from Cork took Blarney Castle[300] and made it his headquarters.[301]
After lengthy talks and the episode of the Glamorgan treaty,[302] Muskerry signed the "First Ormond Peace" on 28 March 1646 for the Confederates.[303] The treaty contained 30 articles,[304] which covered civil right, but left the religious ones to be decided by a future parliament.[305] The parties agreed to defer the treaty's publication for now.[306] According to the treaty, the Confederates should send an Irish army of 10,000 men to England before the 1 May, but by then it was already too late for an Irish intervention in England. Bristol had fallen in 1645[307] and Chester in February 1646,[308] depriving the king of his main harbours on the Irish sea.[309][310] In addition, the Irish Squadron of the Parliamentarian Navy, commanded by Vice-Admiral William Penn, patrolled the Irish sea. Muskerry wrote to Ormond on 3 April that the Irish army's expedition to England had to be abandoned for the time being.[311] The First English Civil War ended shortly after the First Ormond Peace was signed. The Scots took the king into custody on 5 May 1646[312] and handed him over to the English in January 1647.[313]
Siege of Bunratty
The Confederates armies therefore kept their full strength and got pay and weapons from the nuncio. This enabled the Ulster army to win the Battle of Benburb over the Covenanters on 5 June 1646.[314][315] The Munster army, under Glamorgan, favoured by Rinuccini, was sent to besiege Bunratty Castle near Limerick, into which the 6th Earl of Thomond, a Protestant, had admitted a Parliamentarian garrison in March 1646.[316][317] The Confederates lacked however the money to pay the army.[318] After a setback, Muskerry replaced Glamorgan end of May.[319][320] Muskerry had Major-General Stephenson, Lieutenant-General Purcell, and Colonel Purcell under him[321] with three Leinster regiments and all the Munster forces.[322] Rinuccini came end of June and paid the soldiers using the last of his funds.[323] The castle's defences had been modernised by surrounding the castle proper, essentially a big tower house, with modern earthworks and forts defended by guns.[324] These fortifications abutted on the sea and Bunratty could be supported by the Parliamentarian Navy, which was present with a small squadron under Vice-Admiral William Penn. On 9 May, Lord Thomond left Bunratty for England on one of the ships.[325] Muskerry avoided destroying the castle with his artillery as Thomond was his uncle.[326]
However, when on 1 July 1646 a chance shot through a window killed the Parliamentarian commander,[327] Muskerry pressed on[328] and the castle capitulated on 14 July 1646.[329][330] The garrison was evacuated to Cork by the Parliamentarian Navy.[331]
Rejection of the First Ormond Peace
Muskerry and Ormond confirmed and signed the First Ormond Peace again on 29 July 1646.[332] The peace was thus concluded twice: on 28 March 1646 and on 20 July 1646.[333] Muskerry succeeded to have it ratified.[334]
However, in August and September 1646, Rinuccini objected to this peace treaty and excommunicated Muskerry and others who supported it.[335] In September 1646, Rinuccini overturned the Confederate government in a coup d'état executed with help of the Ulster Army that Owen Roe O'Neill had marched down to Leinster. On 26 September 1646,[336] Rinuccini made himself president and appointed a new, the seventh, Supreme Council,[337] which not surprisingly included Glamorgan, Fermoy, and Owen Roe O'Neill.[338] He arrested Muskerry, Bellings, and other Ormondist members of the old (fifth) Supreme Council.[339] Most were detained in Kilkenny Castle, but Muskerry was put under house arrest.[340][341] He replaced Muskerry with Glamorgan at the head of the Munster army.[342] Patrick Hackett, a Gaelic poet,[343] Dominican priest, and chaplain in the army, preached against Muskerry and drummed up support for Glamorgan[344] using Gaelic as his medium as this was still the predominant language among the rank and file.[345][346]
Siege of Dublin
Rinuccini sent Preston with the Leinster Army and O'Neill with the Ulster Army to attack Ormond in Dublin while Glamorgan stayed in the south with the Munster army to keep Inchiquin in check. Arriving before Dublin's walls on 2 November 1646, Preston and O'Neill demanded that Ormond admit a Catholic garrison into Dublin.[347] Ormond refused. However, O'Neill had to abandon the siege soon afterwards due to a lack of cooperation between him and Preston.[348]
Decline of the Confederation
Having failed to take Dublin, Rinuccini called a general assembly and released Muskerry and other political prisoners. On 10 January 1647 the Confederates' assembly met in Kilkenny.[349] It lasted until the beginning of April. Before dissolving, the assembly elected a new Supreme Council, the eighth. It was presided by the Marquess of Antrim[350] and dominated by the clerical faction but also included Muskerry[351][246] and three other moderates.[352][351] Being short of money to pay the army, Muskerry sent his eldest son, Cormac (or Charles), at the head of a regiment to France.[32] Cormac left Ireland on 15 May 1647 from Waterford.[353]
The provincial assembly had confirmed Glamorgan as commander of the Munster army, but he was unpopular with the troops[354] and the Munster gentry.[355] Glamorgan submitted a complaint against Muskerry, who was asked to defend himself at a meeting of the Supreme Council. On 12 June 1647, Muskerry, together with Lieutenant-General Purcell, rode over from the council meeting to the army's camp[356] where the troops acclaimed him their leader; this was called the mutiny. He submitted a remonstrance against Owen Roe O'Neill.[357] In early August 1647, he was forced to resign from the command[358] and Glamorgan was reinstated but only for a few days to save the form. The command was then given to Taaffe, another member of the moderate faction.[359]
Meanwhile, on 6 June 1647, Ormond had accepted Colonel Michael Jones with 2000 Parliamentarian troops into Dublin. On 28 July, Ormond handed Dublin over to the Parliamentarians and left for England.[360][361] On 8 August 1647, Preston tried to march on Dublin with the Leinster army, but Jones beat him at Dungan's Hill.[362] On 13 November 1647, Taaffe lost the Battle of Knocknanuss against English and Munster Protestant troops under Inchiquin.[363]
Towards the end of 1647, the Supreme Council sent Muskerry, Geoffrey Browne, and the Marquess of Antrim to Queen Henrietta Maria in France to invite the Prince of Wales, the future Charles II, aged 17, to Ireland[364] and to negotiate another peace to replace the one concluded with Ormond.[365] In February 1648 Ormond escaped from England, sailed to France,[366] and joined the Queen at her court in exile at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Antrim departed before Muskerry and Browne and arrived at the beginning of March.[367] Muskerry and Browne departed in February 1648[368] and reached Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 2 April.[369] On 3 April 1648 N.S., the queen received the three envoys in an audience.[370] However, 1648 was the year of the Second English Civil War[371] and plans were made for the Prince of Wales to go to Scotland to support the Engagers rather than to go to Ireland, but finally he stayed in France.[372] With regard to a new peace, Antrim, representing the clerical faction, insisted that no peace would be accepted in Ireland without the approval of the pope and that a Catholic Lord Lieutenant should be appointed,[373] an office he hoped to obtain for himself.[374]
On 3 April 1648, Inchiquin changed sides, leaving the Parliamentarians and joining the royalists.[375] Muskerry convinced the queen to appoint Ormond as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and to accept Inchiquin as an ally.[376] He returned to Ireland in June to prepare for Ormond's return,[377] who landed at Cork on 29 September 1648.[378] On 17 January 1649, the Second Ormond Peace was signed.[379] The Irish Catholic Confederation was dissolved,[380] and the power handed to 12 Commissioners of Trust of which Muskerry was one.[381] On 30 January 1649, Charles I was beheaded[145] and the Commonwealth of England was declared. The Nuncio left Ireland on 23 February 1649.[382] On 2 August 1649 Jones defeated the Irish royalists under Ormond, who had been besieging Dublin, at the Battle of Rathmines.[383]
Cromwellian conquest
On 15 August 1649, Oliver Cromwell landed in Dublin with a Parliamentarian army.[384] His aims were to avenge the uprising of 1641, confiscate enough Irish Catholic-owned land to pay off some of the Parliament's debts, and eliminate a dangerous outpost of royalism.[385]
Muskerry fought the last three years of this campaign on his own lands in western County Cork, where he raised troops from his tenants and guerrilla bands known as "tories". In April 1650, he lost Macroom Castle, where his family had been living. An Irish force raised by Fermoy[386] and Boetius MacEgan, Catholic Bishop of Ross, tried to relieve the Siege of Clonmel. Led by Colonel David Roche and the bishop, this force passed by Macroom and camped in the castle's park. Cromwell sent Lord Broghill to intercept the Irish. The castle's garrison set the castle alight and joined Roche's force,[387][388] which was nevertheless routed in the Battle of Macroom, fought on 10 April.[389][390][391] Clonmel surrendered to Cromwell in May 1650.[q] Cromwell had to hurry back to England where the Third English Civil War had started[394][395] and passed the command in Ireland to Henry Ireton.[396]
In 1651, Muskerry tried to relieve the siege of Limerick, but Broghill intercepted and defeated him on 26 July 1651 at the Battle of Knocknaclashy (also called Knockbrack), near Banteer, east of Killarney,[397] and never came near Limerick. Knocknaclashy was the last pitched battle of the war.[398] Limerick fell on 27 October 1651.[399] The Siege of Galway followed and the town surrendered on 12 May 1652.[400]
Muskerry fell back into the mountains of County Kerry and based himself at Ross Castle near Killarney,[401] which belonged to his nephew by his eldest sister, Mary, Valentine Browne, 3rd Baronet.[58] Browne, born in 1638, was a minor and had become Muskerry's ward after his father died in 1640.[402] He hoped that the Duke of Lorraine would intervene in Ireland to save the royalists.[403]
Edmund Ludlow besieged Muskerry in Ross Castle, which stands on the shore of Lough Leane. It was difficult to attack, and the defenders were supplied with food and munitions by boat over the lake.[404] Ludlow had boats of his own brought to the lake[405] whereupon Muskerry surrendered on 27 June 1652[406] after a siege of three weeks.[407] The terms were carefully negotiated and attention was paid to a possible prosecution.[408] A bounty of £500 (about £78,000 today) had been put on his head.[409] He gave Ludlow two hostages to guarantee his compliance with the terms: one of his sons[410] and Daniel O'Brien, the future 1st Viscount of Clare.[411] Muskerry disbanded his 5,000 men strong army. He lost his estates in the Act of Settlement of 1652. His name is the eighth on the list of 104 men the Parliamentarians excluded from pardon.[412]
Exile and prosecution
Muskerry was allowed to embark for Spain.[413] He found he was not welcome there because he had opposed the nuncio.[414] He then signed a contract to serve the Venetian Republic, but nothing more is heard of this.[415] He returned to Ireland late in 1653 to recruit [416][417] landing at Cork[418] but was arrested for war crimes[419] and held in prison in Dublin until the beginning of his trial.[420] At the trial, which opened on 1 December, he was accused of having been responsible for murders of English settlers in 1642 at three occasions:[421] first, for the murder of Mrs Hussey and others on 1 August near Blarney Castle when Irish soldiers killed part of a group of refugees that Muskerry had harboured at Macroom and was sending to Cork in a guarded convoy so that they could leave the country;[422] second, for the murder of William Deane and others on 29 July[423] by soldiers of the Munster army under the command of General Patrick Purcell at the surrender of Kilfinny Castle by Elizabeth Dowdall[232] who had been promised that the English would be allowed to depart with an detachment that Inchiquin would send for that purpose;[r][426] third, for the murder of Roger Skinner and others in August at Inniskerry.[427] Muskerry was acquitted of these three charges.[426]
In February 1654 he was tried for having allegedly participated in royalist conspiracies.[428][429] Elizabeth Butler, Marchioness of Ormond, who had returned to Ireland from her French exile,[430] secretly visited Chief Justice Lowther, who gave her legal advice for Muskerry.[431] This helped him convince the court of his innocence and he was acquitted.[432] In May 1654 he had to defend himself against another murder charge concerning the murders of a man and a woman unknown.[433][434]
