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Navegación con Indian Constellation (NavIC)
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)
País / es de origenIndia
Operador (es)ISRO
TipoMilitar, Comercial
EstadoOperacional
CoberturaRegional (hasta 1.600 km de fronteras)
Precisión1 mo 3 pies 3 pulgadas (público)
10 cm o 3,9 pulgadas (cifrado)
Tamaño de la constelación
Satélites totales8
Satélites en órbita8 (se lanzó el IRNSS 1I completando la serie)
Primer lanzamiento1 de julio de 2013
Último lanzamiento12 de abril de 2018
Lanzamientos totales9
Características orbitales
Régimen (s)Tierra alta
Altura orbital36.000 km (22.000 millas) [1]
Otros detalles
Costo₹ 22460000000 (US $ 315 millones), a marzo de 2017 [2]
Geodesia
Azimutalprojektion-schief kl-cropped.png
Fundamentos
Conceptos
Tecnologias
Estándares (historia)
NGVD 29 Datum del nivel del mar 1929
OSGB36 Ordnance Survey Gran Bretaña 1936
SK-42 Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
ED50 Datum europeo 1950
SAD69 Datum Sudamericano 1969
80 GRS Sistema de referencia geodésico 1980
ISO 6709Coord de punto geográfico. 1983
NAD 83 Datum norteamericano 1983
WGS 84 Sistema geodésico mundial 1984
NAVD 88 Datum vertical norteamericano 1988
ETRS89Ref. Terrestre europea Sys. 1989
GCJ-02 Datum ofuscado chino 2002
URI geográfico Enlace de Internet a un punto 2010
  • Sistema de referencia terrestre internacional
  • Identificador de sistema de referencia espacial (SRID)
  • Mercator transversal universal (UTM)
  • v
  • t
  • mi

El Sistema Regional de Navegación por Satélite de la India ( IRNSS ), con un nombre operativo de NavIC (acrónimo de Nav igation with I ndian C onstellation; también, nāvik 'sailor' o 'navigator' en idiomas indios), [3] es un satélite regional autónomo. sistema de navegación que proporciona servicios precisos de posicionamiento y cronometraje en tiempo real. [4] Cubre la India y una región que se extiende por 1.500 km (930 millas) a su alrededor, con planes para una mayor extensión. Un área de servicio extendida se encuentra entre el área de servicio principal y un área rectangular encerrada por el paralelo 30 surhasta el paralelo 50 norte y el meridiano 30 este hasta el meridiano 130 este , entre 1.500 y 6.000 km (930-3.730 millas) más allá de las fronteras. [5] El sistema actualmente consiste en una constelación de siete satélites, [1] [6] con dos satélites adicionales en tierra como reserva. [7]

La constelación está en órbita a partir de 2018, y se esperaba que el sistema estuviera operativo a principios de 2018 [8] [9] después de una verificación del sistema. [10] NavIC proporcionará dos niveles de servicio, el "servicio de posicionamiento estándar", que estará abierto para uso civil, y un "servicio restringido" ( uno encriptado ) para usuarios autorizados (incluido el ejército).

Los rastreadores basados ​​en NavIC son obligatorios en los vehículos comerciales en la India [11] [12] y está previsto que estén disponibles en los teléfonos móviles de los consumidores en el primer semestre de 2020. [13]

Hay planes para expandir el sistema NavIC aumentando el tamaño de su constelación de 7 a 11. [14]

Antecedentes [ editar ]

El sistema se desarrolló en parte porque el acceso a los sistemas satelitales de navegación global controlados por gobiernos extranjeros no está garantizado en situaciones hostiles, como sucedió con el ejército indio en 1999 cuando Estados Unidos denegó la solicitud india de datos del Sistema de posicionamiento global (GPS) para la región de Kargil. que habría proporcionado información vital. [15] El gobierno indio aprobó el proyecto en mayo de 2013.

De acuerdo con la Ley de Autorización de Defensa Nacional (NDAA) 2020, el Secretario de Defensa de los Estados Unidos, en consulta con el Director de Inteligencia Nacional , designará a NavIC, Galileo y QZSS como sistema de satélites de navegación aliados . [dieciséis]

Desarrollo [ editar ]

Como parte del proyecto, la Organización de Investigación Espacial de la India (ISRO) inauguró un nuevo centro de navegación por satélite en el campus de ISRO Deep Space Network (DSN) en Byalalu , Karnataka, el 28 de mayo de 2013. [17] Una red de 21 estaciones telemétricas ubicadas en todo el país proporcionarán datos para la determinación orbital de los satélites y monitoreo de la señal de navegación.

