Los cationes de amonio cuaternario , también conocidos como quats , son iones poliatómicos cargados positivamente de estructura NR+
4, Siendo R un grupo alquilo o un grupo arilo . [1] A diferencia del ion amonio ( NH+
4) y los cationes de amonio primario, secundario o terciario , los cationes de amonio cuaternario están cargados permanentemente, independientemente del pH de su solución. Las sales de amonio cuaternario o compuestos de amonio cuaternario (llamadas aminas cuaternarias en el lenguaje de los campos petrolíferos ) son sales de cationes de amonio cuaternario. Los polyquats son una variedad de formas poliméricas diseñadas que proporcionan múltiples moléculas de quat dentro de una molécula más grande.
Síntesis
Los compuestos de amonio cuaternario se preparan mediante la alquilación de aminas terciarias con un halocarburo . [3] En la literatura más antigua, esto a menudo se denomina reacción de Menshutkin , sin embargo, los químicos modernos generalmente se refieren a ella simplemente como cuaternización . [4] La reacción puede usarse para producir un compuesto con longitudes de cadena de alquilo desiguales; por ejemplo, cuando se fabrican tensioactivos catiónicos, uno de los grupos alquilo de la amina es típicamente más largo que los demás. [5] Una síntesis típica es para el cloruro de benzalconio a partir de una alquildimetilamina de cadena larga y cloruro de bencilo :
- CH 3 (CH 2 ) n N (CH 3 ) 2 + ClCH 2 C 6 H 5 → [CH 3 (CH 2 ) n N (CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 C 6 H 5 ] + Cl -
Reacciones
Los cationes de amonio cuaternario no reaccionan incluso con electrófilos , oxidantes y ácidos fuertes . También son estables frente a la mayoría de los nucleófilos . Esto último está indicado por la estabilidad de las sales de hidróxido como el hidróxido de tetrametilamonio y el hidróxido de tetrabutilamonio incluso a temperaturas elevadas. La vida media de Me 4 NOH en NaOH 6 M a 160 ° C es> 61 h. [6]
Debido a su capacidad de recuperación, se han aislado muchos aniones inusuales como sales de amonio cuaternario. Los ejemplos incluyen pentafluoroxenato de tetrametilamonio , que contiene el pentafluoroxenato altamente reactivo ( XeF-
5) ion. El permanganato se puede solubilizar en disolventes orgánicos , cuando se despliega como su N Bu+
4sal. [7] [8]
Con bases excepcionalmente fuertes, los cationes cuaternarios se degradan. Se someten a reordenamiento de Sommelet-Hauser [9] y reordenamiento de Stevens , [10] así como desalquilación en condiciones severas o en presencia de nucleófilos fuertes, como tiolatos. Los cationes de amonio cuaternario que contienen unidades N – C – C – H también pueden sufrir la eliminación de Hofmann y la degradación de Emde .
Aplicaciones
Quaternary ammonium salts are used as disinfectants, surfactants, fabric softeners, and as antistatic agents (e.g. in shampoos). In liquid fabric softeners, the chloride salts are often used. In dryer anticling strips, the sulfate salts are often used. Older aluminium electrolytic capacitors and spermicidal jellies also contain quaternary ammonium salts.
As antimicrobials
Quaternary ammonium compounds have also been shown to have antimicrobial activity.[12] Certain quaternary ammonium compounds, especially those containing long alkyl chains, are used as antimicrobials and disinfectants. Examples are benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, methylbenzethonium chloride, cetalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, cetrimonium, cetrimide, dofanium chloride, tetraethylammonium bromide, didecyldimethylammonium chloride and domiphen bromide. Also good against fungi, amoebas, and enveloped viruses,[13] quaternary ammonium compounds are believed to act by disrupting the cell membrane or viral envelope.[14] Quaternary ammonium compounds are lethal to a wide variety of organisms except endospores, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-enveloped viruses.
Quaternary ammonium compounds are cationic detergents, as well as disinfectants, and as such can be used to remove organic material. They are very effective in combination with phenols. Quaternary ammonium compounds are deactivated by anionic detergents (including common soaps). Also, they work best in soft waters.[citation needed] Effective levels are at 200 ppm. They are effective at temperatures up to 100 °C (212 °F).
Quaternary ammonium salts are commonly used in the foodservice industry as sanitizing agents.
Phase transfer catalysts
In organic chemistry, quaternary ammonium salts are employed as phase transfer catalysts (PTCs). Such catalysts accelerate reactions between reagents dissolved in immiscible solvents. The highly reactive reagent dichlorocarbene is generated via PTC by reaction of chloroform and aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Fabric softeners and hair conditioners
In the 1950s, distearyldimethylammonium chloride (DHTDMAC), was introduced as a fabric softener. This compound was discontinued because the cation biodegrades too slowly. Contemporary fabric softeners are based on salts of quaternary ammonium cations where the fatty acid is linked to the quaternary center via ester linkages; these are commonly referred to as betaine-esters or ester-quats and are susceptible to degradation, e.g., by hydrolysis.[15] Characteristically, the cations contain one or two long alkyl chains derived from fatty acids linked to an ethoxylated ammonium salt.[16] Other cationic compounds can be derived from imidazolium, guanidinium, substituted amine salts, or quaternary alkoxy ammonium salts.[17]
Distearyldimethylammonium chloride, an early generation fabric softener with low biodegradability that was phased out.