After his acquittal, Muskerry was again allowed to embark to Spain but went to France where his family had moved sometime between the loss of Macroom Castle (April 1650) and the capture of Ross Castle (June 1652). His wife lived with her sister Mary Butler, Lady Hamilton, in the convent of the Feuillantines in Paris.[435] His daughter Helen was sent to boarding school at Port-Royal-des-Champs, near Versailles, together with her cousin Elizabeth Hamilton.[436] In 1655 Muskerry and Richard Bellings travelled to Poland to propose the use of Irish troops in the Second Northern War (1655–1660) and to raise funds for Charles II.[437][438][439] He came back with £20,000 for the king.[440] In 1657 the King sent Muskerry and Sir George Hamilton to Madrid to ask the Spanish to send Irish exiles to Ireland.[441] His eldest son fought with his regiment at the Battle of the Dunes on 14 June 1658[442] where it formed part of the English royalist army under the Duke of York that fought together with the Spanish on the losing side against the victorious French and Protectorate English.[443] The King, in exile at Brussels in 1658, rewarded Muskerry with the title of Earl of Clancarty.[444]
Stuart Restoration and death
At the Restoration, Clancarty, as his new name was, returned to Ireland. He used the influence of his brother-in-law the Duke of Ormond to recover his estates,[445] which Charles II confirmed to him in his "Gracious Declaration" of the 30 November 1660.[446] The Cromwellian occupiers of his estates had to move out immediately[447] and were compensated as far as possible and if found necessary. Admiral William Penn, for example, to whom Macroom had been given in 1654,[448] had to give it up in 1660 and was compensated with land at Shanagarry near Cloyne (east of Cork).[449] Similarly, Broghill had to return Blarney Castle,[450] which had been confirmed to him belatedly in 1649.[451] Lord Clancarty seems to have lived in Macroom Castle as he had it repaired and enlarged.[452]
Lord Clancarty found Irish Catholic husbands for his two daughters. The elder, Helen, married firstly John FitzGerald of Dromana as his second wife after his first wife, Katharine, daughter of John Power, 5th Baron Curraghmore, had died in 1660;[453] and secondly William Burke, 7th Earl of Clanricarde.[106] The younger, Margaret, married Lucas Plunket, 3rd Earl of Fingall, before 1666.[454]
In August 1660, Charles II appointed George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.[455][456] However, as Albemarle never went to Ireland, the king appointed three joint lords justices to govern the country in his place and to hold a parliament. These were: Lord Orrery, Lord Mountrath and Sir Maurice Eustace.[457] This was the Irish Parliament of 1661–1666, the only Irish Parliament of Charles II, which was opened on 8 May 1661 by the Lords Justices.[458] Lord Clancarty joined the House of Lords on the 20th.[459] On 11 June he became the proxy of Lord Inchiquin.[460] The passing of the Act of Settlement was one of the main purposes of the parliament.[461] Lord Clancarty was absent on 30 May 1662 when the Lords finally passed it.[462] Lord Clancarty sat on the committee that organised the gift of £30,000 (about £4,200,000 today) made to the Duke of Ormond, but his eldest son, Charles MacCarty, Viscount Muskerry, replaced him in that function on 19 August 1662.[463] On 15 September, Lord Clancarty submitted a petition against John FitzGerald of Enismore concerning the possession of Gallaris, which was granted.[464] On 11 December 1662, the lords passed the Irish version of the Tenures Abolition Act 1660.[465] Clancarty attended parliament regularly until April 1663 when he moved to London.[466] He visited his Irish estates in 1664 for a last time and returned to London.[467]
On 3 June 1665, Charles, Lord Muskerry (courtesy title), his eldest son and heir apparent, was killed during the Second Anglo-Dutch War in the Battle of Lowestoft, a naval engagement with the Dutch[s] and was buried on 19 June in Westminster Abbey[36] as his grandfather, the 1st Viscount, had been.[173] Charles left an infant son, called Charles James, who became the new heir apparent.[470]
Only one and a half months later, on 4 or 5 August 1665,[471][472] Clancarty died at Ormond's house at Moor Park, Hertfordshire.[473] Ormond, despite being a Protestant, had seen to it that Clancarty received last rites from a Catholic priest.[474] Charles's infant son Charles James succeeded his grandfather as the 2nd Earl of Clancarty but died a year later on 22 September 1666.[475] The succession then reverted to the 1st Earl's second son, Callaghan, who succeeded as the 3rd Earl of Clancarty.[476]
Notes, citations, and sources
Notes
- ^ His first name is spelled Donough[1][2] Donogh,[3] Donoch,[4] or Donagh.[5] His family name is spelled MacCarty,[3] MacCarthy,[6] McCarthy,[5] M'Carthy,[7] M'Carty,[8] or Mc Carthy.[9] His title as viscount is spelled Muskerry in recent sources,[10][11] but older ones also use Muskery,[12] Muskry,[13] or Muscry.[14]
- ^ Chief governor of Ireland is a general term for the King's representative and head of the executive in Ireland.[15] Wentwworth's (later Strafford's) title was first Lord Deputy and then Lord Lieutenant.[16]
- ^ Blazoned as: argent, a stag, trippant, gules, attired and unguled, or.[17]
- ^ According to an alternative regnal numbering scheme, his grandfather was counted as the 17th Lord of Muskerry.[25]
- ^ There are many Cormacs in Donough's family: his grandfather (Cormac MacDermot),[29] his father (Cormac Oge),[30] his elder brother (the "idiot"),[31] and his eldest son.[32] His father carries the generational suffix "oge",[3] (cf. Irish óg, young).[33][34] With progressive anglicisation at least two of these Cormacs were also called Charles: his father[24] and his eldest son.[35][36]
- ^ This family tree is based on a tree of the Lords of Muskerry,[43] a tree showing Donough and near family around him,[44] and on genealogies of the Earls of Clancarty,[45][46] the MacCarthy of Muskerry family,[47] the Earls of Thomond,[48][49] and the Earls of Ormond.[50] Also see the lists of siblings and children in the text.
- ^ Burke (1866) and Lainé (1836) list only three sisters.[52][53] Lodge (1789) mentions a fifth, Helen, but does not give the name of her mother. Helen could be from his father's second marriage.[54]
- ^ Burke (1866) lists three daughters of the 1st Viscount Muskerry, calling them Mary, Eleanor, and (by error) Eleanor again. This second Eleanor, he says, married John Power.[60] He mentions her as Elena, being the ancestress that links William Trench, 1st Earl of Clancarty of the 2nd creation to Donough MacCarty of the 1st creation.[61][62]
- ^ MacCarty's eldest son, Charles (or Cormac), was born between 4 June 1633 and 3 June 1634 as he died on 3 June 1635,[92] aged 31.[93]
- ^ Her age can be deduced as it is known that she died in April 1682 aged 70.[91]
- ^ The merk Scots was worth 2/3 of a pound Scots, which in turn was worth 1/12 of a pound sterling.[141]
- ^ Also called the "Parliament 1639–1648"[144] as its start date and end date are both affected by the shift in the start of the year from 25 March to 1 January in the calendar reform of 1750. The opening date, the 16 March 1640, was still in 1639 according to the Old Style (O.S.) calendar, in force in Great Britain and Ireland at the time. Similarly, the end date, the 30th of January 1649 (the execution of Charles I),[145] was still in 1648 according to O.S.[146]
- ^ Authors agree that the 1st Viscount Muskerry died in London and was buried in Westminster Abbey.[173] According to Cokayne, he died on 20 February 1640[174] in London and was buried in Westminster Abbey.[175] The registers of Westminster Abbey state that a Viscount Musgrove from Ireland was buried there on 27 May 1640,[176] This Musgrove has been tentatively identified with Muskerry.[177] However, parliamentary records show that Sir Donough served as MP in the Irish House of Commons in March 1640.[5] His father must therefore have died in February 1641.[178][179] The registers of Westminster Abbey have an entry for a burial of a "Sir Charles Machart" on 27 February 1641.[180]
- ^ Muskerry changed sides on Ash Wednesday 1642.[197] Calculations with the Easter Calculator of the University of Utrecht or that of the IMCCE show that Ash Wednesday fell on 2 March in 1642.
- ^ Fermoy and Muskerry were both viscounts, but the Muskerry viscountcy had only been created in 1628,[212] whereas the Fermoy viscountcy was much older.[213]
- ^ Authurs agree that Muskerry and Fermoy sat together in a Supreme Council in 1643. However, according to Cregan this was the Second Supreme Council, May to November 1632,[244] but McGrath[245] and Jane Ohlmeyer[246] maintain it was the third.
- ^ The date of the surrender varies with authors and is either 10 or 18 May 1650.[392][393]
- ^ Lady Dowdall's narration is found in the 2nd volume of Gilbert's History (1882), which can be read in the original[424] or, more easily, in a version with modernised spelling.[425]
- ^ Some sources give the date (3 June 1665 O.S.; 13 June 1665 N.S.),[92][93] which is the date of the Battle of Lowestoft in the Second Anglo-Dutch War.[468] but do not name the battle. Curiously, this seems to have led Ó Siochrú to call it the 'Battle of Solebay' by error.[469]
Citations
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", Title: "MacCarthy, Donough"
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107: "MacCarthy, Donough, first earl of Clancarty (1594–1665)"
- ^ a b c Cokayne 1913, p. 214, line 18: "Donogh MacCarty, 2nd but 1st surv. s. [son] and h. [heir] of Cormac Oge ..."
- ^ a b O'Hart 1892, p. 124, left column: "By his first marriage this Donoch had a son named Donnall, who was known as the Buchail Bán (or the 'fair-haired boy')."
- ^ a b c d House of Commons 1878, p. 609: "1639 / 2 Mar. / Sir Donagh McCarthy, knt. / – / Cork County"
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, left column, line 20: "MacCarthy, Donough, first earl ..."
- ^ a b House of Commons 1878, p. 608: "1634 / 23 June / Sir Donough M'Carthy, knt. / – / ditto [Cork County]"
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 344, right column, line 33: "The 2nd son, Donough M'Carty, was created Earl ..."
- ^ McGrath 1997a, p. 203, line 1: "Donough Mc Carthy (1594–1665) Cork County"
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", 1st paragraph, 1st sentence: "MacCarthy, Donough (1594–1665), 2nd Viscount Muskerry ..."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, line 48: "... succeeded his father as second Viscount Muskerry."
- ^ a b Carte 1851a, p. 244: "... thought fit to delegate the lords Gormanston, Kilmallock, and Muskery to present their grievances to his majesty."
- ^ Castlehaven 1815, p. 64: "... to which rendevous my Lord of Muskry came ..."
- ^ a b O'Hart 1892, p. 122: "Cormac MacCarty Mor, Prince of Desmond (see the MacCarty Mór Stem, No. 115,) had a second son, Dermod Mór, of Muscry (now Muskerry) who was the ancestor of MacCarthy, lords of Muscry and earls of Clan Carthy."
- ^ Wood 1935, p. 1: "The titles of the chief governors of Ireland have been various ... lieutenant of the king, lieutenant general and general governor, deputy or lord deputy, justiciar or lord justice ..."
- ^ a b Cokayne 1896, p. 263, line 6: "Viceroy of Ireland, as L. [Lord] Deputy and (1640) L. Lieut. [Lieutenant], 1632/33–1641."
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 344, right column, line 71: "Arg. [argent], a stag, trippant, gu. [gules], attired and unguled [hoofs], or"
- ^ Cokayne 1913, p. 214, line 21: "Donough MacCarty ... was b. [born] 1594;"
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, left column, line 26: "Blarney Castle, just north of Cork City and 'a place of great strength' was the family's principal residence."
- ^ Hamlyn 2007, p. 129: "He [Donough's father] did not live at Blarney, but at the more comfortable, conventional Macroom Castle."
- ^ a b Burke 1866, p. 344, right column, line 25: "I. Cormac, d. [died] young."
- ^ Lodge 1789a, p. 36: "... an only daughter Margaret married to Cormac [Oge], son and heir to the Lord Muskerry, and was mother to Donogh first Earl of Clancarthy."
- ^ Lainé 1836, p. 74: "XVIII. Cormac-Ogue Mac-Carthy, créé baron de Blarney et vicomte de Muskery ..."
- ^ a b McCarthy 1913, p. 70, line 7: "He [the 1st Viscount] had previously [before becoming Viscount] been known as 'Sir Charles MacCarthy'."
- ^ Lainé 1836, pp. 72–79.
- ^ O'Hart 1892, p. 123, right column, line 16: "123. Cormac Mór, lord of Muscry ... born, A.D. 1552; married to Maria Butler."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, left column: "... became heir to vast estates in Munster."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", 1st paragraph, 2nd sentence: "Although his family were catholics of nativve Irish stock, their long tradition of loyal service to the English crown had enabled them to retain extensive lands in Co. Cork."
- ^ a b McCarthy 1913, p. 66: "Cormac MacDermott, 16th Lord, born in 1552, attended Parliament in 1578 as "Baron of Blarney", and conformed to the Protestant church."
- ^ Cokayne 1893, p. 425, line 26: "Sir Charles (alias Cormac Oge) MacCarty, of Blarney and Muskerry, co. Cork, s. [son] and h. [heir] of Sir Cormac MacCarty of the same, by his first wife, Mary, da. [daughter] of Theobald (Butler), 1st Baron Caher [I.]nbsp;..."
- ^ a b c Cokayne 1893, p. 425, footnote: "Donogh was the 2nd son, but his elder br. [brother], Cormac, is said to have d. [died] young, tho' he might be living (possibly an idiot) at this time."
