| Parte de una serie sobre el |
| Paranormal |
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| Este artículo es parte de una serie sobre |
| Medicina alternativa |
|---|
| Reiki | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nombre chino | ||||||||||
| Chino tradicional | 靈氣 | |||||||||
| Chino simplificado | 灵气 | |||||||||
| ||||||||||
| Nombre vietnamita | ||||||||||
| Alfabeto vietnamita | linh khí | |||||||||
| Nombre coreano | ||||||||||
| Hangul | 영기 | |||||||||
| Hanja | 靈氣 | |||||||||
| ||||||||||
| Nombre japonés | ||||||||||
| Hiragana | れ い き | |||||||||
| Kyūjitai | 靈氣 | |||||||||
| Shinjitai | 霊 気 | |||||||||
| ||||||||||
Reiki (霊気, / r eɪ k i / ) es una forma japonesa de la medicina alternativa se llama la energía de sanación . Los practicantes de Reiki utilizan una técnica llamada curación de la palma de la mano o curación práctica a través de la cual se dice que se transfiere una " energía universal " a través de las palmas del practicante al paciente para estimular la curación emocional o física.
Reiki es una pseudociencia , [1] y se utiliza como un ejemplo ilustrativo de pseudociencia en textos académicos y artículos de revistas académicas. Se basa en qi ("chi"), que los practicantes dicen que es una fuerza vital universal , aunque no hay evidencia empírica de que exista tal fuerza vital. [2] [3]
La investigación clínica no muestra que el reiki sea efectivo como tratamiento para ninguna condición médica, incluyendo cáncer , [4] [5] neuropatía diabética , [6] o ansiedad y depresión ; [7] por lo tanto, no debe reemplazar el tratamiento médico convencional. No hay pruebas de la eficacia de la terapia de reiki en comparación con el placebo . Los estudios que informaron efectos positivos han tenido fallas metodológicas. [2]
Etimología
De acuerdo con el Diccionario Oxford de Inglés , el Inglés alternativa medicina de la palabra Reiki es etimológicamente del japonés reiki (霊気) "atmósfera misteriosa, señal milagrosa" (primero registrado en 1001), que combina rei "alma, espíritu" y ki " energía vital " -la lectura chino-japonesa de china Lingqi (靈氣) "atmósfera numinosa". [8] El uso del inglés más antiguo registrado data de 1975. [9]
El japonés reiki se escribe comúnmente comoレイキen katakana silabario o como霊気en Shinjitai "nueva forma del carácter de" kanji . Se agrava las palabras rei (霊: "espíritu, milagrosa, divina") y ki (気; qi : "gas, la energía vital, la respiración de la vida, la conciencia"). [10] Ki también se define como "... espíritus; sentimientos, estado de ánimo, estado de ánimo; temperamento, temperamento, disposición, naturaleza, carácter; mente para hacer algo, intención, voluntad; cuidado, atención, precaución". Algo de reikiequivalentes de traducción de los diccionarios japonés-inglés son: "sentimiento de misterio", [11] "una atmósfera (sentimiento) de misterio", [12] y "una atmósfera etérea (que prevalece en los recintos sagrados de un santuario); (sentir , sentido) una presencia espiritual (divina) ". [13] Además del reiki de pronunciación chino-japonesa habitual , estos kanji 霊 気 tienen una lectura japonesa alternativa, a saber , ryōge , que significa "demonio; fantasma" (especialmente en posesión espiritual ). [14] [15]
El língqì靈氣chino se registró por primera vez en la sección "Entrenamiento interior" de Neiye (ca. 320 a. C.) del Guanzi , que describe las primeras técnicas de meditación taoísta . "Esa misteriosa energía vital dentro de la mente: en un momento llega, al siguiente se va. Tan fina, no hay nada dentro de ella; tan vasta, no hay nada fuera de ella. La perdemos por el daño causado por la agitación mental". [16] El chino estándar moderno língqì se traduce en los diccionarios chino-inglés como: "(de hermosas montañas) influencia espiritual o atmósfera"; [17] "1. inteligencia; poder de comprensión; 2. poder o fuerza sobrenatural en los cuentos de hadas; poder o fuerza milagrosa";[18] y "1. influencia espiritual (de montañas / etc.); 2. ingenio; inteligencia". [19]
Orígenes
Esta sección necesita expansión . Puede ayudar agregando más . ( Mayo de 2019 ) |
Según la inscripción en su piedra conmemorativa, Mikao Usui enseñó su sistema de reiki a más de 2000 personas durante su vida. Mientras enseñaba reiki en Fukuyama , Usui sufrió un derrame cerebral y murió el 9 de marzo de 1926. [20] [Se necesita una mejor fuente ] La primera clínica de reiki en los Estados Unidos fue iniciada por el estudiante de Hayashi, Hawayo Takata, en 1970. [21]
Investigación y evaluación crítica
Base
Reiki's teachings and adherents claim that qi is physiological and can be manipulated to treat a disease or condition. The existence of qi has not been established by medical research.[2] Therefore, reiki is a pseudoscientific theory based on metaphysical concepts.[1]
The existence of the proposed mechanism for reiki—qi or "life force" energy—has not been scientifically established.[2] Most research on reiki is poorly designed and prone to bias. There is no reliable empirical evidence that reiki is helpful for treating any medical condition,[2][4][5] although some physicians have said it might help promote general well-being.[5] In 2011, William T. Jarvis of The National Council Against Health Fraud stated that there "is no evidence that clinical reiki's effects are due to anything other than suggestion" or the placebo effect.[22]
The April 22, 2014, Skeptoid podcast episode titled "Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields" relates a reiki practitioner's report of what was happening as she passed her hands over a subject's body:
