Khadija bint Khuwaylid ( árabe : خَدِيجَة بِنْت خُوَيْلِد , Khadīja bint Khuwaylid , nacida en el 555 d. C. [1] - 22 de noviembre d. C. 619), comúnmente conocida como Khadija , fue la primera esposa y primer seguidor del profeta islámico Mahoma . Khadija era la hija de Khuwaylid ibn Asad , líder de la tribu Quraysh en La Meca, y una exitosa mujer de negocios por derecho propio.
Khadija bint Khuwaylid Madre de los creyentes | |
---|---|
خَدِيجَة بِنْت خُوَيْلِد | |
Nació | Khadīja bint Khuwaylid " 555 d. C. [1] |
Fallecido | 10 Ramadán BH 3 en el antiguo calendario árabe (intercalado) [2] c. 619 (de 63 a 64 años) La Meca, Hejaz, Arabia |
Lugar de descanso | Jannat al-Mu'alla , La Meca |
Otros nombres | Khadīja al-Kubra |
Esposos) | Hindú Abi Hala Al-Tamimi (viudo) Atiq Al-Makhzumi (viudo) Muhammad |
Niños | |
Padres) | Khuwaylid ibn Asad Fatimah bint Za'idah |
Familia | Banu Asad (por nacimiento) Casa de Muhammad (por matrimonio) |
Los musulmanes a menudo se refieren a Khadija como "Madre de los creyentes". Ella y su hija, Fatimah , junto con otra de las esposas de Muhammad, Aisha , son tres de las figuras femeninas más importantes del Islam . Muhammad estuvo casado con ella de manera monógama durante 25 años.
Antes de casarse con Muhammad
Familia
El padre de Khadija, Khuwaylid ibn Asad, era comerciante [3] y líder. Según algunas / muchas tradiciones, murió c. 585 d. C. en la Guerra Sacrilegiosa, pero según otros, todavía estaba vivo cuando Jadiya se casó con Muhammad en 595. [4] [5] Khuwaylid también tenía una hermana llamada Ume Habib binte Asad. [6]
La madre de Khadija, Fatima bint Za'idah, que murió alrededor del 575 dC, [7] era miembro del clan Amir ibn Luayy de los Quraysh [8] y prima tercera de la madre de Muhammad. [9] [10]
Profesión
Khadija fue un comerciante muy exitoso. Se dice que cuando los viajeros de la caravana comercial de Quraysh se reunieron para embarcarse en su viaje de verano a Siria o viaje de invierno a Yemen , la caravana de Khadija igualó las caravanas de todos los demás comerciantes de Quraysh juntos. [11] Los honoríficos asociados con Khadija incluyen, " Ameerat-Quraysh (" Princesa de Quraysh ")," El Piadoso "y" Khadija Al-Kubra ("Khadija el Grande"). " [12] Se dice que alimentó y vistió a los pobres, ayudó económicamente a sus parientes y proporcionó porciones matrimoniales a los parientes pobres. [12] Se decía que Khadija no creía ni adoraba a los ídolos , lo cual era atípico para la cultura árabe preislámica . [13]
Khadija no viajó con sus caravanas comerciales; contrató a otros para negociar en su nombre por una comisión. En 595, Khadija necesitaba un compañero de trabajo para una transacción en Siria. Ella eligió a Muhammad ibn Abdullah para el comercio en Siria. Con el permiso de Abu Talib ibn Muttalib , su tío, fue enviado a Siria con uno de los sirvientes de Khadija. Esta experiencia de la caravana le valió a Mahoma los títulos honoríficos “ Al-Sadiq (" el Veraz ")” y Al-Amin ("El digno de confianza" u "Honesto"). [14] Khadija contrató a Muhammad, que entonces tenía 25 años, y le envió un mensaje de que pagaría el doble de su comisión habitual. [15]
Ella envió a uno de sus sirvientes, Maysarah, para ayudarlo. Al regresar, Maysarah dio cuenta de la forma honorable en que Muhammad había llevado a cabo su negocio, con el resultado de que obtuvo el doble de ganancias de las que esperaba Khadija. [dieciséis]
Diferentes puntos de vista sobre matrimonios anteriores
Versión sunita
Khadija se casó tres veces y tuvo hijos de todos sus matrimonios. Si bien se debate el orden de sus matrimonios, generalmente se cree que primero se casó con Atiq ibn 'A'idh ibn' Abdullah Al-Makhzumi y en segundo lugar con Malik ibn Nabash ibn Zargari ibn at-Tamimi. [17] De su segundo marido tuvo dos hijos, que se llamaron Hala y Hind. [18] Murió antes de que su negocio se convirtiera en un éxito. [19] Para su esposo Atiq, Khadija tuvo una hija llamada Hindah. Este matrimonio también dejó a Khadija como viuda. [20]
Khadija le propuso matrimonio a Muhammad cuando él tenía 25 años y ella tenía 40 años. Khadija consultó a su primo Waraqah ibn Nawfal ibn Asad ibn 'Abdu'l-'Uzza. [dieciséis]
Versión chiíta
Los eruditos chiítas creían que Jadiya no se casó con nadie antes de Mahoma.
Ibn Shahrashub citó de al-Sayyid al-Murtada en al-Shafi y al-Shaykh al-Tusi en al-Talkhis que Jadiya era virgen cuando se casó con Muhammad. [21] Además, considerando la situación cultural e intelectual en Hijaz y la alta posición y estatus de Khadija al-Kubra entre otras personas, sería muy improbable que se casara con hombres de Banu Tamim y Banu Makhzum (las dos tribus "bajas" ). [22]
Según los investigadores, [ ¿quién? ] dos niños atribuidos a Khadija eran los hijos de Hala, la hermana de Khadija. Después de la muerte del esposo de Hala, Jadiya se hizo cargo de Hala y (después de la muerte de Hala) de los hijos de Hala. [23]
Khadija tenía 40 años cuando se casó con Muhammad. [24] [25] [26] [27]
Sin embargo, algunas fuentes también afirman que ella tenía entre 25 y 28 años o 30 según otros. [28] [29]
Matrimonio con Mahoma
Khadija entrusted a friend named Nafisa to approach Muhammad and ask if he would consider marrying.[30] When Muhammad hesitated because he had no money to support a wife, Nafisa asked if he would consider marriage to a woman who had the means to provide for herself.[31] Muhammad agreed to meet with Khadija, and after this meeting they consulted their respective uncles. The uncles agreed to the marriage, and Muhammad's uncles accompanied him to make a formal proposal to Khadija.[16] It is disputed whether it was Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib, Abu Talib, or both who accompanied Muhammad on this errand.[20] Khadija's uncle accepted the proposal, and the marriage took place. At the time of the marriage Muhammad was 25 years old and Khadija was 40 years old.
Muhammad and Khadija were married monogamously for 25 years. After her death, Muhammad took other wives.
Another narration states Hisham bin Muhammad bin al-Sa’ib reports from his father Muhammad bin al-Sa’ib al-Kalbi from Abu Salih that Ibn ‘Abbas said: At the time of marriage with the Messenger of Allah, Khadija was twenty-eight years old.[32]
Children
Muhammad and Khadija may have had six or eight children.[19] (Sources disagree about number of children: Al-Tabari names eight; the earliest biography of Muhammad, by Ibn Ishaq, names seven children; most sources only identify six).[17]
Their first son was Qasim, who died after his third birthday[33][34] (hence Muhammad's kunya Abu Qasim). Khadija then gave birth to their daughters Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum and Fatima; and lastly to their son Abd-Allah. Abd-Allah was known as at-Tayyib ("the Good") and at-Tahir ("the Pure") because he was born after Muhammad was declared a prophet by the Angel Gabriel as a direct message from Allah. Abdullah also died in childhood.[19]
Two other children also lived in Khadija's household: Ali ibn Abi Talib, the son of Muhammad's uncle; and Zayd ibn Harithah, a boy from the Udhra tribe who had been kidnapped and sold into slavery. Zayd was a slave in Khadija's household for several years, until his father came to Mecca to take him home. Muhammad insisted that Zayd be given a choice about where he lived, and Zayd decided to remain where he was, after which Muhammad legally adopted Zayd as his own son.[20]
Convertirse en el primer seguidor de Mahoma
According to the traditional Sunni narrative, when Muhammad reported his first revelation from the Angel Gabriel (Jibril), Khadija was the first person to accept Al-Haqq The Truth i.e. she accepted Islam.[35] After his experience in the cave of Hira, Muhammad returned home to Khadija in a state of terror, pleading for her to cover him with a blanket. After calming down, he described the encounter to Khadija, who comforted him with the words that Allah would surely protect him from any danger, and would never allow anyone to revile him as he was a man of peace and reconciliation and always extended the hand of friendship to all.[19] According to some sources, it was Khadija's cousin, Waraka ibn Nawfal, who confirmed Muhammad's prophethood soon afterwards.[36]
Yahya ibn `Afeef is quoted saying that he once came, during the period of Jahiliyyah (before the advent of Islam), to Mecca to be hosted by 'Abbas ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib, one of Muhammad's uncles mentioned above. "When the sun started rising", he said, "I saw a man who came out of a place not far from us, faced the Kaaba and started performing his prayers. He hardly started before being joined by a young boy who stood on his right side, then by a woman who stood behind them. When he bowed down, the young boy and the woman bowed, and when he stood up straight, they, too, did likewise. When he prostrated, they, too, prostrated." He expressed his amazement at that, saying to Abbas: "This is quite strange, O Abbas!" "Is it, really?" retorted al-Abbas. "Do you know who he is?" Abbas asked his guest who answered in the negative. "He is Muhammad ibn Abdullah, my nephew. Do you know who the young boy is?" asked he again. "No, indeed," answered the guest. "He is Ali son of Abu Talib. Do you know who the woman is?" The answer came again in the negative, to which Abbas said, "She is Khadija bint Khuwaylid, my nephew's wife." This incident is included in the books of both Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Al-Tirmidhi, each detailing it in his own Ṣaḥīḥ.
Khadija was supportive of Muhammad's prophetic mission, always helping in his work, proclaiming his message and belittling any opposition to his prophecies.[35] It was her encouragement that helped Muhammad believe in his mission and spread Islam.[37] Khadija also invested her wealth in the mission. When the polytheists and aristocrats of the Quraysh harassed the Muslims, she used her money to ransom Muslim slaves and feed the Muslim community.[38][39]
In 616 the Quraysh declared a trade boycott against the Hashim clan. They attacked, imprisoned and beat the Muslims, who sometimes went for days without food or drink.[40] Khadija continued to maintain the community until the boycott was lifted in late 619 or early 620.[20]
Muerte
Khadija died in "Ramadan of the year 10 after the Prophethood",[41] i.e., in November AD 619. Muhammad later called this tenth year "the Year of Sorrow", as his uncle and protector Abu Talib also died at this time.[42] Khadija is said to have been about 65 years old at the time of her death.[43] She was buried in Jannat al-Mu'alla cemetery, in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.[44]
Another report Muhammad bin Ishaq said," Abu Talib and Khadija bint Khuwaylid died in the same year. This was three years before the emigration of the Messenger of Allah to Madina. Khadija was buried in al-Hajun. The Messenger of Allah buried her in her grave. She was 40 years old when the Messenger of Allah married her"[45]
In the years immediately following Khadija's death, Muhammad faced persecution from opponents of his message and also from some who originally followed him but had now turned back. Hostile tribes ridiculed and stoned him.[46] Muhammad migrated to Yathrib (Medina) after Khadija's death.
Hijos y parientes
Sons
- Qasim ibn Muhammad, died in AD 601, after his third birthday
- Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad, died in childhood in AD 615
Daughters
- Fāṭimah al-Zahrā s.a bint Muhammad (605–632), although it is sometimes asserted that she was born during the first year of Muhammad's mission (610–611). She had the by-name "The mother of her father", as she took over caring for her father and being a support to her father once her mother died.[47] She married Ali, who became the fourth caliph in 656. (According to early debate after the death of Muhammad, some would argue that Ali would be the proper succession to Muhammad.)[48] Ali and Fatimah moved to a small village in Ghoba after the marriage, but later moved back to Medina to live next door to Muhammad.[49] Muhammad forbade Ali to take additional wives because, "What caused pain to his daughter grieved him as well."[50] Fatima died six months after her father died. All of Muhammad's surviving descendants are by Fatima's children. Muhammad loved her two sons Hassan and Husayn, who would continue his heritage.[50]
- Zaynab (599–629). She married her maternal cousin Abu al-Aas ibn al-Rabee before al-Hijra.[19] Later lived with Muhammad. Her husband accepted Islam before her death in 629
- Ruqayyah (601–624). She was first married to Utbah ibn Abu Lahab and then to the future third caliph Uthman ibn Affan.[19]
- Umm Kulthum (603–630). She was first married to Utaybah bin Abu Lahab and then, after the death of her sister Ruqayyah, to Uthman ibn Affan. She was childless.
Sunni view
The Sunni scholar Yusuf ibn abd al-Barr from Lisbon Portugal says: "His children born of Khadīja are four daughters; there is no difference of opinion about that."[51]
The Qur’an (33:59)[52] says:
"O Prophet! Say to your azwaj (Arabic: أزواج, wives) and your banat (Arabic: بـنـات, daughters) and the nisa’il-mu’minin (Arabic: نـسـاءِ الـمـؤمـنـيـن, "women of the believers") ..."
Shia view
According to some Shi‘ite sources, Khadija and Muhammad together had only one biological daughter, Fatimah. The others either belonged to Khadija's sister or were from a previous marriage and were treated by Muhammad as his own daughters. The Shi'i scholar Abu'l-Qasim al-Kufi writes:
When the Messenger of Allah married Khadija, then some time thereafter Halah died leaving two daughters, one named Zaynab and the other named Ruqayyah and both of them were brought up by Muhammad and Khadija and they maintained them, and it was the custom before Islam that a child was assigned to whoever brought him up.[53]
- Hind bint Atiq. She married her paternal cousin, Sayfi ibn Umayya, and they had one son, Muhammad ibn Sayfi.[54][55]
- Zaynab bint Abi Hala, who probably died in infancy.[56]
The adopted daughters attributed to Muhammad, by Shia sources, are:
- Zaynab (599–629). She married her maternal cousin Abu al-Aas ibn al-Rabee before al-Hijra.[19] Later lived with Muhammad. Her husband accepted Islam before her death in 629
- Ruqayyah (601–624). She was first married to Utbah ibn Abu Lahab and then to the future third caliph Uthman ibn Affan.[19]
- Umm Kulthum (603–630). She was first married to Utaybah bin Abu Lahab and then, after the death of her sister Ruqayyah, to Uthman ibn Affan. She was childless.[19][57]
Cousins
- Abd-Allah ibn Umm-Maktum
- Waraqah ibn Nawfal was the son of Nawfal b. Asad b. ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā b. Ḳuṣayy and Hind bt. Abī Kat̲h̲īr. Waraqah had been proposed to marry Khadija bint Khuwaylid, but the marriage never took place. Waraqah is noteworthy because he converted from polytheism to Christianity before Muhammad's revelation.[58] Ibn Ishaq claims that Waraqah is also important because he plays a role in legitimizing Muhammad's revelation.
"There has come to him,” Waraḳa says, “the greatest law that came to Moses; surely he is the prophet of this people”[59]
Ver también
- Asiya
- Muhammad's wives
- Sumayyah bint Khayyat
Sus descendientes importantes
Quraysh tribe (detailed tree) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Waqida bint Amr | Abd Manaf ibn Qusai | Ātikah bint Murrah | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nawfal ibn Abd Manaf | ‘Abd Shams | Barra | Hala | Muṭṭalib ibn Abd Manaf | Hashim | Salma bint Amr | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Umayya ibn Abd Shams | ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Harb | Abū al-ʿĀs | ʿĀminah | ʿAbdallāh | Hamza | Abī Ṭālib | Az-Zubayr | al-ʿAbbās | Abū Lahab | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ʾAbī Sufyān ibn Harb | al-Ḥakam | ʿUthmān | ʿAffān | MUHAMMAD (Family tree) | Khadija bint Khuwaylid | ʿAlī (Family tree) | Khawlah bint Ja'far | ʿAbd Allāh | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muʿāwiyah I | Marwān I | ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān | Ruqayyah | Fatimah | Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah | ʿAli ibn ʿAbdallāh | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sufyanids | Marwanids | al-Ḥasan | al-Ḥusayn (Family tree) | Abu Hashim (Imām of al-Mukhtār and Hashimiyya) | Muhammad "al-Imām" (Abbasids) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ibrāhim "al-Imām" | al-Saffāḥ | al-Mansur | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Otras lecturas
- Khadijah al-Kubra The First Muslim Woman was actually a Business Woman (Sarah Peracha — Muslim Business Women Magazine)
- The True Mother of Believers – Hazrat Khadijah (s.a.) (Serat Online)
- Hazrat Khadijah RA (Ummahatul Mumineen)
- The Prophet's (PBUH) Marriage to Khadijah (Ahmed El-Kadi)
- "Wife of the Prophet Muhammad". Archived from the original on October 14, 2007.
- "Our Lady Khadijah bint Khuwaylid". Islamic House of Wisdom. Ann Arbor, Mich. 31 December 2012.