- ^ a b Carte 1851c, p. 305: "... had sent over a regiment under his [Donough's] eldest son Cormac MacCarty, then a youth but thirteen years old, who continued to serve abroad until the restoration."
- ^ MacMathúna & Ó Corrain 1995, p. 174: "Óg adj (in names): Séamas Óg; James Junior [...] óg adj. young; junior"
- ^ Matheson 1901, p. 12: "... a distinction is made as 'Shawn Og—'Young John.' "
- ^ a b Firth 1903, p. 71, line 1: "... lieutenant-colonel was Charles (or Cormac) MacCarty, eldest son of Lord Muskerry. Muskerry commanded an Irish regiment in French service which ... formed part of the garrison of Condé."
- ^ a b Chester 1876, p. 162: "1662 June 19 The Right Hon. Charles, Viscount Muskerry: in the same [North] aisle near the Earl of Marlborough."
- ^ Lainé 1836, p. 72: "Dermod-Môr, Mac-Carthy, fils puiné de Cormac-Môr, prince de Desmond et d'Honoria Fitz-Maurice, eut en apanage la baronnie de Muskery ..."
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 406, left column: "Donough O'Brien, 4th Earl of Thomond, and lord-president of Munster, called "the great earl", m. [married] 1st Ellen, dau. [daughter] of Maurice, Lord Viscount Roche of Fermoy, and had a dau., Margaret, m. to Charles McCarthy, 1st Viscount Muskerry."
- ^ O'Hart 1892, pp. 122–124: 116 Dermod Mor, 117 Cormac, 118 Teige, 119 Cormac Laidir, 120 Cormac Oge, 121 Teige, 122 Dermod, 123 Cormac Moe, 124 Cormac Oge (1st Viscount Muskerry)
- ^ Hanks & Hodges 1990, p. 87: "Donagh (m.) Irish: Anglicised form of the Gaelic name Donnchadh, see DUNCAN. Variants: Dono(u)gh."
- ^ Cokayne 1896, p. 391, note b: "They were descended from the celebrated Brien Boroihme, principal king of Ireland (1002–1004) through his grandson Turlogh ..."
- ^ Cokayne 1893, p. 425, line 32: "He [Charles MacCarty] m. [married] firstly, about 1590, Margaret, da. [daughter] of Donough (O'Brien), 4th Earl of Thomond ..."
- ^ Gillman 1892, fold-out.
- ^ Butler 1925, p. 255, Note 8The following rough pedigree ...
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 344, left columnGenealogy of the earls of Clancarty
- ^ Cokayne 1913, pp. 214–217Genealogy of the earls of Clancarty
- ^ Lainé 1836, pp. 74–78Genealogy of the MacCarthy of Muskerry family
- ^ Burke 1866, pp. 405–406Genealogy of the earls of Thomond
- ^ Cokayne 1896, pp. 391–395Genealogy of the earls of Thomond
- ^ Burke & Burke 1909, p. 1400Genealogy of the earls of Ormond
- ^ a b Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, left column, line 24: "With the death of his elder brother Cormac, Donough became heir ..."
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 344, right column, line 26aMary, Eleanor, and Eleanor (sic)
- ^ Lainé 1836, p. 75, line 5Mary, Ellen, and Eleanor
- ^ a b Lodge 1789a, p. 197: "Colonel Edmond Fitz-Maurice, who married Ellena, fifth daughter of Charles, Lord Viscount Muskerry."
- ^ Cokayne 1900, p. 237, line 7: "He [V. Browne, 1st Bt.] m. [married] secondly Sheela, da. [daughter] of Charles (MacCarty), 1st Viscount Muskerry [I.], by Margaret, da. of Donough (O'Brien), 4th Earl of Thomond [I.]. She d. [died] 21 Jan. 1633."
- ^ Lodge 1789d, p. 55, line 29: "He married Mary second daughter of Cormac, Lord Muskerry ... sister to his father's second wife."
- ^ Cokayne 1900, p. 237, line 14: "... he [V. Browne, 2nd Bt.] m. [married] Mary (sister of his stepmother) da. [daughter] of Charles (MacCarty), 1st Viscount Muskerry [I.] ..."
- ^ a b Cokayne 1900, p. 237, line 19: "III. 1640. Sir Valentine Browne, Bart [I. [Ireland] 1622] of Molahiffe aforesaid, 1st s. [son] and h. [heir] b. [born] 1638, being but 2 years old at his father's death, when he suc. [succeeded] to the Baronetcy 25 April 1640;"
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 344, right column, line 26b: "I. Mary m. [married] 1st, Sir Valentine Browne; and 2ndly, Edward FitzGerald of Ballymellon"
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 344, right column, line 31: "III. Eleanor, to John Power, and was ancestress to Frances Power, who m. [married] Richard Trench, Esq. [esquire] of Garbally, father of the 1st Earl of Clancarty, of the Trench family."
- ^ Burke & Burke 1909, p. 407: "... in consequence of his descent from Elena MacCarty, wife of John Power, dau. [daughter] of Cormac Oge MacCarty, Viscount Muskerry, and sister of Donough MacCarty, earl of Clancarty ..."
- ^ Cokayne 1913, p. 218, note e: "He was the great-grandson of John Power, m. [married] Eleanor, the 3rd and yst [youngest] sister of Donogh (MacCarty), 1st Earl of Clancarty [I.]."
- ^ Lainé 1836, p. 75, line 10: "4. Elinor Mac-Carthy, mariée en 1636 avec Cormac ou Charles Mac-Carthy-Reagh."
- ^ Lainé 1836, p. 94, note 1: "... son contrat de mariage fut passé le 23 novembre 1636. Elinor eut un dot de 2000 livres sterling. ..."
- ^ O'Hart 1892, p. 120, right column, line 8: "124. Cormac MacCarthy Reagh, Prince of Carbery: son of Donal; m. [married], before his father's death, Eleanor, dau. [daughter] of Cormac Oge, Lord Muscry;"
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 344, right column, line 28: "II. Eleanor, m. [married] to Charles-Mac Carthy Reagh, whose only dau. [daughter] Ellen became wife of John DeCourcy, 21st Baron Kingsale"
- ^ O'Hart 1892, p. 120, right column, line 28: "Ellen, who m. [married] John, Lord Kinsale."
- ^ Cusack 1871, p. 265: "But Dr. Browne [the Anglican bishop] soon found out that it was incomparably easier for Henry to issue commands in England than for him to enforce them in Ireland."
- ^ Duffy 2002, p. 107, line 10: "... the number of protestants in Ireland remained small throughout her reign ..."
- ^ McGurk 2004a, p. 361, right column: "In the 1613 parliament he [Thomond] strongly supported the protestant party ..."
- ^ McGurk 2004b, p. 908, left column: "... brought up with Donough O'Brien, the Protestant 4th earl of Thomond ..."
- ^ a b c d Cregan 1995, p. 502: "... while others of the great Anglo-Irish and Old Irish peers, as Kildare, Ormond, Thomond, Barrymore, Inchiquin and Howth, were now to be found in the Protestant ranks."
- ^ O'Hart 1892, p. 124, left column, line 10: "This Cormac was educated at Oxford (England), ..."
- ^ Hunter-Blair 1913, p. 366, left column: "... imposed upon the university the royal Supremacy and the Thirty-nine Articles, subscription to which was required from every student ..."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, left column, line 21: "... [Donough] was the second son of the staunchly Catholic Charles MacCarthy ..."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "Roche, Maurice", 2nd paragraph, 3rd sentence: "He provided protection and support for catholic clergy in the province "
- ^ Hickson 1884, p. 175: "But, staunch and devout Roman Catholic as he was, he [Donough] refused to sanction the extermination ..."
- ^ a b M'Enery 1904, p. 172: "Lord Muskerry joined the insurgents early in March [1642]."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", 2nd paragraph, middle: "... [Muskerry] claimed that he had joined the rebellion to maintain the 'Catholic religion, his majesty's prerogative ...'"
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, right column, line 8: "... led the Catholic war effort in Munster."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, left column, line 31: "Donough's mother died in or before 1599 when his father married as his second wife Ellen (d. [died] in or after 1610), widow of Donnell MacCarthy Reagh and daughter of David Roch, seventh Viscount Fermoy."
- ^ Cokayne 1893, p. 425, line 31: "He [Charles MacCarty] m. [married] secondly, Ellen widow of Donnell MacCarthy Reagh, da. [daughter] of David (Roche), Viscount Fermoy ..."
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 344, right column, line 21: "... [married] 2ndly the Hon. [honourable] Helen Roche, dau. [daughter] of David, Viscount Fermoy."
- ^ Lainé 1836, p. 75, top: lists the children of "Cormac Ogue" from his first marriage, but does not mention his 2nd marriage or any other children."
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 344, right column, middle: Burke (1866) mentions his second marriage and lists five children, but all five are from the first marriage.
- ^ Dunlop & Cunningham 2004, p. 460, left column, line 53: "... [David Roche] though a zealous Catholic ..."
- ^ Dunlop & Cunningham 2004, p. 460, left column, line 47: "Roche [David] was loyal to the government."
- ^ McCarthy 1913, p. 70, line 4: "Cormac, the 17th Lord of Muskerry (born 1564, died 1640),"
- ^ O'Hart 1892, p. 124, left column, line 5: "124. Cormac Oge, 17th lord of Muscry: his son; born A.D. 1564;"
- ^ Cokayne 1893, p. 425, line 29: "... suc. [succeeded] his father 23 Feb. 1616 and was cr. [created] 15 Nov. 1628, Baron Blarney and Viscount Muskerry, both of co. Cork [I.], for life, with rem. [remainder] to his son Donough and the heirs male of his body ..."
- ^ a b Lodge 1789b, p. 39, line 33: "Daughter Ellen, married to Donogh, Earl of Clancarthy, and dying in April 1682, AEt. 70, was buried 24 in the Chancel of St. Michan's church."
- ^ a b c Cokayne 1913, p. 215, line 13: "He [Charles (Cormac)] d. v.p. [died vita patris] being slain on board 'the Royal Charles' in a sea-fight against the Dutch, 3, and was bur. [buried] 22 June 1665 in Westm. [Westminster] Abbey."
- ^ a b c Lainé 1836, p. 76, line 1: "... dans un combat naval livré aux Hollandais, le 13 juin 1665 [N.S.] à l'âge de trente-et-un ans."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, left column, line 35: "... Donough MacCarthy had married by 1641 Eleanor (or Ellen; 1612–1682), the eldest daughter of Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles, and sister of James, later Duke of Ormond."
- ^ Cokayne 1913, p. 214, right column, line 37NB: only one marriage recorded.
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 344: NB: only one marriage recorded.
- ^ Lainé 1836, p. 75NB: only one marriage recorded.
- ^ Burke & Burke 1909, p. 1400, right column, line 9: "The earl d. 24 Feb. 1632 and was s. by his grandson James 1st Duke of Ormonde ..."
- ^ Lodge 1789b, p. 43, line 28: "He was granted in Ward 26 May 1623 to Richard, Earl of Desmond, and by order of K. James I educated under the eye of Doctor George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury ..."
- ^ a b Burke 1866, p. 344, right column: Lists children as Charles, Callaghan, Justin, Helen, and Margaret.
- ^ Cokayne 1913, p. 216, line 6: "Callaghan (MacCarty) Earl of Clancarty etc [I.], uncle and h. [heir], being 2nd s. [son] of the 1st Earl."
- ^ Murphy 1959, p. 49: "I have been unable to determine the precise date of his [Justin's] birth: the year 1643 is an approximation arrived at ..."
- ^ Wauchope 2004, p. 111, left column: "c. 1643 – 1694"
- ^ Cokayne 1893, p. 390: "The Hon. Justin MacCarty 3d and yst [youngest] s. [son] of Donough, 1st Earl of Clancarty [I.] by Eleanor, sister of James Duke of Ormonde ..."
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 344, right column, line 45: "Helena m. [married] William, 7th Earl of Clanricarde."
- ^ a b Cokayne 1913, p. 233, line 2: "He [William] m. [married] 2ndly Helen, widow of sir John FitzGerald, of Dromana, co. Waterford (who d. [died] 1662), da. [daughter] of Donough (MacCarty), 1st Earl of Clancarty [I.] by Eleanor ..."
- ^ Cokayne 1926, p. 386, line 26: "He [Luke Plunkett] m. [married], before 1666, Margaret, da. [daughter] of Donough (MacCarty) Earl of Clancarty [I.], by Eleanor, sister of James (Butler) 1st Duke of Ormonde, and da. of Thomas Butler, styled Viscount Thurles. ... His widow d. [died] 1 Jan. 1703/4 and was buried in the chapel of Somerset House."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", Middle of the 1st paragraph: "Knighted the following year [1634] ..."
- ^ Harris 1930, p. 1193, left column, line : "k. [knight] of the shire, in England, one of the representatives of a shire or county in Parliament, in distinction from the representatives of cities and boroughs."