Se ha establecido un objetivo de control indio completo, con el segmento espacial, el segmento terrestre y los receptores de usuario que se construyen en la India. Su ubicación en latitudes bajas facilita una cobertura con satélites de baja inclinación . Tres satélites estarán en órbita geoestacionaria sobre el Océano Índico . La selección de objetivos con misiles podría ser una aplicación militar importante para la constelación. [18]

Se esperaba que el costo total del proyecto fuera de ₹ 14,2 mil millones (US $ 199 millones), con el costo del segmento terrestre de ₹ 3 mil millones (US $ 42 millones), cada satélite costaba ₹ 1,5 mil millones (US $ 21 millones) y el PSLV -Cohete versión XL que cuesta alrededor de ₹ 1,3 mil millones (US $ 18 millones). Los siete cohetes previstos habrían supuesto un desembolso de alrededor de 9.100 millones de rupias (128 millones de dólares estadounidenses). [7] [19] [20]

La necesidad de dos satélites de reemplazo y los lanzamientos del PSLV-XL ha alterado el presupuesto original, y el Contralor y Auditor General de la India informó los costos hasta marzo de 2017, en ₹ 22,46 mil millones (US $ 315 millones) [2]

La señal NavIC se envió para su evaluación en septiembre de 2014. [21]

Desde el 1 de abril de 2019, el uso de sistemas de seguimiento de vehículos basados ​​en NavIC que cumplen con AIS -140 se hizo obligatorio para todos los vehículos comerciales en la India. [11] [12]

El 20 de enero de 2020, Qualcomm lanzó tres nuevos conjuntos de chips 4G , Snapdragon 460, Snapdragon 662 y Snapdragon 720G con soporte para Navigation con Indian Constellation (NavIC). [22] [23] El 31 de agosto de 2020, Qualcomm lanzó el nuevo conjunto de chips 4G , Snapdragon 732G, con soporte para navegación con Constelación India (NavIC). El 22 de septiembre de 2020, Qualcomm lanzó el nuevo conjunto de chips 5G , Snapdragon 750G, compatible con Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC). Se prevé que NavIC esté disponible para uso civil en dispositivos móviles, después de que Qualcomm y la Organización de Investigación Espacial de la India firmen un acuerdo.[13] [24]

Time-frame[edit]

In April 2010, it was reported that India plans to start launching satellites by the end of 2011, at a rate of one satellite every six months. This would have made NavIC functional by 2015. But the program was delayed,[25] and India also launched 3 new satellites to supplement this.[26]

Seven satellites with the prefix "IRNSS-1" will constitute the space segment of the IRNSS. IRNSS-1A, the first of the seven satellites, was launched on 1 July 2013.[27][28] IRNSS-1B was launched on 4 April 2014 on-board PSLV-C24 rocket. The satellite has been placed in geosynchronous orbit.[29] IRNSS-1C was launched on 16 October 2014,[30] IRNSS-1D on 28 March 2015,[31] IRNSS-1E on 20 January 2016,[32] IRNSS-1F on 10 March 2016 and IRNSS-1G was launched on 28 April 2016.[33]

The eighth satellite, IRNSS-1H, which was meant to replace IRNSS-1A, failed to deploy on 31 August 2017 as the heat shields failed to separate from 4th stage of the rocket.[34] IRNSS-1I was launched on 11 April 2018 to replace it.[35][36]

System description[edit]

Coverage of NavIC

The IRNSS system comprises a space segment and a support ground segment.

Space segment[edit]

The constellation consists of 8 satellites. Three of the eight satellites are located in geostationary orbit (GEO) at 32.5° E, 83° E, and 131.5° E longitude, approximately 36,000 km (22,000 mi) above earth surface. Remaining five satellites are in inclined geosynchronous orbit (GSO). Two of them cross equator at 55° E and two at 111.75° E.[37][38] The four GSO satellites will appear to be moving in the form of an "8".[39]

Ground segment[edit]

Ground Segment is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the IRNSS constellation. The Ground segment comprises:[37]

  • IRNSS Spacecraft Control Facility (IRSCF)
  • ISRO Navigation Centre (INC)
  • IRNSS Range and Integrity Monitoring Stations (IRIMS)
  • IRNSS Network Timing Centre (IRNWT)
  • IRNSS CDMA Ranging Stations (IRCDR)
  • Laser Ranging Stations
  • IRNSS Data Communication Network (IRDCN)
Rendering of an IRNSS Series 1 satellite

