El orgullo gay o el orgullo LGBT es la promoción de la autoafirmación , la dignidad, la igualdad y una mayor visibilidad de las personas lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y transgénero (LGBT) como grupo social . El orgullo, a diferencia de la vergüenza y el estigma social , es la perspectiva predominante que refuerza la mayoría de los movimientos de derechos LGBT . Pride ha prestado su nombre a organizaciones, institutos, fundaciones, títulos de libros, publicaciones periódicas, una estación de televisión por cable y la biblioteca Pride .
Desde lo solemne hasta lo carnavalesco, los eventos del orgullo generalmente se llevan a cabo durante el Mes del Orgullo LGBT o algún otro período que conmemora un punto de inflexión en la historia LGBT de un país , por ejemplo, el Orgullo de Moscú en mayo por el aniversario de la despenalización de la homosexualidad en Rusia en 1993. Algunos eventos del orgullo incluyen desfiles y marchas del orgullo LGBT , mítines, conmemoraciones, días comunitarios, fiestas de baile y festivales.
Los símbolos comunes del orgullo son el arco iris o la bandera del orgullo , la letra griega minúscula lambda (λ) , el triángulo rosa y el triángulo negro , estos dos últimos recuperados del uso como insignias de la vergüenza en los campos de concentración nazis . [8]
Orígenes de la terminología
El término "Orgullo Gay" fue elaborado por Thom Higgins , [9] un activista por los derechos de los homosexuales en Minnesota (1969+). [10] Brenda Howard , una activista bisexual, es conocida como la "Madre del Orgullo" por su trabajo en la coordinación de la primera marcha del Orgullo en la ciudad de Nueva York, y también originó la idea de una serie de eventos de una semana alrededor del Día del Orgullo. que se convirtió en la génesis de las celebraciones anuales del Orgullo LGBT que ahora se llevan a cabo en todo el mundo cada mes de junio. [11] [12] Además, a Howard junto con el activista bisexual Robert A. Martin (alias Donny the Punk) y el activista gay L. Craig Schoonmaker se les atribuye la popularización de la palabra "Orgullo" para describir estas festividades. [13] [14] El activista bisexual Tom Limoncelli declaró más tarde: "La próxima vez que alguien te pregunte por qué existen las marchas del Orgullo LGBT o por qué el Mes del Orgullo [LGBT] es junio, diles 'Una mujer bisexual llamada Brenda Howard pensó que debería ser'". [15]
Antecedentes históricos
Precursores del orgullo
Recordatorios anuales
Las décadas de 1950 y 1960 en los Estados Unidos fueron un período legal y social extremadamente represivo para las personas LGBT. En este contexto, las organizaciones homófilas estadounidenses como las Hijas de Bilitis y la Sociedad Mattachine coordinaron algunas de las primeras manifestaciones del movimiento moderno por los derechos LGBT. Estas dos organizaciones en particular llevaron a cabo piquetes llamados " Recordatorios anuales " para informar y recordar a los estadounidenses que las personas LGBT no recibieron protecciones básicas de derechos civiles . Los recordatorios anuales comenzaron en 1965 y se llevaron a cabo cada 4 de julio en el Independence Hall de Filadelfia .
"Gay es bueno"
El discurso anti-LGBT de estos tiempos equiparaba la homosexualidad masculina y femenina con la enfermedad mental. Inspirado por " Black is Beautiful " de Stokely Carmichael , el pionero de los derechos civiles de los homosexuales y participante en los recordatorios anuales Frank Kameny creó el eslogan "Gay is Good" en 1968 [16] para contrarrestar el estigma social y los sentimientos personales de culpa y vergüenza .
Día de la Liberación de Christopher Street
Temprano en la mañana del sábado 28 de junio de 1969, personas lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y transgénero se amotinaron luego de una redada policial en Stonewall Inn , un bar gay en 43 Christopher Street en Greenwich Village , Manhattan , Nueva York. Este motín y más protestas y disturbios durante las noches siguientes fueron el momento decisivo en el movimiento moderno de derechos LGBT y el ímpetu para organizar marchas del orgullo LGBT a una escala pública mucho mayor.