- ^ House of Commons 1878, p. 604, 5th table row: "1634 / 14 July / 1635 / 18 April"
- ^ House of Lords 1779, p. 2, right column: "Die Lunae, 14 Julii, Anno Regn. D'ni 1634 ... The Viscount Cartie of Muskry, with his Writ brought in."
- ^ MacNeill 1917, p. 408: "From the meeting of Elizabeth’s first Irish Parliament in 1560 till 1641, the Parliaments met in Dublin Castle in rooms arranged for the purpose."
- ^ Kearney 1959, p. 53: "Parliament met on 14 July [1634] and the first session lasted until 2 August."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 150: "Parliament met on July 14th, 1634. Wentworth rode down in state ..."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 126, line 31: "... he embarked at Chester and r4eached Dublin bay early in the morning of July 23rd [1633]."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 149, line 12: "The creation of a number of new boroughs in the interests of Protestant settlers, and the plantation of Ulster gave the Protestants the majority in the Parliament of 1613 ..."
- ^ Bagwell 1909a, p. 109: "James created thirty-nine new boroughs expressly for parliamentary purposes ..."
- ^ Joyce 1903, p. 189, line : "... to enable him to pass measures pleasing to the king, he took steps to have a Protestant majority by creating 40 spurious boroughs, nearly all among the settlers of Ulster, each returning two members."
- ^ Kelsey 2004b, p. 431, right column, line 31: "In 1626 ... the English crown indicated a willingness to concede proprietary rights and religious freedom to the Old English gentry, the so-called 'graces'."
- ^ Gillespie 2006, p. 77, line 4: "The list was redrafted in fifty-one 'Instructions and Graces' ...'"
- ^ Wallace 1973, p. 46: "... 'Graces, of which the most significant concerned land tenure and religion"
- ^ Gillespie 2006, p. 77, line 3:"Their price was fixed at £40,000 sterling each year for three years "
- ^ Cusack 1871, p. 307, line 24: "The first instalment of the money was paid."
- ^ Joyce 1903, p. 191, line 24: "... the king and Falkland dishonestly evaded the summoning of parliament;"
- ^ Joyce 1903, p. 192, line 28: "The Irish landholders, still feeling insecure, induced the deputy to summon a parliament, with the object to have the graces confirmed;"
- ^ Gardiner 1899, p. 274, right column, line 10: "What the catholic members expected was that Wentworth would introduce bills to confirm the 'graces' ..."
- ^ Carte 1851a, p. 122: "He [Wentworth] was not without apprehensions that the parliament might press for the confirmation of all the graces given 24 May 1628 in instructions given to Lord Falkland;"
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 151, line 33: "... making it clear that nothing whatever would be done in the way of legislation until the subsidies had been voted."
- ^ Cusack 1871, p. 307, penultimate line: "... six subsidies of 50,000ℓ each were voted ..."
- ^ Joyce 1903, p. 192, line 31: "Parliament met in 1634 and passed subsidies amounting to £240,000;"
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 152: "... voted six subsidies unanimously ..."
- ^ Kearney 1959, p. 54: "The fact that the subsidies were voted unanimously on 19 July ..."
- ^ Gillespie 2006, p. 77, line 26: "Article 24 promised security of tenure ..."
- ^ Gillespie 2006, p. 77, line 31: "Article 25 provided security of title for those in the province od Connaught ..."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 156, line 1: "... Wentworth agreed that ten only should become statute law, and that all the rest, with the exception of two, should be continued at the discretion of the government. The two exceptions, articles 24 and 25, affecting land tenure ..."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 156, line 29: "... 'rejected Hand over Head all that was offered them from his Majesty and this State;' "
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 157: "... the Protestants were now at full strength and the remaining ten days of the session all the important government measures were ... hurried through the House."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 160: "When parliament rose on April 18th, 1635, Wentworth had every reason to congratulate himself."
- ^ Cokayne 1902, p. 441, line 25: "MacCarty: cr. [created] about 1638;"
- ^ Round 1910, p. 423, right column: "... paid 3000 marks (£166 13s. 4d.) towards the plantation of the colony."
- ^ Gibson & Smout 1995, p. xv: "After 1603, however, the pound scots was fixed at one-twelfth of the pound sterling."
- ^ Cokayne 1896, p. 262: "... was cr. [created] 2 Jan. 1639–40 ... Earl of Strafford ..."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 272, line 20: "At the New Year 1640 ... He was raised from the rank of Deputy to that of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland with the right to choose his own Deputy."
- ^ House of Commons 1878, p. 604, 6th table row: "1639 / 16 March / 1648 / 30 January"
- ^ a b Fryde et al. 1986, p. 44, line 17: "Charles I. ... exec. 30 Jan. 1649 ..."
- ^ Gerard 1913, p. 739, right column: "[The year began]... from 1155 till the reform of the calendar in 1752 on 25 March, so that 24 March was the last day ..."
- ^ a b Wedgwood 1961, p. 276: "Two days before he came, Wandesford, now Lord Deputy since Strafford had become Lord Lieutenant, had opened Parliament."
- ^ Asch 2004, p. 152, right column, line 18: "... the Irish Parliament which had met on 16 March."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 276, line 4: "... they voted four subsidies of £45,000 each without a single negative ..."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 277, line 8: "The Irish Parliament had agreed on the provision of a force of eight thousand foot and a thousand horse."
- ^ Asch 2004, p. 152, right column, line 43: "The Irish parliament was prorogued on 31 March [1640] ..."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 277, line 4: "... he [Strafford] prorogued Parliament until the first week in June ..."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 278: "On the evening of Good Friday, April 3rd, he [Wentworth] took leave of his wife and his friend, Wandesford, not knowing ..."
- ^ Gardiner 1904, p. 155, line 3: "The Parliament of Ireland met for its second session on June 1."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 291, line 12: "... Christopher Wandesford, now Lord Deputy, opened the second session of Parliament in June."
- ^ Gardiner 1904, p. 120: "... the refusal of the House of Commons to support him."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 291: "... protests about the subsidies — so vociferously voted three months before. The Commons were resolved first to reorganize the basis of assessment and undo the work ..."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 291, penultimate line: "After an unprofitable fortnight, Wandesford prorogued Parliament until October."
- ^ Clarke 1976, p. 277: "On the same day, Christopher Wandesford, deputising for the lord lieutenant, prorogued parliament to 1 October."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, left column, line 45: "In the parliaments of 1634 and 1640 MacCarthy sat as MP for co. Cork and served as member of the committee which presented grievances to Charles I in 1640."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 320: "Poor Christopher Wandesford, as Lord Deputy, exerted no control at all; he had managed to prorogue the house, but not until after the remonstrance had been voted."
- ^ a b Mountmorres 1792b, p. 40: "... but the parliament was prorogued on that day, to prevent any further proceedings until the 26 of January following."
- ^ Asch 2004, p. 153, right column, line 39: "On the same day [11 November 1640] a committee of the Commons accused him of high treason and impeached him before the Lords."
- ^ Woolrych 2002, p. 163, line 36: "They sent it over to England ... in the charge of thirteen members, who spanned the whole gamut from Irish and Old-English Catholics to New English puritans and Scottish Presbyterians. They included Sir Donagh McCarthy ..."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", Penultimate sentence of the 1st paragraph: "In December 1640 MacCarthy travelled to London as a member of a commons committee to present a list of grievances to the king."
- ^ Wedgwood 1961, p. 320, line 16: "On November 21st Audley Mervyn ... appeared with a remonstrance from Dublin."
- ^ Bagwell 1909a, p. 303: "... deputed Gormanston, Dillon, and Kilmallock to carry their grievances to London. When Parliament reassembled [i.e. 26 Jan 1641] this action was confirmed and Lord Muskerry was added to the number."
- ^ Clavin, "Wandesford, Christopher", Penultimate paragraph: "... died in Dublin on 3 December 1640."
- ^ Woolrych 2002, p. 164: "To replace him [Wandesford] Charles appointed two Lords Justices of considerably lesser stature, Sir John Borlase, an elderly soldier, and Sir William Parsons ..."
- ^ Carte 1851a, p. 244, line 28: "... an order passed, authorizing the three above-mentioned with lord viscount Dillon of Castellogallen, to be a committee to present grievances to his majesty ..."
- ^ Carte 1851a, p. 245: "These grievances were of Feb. 18 drawn up in eighteen articles, wherein they complained, that the nobility were overtaxed ..."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", 2nd paragraph, 1st sentence start: "On the death of his father (20 February 1641) ..."
- ^ a b Lainé 1836, p. 77: "(extrait du certificat de funérailles) ... enterré dans le bas-côté près de son grand-père Charles, lord vicomte Muskery."
- ^ Cokayne 1913, p. 214, 21: "... he suc. [succeeded] his father in the Viscountcy, 20 Feb., 1640."
- ^ Cokayne 1893, p. 425, line 33: "He d. [died] in London and was bur. [buried] 27 May 1640 in Westm. [Westminster] Abbey."
- ^ Chester 1876, p. 134, line 8: "1640 27 May, The Lord Viscount Musgrove, of Ireland: in the North side of the monuments, under a black stone by the roabes door."
- ^ Chester 1876, p. 134, Note 5: "This entry can only refer to Cormac Mac Carthy, who was created, 15 Nov. 1628, Baron of Blarney and Viscount of Muskerry."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", Beginning of the 2nd paragraph: "On the death of his father (20 February 1641) ..."
- ^ Perceval-Maxwell 1994, p. 330: "... we know that the elder Muskerry died in February 1641."
- ^ Chester 1876, p. 135: "1640/41 Feb 27 Sir Charles Machart: within the North door of the monuments."
- ^ McGrath 1997b, p. 257: "Redmond replaced his nephew by marriage McCarthy."
- ^ Carte 1851a, p. 244, line 33: "... and lord Muskery dying soon after, the viscount Baltinglass was appointed in his stead."
- ^ Mountmorres 1792a, p. 349: "On the 3d of March, Lord Baltinglass was appointed a commissioner in England in the room of Lord Muskery, deceased;"
- ^ House of Lords 1779, p. 173, left column: "Agreed by the House, that the Lord Viscount Baltinglass shall supply the Room of the Lord Muskry."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", 1st paragraph, last sentence"He gave evidence at Strafford's trial, accusing the lord lieutenant of refusing travel licences to Irishmen who wished to visit the court."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", 2nd paragraph, 1st sentence end: "... returned to Dublin to sit in the house of lords as 2nd Viscount Muskerry."
- ^ Morrill 1991, p. 8: "Yet there never has been any agreement amongst historians about what to call the crisis in England in the 1640s. Contemporaries in England saw it as 'The Troubles' or 'The Great Civil War'" or as the 'Great Rebellion'; while contemporaries in Scotland saw it as the 'Wars of the Covenant' and contemporaries in Ireland as the 'War of the Three Kingdoms'.
- ^ Pocock 1996, p. 172: "Irish historians ... object, or so I have been told, to the term 'the British Isles' for reasons with which I can sympathise."
- ^ Perceval-Maxwell 1994, p. 214: "Sir Phelim O'Neill struck in Ulster on the evening of Friday, 22 October [1641], 'the last day of the moon'. He took Dungannon first, and two hours later he was in the possession of the strong castle of Charlemont ..."
- ^ Boyce 1995, p. 79: "Their aims were clearly stated in Sir Phelim O'Neill's proclamation, made at Dungannon on 24 October 1641."
- ^ Hickson 1884, p. 114, line 40Text of the commission
- ^ Carte 1851b, p. 148, line 17: "It was the middle of December before any one gentleman in the province of Munster appeared to favour the rebellion; many of them had shewn themselves zealous to oppose it and had tendered their service for that end. Lord Muskerry, who had married a sister of the Lord Ormond's, offered to raise a 1000 men at his own charge ..."
- ^ Borlase & Hyde 1680, p. 115: "... killed going from Macrone to Cork (with a Convoy which the Lord Muskerry did allow her) ..."
- ^ Hill 1873, p. 71, left column, footnote 81: "... lord and lady Muskerry devoted their time, and energies, and worldly means to the work of preserving Protestants, and relieving them in great numbers from cold and hunger."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", 2nd paragraph: "During the initial months of the uprising in 1641, Muskerry remained loyal to the Dublin administration but most of his tenants and adherents defected to the rebel cause."
- ^ Moody & Martin 2001, p. 160: "In the early months of 1642 the movement spread throughout Ireland and success seemed near."
- ^ McGrath 1997a, p. 203, line 20: "He declared for his co-religionists on Ash Wednesday 1642 ..."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, right column, line 2: "on the grounds that the rebellion was the only means of preserving Catholicism, the king's prerogative and the 'antient privileges of the poore Kingdom of Ireland ...' "
- ^ Ó Siochrú 1997, p. 63, penultimate line: "... Muskerry explained his motivations in a letter to the earl of Barrymore on 17 March 1642."
- ^ Wedgwood 1958, p. 26, line 14: "Their leaders—Phelim O'Neil and Rory M'Guire in the North, Lord Muskerry in the South—persistently claimed that they had the royal warrant for what they did."
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 12, line 14: "... 2,500,000 acres were declared forfeited to the crown, by the men engaged in the rebellion."
- ^ Seccombe 1893, p. 437: "He forfeited all his estates in 1641 [i.e. March 1641/42] ..."
- ^ Duffy 2002, p. 112, line 19: "... by the early months of 1642 only a few pockets of loyalism remained, principally defended towns and forts, many under siege."
- ^ Woolrych 2002, p. 218: "the Irish rebellion did reach its largest territorial extent during January and February. Its partisans secured Waterford, Tipperary, Kilkenny during January; the Earl of Thomond tried in vain to prevent County Clare from joining them and when Viscount Muskerry declared for them in February, most of County Cork was lost."
- ^ Foster 1989, p. 120: "The recent example of the Scottish covenanters and their success in achieving a special recognition for a Presbyterian church in Scotland ..."
- ^ Clavin 2004, p. 659, right column: "... St Leger responded in a ruthless and brutal fashion ... indiscriminately killing many local Catholics ..."
- ^ Butler 1925, p. 254, line 3: "But soon, goaded to action it would appear by the atrocities of St. Leger and the Protestant settlers, he [Muskerry] threw in his lot with his countrymen."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 2, line 13: "At the end of January Mountgarrett, who acted as general, invaded Munster "
- ^ Kelsey 2004a, p. 197, left column, bottom: "Moungarret now headed south and took Mallow before an argument with Lord Roche and the rebels of co. Cork, one of the earliest signs of tensions within the confederate camp ..."
- ^ Cokayne 1890, p. 328: "8. Maurice (Roche) Viscount Roche of Fermoy [I.], s. and h., took his seat (by proxy) in the House of Lords [I.], 26 Oct. 1640. He was deeply involved in the troubles of 1641 ..."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", 2nd paragraph, 4th sentence: "His personal rivalry with Maurice Roche, Viscount Fermoy, another leading catholic magnate in Munster, hindered the progress of the catholic forces in the province."
- ^ Cokayne 1893, p. 425, line 26: "... was cr. [created] 15 Nov. 1628, Baron Blarney and Viscount Muskerry, both of co. Cork [I.], for life, with rem. [remainder] to his son Donough and the heirs male of his body ..."
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 454, right column, bottom: "Maurice Roche, Viscount Fermoy, generally called the Mad, living in 1541 ..."
- ^ O Callaghan 1990, p. 32, right column: "... his annual revenue amounted to £7,000 and he had inherited £30,000. In contrast Roche, Mac Donough, O Callaghan, and O Keeffe were so deeply into debt that their revenues served only to meet their interest payments."
- ^ McGrath 1997c, p. 266, line 6: "In April 1642 he [St Leger] was besieged in Cork by Theobald Purcell, Richard Butler, and Lords Roche, Ikerrin, Dunboyne and Muskerry."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 3: "... besieged in Cork 'by a vast body of enemy lying within four miles of the town, under my Lord of Muskerry, O'Sullivan Roe, MacCarthy Reagh, and all the western gentry ...' "
- ^ Gilbert 1882a, p. 73: "... to debarre, if it were possible the succours ... out of England from having for their descent soe good a harbour and so convenient a receptacle as the citty of Corke ..."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, right column, line 13: "... early in April 1642 captured Rochfordstown ..."
- ^ Wiggins 2001, p. xvii: "April 1642 / 13th / The siege of Cork is lifted when Lord Inchiquin routes the besiegers."
- ^ Smith 1893, p. 74: "... took all their equipages and carriages, of which Lord Muskery's armour, tent, and trunks were part."
- ^ Smith 1893, p. 76: "On the 2nd July, 1642, the Lord President, St Leger, died at his house in Doneraile."
- ^ Smith 1893, p. 77: "The Lords justices, upon his death, made choice of Lord Inchiquin to succeed him [St. Leger], who had married his daughter ..."
- ^ Little 2004, p. 374, left column, line 27: "On 2 April, in a further sign of St Leger's trust, Inchiquin was made vice-president of Munster."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, right column: "On 16 May Muskerry and Lord Roche captured and then pillaged Castle Lyons (though Barrymore was allowed to escape unharmed)."
- ^ M'Enery 1904, p. 163, penultimate line: "The principal men among the besiegers were General Gerald Barry, Patrick Pursell of Croagh, County Limerick, lord Roche, lord Muskerry ..."
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 28, line 11: "The inhabitants ... openend their gates to the confederates ..."
- ^ M'Enery 1904, p. 163, line 31: "The castle was defended by Captain George Courtenay, a younger son of Sir William Courtenay, head of the famous house of Courtenay, Earls of Devon;"
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 28, line 29: "Muskerry ordered a cannon to be mounted on St. Mary's church, from which he kept up an incessant fire on the castle;"
- ^ Wiggins 2001, p. 1: "The castle had been brought to the brink of surrender by the invisible and inexorable power of deep gallery mining."
- ^ Adams 1904, p. 255: "... capitulated on the 21st of June [1642]. Lord Muskerry took possession the next day."
- ^ Murphy 2012, p. 142: "Eventually a shortage of water forced Waller to yield the castle about six weeks later on either 4 or 13 May 1642."
- ^ a b Westropp 1907, p. 163: "Purcell came up with seven thousand men and three of its cannon, and fired on the castle. Defence was impossible; the indomitable woman, after enduring 'three great shot', surrendered ..."
- ^ Coolahan, "Dowdall, Elizabeth", Title: "Elizabeth married Sir John Dowdall, of Kilfinny, Limerick."
- ^ Lodge 1789c, p. 16: "Sir John Dowdall of Kilfinny ... left five daughters, viz Anne ... Elizabeth [married] before 1630 to Hardress Waller of Castleton in the county of Limerick, Knt.;"
- ^ Bagwell 1895, p. 321, left column, line 14: "On 20 August Inchiquin, accompanied by Barrymore, Kinalmeaky, and Broghill ... with only two thousand foot and four hundred horse ..."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2012, p. 266: "... at the battle of Liscarroll (3 September 1642) when troops led by Lords Brittas, Castle Connell, Dunboyne, Ikerrin, Muskerry, and Roche took on a Protestant force ..."
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 35: "... the confederates under Lords Roche, Muskerry, Ikerrin, Dunboyne, Castleconnell, Brittas, and General Barry ..."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", Penultimate sentence of the 2nd paragraph: "... Muskerry attended the first general assembly of the confederate catholics in Kilkenny in October 1642."
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 42: "On the 24th of October [1642] therefore twenty-five peers,—eleven spiritual, fourteen temporal,—and two hundred and twenty-six commoners had met within the walls of Kilkenny ..."
- ^ Cusack 1871, p. 312: "For Munster: viscount Roche, Sir Daniel O'Brien, Edmund Fitzmaurice, Dr Fennell, Robert Lambert, and George Comyn."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", Last sentence of 2nd paragraph: "... appointed Garret Barry, a continental veteran, as compromise commander in Munster ..."
- ^ Lenihan 2004, p. 131, left column: "Barry died in Limerick City in early March 1646."
- ^ Ó Siochrú 1997, p. 63, line 18: "... he [Muskerry] definitively attended the meeting the following May [1643], where assembly members elected him onto the Supreme Council ..."
- ^ Cregan 1995, p. 510 middle: "Second Supreme Council, May 1643 – November 1643 ... Viscount Roche ... Viscount Muskerry ..."
- ^ a b McGrath 1997a, p. 203, line 25: "A member of the third, fourth, fifth and eighth Supreme Councils (1643–6, 1647) ..."
- ^ a b c d Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, right column, line 21: "At the national level he sat as a member of the third, fourth, fifth, and eighth supreme councils ..."
- ^ Borlase & Hyde 1680, p. 117: "... a mischief they [the English] might have avoided had they been less confident, and given greater credence to their Intelligence. The 4th of June ..."
- ^ Castlehaven 1815, p. 40: "I lost no time in the charge, and quickly defeated his horse, who, to save themselves, broke in on the foot, and put them into disorder ..."
- ^ Carte 1851b, p. 484, line : "... attacked in his march at Killworth by the earl of Castlehaven and lord Muskery."
- ^ Carte 1851b, p. 484, line 16: "Sir Charles ... on June 3 had the strong castle of Cloughleagh surrendered to him."
- ^ Bagwell 1895, p. 321, right column, line 7: "Muskerry threatened the county of Waterford ..."
- ^ Adams 1904, p. 283: "In 1643 it [Lismore] was again besieged by Lieutenant-Colonel Purcell with seven thousand foot and nine hundred horse ..."
- ^ Bagwell 1895, p. 321, right column, line 10: "The Irish leader offered to spare Youghal and its district if Cappoquin and Lismore surrendered at once "
- ^ a b Airy 1886, p. 54, right column: "... and the cessation was signed on the 15 September [1643]."
- ^ Moody & Martin 2001, p. 161, line 27: "On the one hand were the Old English who had little to gain and much to lose and who were prepared to agree upon moderate term with Charles."
- ^ Duffy 2002, p. 114, line 7: "... Charles I sought to make peace with the Confederates in order to free up the forces of the Dublin government for service agains his Parliamentary opponents in England."
- ^ Barnard 2004b, p. 156, left column, line 17: "To his end, Ormond and other royal emissionaries were empowered to conclude truces with the Irish insurgents."
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 73: "... the confederate commissioners agreed to meet him in Strafford's unfinished mansion at Jigginstown, in order to a cessation of arms."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 50: "Ten persons signed on the part of the Confederates, of whom Lord Muskerry, Sir Robert Talbot, and Geoffrey Browne were perhaps the most notable."
- ^ Carte 1851c, p. 263: "... the thirty thousand pounds which by the articles of the cessation was to be paid, half in money and the rest in beeves and ammunition."
- ^ Woolrych 2002, p. 273: "Ormond's fellow protestant commanders such as Thomond and Inchiquin and Coote had misgivings about his treating with the Confedeates, but in accordance with the king's instructions ..."
- ^ Gilbert 1882b, p. 365–376.
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 64, line 19: "The persons chosen were Lord Muskerry, Antrim's brother Alexander Macdonnell, Sir Robert Talbot, Nicholas Plunkett, Dermot O'Brien, Geoffrey Browne, and Richard Martin."
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 99: "... Muskerry, MacDonnell, Plunket, Sir Robert Talbot, Dermid O'Brien, Richard Martin, and Severinus Browne, formed the deputation, which reached Oxford at the beginning of April, when they laid before his majesty a statement of grievances ..."
- ^ Armstrong 2004, p. 754, right column, line 50: "On 31 March 1643 Charles I named him one of the two lord justices and he took up office, alongside Sir John Borlase, on 1 May, resigning power to Ormond as lord lieutenant on 21 January 1644."
- ^ Barnard 2004b, p. 156, left column: "Ormond was rewarded by being named by the king as lord lieutenant, and was sworn on 21 January 1644."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 64, line 26: "They landed in Cornwall and reached Oxford on March 24 [1644]."
- ^ Gardiner 1886, p. 393: "... Muskerry, the principal personage among the Irish agents ..."
- ^ Gardiner 1886, p. 392: "... asked for complete liberty for the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland, and for complete independence of the Irish parliament."
- ^ Corish 1976, p. 311, line 18: "An act of oblivion for all offences committed ..."
- ^ Corish 1976, p. 311, line 9: "When this Protestant delegation arrived in Oxford on 17 April [1644] ..."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 64, line 27: "As soon as it was known in Ireland that the King would be likely to receive the Confederate agents, the more zealous Protestants began to prepare for a counter-mission. Charles expressed himself ready to hear both sides."
- ^ Burghclere 1912, p. 243: "It was at the end of June that the Irish commissioners returned from expounding their views to Charles at Oxford. Their voyage had been distinctly unprofitable."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 57: "After much discussion Castlehaven was chosen, for he was generally liked, and no one suspected him of personal ambition."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 60: "Castlehaven lay at Charlemont and Monro at Tanderagee but there was no general action ..."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 70: "After Marston Moor [July 1644] it became evident that the King was powerless to protect the Irish Protestants, and Inchiquin resolved to throw in his lot with the Parliament."
- ^ Coffey 1914, p. 149, line 11: "Inchiquin had definitely joined the Parliamentary party, and so was a menace to the peace of the South."
- ^ Cregan 1995, p. 511 top: "Fourth Supreme Council, July 1644 – Summer 1645 ... Viscount Muskerry ..."