Another diesterquat, a contemporary fabric softener.
Diethyl ester dimethyl ammonium chloride used as a fabric softener.
Another diesterquat used as a fabric softener.
The antistatic qualities that make quaternary ammonium salts useful as fabric softeners also make them useful in hair conditioners and shampoos.[18] The idea was pioneered by Henkel with a 1984 patent.[19] Examples include cetrimonium chloride and behentrimonium chloride.[20]
Plant growth retardants
Cycocel (chlormequat chloride) reduces plant height by inhibiting the production of gibberellins, the primary plant hormones responsible for cell elongation. Therefore, their effects are primarily on stem, petiole and flower stalk tissues. Lesser effects are seen in reductions of leaf expansion, resulting in thicker leaves with darker green color.[21]
Ocurrencia natural
Glycine betaine, found in osmolytes, stabilizes osmotic pressure in cells.[22]
Choline is a precursor for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Choline is also a constituent of lecithin, which is present in many plants and animal organs.[23] It is found in phospholipids. For example, phosphatidylcholines, a major component of biological membranes, are a member of the lecithin group of fatty substances in animal and plant tissues.[24]
Carnitine participates in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids.
Efectos en la salud
Quaternary ammonium compounds can display a range of health effects, amongst which are mild skin and respiratory irritation [25] up to severe caustic burns on skin and the gastrointestinal wall (depending on concentration), gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea and vomiting), coma, convulsions, hypotension and death.[26]
They are thought to be the chemical group responsible for anaphylactic reactions that occur with use of neuromuscular blocking drugs during general anaesthesia in surgery.[27] Quaternium-15 is the single most often found cause of allergic contact dermatitis of the hands (16.5% in 959 cases)[28]
Possible reproductive effects in laboratory animals
Quaternary ammonium-based disinfectants (Virex and Quatricide) were tentatively identified as the most probable cause of jumps in birth defects and fertility problems in caged lab mice. The quat ingredients in the disinfectants include alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC).[29][30] A similar link was tentatively identified in nurses.[31] The studies contradict earlier toxicology data reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the EU Commission.[32]
Quantification
The quantification of quaternary ammonium compounds in environmental and biological samples is problematic using conventional chromatography techniques because the compounds are highly soluble in water. While analyzing them by liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry it has been found that they follow an exception rule. Under standard electrospray ionization (ESI) conditions, mono- and di-quaternary ammonium compounds form molecular ions with the formula of mq/zq rather than m + z/z.[clarification needed] Formation of mq/2 is observed for di-quaternary ammonium compounds (like diquat) as precursor ion and mq/1 as product ion due to the loss of one of the quaternary charge during CID. In di-quaternary ammonium compounds, this process can also result in the formation of fragment ions with higher mass as compared to their precursor ion. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic separation has been reported to demonstrate a successful separation of quaternary ammonium compounds for their quantification in ESI-MS/MS with higher precision.[33]
Ver también
- Iminium
- Ammonium
Referencias
- ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "quaternary ammonium compounds". doi:10.1351/goldbook.Q05003
- ^ a b Kern, Axel; Näther, Christian; Studt, Felix; Tuczek, Felix (2004). "Application of a Universal Force Field to Mixed Fe/Mo−S/Se Cubane and Heterocubane Clusters. 1. Substitution of Sulfur by Selenium in the Series [Fe4X4(YCH3)4]2-; X = S/Se and y = S/Se†". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (16): 5003–5010. doi:10.1021/ic030347d. PMID 15285677.
- ^ Brasen, W. R.; Hauser, C. R. (1954). "o-Methylbenzyl Alcohol". Organic Syntheses. 34: 58. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.034.0058.
- ^ Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2001), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (5th ed.), New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-58589-0
- ^ Kosswig, K. "Surfactants". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_747.
- ^ Marino, M. G.; Kreuer, K. D. (2015). "Alkaline Stability of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Alkaline Fuel Cell Membranes and Ionic Liquids". ChemSusChem. 8 (3): 513–523. doi:10.1002/cssc.201403022. PMID 25431246.
- ^ Herriott, Arthur W. (1977). "Purple benzene: Solubilization of anions in organic solvents". Journal of Chemical Education. 54 (4): 229. Bibcode:1977JChEd..54Q.229H. doi:10.1021/ed054p229.1.
- ^ Doheny, Anthony J., Jr.; Ganem, Bruce (1980). "Purple benzene revisited". Journal of Chemical Education. 57 (4): 308. Bibcode:1980JChEd..57..308D. doi:10.1021/ed057p308.1.
- ^ Brasen, W. R.; Hauser, C. R. (1963). "2-Methylbenzyldimethylamine". Organic Syntheses.; Collective Volume, 4, p. 585
- ^ Pine, Stanley H. (2011). "The Base-Promoted Rearrangements of Quaternary Ammonium Salts". Organic Reactions. pp. 403–464. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or018.04. ISBN 978-0471264187.