El 2 de noviembre de 1969, Craig Rodwell , su socio Fred Sargeant, Ellen Broidy y Linda Rhodes propusieron la primera marcha del orgullo que se celebraría en la ciudad de Nueva York mediante una resolución en la reunión de la Conferencia Regional Oriental de Organizaciones Homófilas (ERCHO) en Filadelfia. [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]
Que el Recordatorio Anual, para ser más relevante, llegue a un mayor número de personas y abarque las ideas e ideales de la lucha más amplia en la que estamos comprometidos, la de nuestros derechos humanos fundamentales, se traslade tanto en el tiempo como en el lugar.
Proponemos que se lleve a cabo una manifestación anualmente el último sábado de junio en la ciudad de Nueva York para conmemorar las manifestaciones espontáneas de 1969 en Christopher Street y esta manifestación se llamará DÍA DE LIBERACIÓN DE CHRISTOPHER STREET. No se harán regulaciones de vestimenta o edad para esta demostración.
También proponemos que nos comuniquemos con organizaciones de homófilos en todo el país y les sugerimos que realicen manifestaciones paralelas ese día. Proponemos una muestra de apoyo a nivel nacional.
Todos los asistentes a la reunión de ERCHO en Filadelfia votaron por la marcha, excepto Mattachine Society of New York, que se abstuvo. [18] Los miembros del Frente de Liberación Gay (GLF) asistieron a la reunión y se sentaron como invitados del grupo de Rodwell, Movimiento Juvenil Homófilo en Barrios (HYMN). [22]
Las reuniones para organizar la marcha comenzaron a principios de enero en el apartamento de Rodwell en 350 Bleecker Street . [23] Al principio hubo dificultades para que algunas de las principales organizaciones de la ciudad de Nueva York , como Gay Activists Alliance (GAA), enviaran representantes. Craig Rodwell y su socio Fred Sargeant, Ellen Broidy, Michael Brown , Marty Nixon y Foster Gunnison Jr. de Mattachine formaron el grupo principal del Comité paraguas de CSLD (CSLDUC). Para la financiación inicial, Gunnison se desempeñó como tesorero y buscó donaciones de las organizaciones homófilas y patrocinadores nacionales, mientras que Sargeant solicitó donaciones a través de la lista de correo de clientes de Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop y Nixon trabajó para obtener apoyo financiero de GLF en su puesto como tesorero de esa organización. [24] [25] Otros pilares del comité organizador fueron Judy Miller, Jack Waluska, Steve Gerrie y Brenda Howard de GLF. [26] Creyendo que más gente acudiría a la marcha un domingo, y para marcar la fecha del inicio del levantamiento de Stonewall, la CSLDUC programó la fecha de la primera marcha para el domingo 28 de junio de 1970. [ 27] Con el reemplazo de Dick Leitsch como presidente de Mattachine NY por Michael Kotis en abril de 1970, la oposición a la marcha de Mattachine terminó. [28]
El Día de la Liberación de Christopher Street el 28 de junio de 1970, marcó el primer aniversario de los disturbios de Stonewall con la marcha, que fue la primera marcha del Orgullo Gay en la historia de Nueva York, y cubrió las 51 cuadras hasta Central Park . La marcha tomó menos de la mitad del tiempo programado debido a la emoción, pero también a la cautela de caminar por la ciudad con pancartas y carteles gay. Aunque el permiso del desfile se entregó solo dos horas antes del inicio de la marcha, los manifestantes encontraron poca resistencia por parte de los espectadores. [30] El New York Times informó (en la portada) que los manifestantes ocuparon toda la calle durante unas 15 cuadras de la ciudad. [29] El informe de The Village Voice fue positivo, describiendo "la resistencia frontal que surgió de la redada policial en Stonewall Inn hace un año". [31] También hubo una asamblea en Christopher Street.
