La clase J fue diseñada por la Royal Navy en respuesta a los informes de submarinos alemanes con velocidades de superficie superiores a 18 nudos (33 km / h; 21 mph). [1] Tenían un desplazamiento de 1.210 toneladas emergidas y 1.820 toneladas sumergidas. [1] Cada submarino tenía 275 pies (84 m) de eslora total, con una manga de 22 pies (6,7 m) y un calado de 14 pies (4,3 m). [1] El sistema de propulsión se construyó alrededor de tres ejes de hélice; la clase J fueron los únicos submarinos de triple tornillo construidos por los británicos. [1] La propulsión provino de tres motores diesel de 12 cilindros cuando estaban en la superficie y motores eléctricos cuando estaban sumergidos. [1]La velocidad máxima era de 19 nudos (35 km / h; 22 mph) en la superficie (los submarinos más rápidos del mundo en el momento de la construcción) y de 9,5 nudos (17,6 km / h; 10,9 mph) bajo el agua. [1] El alcance era de 4.000 millas náuticas (7.400 km; 4.600 millas) a 12 nudos (22 km / h; 14 mph). [1]
El armamento consistía en seis tubos de torpedos de 18 pulgadas (450 mm) (cuatro hacia adelante, uno en cada viga), más un cañón de cubierta de 4 pulgadas. [1] Originalmente, el arma estaba montada en un parapeto colocado delante de la torre de mando, pero el parapeto se extendió más tarde a la proa y se fusionó con el casco para simplificarlo, y el arma se trasladó a una plataforma colocada en la parte delantera del torre de mando . [1] 44 miembros del personal estaban a bordo. [1]
J4 fue construido por HM Dockyard en Pembroke en Gales y lanzado el 2 de febrero de 1916. [2] [3]
Historial operativo
Después de la guerra, el Almirantazgo británico decidió que la mejor forma de proteger la región del Pacífico era con una fuerza de submarinos y cruceros. [1] Con este fin, ofrecieron los seis submarinos supervivientes de la clase J a la Royal Australian Navy como obsequios. [1] J1 y sus hermanas fueron comisionadas en la RAN en abril de 1919 y navegaron hacia Australia el 9 de abril, en compañía de los cruceros Sydney y Brisbane , y el tierno Ornitorrinco . [1] La flotilla llegó a Thursday Island el 29 de junio ya Sydney el 10 de julio. [1]Debido a la condición de los submarinos después del largo viaje, fueron puestos fuera de servicio inmediatamente para su reacondicionamiento. [1]
J1 y J4 , más Platypus , zarparon el 10 de febrero de 1920 hacia Geelong , donde se estableció una base de submarinos. [1] Aparte de los ejercicios locales y una visita de 1921 a Tasmania, los submarinos vieron poco uso, y en junio de 1922, el costo de mantenimiento de los barcos y el deterioro de las condiciones económicas hizo que los seis submarinos fueran retirados del servicio y marcados para su eliminación. [1]
Destino
El submarino se pagó el 12 de julio de 1922. J4 se vendió el 26 de febrero de 1924, pero se hundió en sus amarres en Williamstown, Victoria el 10 de julio de 1924. Fue criado y hundido en el cementerio de barcos de Port Phillip Heads.
El naufragio J4, también conocido como el "Submarino poco profundo" o "Submarino de 90 pies", está sumergido en 27 metros (89 pies) de agua en el cementerio de barcos y es un sitio de buceo popular. [4] [5] [6] [7]
Citas
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Bastock, Barcos de guerra de Australia , pág. 86
^ "HMAS J4" . Marina Real Australiana . Consultado el 13 de marzo de 2011 .
^ "Submarino J4" . Sitios de buceo de naufragios . Departamento de Planificación y Desarrollo Comunitario . Consultado el 13 de marzo de 2011 .