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 111: "Muskerry, Sir Robert Talbot, Browne, D'Arcy, Dillon, and Plunket set out on the 31st of August 1644 for Dublin where the cessation was extended to December 1 and subsequently to a longer period."
- ^ Cusack 1871, p. 314: "In August, 1644, the cessation was again renewed by the General Assembly until December, and subsequently for a longer period."
- ^ Coffey 1914, p. 148, line 14: "... continued the cessation from September 15th to December 1st; the Irish Confederates signing it included Muskerry, Plunkett, and others."
- ^ Coffey 1914, p. 148, line 18: "A conference was held, beginning on Friday September 6th, between Bolton, Lord Chancellor of Ireland and others appointed by Ormond, on the one side, and Muskerry ..."
- ^ Coffey 1914, p. 149, line 5: "... on November 11th the cessation was renewed until January 31, 1645"
- ^ Castlehaven 1815, p. 54: "Towards the spring [1645] the Supreme Council ordered me to go against Inchiquin and to begin the field as early as I could."
- ^ Castlehaven 1815, p. 59: "I invested it; and having ordered the batteries, and lieut. general Purcell to command, and try if he could have better success with that place now ..."
- ^ Adams 1904, p. 284: "The following year [1645] the castle was again besieged, this time by troops under Lord Castlehaven. Major Power with a garrison of a hundred of the Earl's tenants managed to kill five hundred of the besiegers and to make terms before they surrendered."
- ^ Murphy, "O'Brien, Murrough", 5th paragraph: "... the confederates missed their opportunity in 1644–6 to make any substantial advance in the province."
- ^ Cregan 1995, p. 511 mid: "Fifth Supreme Council, Summer 1645 – 2 March 1646 ... Viscount Muskerry ..."
- ^ Neilson 1980, p. 760, left column, line 1: "Innocent X. Real name Giovanni Battista Pamfili ... 1574–1655. Pope (1644–1655) ..."
- ^ Tomassetti, "Innocenzo X, papa": "... l'impegno di I. X [Innocent X] crebbe in Irlanda, dove nell'aprile 1645 fu inviato un nunzio speciale, Giovanni Battista Rinuccini ..."
- ^ Cleary 1912, p. 514, right column: "At the request of Fr. Luke Wadding, the agent at Rome for the Irish Confederates, Urban VII, by Brief dated 18 April, 1643, sent Fr. Scarampi to assist at the Supreme Council ..."
- ^ Coffey 1914, p. 152, line 16: "[Rinuccini] ... landed at Kenmare, October, 21st [1645]."
- ^ Bradshaw & Hadfield 1993, p. xxi: "1645 / Cardinal Rinuccini, papal envoy to the Confederates, lands at Kinsale (12 Oct.)."
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 136: "At the great gate of Macroom Castle he was received by the Lady Helena Butler, sister to Lord Ormond and wife of Lord Muskerry, who was then in Dublin."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, right column, line 29: "... his [Donough's] wife and son, Charles, welcomed the papal nuncio Rinuccini to their castle at Macroom shortly after his arrival in Ireland in October 1645."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 102: "He reached Kilkenny November 12 [1645] ..."
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 140: "The religious ceremonies concluded, the Nunzio retired to the residence provided for him and was waited on by Lord Muskerry and General Preston."
- ^ Cregan 1995, p. 496, line 10: "... there is no evidence that any official business of the central administration of the Confederate Catholics was contracted through Irish ..."
- ^ Castlehaven 1815, p. 13: "If a letter came to them written in Irish, it would be wondered at, and hardly could one be found to read it."
- ^ Smith 1893, p. 90: "In the beginning of the year [1646], Lord Broghill took the castle of Blarney ..."
- ^ Adams 1904, p. 61: "... in 1646 Lord Broghill, afterwards Earl of Orrery, took the castle of Blarney and made it his headquarters."
- ^ Joyce 1903, p. 199: "The king, finding he could do nothing through Ormond, sent over the earl of Glamorgan in 1645, who made a secret treaty with the confederates."
- ^ Coffey 1914, p. 171: "A peace was signed on March 28th, 1646 without the Nuncio's knowledge."
- ^ Coffey 1914, pp. 171–172.
- ^ Gardiner 1893a, p. 55: "The articles of the treaty which related to the civil government were signed on March 28 [1646]."
- ^ Corish 1976, p. 320, line 14: "The treaty was not to be published yet,but Ormond had declared that he could not wait beyond 1 May ..."
- ^ Atkinson 1910, p. 416, left column, line 27: "... on the night of the 9th–10th Fairfax's army stormed Bristol. Rupert had long realized the hopelessness ..."
- ^ Woolrych 2002, p. 343: "Ormond did sign a treaty with Confederate delegates in March 1646, though nothing concrete was to come of it, since Chester surrendered in February."
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 179: "... news of the capture of Chester by the parliament. There was now no place where the Irish could land ..."
- ^ Atkinson 1910, p. 416, left column, line 54: "Chester, the only important seaport remaining to connect Charles with Ireland ..."
- ^ Gardiner 1893a, p. 56: "On April 3 Muskerry wrote to Ormond that the expedition must be abandoned ..."
- ^ Atkinson 1910, p. 417: "He came to the camp of the Scottish army at Southwell on May 5, 1646."
- ^ Gardiner 1898, p. 553: "... they accepted the English offer, took their money, and on January 30, 1647, marched away to their own country, ..."
- ^ Cusack 1871, p. 317: "... encamped at Benburb. Here, on the 5th of June A.D. 1646 he [Owen Roe O’Neill] won a victory ..."
- ^ Hayes-McCoy 1990, p. 182: "The nuncio's supplies made possible the battle of Benburb ..."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 115: "Thomond surrendered Bunratty to the Parliament in March 1646."
- ^ Gardiner 1893a, p. 54, line 16: "A Parliamentary squadron had sailed up the estuary of the Shannon and had seized Bunratty Castle, a few miles below Limerick."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 117, line=4: "... the siege of Bunratty was likely to be raised for want of money to pay the soldiers."
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 190: "Reverting to the operations before Bunratty, it is necessary to state that the detachments that Glamorgan was to have brought to England had failed to reduce the place, and that he himself was driven from his camp ... the command then devolved to Lord Muskerry ..."
- ^ Coonan 1954, p. 224: "To the end of May the Supreme Council at Limerick appointed Muskerry commander of the confederate force besieging Bunratty."
- ^ O'Donoghue 1860, p. 274: "He [Muskerry] had under him lieutenant-general Purcell, major-general Stephenson, and colonel Purcell, all of them officers trained in the great struggle known since as the thirty years' war."
- ^ Gilbert 1879, p. 106: "... my lord of Muskry to goe and leager Bonratty with 3 Linster regiments of foote and 300 horse, and all the Munster forces."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 117, line=: "The nuncio went himself to the camp at the end of June with all that remained of the Pope's money ..."
- ^ Street 1988, p. 38: "As well as the circle of earthworks and the tidal marshland the castle stood on high ground and had its own defence of a high earth mound."
- ^ Street 1988, p. 39: "At length, on the 9 May, Lord Thomond embarked on a ship that was to sail to Cork."
- ^ Adams 1904, p. 69, line 12: "... Muskerry, who seems to have been only half-hearted in attacking his uncle's property ..."
- ^ Street 1988, p. 41, line 22: "It was on 1st July [1746] that the tragedy occurred ... Colonel MacAdams rose ... and passing a window when a shot passed through it and killed him."
- ^ Adams 1904, p. 69, line 27: "When Muskerry heard this, he decided to attack in force 'knowing how much discouraged they were at the loss of so valiant a person.' "
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 117: "On July 14 [1646] the garrison capitulated and were carried off in Penn's boats."
- ^ Coffey 1914, p. 179: "Bunratty fell in the middle of July 1646."
- ^ Adams 1904, p. 69, line 30: "... the garrison capitulated for their lives, and the officers their swords, and returned to Cork by water. This was in 1646."
- ^ Webb 1878, p. 58, right column: "... on 29th July 1646 a 'peace' was concluded by the Marquis [Ormond] on behalf of the King, and by Muskerry on behalf of the Confederates."
- ^ Coonan 1954, p. 241: "Either the peace was concluded March 28, 1646 or July 20, 1646."
- ^ Wedgwood 1958, p. 570, line 30: "On July 30 Lord Muskerry and his colleagues having ratified the treaty in defiance of the Nuncio, Ormonde had it formally proclaimed in Dublin."
- ^ Ó hAnnracháin 2008, p. 69, line 18: "During August and September the Irish clergy, marshalled and led by the papal nuncio, first denounced the peace and then excommunicated all who supported it."
- ^ Carte 1851c, p. 266: "... on the 26th [September 1646] by a solemn decree [Rinuccini] appointed a new council consisting of four bishops and eight laymen ..."
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 196: "... chose a new council composed of four bishops and eight laymen with himself as president."
- ^ Cregan 1995, p. 511 low: "Seventh Supreme Council: 17 September 1646 – 17 March 1647 (17 members) ... Archbishop Giovanni Battista Rinuccini (president) ... Earl of Glamorgan ... Viscount Roche ... Owen Roe O'Neill ..."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 129: "Rinuccini then proceeded to imprison the old Supreme Council. Mountgarret's eldest son Edmond, Belling, the secretary and historian, Lord Muskerry ... were among those confined in the castle."
- ^ Coonan 1954, p. 234: "Mountgarret was set at large, but all the others were jailed at the castle, except Muskerry who was put under house arrest."
- ^ Hickson 1884, p. 197: "... the Nuncio and his party prosecuted ... him, the Lord Muskerry for insisting on the peace and seized on him and Sir Robert Talbot ... etc., who were kept prisoners at Kilkenny "
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 196, line 32: "Having removed Muskerry from the command of the confederates in Munster and appointed Glamorgan in his stead ..."
- ^ Morley 2016, p. 329: "... the poetry of Pádraigín Haicéad, an Old English priest from Tipperary, who spent some time in Louvain and hailed the outbreak of the 1641 rebellion in [Gaelic] verse: Caithfid fir Éireann uile& ..."
- ^ Ó hAnnracháin 2008, p. 69, line 23: "Evidently, Haicéad identified entirely with the clerical position during this upheaval ..."
- ^ Ó Cuív 1976, p. 529: "Although at the beginning of the seventeenth century Irish had not lost its dominant position, there is no doubt that the confiscations and plantations that accompanied the Elizabethan conquest left the way open for the spread of English."
- ^ Morley 2016, p. 335: "Although it is true that English spread from east to west, it also spread from the top to the bottom of society: if the gentry acquired English in the seventeenth century, the rural middle class followed suit in the eighteenth ..."
- ^ Carte 1851c, p. 274: "... on Nov. 2 [1646] the two generals joined in sending propositions to the lord lieutenant, demanding the admission of Roman Catholic garrisons into Dublin ..."
- ^ Webb 1878, p. 59, left column, line 16: "... had O'Neill and Preston acted together, nothing could have saved the city; but their mutual jealousies appeared ineradicable;"
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 137: "The Confederate assembly met at Kilkenny on January 10 [1647] ..."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 309, left column: "In March the general assembly elected him president of the new supreme council ..."
- ^ a b Cregan 1995, p. 511 bottom: "Eighth Supreme Council: 17 March – 12 November 1647 (21 members) ... Marquis of Antrim (president) ... Viscount Muskerry ..."
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 211: "A new supreme council of twenty-four was now elected; all of whom with the exception of Muskerry and three others ..."
- ^ Carte 1851c, p. 305, line 4: "M. du Talon set sail on May 15 [1647] from Waterford with that [Muskerry's] regiment on board five ships that he had brought from Rochelle."
- ^ Meehan 1882, p. 215: "... the army reluctantly obeyed the Englishman [Glamorgan] who had superseded Muskerry."
- ^ Warner 1768, p. 121, line 12: "But the gentry of the province considered this as an affront, to have a stranger put upon them;"
- ^ Gilbert 1879, p. 141: "My lord Muskry ... with Lieutenant Generall Pursell in his company ... putts himself in posture on a hill in sight of the armie ..."
- ^ Warner 1768, p. 121, line 38: "... his Lordship and the Munster gentry presented a remonstrance against O'Neill ..."
- ^ Coffey 1914, p. 194: "Early in August 1647 Muskerry laid down his command."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 152: "Muskerry, having got rid of Glamorgan, ... handed over the command in Munster to Taaffe."
- ^ Airy 1886, p. 56, left column: "On the 28th [July 1647] Ormonde delivered up the regalia and sailed for England, landing at Bristol on 2 Aug."
- ^ Webb 1878, p. 59, left column, line 45: "On 28th of July the Marquis, leaving the Viceregal regalia to be delivered to the Parliamentarian commissioners, took ship at Dublin and landed at Bristol after a five-days passage."
- ^ Mangianiello 2004, p. 171: "DUNGAN HILL Date: August 8, 1647 ..."