Propagar
On Saturday, June 27, 1970, Chicago Gay Liberation organized a march[32] from Washington Square Park ("Bughouse Square") to the Water Tower at the intersection of Michigan and Chicago avenues, which was the route originally planned, and then many of the participants extemporaneously marched on to the Civic Center (now Richard J. Daley) Plaza.[33] The date was chosen because the Stonewall events began on the last Saturday of June and because organizers wanted to reach the maximum number of Michigan Avenue shoppers. Subsequent Chicago parades have been held on the last Sunday of June, coinciding with the date of many similar parades elsewhere. Subsequently, during the same weekend, gay activist groups on the West Coast of the United States held a march in Los Angeles and a march and "Gay-in" in San Francisco.[34][35]
The next year, Gay Pride marches took place in Boston, Dallas, Milwaukee, London, Paris, West Berlin, and Stockholm.[31] By 1972 the participating cities included Atlanta, Brighton,[36] Buffalo, Detroit, Washington D.C., Miami, and Philadelphia,[37] as well as San Francisco.
Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different than they were. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department and Independence Hall only five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the U.S. government.[38] Ten people marched with Kameny then, and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, "By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there were at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred."[39]
Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as "one of the greatest mistakes of his life".[40] The image of gays retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, "stirred an unexpected spirit among many homosexuals".[40] Kay Lahusen, who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, "Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale."[41]
1980s and 1990s
In the 1980s there was a major cultural shift in the Stonewall Riot commemorations. The previous loosely organized, grassroots marches and parades were taken over by more organized and less radical elements of the gay community. The marches began dropping "Liberation" and "Freedom" from their names under pressure from more conservative members of the community, replacing them with the philosophy of "Gay Pride"[citation needed] (in San Francisco, the name of the gay parade and celebration was not changed from Gay Freedom Day Parade to Gay Pride Day Parade until 1994). The Greek lambda symbol and the pink triangle, which had been revolutionary symbols of the Gay Liberation Movement, were tidied up and incorporated into the Gay Pride, or Pride, movement, providing some symbolic continuity with its more radical beginnings[clarification needed]. The pink triangle was also the inspiration for the homomonument in Amsterdam, commemorating all gay men and lesbians who have been subjected to persecution because of their homosexuality.
LGBT Pride Month
LGBT Pride Month occurs in the United States to commemorate the Stonewall riots, which occurred at the end of June 1969. As a result, many pride events are held during this month to recognize the impact LGBT people have had in the world.
Three presidents of the United States have officially declared a pride month. First, President Bill Clinton declared June "Gay & Lesbian Pride Month" in 1999[42] and 2000.[43] Then from 2009 to 2016, each year he was in office, President Barack Obama declared June LGBT Pride Month.[44] Later, President Joe Biden declared June LGBTQ+ Pride Month in 2021.[45] Donald Trump became the first Republican president to acknowledge LGBT Pride Month in 2019, but he did so through tweeting rather than an official proclamation.[46]
Beginning in 2012, Google displayed some LGBT-related search results with different rainbow-colored patterns each year during June.[47][48][49] In 2017, Google also included rainbow coloured streets on Google Maps to display Gay Pride marches occurring across the world.[50]
At many colleges, which are not in session in June, LGBT pride is instead celebrated during April, which is dubbed "Gaypril".[51]
Pride month is not recognized internationally as pride celebrations take place in many other places at different times, including in the months of February,[52][53] August,[54][55] and September.[56]
Crítica
From both outside and inside the LGBT community, there is criticism and protest against pride events. Bob Christie's documentary Beyond Gay: The Politics of Pride evaluates gay pride events in different countries within the context of local opposition.
Initiatives and criticism by governments and political leaders
Brazil
In August 2011, Sao Paulo city alderman Carlos Apolinário of the right-wing Democrats Party sponsored a bill to organize and sponsor "Heterosexual Pride Day" on the third Sunday of December. Apolinário, an Evangelical Protestant, stated that the intent of the parade was a "struggle ... against excesses and privileges". Members of Grupo Gay da Bahia and the Workers' Party opposed the bill as enhancing "the possibility of discrimination and prejudice".[58] The bill was nevertheless passed by the city council, but never received the signature of mayor Gilberto Kassab.