^ "Submarino poco profundo o de 90 pies" (PDF) , hoja de información de buceo , Departamento de planificación y desarrollo comunitario , consultado el 13 de marzo de 2011
↑ Victorian Ships 'Graveyard Wrecks , archivado desde el original el 23 de abril de 2011 , obtenido el 13 de marzo de 2011
^ Milowka, Agnes , submarinos clase J de Victoria , archivado desde el original el 7 de julio de 2011
^ Arnott, Terry, WWI J Class Subs , Asociación de Arqueología Marítima de Victoria, archivado desde el original el 29 de septiembre de 2002
Referencias
Bastock, John (1975). Barcos de guerra de Australia . Cremorne, Nueva Gales del Sur: Angus y Robertson. ISBN 0207129274. OCLC 2525523 .
Enlaces externos
"Sitio de buceo submarino J4 26m" . El médico de buceo.
vtmiSubmarino clase J
Marina Real
J1
J2
J 3
J4
J5
J6
J7
Marina Real Australiana
J1
J2
J 3
J4
J5
J7
Precedido por: clase H
Seguido de: K-class
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Diver communications
Diving hand signals
Diving line signals
Diver voice communications
Diver rescue
Diver training
Doing It Right
Drift diving
Gas blending for scuba diving
Night diving
Rebreather diving
Solo diving
Water safety
Riskmanagement
Checklist
Hazard identification and risk assessment
Hazard analysis
Job safety analysis
Risk assessment
Risk control
Hierarchy of hazard controls
Incident pit
Lockout–tagout
Permit To Work
Redundancy
Safety data sheet
Situation awareness
Diving team
Bellman
Chamber operator
Diver medical technician
Diver's attendant
Diving supervisor
Diving systems technician
Gas man
Life support technician
Stand-by diver
Equipmentsafety
Breathing gas quality
Testing and inspection of diving cylinders
Hydrostatic test
Sustained load cracking
Diving regulator
Breathing performance of regulators
Occupationalsafety andhealth
Approaches to safety
Job safety analysis
Risk assessment
Toolbox talk
Housekeeping
Association of Diving Contractors International
Code of practice
Contingency plan
Diving regulations
Emergency procedure
Emergency response plan
Evacuation plan
Hazardous Materials Identification System
Hierarchy of hazard controls
Administrative controls
Engineering controls
Hazard elimination
Hazard substitution
Personal protective equipment
International Marine Contractors Association
Occupational hazard
Biological hazard
Chemical hazard
Physical hazard
Psychosocial hazard
Occupational hygiene
Exposure assessment
Occupational exposure limit
Workplace health surveillance
Safety culture
Code of practice
Diving safety officer
Diving superintendent
Health and safety representative
Operations manual
Safety meeting
Standard operating procedure
Diving medicine
Divingdisorders
List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders
Cramp
Motion sickness
Surfer's ear
Pressurerelated
Alternobaric vertigo
Barostriction
Barotrauma
Air embolism
Aerosinusitis
Barodontalgia
Dental barotrauma
Pulmonary barotrauma
Compression arthralgia
Decompression illness
Dysbarism
Oxygen
Freediving blackout
Hyperoxia
Hypoxia
Oxygen toxicity
Inert gases
Avascular necrosis
Decompression sickness
Isobaric counterdiffusion
Taravana
Dysbaric osteonecrosis
High-pressure nervous syndrome
Hydrogen narcosis
Nitrogen narcosis
Carbon dioxide
Hypercapnia
Hypocapnia
Breathing gascontaminants
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Immersionrelated
Asphyxia
Drowning
Hypothermia
Immersion diuresis
Instinctive drowning response
Laryngospasm
Salt water aspiration syndrome
Swimming-induced pulmonary edema
Treatment
Demand valve oxygen therapy
First aid
Hyperbaric medicine
Hyperbaric treatment schedules
In-water recompression
Oxygen therapy
Therapeutic recompression
Personnel
Diving Medical Examiner
Diving Medical Practitioner
Diving Medical Technician
Hyperbaric nursing
Screening
Atrial septal defect
Effects of drugs on fitness to dive
Fitness to dive
Psychological fitness to dive
Research
Researchers indiving physiologyand medicine
Arthur J. Bachrach
Albert R. Behnke
Paul Bert
George F. Bond
Robert Boyle
Albert A. Bühlmann
John R. Clarke
Guybon Chesney Castell Damant
Kenneth William Donald
William Paul Fife
John Scott Haldane
Robert William Hamilton Jr.