- ^ Coffey 1914, p. 195: "The army then moved to Knocknanuss or Knock-na-gaoll, where on November 13th [1647] Taaffe was routed by Inchiquin."
- ^ Hill 1873, p. 274, footnote 53: "Towards the close of the year 1647, the Catholics met in Kilkenny, and agreed that, as all access to the captive king was forbidden, they would invite the prince his son to come to Ireland ... The commissioners appointed were the marquess of Antrim, lord Muskerry, and Mr. Geoffrey Browne."
- ^ Gardiner 1893b, p. 109: "... sending three commissioners to France with the twofold objective of inviting the Prince of Wales to Ireland ... and of coming to an agreement with the queen on terms of peace which might supersede those formerly arranged with Ormond."
- ^ Airy 1886, p. 56, left column, line 37: "Warned in February 1647-8 that the parliament intended to seize his person, he escaped to France ..."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2001, p. 205: "Antrim and the abbot made excellent progress and were in St Germain, near Paris, by early March, arriving shortly after Ormond himself."
- ^ Burghclere 1912, p. 341: "... Muskerry and Geoffrey Brown, who, in February 1648, set sail for France."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 162: "Muskerry and Brown reached St. Malo on March 14, and on April 2 made written proposals to the Queen and Prince."
- ^ Corish 1976, p. 327, line 18: "The three envoys, including Antrim, were received in formal audience by the queen on 3 April 1648 (N.S.)."
- ^ Seaward 2004, p. 124, left column, line 36: "In May [1648] pro-royalist risings broke out in a number of places in England and Wales, and part of the English fleet defected to the king. At the end of June Prince Charles prepared to join the action ..."
- ^ Seaward 2004, p. 124, right column, top: "The invitation to Prince Charles was withdrawn [by the Scots]."
- ^ Gardiner 1893b, p. 162, line 28: "... Antrim was steadfast in declaring that no terms of peace would be accepted in Ireland until they had received the approval of the Pope and that it was absolutely necessary that a Catholic Lord-Lieutenant should be appointed;"
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 172, last line: "Antrim was much disgusted at not having been made Lord Lieutenant ..."
- ^ Gardiner 1893b, p. 111: "Inchiquin had, on April 3, openly declared for the King ..."
- ^ Gardiner 1893b, p. 162: "Muskerry and Brown urged Henrietta Maria to appoint Ormond Lord Lieutenant without waiting for the pope's approbation and to sanction an understanding between Inchiquin and the Confederates. After some hesitation the Queen gave her decision in favour of the latter policy."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", 7th paragraph: "Muskerry sailed for Ireland in June to prepare the ground for Ormond's return ...
- ^ Airy 1886, p. 56, left column, line 50: "... and in August, he himself began his journey thither. On leaving Havre, he was shipwrecked and had to wait in that port for some weeks; but at the end of September he again embarked, arriving at Cork on the 29th."
- ^ Moody & Martin 2001, p. 406, line 5: "Second 'Ormond peace' with the Confederates (17 Jan. [1649])"
- ^ Duffy 2002, p. 114, line 38: "The confederacy was dissolved ..."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 175, note: "The Commissioners of Trust were Viscounts Dillon and Muskerry ..."
- ^ O'Sullivan 1983, p. 278: "... the San Pietro, the vessel which had brought him to Ireland and on which he now proposed to depart ... on the morning of the 23rd February 1649, Rinuccini quitted 'the place of his refuge' and went on board."
- ^ Joyce 1903, p. 202: "... to fortify the old castle of Rathmines. But Colonel Jones sallied forth in the night and surprised not only Purcell but Ormond himself and utterly routed the entire army (2nd of August 1649)."
- ^ Coffey 1914, p. 213: "Cromwell landed in Dublin on August 15th [1649]."
- ^ Corish 1976, p. 337: "After the execution of the King [by Parliament] it was necessary to secure the new English state from royalist dangers from Ireland and Scotland. Ireland was given priority. The enclaves held by Parliament were threatened by the Royalists' forces now united under Ormonde; satisfaction was due to the Adventurers, who had invested money in the reconquest of Ireland on the strength of acts passed by Parliament in 1642; and vengeance had to be exacted for what was now unquestionably accepted as the planned general massacre of 1641"
- ^ Carte 1851c, p. 539: "The marquess of Ormond then desired the lord Roche to raise a body of men in his country and attempt the relief of the place [Clonmel]."
- ^ Adams 1904, p. 290: "Upon approach of Lord Broghill with a body of horse, the garrison in the castle set fire to it and joined the main body encamped outside."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 223: "... they burned Muskerry's castle at Macroom and assembled in the park. They were raw levies and probably badly armed, for they were routed in a very short time."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 223, in the margin: "Battle of Macroom, 10 April 1650"
- ^ Coffey 1914, p. 221: "In April [1650] an Irish force had been defeated at Macroom by Broghill."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "Roche, Maurice", Middle of the 1st paragraph: "Undeterred, he raised an army with Boetius McEgan (qv), bishop of Ross, but their defeat by Roger Boyle (qv), Lord Broghill, at Macroom (10 April 1650) effectively ended organised confederate resistance in south Munster."
- ^ Belloc 1934, p. 259: "... left the townsmen free to surrender if they would, but not until he should have marched his men out of the town by night ... not till this was fully accomplished did the Mayor send to Cromwell for a parley. It was the 10th of May, 1650."
- ^ Burke 1907, p. 78: "Articles were made between the Lord Leifetenant [i.e. Crowell] and the Inhabitants thereof touching the reddition thereof, May the 18th, 1650."
- ^ Ashley 1954, p. 76, last line: "... when Cromwell was recalled to England on account of the threat from Scotland ..."
- ^ Morrill 2004, p. 337, right column: "Cromwell was recalled from Ireland specifically to command the New Model Army ... in a war with the Scots."
- ^ Belloc 1934, p. 260: "He sailed on the 19th of May from Youghal, handing over his command to his son-in-law, Ireton."
- ^ Cokayne 1913, p. 214, line 24: "... he [Muskerry] was severely defeated by Lord Broghill in June 1651, near Dromagh ..."
- ^ Coffey 1914, p. 222: "The last real battle fought in Ireland until the battle of the Boyne, nearly forty years later was at Knockbrack, on July 26th when Broghill fought Muskerry."
- ^ Coffey 1914, p. 222, line 17: "The siege lasted until October 27th, when the town surrendered."
- ^ Cusack 1871, p. 320: "The town [Galway] surrendered on the 12th of May 1652."
- ^ Firth 1894, p. 320, line 10: "Ross in Kerry; where the Lord Muskerry made his principal rendezvous, and which was the only place of strength the Irish had left, except the woods, bogs and mountains ..."
- ^ Adams 1904, p. 327: "In 1651, Muskerry was guardian to his nephew Sir Valentine Browne ..."
- ^ Ó Siochrú 2005, p. 927: "Viscount Muskerry decided to approach Lorraine directly. He instructed an agent to request that the duke direct supplies to Muskerry's own area of operations in south Kerry, or failing that, to inquire about possible employment for the viscount on the continent."
- ^ Firth 1894, p. 320, line 19: "... the enemy received continual supplies from those parts that lay on the other side ... "
- ^ Prendergast 1854, p. 29: "... the number of boats provided for the assault of Ross Castle was not less than twenty, each capable to carry fifty to sixty men; two of them pinnaces ..."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, right column, line 55: "... finally surrendering at Ross Castle (27 June 1652) ..."
- ^ O Callaghan 1990, p. 36, left column, line 12: "... [Muskerry] who held out for three weeks at Ross castle ..."
- ^ Firth 1894, p. 321, line 11: "... much time was spent in the discussion of some particulars, especially that concerning the murder of the English, which was an exception we never failed to make; so that the Irish commissioners seeming doubtful whether by the wording that article they were all included, desired that it may be explained; to which we consented ... "
- ^ Wells 2015, p. 87: "... a bounty list issued by the English authorities in late May and June 1652, which offered substantial sums for 'the persons or the heads' of prominent confederates including £500 for Donough MacCarthy, Viscount Muskerry ..."
- ^ Firth 1894, p. 322, line 4: "... his son together with Daniel Obryan were delivered to me [Edmund Ludlow] as hostages ..."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "O'Brien, Sir Daniel", End of 2nd paragraph: "... he Daniel submitted to the English parliament under the articles agreed the following year by Donogh MacCarthy, Viscount Muskerry. O'Brien was one of the hostages ..."
- ^ Firth & Rait 1911, p. 599: "That James Butler, Earl of Ormond, ... Donogh Mac Carthy Viscount Muskerry ... be excepted from pardon for Life and Estate."
- ^ Webb 1878, p. 303, right column, line 49: "He then passed into Spain."
- ^ O Callaghan 1990, p. 36, left column, line 34: "Apparently they had gone to Spain, where they discovered that because of their adherence to the Ormondist faction in the Confederation of Kilkenny, they were not received with great warmth by other Irish exiles ..."
- ^ O'Donoghue 1860, p. 299: "... he [Muskerry] entered into a treaty with the Venetian republic ..."
- ^ Burghclere 1912, p. 437, line 13: "As he believed his articles guaranteed immunity, he now unwarily ventured back to Ireland in seach of new recruits, but he was instantly seized and brought to trial ..."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 107, right column, line 57: "Despite being exempted from pardon of life and estate by the Act for the Settling of Ireland (August 1652), Muskerry returned to Ireland late in 1653."
- ^ Hickson 1884, p. 174: "The Lord Muskerry is lately landed in Cork and says he will cast himself on the Parliament's mercy."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2012, p. 283: "Viscount Muskerry stood trial charged with 'war crimes' allegedly committed during the early months of the insurrection ..."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 309: "he [Donough] remained a prisoner in Dublin until his trial "
- ^ Hickson 1884, p. 192, top: "High Court of Justice, Dublin, December 1st 1653. Trial of the Lord Viscount Muskerry as accessory to the murder of: I. Mrs. Hussey ... II. William Deane ... III. Roger Skinner ..."
- ^ Hickson 1884, p. 192, under I.: "... near Blarney in the county Cork on the 1st of August 1642."
- ^ Hickson 1884, p. 192, under II.: "... at Kilfenny, co. Limerick, on the 29th July 1642."
- ^ Gilbert 1882b, p. 72: "I was forced to cry quarter, but could not get it but upon condicion that what presners war for the Ingles army shold be given to them to redem me; wich my Lord of Incequin most honarble ded and sent a nobell convay of cavalears ..."
- ^ Bourke 2002, p. 24: "I was forced to cry quarter, but could not get it but upon condition that what prisoners were for the English army should be given to them to redeem me, which my lord of Inchiquin most honourably did and sent a noble convoy of cavaliers ..."
- ^ a b Hickson 1884, p. 235, line 11: "Dec. 1653. Lord Muskerry for Mr. Deane and three others and a woman named Nora.—As to the matter of fact guilty. As to article considered not guilty. Same for Roger Skinner.—Not guilty"
- ^ Hickson 1884, p. 192, under III.: "... at Inniskerry, co. Cork, August 1642."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough": "... the Cromwellian regime retried in February 1654 for his part in various toyalist conspiracies."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 108, left column, line 6: "He was retried in February 1654 for his part in royalist conspiracies, but thanks to the influence that Lady Ormond enjoyed with the Cromwellian authorities was again acquitted. "
- ^ Perceval-Maxwell 2004, p. 131: "... in 1653 the English Parliament issued an order to permit her to live in her house at Dunmore, co. Kilkenny, and receive £2000 per annum from her estate ...sold"
- ^ Mountmorres 1792a, p. 231: "... she had an opportunity of doing him great service; for she secretly visited the lord chief justice Lowther, who had high reverence for her, and he dictated to her what that lord should plead and how to answer every thing that should in public on his trial be objected against him;"
- ^ Firth 1894, p. 341: "... the court acquitted him ..."
- ^ Hickson 1884, p. 235, line 15: "May. 1654. Lord Muskerry for murder of a man and a woman unknown.—Not guilty"
- ^ O Callaghan 1990, p. 36, right column, line 17: "Muskerry was acquitted of the [first] charge and of a second murder charge in May 1654, when he was allowed to go into exile."
- ^ Clark 1921, p. 8, line 27: "... his [Antoine Hamilton's] mother and his aunt, Lady Muskerry, had apartments at the Couvent des Feuillantines in Paris ..."
- ^ Sainte-Beuve 1878, p. 107: "Mesdemoiselles Hamilton et Muskry furent mises à Port-Royal; elles durent y être dès avant 1655."
- ^ Bagwell 1909b, p. 310: "... and went later to Poland ..."
- ^ Cusack 1871, p. 321: "... lord Muskerry took 5000 to Poland;"
- ^ Prendergast 1868, p. 78: "Lord Muskerry took 5000 to the King of Poland."