A Brazilian photographer was arrested after refusing to delete photos of police attacking two young people participating in a gay pride parade on October 16, 2011, in the city of Itabuna, Bahia, reported the newspaper Correio 24 horas. According to the website Notícias de Ipiau, Ederivaldo Benedito, known as Bené, said four police officers tried to convince him to delete the photos soon after they realized they were being photographed. When he refused, they ordered him to turn over the camera. When the photographer refused again, the police charged him with contempt and held him in jail for over 21 hours until he gave a statement. According to Chief Marlon Macedo, the police alleged that the photographer was interfering with their work, did not have identification, and became aggressive when he was asked to move. Bené denied the allegations, saying the police were belligerent and that the scene was witnessed by "over 300 people", reported Agência Estado.[59]
Spain
In a 2008 interview for the biography book, La Reina muy cerca (The Queen Up Close) by Spanish journalist and writer Pilar Urbano, Queen Sofía of Spain sparked controversy by voicing her disapproval of LGBT pride. This was in addition to overstepping her official duties as a member of the Royal Family by censoring the Spanish Law on Marriage in how it names same-sex unions as "matrimonio" (marriage). Without using the slogan "Straight Pride", Queen Sofía was directly quoted as saying that if heterosexuals were to take the streets as the LGBT community does for Gay Pride parades, that the former collective would bring Madrid to a standstill.[60]
Even though the Royal Household of Spain approved publication of the interview and Pilar Urbano offered to share the interview recording, both Queen Sofía and the Royal Household have refuted the comments in question.[60]
Turkey
In 2015 police dispersed the LGBT Pride Parade using tear gas and rubber bullets.[61]
In 2016 and 2017, the Istanbul Governor's Office did not allow the LGBT Pride Parade to take place, citing security concerns and public order.[61]
Uganda
In 2016, Ugandan police broke up a gay pride event in the capital.[62] Homosexual acts are illegal in Uganda.
In-group
In a special queer issue of The Stranger in 1999, openly gay author, pundit, and journalist Dan Savage questioned the relevance of pride thirty years later, writing that pride was an effective antidote to shame imposed on LGBT people, but that pride is now making LGBT people dull and slow as a group, as well as being a constant reminder of shame; however, he also states that pride in some simpler forms are still useful to individuals struggling with shame. Savage writes that gay pride can also lead to disillusionment where an LGBT individual realizes the reality that sexual orientation does not say much about a person's personality, after being led by the illusion that LGBT individuals are part of a co-supportive and inherently good group of people.[63]
The growth and commercialization of Christopher Street Days, coupled with their de-politicalisation, has led to an alternative CSD in Berlin, the so-called "Kreuzberger CSD" or "Transgenialer" ("Transgenial"/Trans Ingenious") CSD. Political party members are not invited for speeches, nor can parties or companies sponsor floats. After the parade, there is a festival with a stage for political speakers and entertainers. Groups discuss lesbian/transsexual/transgender/gay or queer perspectives on issues such as poverty and unemployment benefits (Hartz IV), gentrification, or "Fortress Europe".
In June 2010, American philosopher and theorist Judith Butler refused the Civil Courage Award (Zivilcouragepreis) of the Christopher Street Day Parade in Berlin, Germany, at the award ceremony, arguing and lamenting in a speech that the parade had become too commercial, and was ignoring the problems of racism and the double discrimination facing homosexual or transsexual migrants. According to Butler, even the organizers themselves promote racism.[64] The general manager of the CSD committee, Robert Kastl, countered Butler's allegations and pointed out that the organizers already awarded a counseling center for lesbians dealing with double discrimination in 2006. Regarding the allegations of commercialism, Kastl further explained that the CSD organizers do not require small groups to pay a participation fee (which starts at 50 € and goes up to 1500 €). He also distanced himself from all forms of racism and Islamophobia.[65]
A number of associations and social movements have been denouncing pride in recent years, viewing it as a depletion of the claims of such demonstrations and the merchandization of the parade. In this respect, they defend, in countries like Spain, the United States or Canada, a Critical Pride celebration to give the events a political meaning again.[66][67][68][69] Gay Shame, a radical movement within the LGBT community, opposes the assimilation of LGBT people into mainstream, heteronormative society, the commodification of non-heterosexual identity and culture, and in particular the (over) commercialization of pride events.[citation needed]
"Straight Pride" analogy
"Straight Pride" and "Heterosexual Pride" are analogies and slogans that contrast heterosexuality with homosexuality by copying the phrase "Gay Pride".[70] Originating from the Culture Wars in the United States, "Straight Pride" is a form of conservative backlash as there is no straight or heterosexual civil rights movement.[71] While criticism from inside and outside the LGBT community abounds, the "Straight Pride" incidents have gained some media attention, especially when they involve government and public institutions.[citation needed]
Ver también
- Christopher Street Day
- Council on Religion and the Homosexual
- Europride
- InterPride / IALGPC
- List of LGBT events
- Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
- World's biggest LGBT events by participants
Notas
- ^ Michael K. Lavers, "NAACP president: Marriage is civil rights issue of our times" Washington Blade, 21 May 2012; available online
- ^ Julia Goicichea (August 16, 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
- ^ Eli Rosenberg (June 24, 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
- ^ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
- ^ "History of the LGBT rainbow flag on its 37th anniversary". New York Daily News. 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
- ^ Morgan, Thad (June 2, 2017). "How Did the Rainbow Flag Become an LGBT Symbol?". History Network. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
- ^ Van Niekerken, Bill (June 22, 2018). "A history of gay rights in San Francisco". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
- ^ "Symbols of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Movements". Lambda. Archived from the original on August 16, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
- ^ McConnell Files, "America’s First Gay Marriage", binder #7 (MEMORANDUM for the record), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies, U of M Libraries.