The IRSCF is operational at Master Control Facility (MCF), Hassan and Bhopal. The MCF uplinks navigation data and is used for tracking, telemetry and command functions.[40] Seven 7.2-metre (24 ft) FCA and two 11-metre (36 ft) FMA of IRSCF are currently operational for LEOP and on-orbit phases of IRNSS satellites.[37][41]

The INC established at Byalalu performs remote operations and data collection with all the ground stations.The ISRO Navigation Centers (INC) are operational at Byalalu, Bengaluru and Lucknow. INC1 (Byalalu) and INC2 (Lucknow) together provide seamless operations with redundancy.[42]

14 IRIMS are currently operational and are supporting IRNSS operations. CDMA ranging is being carried out by the four IRCDR stations on regular basis for all the IRNSS satellites. The IRNWT has been established and is providing IRNSS system time with an accuracy of 2 ns (2.0×10−9 s) (2 sigma) w.r.t UTC. Laser ranging is being carried out with the support of ILRS stations around the world. Navigation Software is operational at INC since 1 Aug 2013. All the navigation parameters viz. satellite ephemeris, clock corrections, integrity parameters and secondary parameters viz. iono-delay corrections, time offsets w.r.t UTC and other GNSS, almanac, text message and earth orientation parameters are generated and uploaded to the spacecraft automatically. The IRDCN has established terrestrial and VSAT links between the ground stations. As of March 2021, ISRO and JAXA are performing calibration and validation experiments for NavIC ground reference station in Japan.[43] ISRO is also under discussion with CNES for a NavIC ground reference station in France.[44] ISRO is planning a NavIC ground station at Cocos (Keeling) Islands and is in talks with Australian Space Agency.[45]

Signal[edit]

NavIC signals will consist of a Standard Positioning Service and a Precision Service. Both will be carried on L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S band (2492.028 MHz).[46] The SPS signal will be modulated by a 1 MHz BPSK signal. The Precision Service will use BOC(5,2). The navigation signals themselves would be transmitted in the S-band frequency (2–4 GHz) and broadcast through a phased array antenna to maintain required coverage and signal strength. The satellites would weigh approximately 1,330 kg (2,930 lb) and their solar panels generate 1,400 W.

A messaging interface is embedded in the NavIC system. This feature allows the command center to send warnings to a specific geographic area. For example, fishermen using the system can be warned about a cyclone.[47]

Accuracy[edit]

The system is intended to provide an absolute position accuracy of better than 10 metres (33 ft) throughout Indian landmass and better than 20 metres (66 ft) in the Indian Ocean as well as a region extending approximately 1,500 km (930 mi) around India.[48] The Space Applications Centre in 2017 said NavIC will provide standard positioning service to all users with a position accuracy up to 5 m.[47] The GPS, for comparison, had a position accuracy of 20–30 m.[49] Unlike GPS which is dependent only on L-band, NavIC has dual frequency (S and L bands). When low frequency signal travels through atmosphere, its velocity changes due to atmospheric disturbances. US banks on atmospheric model to assess frequency error and it has to update this model from time to time to assess the exact error. In India's case, the actual delay is assessed by measuring the difference in delay of dual frequency (S and L bands). Therefore, NavIC is not dependent on any model to find the frequency error and is more accurate than GPS.[50]

List of satellites[edit]

The constellation consists of 7 active satellites. Three of the seven satellites in constellation are located in geostationary orbit (GEO) and four in inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO). All satellites launched or proposed for the system are as follows:

IRNSS series satellite[edit]

IRNSS-1 series satellites[37][51]
SatelliteSVNPRNInt. Sat. IDNORAD IDLaunch DateLaunch VehicleOrbitStatusRemarks
IRNSS-1AI001I012013-034A391991 July 2013PSLV-XL-C22Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbitPartial FailureAtomic clocks failed.The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.[42][52][53]
IRNSS-1BI002I022014-017A396354 April 2014PSLV-XL-C24Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbitOperational
IRNSS-1CI003I032014-061A4026916 October 2014PSLV-XL-C26Geostationary (GEO) / 83°E, 5° inclined orbitOperational
IRNSS-1DI004I042015-018A4054728 March 2015PSLV-XL-C27Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 111.75°E, 31° inclined orbitOperational
IRNSS-1EI005I052016-003A4124120 January 2016PSLV-XL-C31Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 111.75°E, 29° inclined orbitOperational
IRNSS-1FI006I062016-015A4138410 March 2016PSLV-XL-C32Geostationary (GEO) / 32.5°E, 5° inclined orbitOperational
IRNSS-1GI007I072016-027A4146928 April 2016PSLV-XL-C33Geostationary (GEO) / 129.5°E, 5.1° inclined orbitOperationalThe satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.[40]
IRNSS-1H31 August 2017PSLV-XL-C39Launch FailedThe payload fairing failed to separate and satellite could not reach the desired orbit.[34][54] It was meant to replace defunct IRNSS-1A.[52][14]
IRNSS-1II0092018-035A4328612 April 2018PSLV-XL-C41Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbitOperational[55]
Animation of IRNSS
Around the Earth - Polar view
Earth fixed frame - Equatorial view, front
Earth fixed frame - Equatorial view, side
Earth fixed frame - Polar view
   Earth ·   IRNSS-1B  ·   IRNSS-1C  ·   IRNSS-1E  ·   IRNSS-1F  ·   IRNSS-1G  ·   IRNSS-1I