- ^ Lackner, Maximilian; Guggenbichler, Josef Peter (2013). "Antimicrobial Surfaces". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–13. doi:10.1002/14356007.q03_q01. ISBN 9783527306732.
- ^ Jia, Zhishen; Shen, Dongfeng; Xu, Weiliang (2001). "Synthesis and antibacterial activities of quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan". Carbohydrate Research. 333 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/S0008-6215(01)00112-4. PMID 11423105.
- ^ Abedon, Stephen T. "Specific Antimicrobials". Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
- ^ Cocco, Alexandra; Wellington Luiz de Oliveira da Rosa; Adriana Fernandes da Silva; Rafael Guerra Lund; Evandro Piva (2015). "A systematic review about antibacterial monomers used in dental adhesive systems, current status and further prospects". Journal of Dental Material. 31: 1345–1362. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2015.08.155.
- ^ Hellberg, Per-Erik; Bergström, Karin; Holmberg, Krister (January 2000). "Cleavable surfactants". Journal of Surfactants and Detergents. 3 (1): 81–91. doi:10.1007/s11743-000-0118-z.
- ^ "Henkel Consumer Info". Henkelconsumerinfo.com. Archived from the original on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
- ^ Smulders, E.; Sung, E. "Laundry Detergents, 2. Ingredients and Products". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.o15_013.
- ^ Record in the Household Products Database of NLM
- ^ "Quaternary ammonium compound hair conditioners US4744977". Google Patents. 14 November 1985.
- ^ What is cetrimonium chloride? Archived 2012-03-04 at the Wayback Machine at naturallycurly.com
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
- ^ Sleator, Roy D.; Wouters, Jeroen; Gahan, Cormac G. M.; Abee, Tjakko; Hill, Colin (2001). "Analysis of the Role of OpuC, an Osmolyte Transport System, in Salt Tolerance and Virulence Potential of Listeria monocytogenes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 67 (6): 2692–2698. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.6.2692-2698.2001. PMC 92926. PMID 11375182.
- ^ Zeisel, S. H.; da Costa, K. A. (November 2009). "Choline: an essential nutrient for public health". Nutrition Reviews. 67 (11): 615–23. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00246.x. PMC 2782876. PMID 19906248.
- ^ Jackowski, Suzanne; Cronan, jr., John E.; Rock, Charles O. (1991). "Chapter 2: Lipid metabolism in procaryotes". In Vance, Dennis E.; Vance, J. (eds.). Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes. Elsevier. pp. 80–81. ISBN 0-444-89321-0.
- ^ Bello, Anila; Quinn, Margaret M.; Perry, Melissa J.; Milton, Donald K. (2009). "Characterization of occupational exposures to cleaning products used for common cleaning tasks-a pilot study of hospital cleaners". Environmental Health. 8: 11. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-8-11. PMC 2678109. PMID 19327131.
- ^ Quaternary ammonium (PIM G022)
- ^ Harper, N. J. N.; et al. (2009). "Suspected anaphylactic reactions associated with anaesthesia". Anaesthesia. 64 (2): 199–211. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05733.x. PMC 3082210. PMID 19143700.
- ^ Warshaw, E. M.; et al. (2007). "Contact dermatitis of the hands: Cross-sectional analyses of North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 1994-2004". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 57 (2): 301–314. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.016. PMID 17553593.
- ^ Hunt, P (June 2008). "Lab disinfectant harms mouse fertility. Patricia Hunt interviewed by Brendan Maher". Nature. 453 (7198): 964. doi:10.1038/453964a. PMID 18563110.
- ^ Melin VE, Potineni H, Hunt P, Griswold J, Siems B, Werre SR, Hrubec TC (2014). "Exposure to common quaternary ammonium disinfectants decreases fertility in mice". Reproductive Toxicology. 50: 163–70. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.07.071. PMC 4260154. PMID 25483128.
- ^ Gaskins, Audrey (2017). "Occupational use of high-level disinfectants and fecundity among nurses". Scand J Work Environ Health. 43 (2): 171–180. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3623. PMC 5840865. PMID 28125764.
- ^ Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, US EPA (August 2006). "Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Aliphatic Alkyl Quaternaries (DDAC)". Epa739-R-06-008.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Velpandiana, Thirumurthy; Nirmala, Jayabalan; Aroraa, Beauty; Ravia, Alok Kumar; Kotnalaa, Ankita (October 2012). "Understanding the Charge Issues in Mono and Di-Quaternary Ammonium Compounds for Their Determination by LC/ESI-MS/MS". Analytical Letters. 45 (16): 2367–2376. doi:10.1080/00032719.2012.693140.
enlaces externos
- Toxicities of quaternary ammonium
- Zhang, Chang; Cui, Fang; Zeng, Guang-ming; Jiang, Min; Yang, Zhong-zhu; Yu, Zhi-gang; Zhu, Meng-ying; Shen, Liu-qing (15 June 2015). "Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs): A review on occurrence, fate and toxicity in the environment". Science of the Total Environment. 518–519: 352–362. Bibcode:2015ScTEn.518..352Z. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.007. PMID 25770948.