- ^ McCONNELL FILES, “Full Equality, a diary", volumes 1a-d (FREE: Gay Liberation of Minnesota), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies, U of M Libraries.
- ^ Channel 13/WNET Out! 2007: Women In the Movement Archived January 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Gay Pride Issue: Picking Apart The Origin of Pride Archived July 12, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Dynes, Wayne R. Pride (trope), Homolexis Archived July 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Moor, Ashley (May 22, 2019). "Why Is It Called Pride?". Msn.com. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
- ^ Limoncelli, Tom (July 27, 2005). "In Memoriam, Brenda Howard". BiSquish. Archived from the original on February 14, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
- ^ "Kameny, Frank". glbtq. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011.
- ^ Sargeant, Fred. "1970: A First-Person Account of the First Gay Pride March." The Village Voice. June 22, 2010. retrieved January 3, 2011.
- ^ a b Carter, p. 230
- ^ Marotta, pp. 164–165
- ^ Teal, pp. 322–323
- ^ Duberman, pp. 255, 262, 270–280
- ^ Duberman, p. 227
- ^ Nagourney, Adam. "For Gays, a Party In Search of a Purpose; At 30, Parade Has Gone Mainstream As Movement's Goals Have Drifte." The New York Times. June 25, 2000. retrieved January 3, 2011.
- ^ Carter, p. 247
- ^ Teal, p. 323
- ^ Duberman, p. 271
- ^ Duberman, p. 272
- ^ Duberman, p. 314 n93
- ^ a b Fosburgh, Lacey (June 29, 1970). "Thousands of Homosexuals Hold A Protest Rally in Central Park", The New York Times, p. 1.
- ^ Clendinen, pp. 62–64.
- ^ a b LaFrank, p. 20.
- ^ "Chicago's Gay Pride Parade through the decades". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- ^ "Outspoken: Chicago's Free Speech Tradition". Newberry Library. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ "The San Francisco Chronicle", June 29, 1970
- ^ "As of early 1970, Neil Briggs became the vice-chairman of the LGBTQ Association", CanPress, February 28, 1970. [1]
- ^ "A History of Lesbian & Gay Brighton: A Community Comes of Age, 1988–2001". Brighton Ourstory.
- ^ Armstrong, Elizabeth A., Crage, Suzanna M. (October 2006). "Movements and Memory: The Making of the Stonewall Myth", American Sociological Review, 71 (5) pp. 724–752. doi:10.1177/000312240607100502
- ^ Cain, pp. 91–92.
- ^ Carter, p. 251.
- ^ a b Clendinen, p. 25.
- ^ LaFrank, p. 21.
- ^ Clinton, Bill (June 11, 1999). "Proclamation 7203 — Gay and Lesbian Pride Month, 1999". Presidential Proclamation. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
- ^ Clinton, Bill (June 2, 2000). "Proclamation 7316 — Gay and Lesbian Pride Month, 2000". Presidential Proclamation. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
- ^ Estepa, Jessica (June 1, 2017). "President Trump hasn't declared June as Pride Month – at least, not yet". USA Today. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
- ^ "Biden recognizes LGBTQ Pride Month". NBC News. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
- ^ Posted on May 31, 2019, at 5:04 p.m. ET (2019). "Trump Marks Pride Month While Attacking LGBT Rights". Buzzfeednews.com. Retrieved June 3, 2019.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Google marks LGBT pride through a rainbow curtain underneath search-bars retrieved June 16, 2012
- ^ Google shows its support for Gay Pride Month with rainbow art for LGBT search terms retrieved June 19, 2017
- ^ Gilbert Baker Google doodle celebrates LGBT-rights activists & creator of the iconic rainbow flag retrieved June 19, 2017
- ^ "How tech companies are recognising Pride Month". retrieved June 26, 2017
- ^ Barrett, Kelsey. "A Month to Raise Awareness for LGBT: Gaypril". Her Campus. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
- ^ "Auckland Pride Festival – 10–26 February 2017". March 22, 2017. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017.
- ^ "Events: Parade". Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Ltd.
- ^ "Newsroom | Capital Pride". May 31, 2010. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010.
- ^ "Vancouver Pride Society :: Events". August 3, 2018. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018.
- ^ "Taipei LGBTs march proud and loud in Asia's largest gay parade". www.fridae.asia.
- ^ "Ellen Page Confronts Brazil's Biggest Homophobe on 'Gaycation'". March 12, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
- ^ Andrew Downie (August 4, 2011). "'Heterosexual Pride Day' in São Paulo?". The Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ Natalia Mazotte (October 24, 2011). "Photos of police attack at gay pride parade land Brazilian journalist in jail". Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas, Moody College of Communication, The University of Texas at Austin. ZD.
- ^ a b Pilar Urbano attribute to Queen Sofía polemic comments Archived July 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine La Vanguardia.
- ^ a b "Governor's Office bans LGBT Pride March in Istanbul". Hurriyet Daily News.
- ^ "Ugandan police break up gay pride event". CTV News. Associated Press. August 5, 2016.
- ^ "Pride". The Stranger. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012.
- ^ Butler, Judith. I must distance myself from this complicity with racism (Video) Archived March 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (Transcript). Archived March 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Christopher Street Day 'Civil Courage Prize' Day Refusal Speech. European Graduate School. June 19, 2010.
- ^ Ataman, Ferda / Kögel, Annette / Hasselmann, Jörg: "Butler-Auftritt: Heftige Diskussionen nach Kritik an CSD", Der Tagesspiegel (Berlin). July 20, 2010.
- ^ (in Spanish) Gaypitalismo: Orgullo Empresarial. Público. July 2, 2014
- ^ (in Spanish) "Mercadeo rosa para la amnesia del movimiento". Diagonal Periódico. July 2, 2015
- ^ ”LGBT Night March decries Pride's corporate sponsorship”. Toronto Star. June 28, 2016
- ^ Too straight, white and corporate: why some queer people are skipping SF Pride. The Guardian. June 25, 2016
- ^ "Making colleges and universities safe for gay and lesbian students: Report and recommendations of the Governor's Commission on Gay and Lesbian Youth" (PDF). Massachusetts. Governor's Commission on Gay and Lesbian Youth., p. 20. "A relatively recent tactic used in the backlash opposing les/bi/gay/trans campus visibility is the so-called "heterosexual pride" strategy".
- ^ Minton, Henry L. (2002). Departing from Deviance: A History of Homosexual Rights and Emancipatory Science in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 266.
Referencias
- Alwood, Edward (1996), Straight News: Gays, Lesbians, and the News Media, Columbia University Press, New York ( ISBN 0-231-08436-6).
- Carter, David (2004), Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution, St. Martin's Press ( ISBN 0-312-34269-1).
- Duberman, Martin (1993), Stonewall Dutton, New York ( ISBN 0-452-27206-8).
- Loughery, John (1998), The Other Side of Silence – Men's Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, New York, Henry Holt and Company ( ISBN 0-8050-3896-5).
- Marotta, Toby (1981), The Politics of Homosexuality, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company ( ISBN 0-395-31338-4).
- Teal, Donn (1971), The Gay Militants, New York, Stein and Day ( ISBN 0-8128-1373-1).
enlaces externos
- Interpride – an international Pride organization
- Gay Pride Coast to Coast – photos by CBS News