Leonard Erskine Hill
Brian Andrew Hills
Felix Hoppe-Seyler
Christian J. Lambertsen
Simon Mitchell
Charles Momsen
John Rawlins R.N.
Charles Wesley Shilling
Edward D. Thalmann
Jacques Triger
Diving medicalresearchorganisations
Aerospace Medical Association
Divers Alert Network (DAN)
Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC)
Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC)
European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC)
European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS)
National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology
Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory
Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine
Rubicon Foundation
South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS)
Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA)
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS)
United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU)
Law
Civil liability in recreational diving
Diving regulations
Duty of care
List of legislation regulating underwater diving
Investigation of diving accidents
UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
History of underwater diving
History of decompression research and development
History of scuba diving
List of researchers in underwater diving
Lyons Maritime Museum
Timeline of diving technology
Archeologicalsites
SS Commodore
USS Monitor
Queen Anne's Revenge
Whydah Gally
Underwater artand artists
The Diver
Jason deCaires Taylor
Engineersand inventors
William Beebe
Georges Beuchat
John R. Clarke
Jacques Cousteau
Charles Anthony Deane
John Deane
Ted Eldred
Henry Fleuss
Émile Gagnan
Joseph-Martin Cabirol
Christian J. Lambertsen
Yves Le Prieur
John Lethbridge
Ernest William Moir
Joseph Salim Peress
Auguste Piccard
Joe Savoie
Willard Franklyn Searle
Gordon Smith
Augustus Siebe
Jacques Triger
Equipment
Aqua-Lung
RV Calypso
SP-350 Denise
Nikonos
Porpoise regulator
Standard diving dress
Vintage scuba
Military andcovert operations
Raid on Alexandria (1941)
Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior
Scientific projects
1992 cageless shark-diving expedition
Mission 31
Incidents
Dive boat incidents
Sinking of MV Conception
Fire on MV Red Sea Aggressor
Diver rescues
Alpazat cave rescue
Tham Luang cave rescue
Early diving
John Day (carpenter)
Charles Spalding
Ebenezer Watson
Freediving fatalities
Loïc Leferme
Audrey Mestre
Nicholas Mevoli
Natalia Molchanova
Offshorediving incidents
Byford Dolphin diving bell accident
Drill Master diving accident
Star Canopus diving accident
Stena Seaspread diving accident
Venture One diving accident
Waage Drill II diving accident
Wildrake diving accident
Professionaldiving fatalities
Roger Baldwin
John Bennett
Victor F. Guiel Jr.
Francis P. Hammerberg
Craig M. Hoffman
Peter Henry Michael Holmes
Johnson Sea Link accident
Edwin Clayton Link
Gerard Anthony Prangley
Pier Skipness
Robert John Smyth
Albert D. Stover
Richard A. Walker
Lothar Michael Ward
Joachim Wendler
Bradley Westell
Arne Zetterström
Scuba divingfatalities
Ricardo Armbruster
Allan Bridge
David Bright
Berry L. Cannon
Cotton Coulson
Cláudio Coutinho
E. Yale Dawson
Deon Dreyer
Milan Dufek
Sheck Exley
Maurice Fargues
Fernando Garfella Palmer
Guy Garman
Steve Irwin
Jim Jones
Henry Way Kendall
Artur Kozłowski
Yuri Lipski
Kirsty MacColl
Agnes Milowka
François de Roubaix
Chris and Chrissy Rouse
Dave Shaw
Wesley C. Skiles
Dewey Smith
Rob Stewart
Esbjörn Svensson
Josef Velek
Publications
Manuals
NOAA Diving Manual
U.S. Navy Diving Manual
Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival
Underwater Handbook
Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving
Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving
The new science of skin and scuba diving
Professional Diver's Handbook
Basic Scuba
Standards andCodes of Practice
Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)
DIN 7876
IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving
ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers
General non-fiction
The Darkness Beckons
Goldfinder
The Last Dive
Shadow Divers
The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure