Michif

Michif
Michif
Nativo de	Canadá
Región	Comunidades métis en las praderas ; principalmente Manitoba , Alberta , Saskatchewan y el noroeste de Ontario , la reserva india de Turtle Mountain en Dakota del Norte
Hablantes nativos	730 (censos de 2010 y 2011) [1]
Familia de idiomas	Cree mixto - francés métis
Sistema de escritura	latín
Códigos de idioma
ISO 639-3	crg
Glottolog	mich1243
ELP	Michif
Este artículo contiene símbolos fonéticos IPA . Sin el soporte de representación adecuado , es posible que vea signos de interrogación, cuadros u otros símbolos en lugar de caracteres Unicode . Para obtener una guía introductoria sobre los símbolos IPA, consulte Ayuda: IPA .

Michif (también Mitchif , Mechif , Michif-Cree , Métif , Métchif , French Cree ) es el idioma de los métis de Canadá y Estados Unidos , que son descendientes de mujeres de las Primeras Naciones (principalmente Cree , Nakota y Ojibwe ) y pieles. trabajadores comerciales de ascendencia europea (principalmente canadienses franceses y escoceses ). Michif surgió a principios del siglo XIX como un idioma mixto (que no debe confundirse con uncriollo ) ^[2] y adoptó un carácter consistente entre aproximadamente 1820 y 1840.

La palabra Michif proviene de una variante de la pronunciación de la palabra francesa "Métis". Algunas personas métis prefieren esta palabra (Michif) para describir su nacionalidad cuando hablan inglés y la usan para cualquier cosa relacionada con las personas métis, incluidos los idiomas que hablan. Según el Instituto Gabriel Dumont (GDI), la palabra "Michif", cuando se usa para un idioma, se usa para describir al menos tres tipos distintos de habla. "Northern Michif" (en Saskatchewan) es esencialmente una variedad de cree con una pequeña cantidad de préstamos franceses . " Michif French " es una variedad de francés canadiense con algunos préstamos y sintaxis Cree(orden de las palabras). “Michif” usado sin ninguna calificación también puede describir el idioma mixto que toma prestado en gran medida tanto del cree como del francés. De acuerdo con las teorías de autodeterminación y autoidentificación , la GDI se refiere a todas estas variedades de habla como "Michif" porque muchos miembros de la comunidad métis usan el término de esa manera, incluso esas variedades son muy diferentes en sus detalles lingüísticos. ^[3] El resto de este artículo trata principalmente con lenguaje mixto que tiene muchas características tanto del francés como del cree.

El número de hablantes se estima en menos de 1.000; probablemente era el doble o el triple de este número a fines del siglo XIX, pero nunca mucho más. Actualmente, Michif se habla en comunidades métis dispersas en las provincias de Saskatchewan y Manitoba en Canadá y en Dakota del Norte en los Estados Unidos, con alrededor de 50 hablantes en Alberta , todos mayores de 60 años. ^[4] Hay unos 230 hablantes de Michif en el Estados Unidos (por debajo de 390 en el censo de 1990), ^{[5] la} mayoría de los cuales vive en Dakota del Norte, particularmente en la Reserva India Turtle Mountain . ^[6] Hay alrededor de 300 hablantes de Michif en los Territorios del Noroeste., norte de Canadá . ^[7]

Michif combina el francés cree y métis (Rhodes 1977, Bakker 1997: 85), una variedad del francés canadiense , con algunos préstamos adicionales del inglés y las lenguas indígenas de las Américas como el ojibwe y el assiniboine . En general, la fonología , el léxico , la morfología y la sintaxis de las frases nominales de Michif se derivan del francés métis, mientras que la fonología, el léxico, la morfología y la sintaxis de las frases verbales proceden de una variedad sureña de Plains Cree.. (Plains Cree es un dialecto occidental de Cree). Los artículos y adjetivos también son de origen francés métis, pero los demostrativos son de Plains Cree.

El idioma Michif es inusual entre los idiomas mixtos , ya que en lugar de formar una gramática simplificada, se desarrolló incorporando elementos complejos de los idiomas principales de los que nació. Las frases nominales de origen francés conservan el género léxico y la concordancia de adjetivos; Los verbos de origen cree conservan gran parte de su estructura polisintética . Esto sugiere que en lugar de usar vacilantemente palabras de la lengua de otra persona, las personas que gradualmente llegaron a hablar Michif dominaban el francés y el cree con total fluidez.

El idioma Michif fue atraído por primera vez a la atención de los académicos en 1976 por John Crawford en la Universidad de Dakota del Norte . ^[8] Gran parte de la investigación posterior sobre Michif también estuvo relacionada con UND, incluidas cuatro piezas más de Crawford, además de trabajos de Evans, Rhodes y Weaver.

Ortografía

Michif carece de un estándar de ortografía unificado. Algunos sistemas son fonéticos, cada letra tiene un solo sonido (a menudo se basa en los estándares ingleses), mientras que otros son etimológicos, con palabras derivadas del francés deletreadas según los estándares franceses y palabras derivadas de Cree deletreadas utilizando el sistema "Standard Roman Orthography".

En 2004, Robert Papen propuso un nuevo sistema que era principalmente fonético. ^[9]

El gobierno de Manitoba publicó una traducción de su informe anual sobre la Ley del Camino a la Reconciliación en Michif en junio de 2017. Su elección del sistema de ortografía se puede ver en este extracto:

"Chimooshakinitoohk" aen itwayhk Kwaayeshchi Kanawaapinitoohk, chi nishtotaatoohk paarmii lii atoktonn pi lii blaan pour chi ooshitaahk chi li Trustiihk, mina kayaash chi nishtotamihk ka kii itawyhk minai chi kii kayhow. ^[10]

Aquí, como en el sistema de Papen, las diferentes cualidades de las vocales se marcan escribiendo el carácter duplicado ("a" frente a "aa") en lugar de usar signos diacríticos como es habitual en Cree. En aras de la coherencia, este sistema también se extiende a las palabras derivadas del francés, de modo que el francés "les blancs" (blancos) se convierte en "lii bl aa n" pero "les autochtones" (el indígena) se convierte en "lii a toktonn".

Fonología

Michif, como se registró a partir de la década de 1970, combinó dos sistemas fonológicos separados: uno para los elementos de origen francés y otro para los elementos de origen Cree (Rhodes 1977, 1986). Por ejemplo, / y /, / l /, / r / y / f / existen solo en palabras francesas, mientras que las paradas preaspiradas como / ʰt / y / ʰk / existen solo en palabras Cree. En esta variedad de Michif, los elementos franceses se pronunciaron de manera que tienen valores distintivamente canadienses franceses para las vocales, mientras que los elementos Cree tienen valores distintivos Cree para las vocales. No obstante, existe cierta influencia cree en las palabras francesas en el sistema de acentuación (Rosen 2006). Pero para el año 2000 había hablantes de Michif que habían colapsado los dos sistemas en un solo sistema (Rosen 2007).

Consonantes

Consonants in Manitoba Michif^[11]

	Labial	Labio-dental	Alveolar	Alveo-palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stops	ʰp p b		ʰt t d		ʰk k g
Affricates				ʰtʃ tʃ dʒ
Fricatives		f v	s z	ʃ ʒ		h
Nasals	m		n
Liquids			r l
Glides	w			j

Vowels

Michif has eleven oral vowels and four nasalized vowels.

Oral vowels

Oral vowels in Manitoba Michif^[12]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ɪ	y	ʊ u
Mid	e ɛ	œ	ɔ o
Open	a		ɑ

Nasalized vowels

The following four vowels are nasalized in Michif:

• /ĩ/
• /ɛ̃/
• /ɔ̃/
• /ɑ̃/

Schwa-deletion

A schwa /ə/ appearing between two consonants in French-origin words is dropped in Michif. Examples of this process are listed in the table below.

/e/-deletion in Michif^[13]

French	Michif	English
chemin	shmen	'path'
cheveux	zhveu	'hair'
petit	pchi	'small'
cheval	zhwal	'horse'

Elision in Michif

Rosen (2007) states that since all French-derived vowel-initial nouns in Michif have been lexicalized as consonant-initial, the French rule of elision, which deletes certain vowels (particularly schwa) before vowel-initial words, for ex., le copain ‘the friend’ but l’ami ‘the friend’), cannot apply in Michif. Curiously, she admits that elision is potentially still active since vowel-initial English loanwords allow elision, as in un bol d’oatmeal ‘a bowl of oatmeal’. Papen (2014) has countered that elision is, in fact, just as active in French-derived words as is liaison. For example, he examines Noun + di + Noun constructions ( as in mwaa di zhanvjii vs mwaa d’oktob ‘month of January vs month of October) and finds that 100% of /i/ (from French schwa) are deleted before French-derived vowel-initial nouns. However, elision does not occur before Cree vowel-initial nouns. This strongly suggests that French phonolgical rules, such as liaison and elision still function in Michif, but that they apply only to French-derived words and not to Cree-derived ones, implying that Michif phonology is at least partially stratified, contrary to what Rosen (2007) proposes.

Liaison consonants

In French, a liaison is used to bridge the gap between word-final and word-initial vowel sounds. Whether liaison still exists in Michif is a much discussed theoretical issue. Scholars such as Bakker (1997),^[14] Rhodes (1986),^[15] and Rosen (2007)^[16] have suggested that liaison no longer exists in Michif and that all words that etymologically began with a vowel in French now begin with a consonant, the latter resulting from a variety of sources, including a liaison consonant. Their arguments are based on the fact that the expected liaison consonant (for example, /n/) will not show up and instead, the consonant will be /z/, as in in zur 'a bear' The above authors cite over a dozen words with an unexpected initial consonant. Papen (2003, 2014)^[17] has countered this argument by showing that, statistically, the vast majority of so-called initial consonants in Michif reflect the expected liaison consonant and that only about 13% of so-called initial consonants are unexpected. Moreover, Papen points out that one of the so-called initial consonant is /l/, which in nearly all cases, represents the elided definite article l (from li), in which case it cannot be a liaison consonant, since liaison consonants may not have grammatical or semantic meaning. Thus in a sequence such as larb the meaning is not simply 'tree' but 'the tree', where initial l has the meaning of 'the', and /l/ is initial only in a phonetic sense, but not in a phonological one, since it represents a distinct morpheme from 'arb', and thus arb must be considered as phonologically vowel-initial.

Liaison consonants in Michif^[13]

French	Michif	English
arbre	zarbr	'tree'
étoile	zetwel	'star'
œuf	zoeuf	'egg'
os	zo	'bone'
oignon	zawyoun	'onion'

Palatalization

The voiced alveolar stop /d/ in French-origin words is palatalized to /dʒ/ in Michif, as in Acadian French. This may occur word-initially or word-internally before front vowels.

Palatalization of /d/ in Michif^[13]

French	Michif	English
dix	jis	'ten'
diable	jiab	'devil'
dieu	Bon Jeu	'God'
mardi	marji	'Tuesday'
radis	rawjee	'radish'
diner	jinee	'dinner'
dimanche	jimawnsh	'Sunday'

Vocabulary

A comparison of some common words in English, French, Michif, and Cree:^[18]

English	French	Michif	Cree
One	Un	Haen, Peeyak	pêyak
Two	Deux	Deu	nîso
Three	Trois	Trwaa	nisto
Four	Quatre	Kaet	nêwo
Five	Cinq	Saenk	niyânan
Man	Homme (L'homme)	Lom	nâpêw
Dog	Chien	Shyaeñ, Shyen	atim
Sun	Soleil	Saley	pîsim
Water	Eau (De l'eau)	Dilo	nipiy
White	Blanc	Blañ	wâpiskâw
Yellow	Jaune	Zhun	osâwâw
Red	Rouge	Ruzh	mihkwâw
Black	Noir	Nwer	kaskitêwâw
Eat	Manger	Miichishow; Miitshow	mîcisow
See	Voir	Waapow	wâpiw
Hear	Entendre	Peehtam	pêhtam
Sing	Chanter	Nakamow	nikamow
Leave	Partir	Shipweeteew; Atishipweeteew	(ati-)sipwêhtêw

Syntax

Noun phrase

Nouns are almost always accompanied by a French-origin determiner or a possessive.^[19]

English	French	Michif
a gun	un fusil /œ̃ fyzi/	aeñ fiizii
a house	une maison /yn mɛzɔ̃/	aen meezoñ
the boy	le garçon /lə ɡarsɔ̃/	li garsoñ
the rock	la roche /la ʁɔʃ/	la rosh
the knives	les couteaux /le kuto/	lii kutu
his (her) food	son manger /sɔ̃ mɑ̃ʒe/	su mañzhii
his (her) hand	sa main /sa mɛ̃/	sa maeñ
my dogs	mes chiens /me ʃjɛ̃/	mii shyaeñ

Cree-origin demonstratives can be added to noun phrases, in which case the Cree gender (animate or inanimate) is that of the corresponding Cree noun.^[20]

English	French	Michif	Plains Cree
that boy	ce garçon-là	awa li garsoñ	awa nâpêsis (animate)
that egg	cet œuf-là	ôma li zaef	ôma wâwi (inanimate)
that rock	cette roche-là	awa la rosh	awa asinîy (animate)
those men	ces hommes-là	neekik lii zom	nêkik nâpêwak (animate)

Adjectives are French-origin (Cree has no adjectives), and as in French they are either pre- or postnominal. Prenominal adjectives agree in gender (like French), however, postnominal adjectives do not agree in gender (unlike French).

Verb phrase

The verb phrase is that of Plains Cree-origin with little reduction (there are no dubitative or preterit verb forms).

Word order

Michif word order is basically that of Cree (relatively free). However, the more French-origin elements are used, the closer the syntax seems to conform to norms of spoken French.

Lexicon

Nouns: 83-94% French-origin; others are mostly Cree-origin, Ojibwe-origin, or English-origin
Verbs: 88-99% Cree-origin
Question words: Cree-origin
Personal pronouns: Cree
Postpositions: Cree-origin
Prepositions: French-origin
Conjunctions: 55% Cree-origin; 40% French-origin
Numerals: French-origin
Demonstratives: Cree-origin

The Lord's Prayer in English, French, and Michif:

Michif	French	English
Toñ Periinaan	Notre Père	Our Father
Toñ Periinaan, dañ li syel kayaayeen kiichitwaawan toñ noo. Kiiya kaaniikaanishtaman peetoteiie kaandaweetaman taatochiikateew ota dañ la ter taapishkoch dañ li syel. Miinaan anoch moñ paeñiinaan poneeiiminaan kamachitotamaak, niishtanaan nkaponeemaanaanik anikee kaakiimaiitotaakoyaakuk kayakochii'inaan, maaka pashpii'inaan aayik ochi maachiishiiweepishiwin. Answichil.	Notre Père, qui est aux cieux, Que ton nom soit sanctifié, Que ton règne vienne, Que ta volonté soit faite Sur la terre comme au ciel. Donne-nous aujourd’hui notre pain de ce jour Pardonne-nous nos offenses, Comme nous pardonnons aussi à ceux qui nous ont offensés, Et ne nous soumets pas à la tentation, Mais délivre-nous du mal. Ainsi soit-il.	Our Father, who art in Heaven, Hallowed be thy Name. Thy Kingdom come. Thy will be done, on earth as it is in Heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive those who trespass against us And lead us not into temptation; But deliver us from evil. Amen.

Language genesis

Michif engraving at Batoche

In languages of mixed ethnicities, the language of the mother usually provides the grammatical system, while the language of the father provides the lexicon.^[21] The reasons are as follows: children tend to know their mother’s language better;^{[dubious – discuss]} in the case of the Métis, the men were often immigrants, whereas the women were native to the region. ^[22]If the bilingual children need to use either of their parents’ languages to converse with outsiders, it is most likely to be the language of their mothers. Thus, the model of language-mixing predicts that Michif should have a Cree grammatical system and French lexicon. Michif, however, has Cree verb phrases and French noun phrases. The explanation for this unusual distribution of Cree and French elements in Michif lies in the polysynthetic nature of Cree morphology. In Cree, verbs can be very complex with up to twenty morphemes, incorporated nouns and unclear boundaries between morphemes. In other words, in Cree verbs it is very difficult to separate grammar from lexicon. As a result, in Michif the grammatical and bound elements are almost all Cree, and the lexical and free elements are almost all French; verbs are almost totally Cree, because the verb consists of grammatical and bound elements. Seen in this way, it can be argued that Michif is fundamentally Cree, but with heavy French borrowing (somewhat like Maltese, a mixed Arabic-Italian language classified as fundamentally Arabic).

Language revitalization

Métis cultural centres such as the Michif Cultural and Métis Resource Institute in St. Albert, Alberta,^[23] the Métis Culture and Heritage Resource Centre in Winnipeg,^[24] and the Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research are attempting to revive the language through public outreach.^[25]

As of 2013, the Northern Journal reports that "Aboriginal language and culture is becoming increasingly visible" in Alberta, as Alberta's Northland School Division, "serving mostly First Nations and Métis students in the northern part of the province" has expanded its community partnerships and culture camps.^[26]

See also

• Bungi Creole
• Chinook Jargon
• Journal of Indigenous Studies
• Lists of extinct languages
• Lists of endangered languages
• Lists of languages

Notes

1. Michif at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. L. Lee Scott (2007-07-02). "The Turtle Mountain Michif: A People and Their Language". Yahoo! Voices - voices.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 2014-07-29. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
3. "The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture". www.metismuseum.ca.
4. Ma, Kevin (2013-03-13). "Researcher digs into near-extinct Métis language". St. Albert Gazette. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
5. "Michif". Ethnologue.
6. "Data Center States Results". Archived from the original on 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
7. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/michif-metis-nwt-official-language-1.3475320
8. Michif: A new language. North Dakota English 4.1:3-10.
9. Robert Paper, LINGUISTICA atlantica No. 26. 2005 75-97
10. https://www.gov.mb.ca/inr/reports-and-expenses/pubs/ptr-annual-progress-report-2016-2017-michif.pdf
11. Rosen 2007:109
12. Rosen 2008:617
13. Barkwell & Fleury 2004:11
14. Bakker, P. 1997. A Language of our own. The genesis of Michif, the mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian Métis. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
15. Rhodes, R. 1986. Métchif: A second look. In Actes du Dix-septième Congrès des Algonquinistes, ed. W. Cowan, Ottawa, Carleton University Press, p. 287-296.
16. Rosen, N. 2007. Domains in Michif phonology. PhD thesis, University of Toronto.
17. Papen, R. 2003. 'Michif: One phonology or two?', in Y. Chung, C. Gillon, and Wodjak (eds) Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on the Structure and Constituency in Languages of the Americas, University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics 12, p.47-58; Papen, R. 2014. 'La liaison en mitchif : un cas d’acquisition incomplète fossilisée?' in C. Soum-Favaro, A. Coquillon and J.-P. Chevrot (eds.), Liaison : Approches contemporaines. Berlin, Peter Lang, p. 213-238.
18. Taken from: Redish, Laura and Orrin Lewis. "Vocabulary Words in Native American Languages: Michif". Native-Languages.org. Retrieved 2007-08-08.
19. Taken from Rhodes (1977)
20. Rhodes (1977), Bloomfield (1984)
21. Bakker, Peter. A Language of Our Own: The Genesis of Michif, the Mixed Cree-French Language of the Canadian Metis, Oxford University Press, 1997.
22. Barkwell, Lawrence J., Leah Dorion and Darren Préfontaine. Métis Legacy: A Historiography and Annotated Bibliography. Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications Inc. and Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2001. ISBN 1-894717-03-1.
23. "NAIT | Métis history to be preserved in one-of-a-kind virtual museum". Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
24. MCHRC Profile Archived 2012-07-31 at the Wayback Machine
25. "Overview of the Curriculum and Publishing Department". Gabriel Dumont Institute. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
26. Renée Francoeur (2013-03-12). "Northland improves use of Aboriginal languages". Northern Journal. Retrieved 2013-03-24.

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• Weaver, Deborah. 1982. Obviation in Michif. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session, 26, p. 174-262.
• Weaver, Deborah. 1983. The effect of language change and death on obviation in Michif. In W. Cowan (ed.) Actes du Quatorzième Congrès des Algonquinistes. Ottawa: Carleton University Press, p. 261-268.
• Zoldy, Grace. 2003. The Lord's Prayer. In Li Liivr Oche Michif Ayamiiawina - The Book of Michif Prayers. Camperville Michif Cree Ritual Language Project.

External links

Michif test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

For a list of words relating to Michif, see the Michif category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Michif Language Lessons
• LearnMichif.com
• Michif Dictionary
• Li Liivr Oche Michif Ayamiiawina: The Book of Michif Prayers
• Audio and video of Michif speakers, with French and English translations
• Native Languages of the Americas: Michif (Mitchif, Metis Creole, French Cree)
• OLAC resources in and about the Michif language
• ELAR Archive of Documenting Michif Variation