NVS series satellite[edit]

NVS series satellites[37][51]
SatelliteSVNPRNInt. Sat. IDNORAD IDLaunch DateLaunch VehicleOrbitStatusRemarks
NVS-01November 2021GSLV-MK2 F-14Geostationary (GEO) / 129.5°E, 5.1° inclined orbitPlannedPlanned replacement of IRNSS-1G. Features extended lifespan and new civilian payload for low power devices.[40][56]
NVS-02Geosynchronous (IGSO), 42° inclined orbitPlanned[40]
NVS-03Geosynchronous (IGSO), 42° inclined orbitPlanned[40]
NVS-04Geosynchronous (IGSO), 42° inclined orbitPlanned[40]
NVS-05Geosynchronous (IGSO), 42° inclined orbitPlanned[40]

Clock failure[edit]

In 2017, it was announced that all three SpectraTime supplied rubidium atomic clocks on board IRNSS-1A had failed, mirroring similar failures in the European Union's Galileo constellation.[57][58] The first failure occurred in July 2016, followed soon after by the two other clocks on IRNSS-1A. This rendered the satellite non-functional and required replacement.[59] ISRO reported it had replaced the atomic clocks in the two standby satellites, IRNSS-1H and IRNSS-1I., in June 2017[14] The subsequent launch of IRNSS-1H, as a replacement for IRNSS-1A, was unsuccessful when PSLV-C39 mission failed on 31 August 2017.[14][60] The second standby satellite, IRNSS-1I, was successfully placed into orbit on 12 April 2018.[55]

In July 2017, it was reported that two more clocks in the navigational system had also started showing signs of abnormality, thereby taking the total number of failed clocks to five,[14] in May 2018 a failure of a further 4 clocks was reported, taking the count to 9 of the 24 in orbit.[61]

As a precaution to extend the operational life of navigation satellite, ISRO is running only one rubidium atomic clock instead of two in the remaining satellites.[14]

Future developments[edit]

India's Department of Space in their 12th Five Year Plan (FYP) (2012–17) stated increasing the number of satellites in the constellation from 7 to 11 to extend coverage.[62] These additional four satellites will be made during 12th FYP and will be launched in the beginning of 13th FYP in geosynchronous orbit of 42° inclination.[63][64] Also, the development of space-qualified Indian made atomic clocks was initiated,[65] along with a study and development initiative for an all optical atomic clock (ultra stable for IRNSS and deep space communication).[66][62]

ISRO will be launching 5 next generation satellite featuring new payloads and extended lifespan of 12 years. ISRO will launch 5 new satellite viz. NVS-01, NVS-02, NVS-03, NVS-04 and NVS-05. These will supplement and augment the current constellation of satellites. The new satellite will feature the L5 and S band and introduces a new interoperable civil signal in L1 band in the navigation payload. This introduction of new L1 band will help cater to NavIC proliferation in wearable smart and IoT devices featuring low power navigation system. NVS-01 is a replacement for IRNSS-1G satellite and will launch on GSLV-Mk2 in 2021-22[67][40]

Global Indian Navigation System (GINS)[edit]

Study and analysis for Global Indian Navigation System (GINS) was initiated as part of the technology and policy initiatives in the 12th FYP (2012–17).[66] The system is supposed to have a constellation of 24 satellites, positioned 24,000 km (14,913 mi) above Earth. As of 2013, the statutory filing for frequency spectrum of GINS satellite orbits in international space, has been completed.[68]

See also[edit]

  • BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
  • Galileo (satellite navigation)
  • Global Positioning System
  • GLONASS
  • GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation
  • Satellite navigation
  • Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

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Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ SATNAV Industry Meet 2006. ISRO Space India Newsletter. April – September 2006 Issue.

External links[edit]

  • View the satellites in real time