- ^ Burghclere 1912, p. 426, line 22: "... Charles's envoys had collected £20,000 in Poland and Muscovy."
- ^ Clark 1921, p. 9: "A little later [in 1657], Charles ... despatched Sir George Hamilton and his brother-in-law, Lord Muskerry, to Madrid to find out whether it would be agreeable to the King of Spain that the Irish now in Spain and those who would come over from the French should be sent immediately into Ireland."
- ^ Firth 1903, p. 85: "[At the battle of the Dunes] The second [battalion] consisted of the Duke of Lord's regiment under Lord Muskerry."
- ^ Webb 1878, p. 303, line 53: "Macarty, Charles, eldest son of preceding [i.e. Donough], took service in France and distinguished himself in the Low countries.."
- ^ Cokayne 1913, p. 215, line 2: "As reward for his services he was by patent dat. [dated] at Brussels 27 Nov., 1658, cr. [created] Earl of Clancarty, Co. Cork [I.]"
- ^ Barnard & Fenlon 2000, p. 181: "Clancarty, who availed of the duke's influence to recover his estates ..."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 108, left column, line 12: "By Charles II's 'gracious declaration' (30 November 1660) Clancarty recovered his extensive Munster patrimony."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2001, p. 269: "... Clancarty was restored to his estates 'without waiting for compensation to the settlers' ..."
- ^ J. C. 1908, p. 105, line 22: "In 1654, Cromwell wrote to Ireland to direct that the Admiral hould have lands to the value of £300 per year in the Co. Cork, near some fortified place. The place selected was that same Castle and Manor of Macroom ..."
- ^ J. C. 1908, p. 105, line 31: "As an equivalent, Penn got the castle and lands of Shanagarry near Cloyne."
- ^ Breffny 1977, p. 54: "On the Restoration the Lord of Muskerry was rewarded for his loyalty by Charles II, restored to his estate and granted a peerage."
- ^ Barnard 2004a, p. 111, left column: "... had recently been augmented by the belated passage of an ordinance which conferred on him [Broghill] confiscated properties in co. Cork including Blarney Castle and Ballymaloe."
- ^ Adams 1904, p. 291: "... the stronghold was restored to the MacCarthys, and was enlarged and modernised by the Earl of Clancarty."
- ^ Burke & Burke 1909, p. 1839, line 54: "1. Katherine, m. [married] 1658, John FitzGerald of Dromana, Lord of the Decies, and d. [died] 22 Aug. 1660."
- ^ Creighton, "Plunket, Luke", Last paragraph, 2nd sentence: "At some point before 1666 he married Margaret, daughter of Donough MacCarthy, 1st earl of Clancarty ..."
- ^ Ashley 1977, p. 211, line : "Eighteen days later [August 1660] he [Monck] was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, a lucrative post."
- ^ Fryde et al. 1986, p. 168, bottom: "1660 ? June / Lt.-Gen. George Monck, duke of Albemarle, L.L. [Lord Lieutenant]"
- ^ Smith 1893, p. 103: "Soon after, Lord Orrery, with the Earl of Mountrath and Sir Maurice Eustace, lord chancellor, were declared lord justices of Ireland, and sent over with a commission to hold a parliament ..."
- ^ House of Lords 1779, p. 231: "Die Mercurii, 8o Maii, Anno Regn. Dni Caroli II, 13o Annoq; 1661o The Lords who had sat before in Parliament ..."
- ^ House of Lords 1779, p. 236, left column: "Monday, the 20th of May, 1661. Ordered, that the Earl Clancarty, being at the Door and desiring to be introduced, shall be introduced."
- ^ House of Lords 1779, p. 246, right column: "Die Martis 11o Junii 1661o ... The Earl of Inchiquin's Proxy, assigned to the Earl of Clancarty read and allowed."
- ^ Duffy 2002, p. 118, line 3: "In 1662 another Act of Settlement was passed, the purpose of which was to sort out the sorry mess that existed between the many existing claims ..."
- ^ House of Lords 1779, p. 305, left column, bottom: "30th of May, 1662 ... that the Act intitled an Act for the better Execution of his Majesty's gracious Declaration for the Settlement of this kingdom of Ireland, and Satisfaction of the several Interests of Adventurers, Soldiers and other his Subjects there, shall pass as a Law."
- ^ House of Lords 1779, p. 331, left column: "... ordered that the Viscount Muskry be added to the Committee for managing the free Conferences with the House of Commons concerning the $30,000 for his Grace the duke of Ormond, in room of the Earl of Clancarty ..."
- ^ House of Lords 1779, p. 342, left column: "Ordered that John FitzGerald of Enismore, Esq., do deliver the Possession of Gallaris ..."
- ^ House of Lords 1779, p. 358, right column: "A bill for taking away the Court of Wards and liveries, and Tenure in capite and knight's service – Tertia vice lecta – Passed nemine contradicente"
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 108, left column, line 22: "... he [Clancarty] attended regularly until April 1663 when he moved to London."
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", last paragraph, 1st sentence: "Clancarty travelled to Ireland one last time in 1664, visiting his estates, before returning to England."
- ^ Pemsel 1977, p. 50: "13 June 1665 Battle of Lowestoft"
- ^ Ó Siochrú, "MacCarthy, Donough", last paragraph, penultimate sentence: "Cormac was killed in June 1665 at the battle of Solebay "
- ^ Cokayne 1913, p. 216: "2. Charles James (MacCarty), Earl of Clancarty, & [I.], grandson and h. [heir], being only s. [son] and h. of Charles (MacCarty) Viscount Muskerry ..."
- ^ Cokayne 1913, p. 215, line 6: "He [Clancarty] d. [died] in London, 4 Aug. 1665."
- ^ Seccombe 1893, p. 437, left column"He died in London on 5 Aug. 1665."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 108, left column, line 24: "He died at Ormond's residence at Moor Park in August 1665."
- ^ Ohlmeyer 2004, p. 108, left column, line 28: "The duke had ensured that a priest was present since he believed that 'it is the part of a good Christian to help another die like one in his own way, nor yet believing that the merciful God hath so limited his Salvation as passionate and interested men have done.' "
- ^ Cokayne 1913, p. 216, line 4: "... d. [died] an infant, 22 Sep. 1666."
- ^ Burke 1866, p. 344, right column, line 42: "Charles, 2nd earl, who d. [died] a child, in 1668, and was s. [succeeded] by his uncle Callaghan, 3rd Earl."
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- Ohlmeyer, Jane H. (2012). Making Ireland English: The Irish Aristocracy in the Seventeenth Century. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11834-6. – (Preview)
- Ó Siochrú, Micheál (1997). Confederate Ireland 1642–1649: A Constitutional and Political Analysis (Thesis). Dublin: Trinity College.
- Ó Siochrú, Micheál. "MacCarthy, Donough". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 23 December 2020. – (online edition)
- Ó Siochrú, Micheál. "O'Brien, Sir Daniel". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 21 January 2021. – (online edition)
- Ó Siochrú, Micheál. "Roche, Maurice". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 19 January 2021. – (online edition)
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- Pemsel, Helmut (1977). A History of War at Sea. Translated by Smith, D. G. Annapolis: The Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-803-4.
- Perceval-Maxwell, Michael (1994). The Outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. ISBN 0-7735-1157-1. – Preview
- Perceval-Maxwell, Michael (2004). "Butler [née Preston] Elizabeth, duchess of Ormond and suo jure Lady Dingwall (1615–1684)". In Matthew, Henry Colin Gray.; Harrison, Brian (eds.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 9. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 130–131. ISBN 0-19-861359-8.
- Pocock, John Greville Agard (1996). "The Atlantic Archipelago and the War of the Three Kingdoms". In Bradshaw, Brendan; Morrill, John (eds.). The British Problem c. 1534–1707: State Formation in the Atlantic Archipelago. London: MacMillan Education. pp. 172–191. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-24731-8_7. ISBN 978-0-333-59246-5.
- Prendergast, John Patrick (1868). The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. New York: P. M. Haverty. OCLC 700629664.
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- Smith, Charles (1893). The Ancient and Present State of the County and City of Cork. 2. Cork: Guy and Co. OCLC 559463963. – History
- Street, Lucie (1988). An Uncommon Sailor: A Portrait of Admiral Sir William Penn. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 978-0-312-01526-8.
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- Warner, Ferdinand (1768). History of the Rebellion and Civil-War in Ireland. 2. Dublin: James William. OCLC 82770539. – 1643 to 1660 and index
- Wauchope, Piers (2004). "MacCarthy, Justin, first Viscount Mountcashel (1643–1694)". In Matthew, Colin; Harrison, Brian (eds.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 35. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 0-19-861385-7.
- Webb, Alfred (1878). "MacCarty, Donough, Viscount Muskerry, Earl of Clancarty". Compendium of Irish Biography. Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son. p. 303, right column. OCLC 122693688.
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Journal articles
- Cregan, Donal F. (1995). "The Confederate Catholics of Ireland: The Personal of the Confederation, 1642–9". Irish Historical Studies. 29 (116): 490–512. doi:10.1017/S0021121400012256. JSTOR 30006772.
- Firth, Charles Harding (1903). "Royalist and Cromwellian Armies in Flanders (1657–1662)". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. New Series. 17: 67–119. doi:10.2307/3678138. JSTOR 3678138.
- Gillman, Herbert Webb (1892). "Historical Pedigree 1380 to 1641 A.D., of MacCarthys, Lord of Muskerry, Co. Cork" (PDF). Journal of the Cork Historical and Archeological Society. 1 (10): fold–out.
- Hamlyn, Kate (2007). "Blarney Castle: Myth and Reality". Irish Arts Review. 24 (4): 126–129. JSTOR 25503636.
- J. C. (1908). "Admiral Penn, William Penn, and their descendents in the County Cork" (PDF). Journal of the Cork Historical and Archeological Society. 14 (79): 105–114.
- McCarthy, S. T. (1913). "The Clann Carthaigh (continued)". Kerry Archaeological Magazine. 2 (10): 53–74. doi:10.2307/30059665. JSTOR 30059665.
- M'Enery, M. J. (1904). "A Diary of the Siege of Limerick Castle, 1642". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 5th. 34 (2): 163–187. JSTOR 25507363.
- Morrill, John (2004). "Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1601)". In Matthew, Colin; Harrison, Brian (eds.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 14. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 321–354. ISBN 0-19-861364-4.
- Murphy, Elaine (2012). "Two Inventories of Goods Belonging to Sir Hardress Waller in Ireland". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 142/143: 140–154. JSTOR 24892516.
- Ó hAnnracháin, Tadhg (2008). "The poet and the Mutinies: Pádraigín Haicéad and the Munster Army in 1647". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature. 108C: 65–74. doi:10.3318/PRIAC.2008.65 (inactive 6 May 2021). JSTOR 40657922.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2021 (link)
- O Callaghan, Joseph F. (1990). "The O Callaghans and the Rebellion of 1641". Journal of the Cork Historical and Archeological Society. 95: 30–40.
- Ó Siochrú, Micheál (2005). "The Duke of Lorraine and the International Struggle for Ireland, 1649–1653". The Historical Journal. 48 (4): 905–932. doi:10.1017/S0018246X05004851. JSTOR 4091642.
- Prendergast, John Patrick (1854). "The Surrender of Ross Castle, Killarney,22nd June 1652". Proceedings and Transactions of the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society. 3 (1): 146–151. JSTOR 25493639.
- Wells, Jennifer (2015). "English Law, Irish Trials and Cromwellian State Building in the 1650s". Past & Present. 227 (227): 77–119. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtv021. JSTOR 24544866.
- Westropp, Thomas Johnson (1907). "The Principal Ancient Castles of the County Limerick: Part II Tudor Period". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 37 (2): 153–164. JSTOR 25507604.
- Wood, Herbert (1935). "The titles of the chief governors of Ireland". Bulletin of the Institute for Historical Research. 13 (37): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1935.tb00065.x.
External links
- Portrait at the Hunt Museum, Limerick
- Biography of Donough MacCarthy, Viscount Muskerry online at the British Civil War Project
Parliament of Ireland | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded by Dermod McCarthy Andrew Barret | Member of Parliament for Cork County 1634–1635 With: Sir William St Leger | Succeeded by Donough MacCarty Sir William St Leger |
Preceded by Donough MacCarty Sir William St Leger | Member of Parliament for Cork County 1640–1641 With: Sir William St Leger | Succeeded by Redmond Roche Sir William St Leger |
Peerage of Ireland | ||
New creation | Earl of Clancarty 1st creation 1658–1665 | Succeeded by Charles James MacCarty |
Preceded by Charles MacCarty | Viscount Muskerry 1641–1665 | |
Baronetage of Nova Scotia | ||
New creation | Baronet (of Muskerry) c. 1638 – 1665 | Succeeded by Charles James MacCarty |