What we'll be looking for here, within John's auric field, is any areas of intense heat, unusual coldness, a repelling energy, a dense energy, a magnetizing energy, tingling sensations, or actually the body attracting the hands into that area where it needs the reiki energy, and balancing of John's qi.[23]
Evaluating these claims scientific skeptic author Brian Dunning reported:
... his aura, his qi, his reiki energy. None of these have any counterpart in the physical world. Although she attempted to describe their properties as heat or magnetism, those properties are already taken by—well, heat and magnetism. There are no properties attributable to the mysterious field she describes, thus it cannot be authoritatively said to exist."[23]
Scholarly evaluation
Reiki is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and academic journal articles.[1][24][25][26]
In criticizing the State University of New York for offering a continuing education course on reiki, one source stated, "reiki postulates the existence of a universal energy unknown to science and thus far undetectable surrounding the human body, which practitioners can learn to manipulate using their hands,"[27] and others said, "In spite of its [reiki] diffusion, the baseline mechanism of action has not been demonstrated ..."[28] and, "Neither the forces involved nor the alleged therapeutic benefits have been demonstrated by scientific testing."[29]
Several authors have pointed to the vitalistic energy which reiki is claimed to treat,[30][31][32] with one saying, "Ironically, the only thing that distinguishes reiki from therapeutic touch is that it [reiki] involves actual touch,"[32] and others stating that the International Center for Reiki Training "mimic[s] the institutional aspects of science" seeking legitimacy but holds no more promise than an alchemy society.[33]
A guideline published by the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation states, "Reiki therapy should probably not be considered for the treatment of PDN [painful diabetic neuropathy]."[6] Canadian sociologist Susan J. Palmer has listed reiki as among the pseudoscientific healing methods used by cults in France to attract members.[34]
Evidence quality
A 2008 systematic review of nine randomized clinical trials found several shortcomings in the literature on reiki.[35] Depending on the tools used to measure depression and anxiety, the results varied and were not reliable or valid. Furthermore, the scientific community has been unable to replicate the findings of studies that support reiki. The review also found issues in reporting methodology in some of the literature, in that often there were parts omitted completely or not clearly described.[35] Frequently in these studies, sample sizes were not calculated and adequate allocation and double-blind procedures were not followed. The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects.[35]
Safety
Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many complementary and alternative medicine practices. Some physicians and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities including reiki, thus endangering their health.[36][37]
Catholic Church concerns
In March 2009, the Committee on Doctrine of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops issued the document Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy, in which they declared that the practice of reiki was based on superstition, being neither truly faith healing nor science-based medicine.[38] They stated that reiki was incompatible with Christian spirituality since it involved belief in a human power over healing rather than prayer to God,[39] and that, viewed as a natural means of healing, it lacked scientific credibility.[40] The 2009 guideline concluded that "since reiki therapy is not compatible with either Christian teaching or scientific evidence, it would be inappropriate for Catholic institutions, such as Catholic health care facilities and retreat centers, or persons representing the Church, such as Catholic chaplains, to promote or to provide support for reiki therapy."[38] Since this announcement, some Catholic lay people have continued to practice reiki, but it has been removed from many Catholic hospitals and other institutions.[41]
In a December 2014 article by the USCCB Committee on Divine Worship on exorcism and its use in the Church, reiki is listed as a practice "that may have impacted the current state of the afflicted person".[42]
Training, certification and adoption
There is no central authority controlling use of the words "reiki" or "reiki master".[43] Certificates can be purchased online for under $100.[44] It is "not uncommon" for a course to offer attainment of reiki master in two weekends.[45] There is no regulation of practitioners or reiki master in the United States.[46]
The Washington Post reported in 2014 that in response to customer demand at least 60 hospitals in the United States offered reiki, at a cost of between $40 and $300 per session.[47] Cancer Research UK reported in 2019 that some cancer centers and hospices in the UK offer free or low-cost reiki for people with cancer.[5] The cost per session for treatment vary widely, but a CNBC report found a practitioner charging $229 per session of 60-90 minutes.[48]
See also
- Energy medicine
- Glossary of alternative medicine
- Laying on of hands
- List of ineffective cancer treatments
- Scientific skepticism
- Quackery
References
- ^ a b c Semple, D.; Smyth, R. (2013). "Ch. 1: Psychomythology". Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780199693887.
- ^ a b c d e Lee, MS; Pittler, MH; Ernst, E (2008). "Effects of reiki in clinical practice: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials". International Journal of Clinical Practice (Systematic Review). 62 (6): 947–54. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01729.x. PMID 18410352.
Most trials suffered from methodological flaws such as small sample size, inadequate study design and poor reporting....In conclusion, the evidence is insufficient to suggest that reiki is an effective treatment for any condition. Therefore the value of reiki remains unproven.
- ^ Bellamy, Jann (June 12, 2014). "Reiki: Fraudulent Misrepresentation". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- ^ a b Russell J; Rovere A, eds. (2009). "Reiki". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). American Cancer Society. pp. 243–45. ISBN 9780944235713.
- ^ a b c d "Reiki | Complementary and alternative therapy | Cancer Research UK". about-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
- ^ a b Bril, V; England, J; Franklin, GM; Backonja, M; et al. (2011). "Evidence-based guideline: Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation" (PDF). Neurology. 76 (20): 1758–65. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182166ebe. PMC 3100130. PMID 21482920.
- ^ Joyce, Janine; Herbison, G Peter (2007-10-17), "Reiki treatment for psychological symptoms", in The Cochrane Collaboration (ed.), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. CD006833, doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006833
- ^ "Reiki". Oxford English Dictionary (OED). 2003. Sino-Japanese readings were historically borrowed from Middle Chinese pronunciations, reconstructed by Baxter-Sagart as lengkhj (靈氣).
- ^ The OED cites The San Mateo Times, 2 May 1975, 32/1, announcing Hawayo Takata's lecture "A Reiki Master's Prediction and Participation in his Own Transition".
- ^ Halpern, Jack (1993) [1990]. New Japanese-English Character Dictionary (新漢英字典) (NTC reprint ed.). Kenkyūsha.
- ^ Spahn, Mark; Hadamidtzy, Wolfgang, eds. (1989). Japanese Character Dictionary With Compound Lookup via Any Kanji. With Fujie-Winter, Kimiko. Tokyo: Nichigai. ISBN 978-4816908286.
- ^ Nelson, Andrew N.; Haig, John H., eds. (1997). The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9780804820363.
- ^ Watanabe, Toshiro; Skrzypczak, Edmund R.; Snowden, Paul, eds. (2003). Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary (5th ed.). Tokyo: Kenkyūsha.
- ^ Tetsuji, Morohashi, ed. (1960). Dai Kan-Wa jiten 大漢和辞典. Taishukan.
Akiyasu, Todo, ed. (1978). Kan-Wa Daijiten 漢和大字典. Gakken.
Both dictionaries define ryōge as a mononoke もののけ, meaning "ghost; demon; evil spirit" that possesses people. - ^ Nelson & Haig (1997): Ryō 霊 means "evil spirit who possesses a human".
- ^ Roth, Harold D. (2004). Original Tao: Inward Training (Nei-yeh) and the Foundations of Taoist Mysticism. Columbia University Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780231115650.
Compare translating 靈氣在心 as "The magical qi within the heart"
Eno, R. (2005). "Guanzi: "The Inner Enterprise"" (PDF). Section 18: Moderation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2007.[unreliable source?] - ^ Yutang, Lin, ed. (1972). Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage. Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
- ^ Yuan, Ling, ed. (2002). The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary, Chinese-English Edition. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
- ^ DeFrancis, John, ed. (2003). ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary. University of Hawaii Press.
- ^ Inscription on Usui's memorial
- ^ Joyce, Janine (3 April 2015). "Reiki for depression and anxiety". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
- ^ Jarvis, William T. "Reiki". National Council Against Health Fraud. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
- ^ a b Dunning, Brian. "Skeptoid #411: Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields". Skeptoid. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- ^ Donlan, Joseph E. (2009). Ordaining Reality in Brief: The Shortcut to Your Future. Universal Publishers. pp. 63–. ISBN 9781599428925.
- ^ Lobato, E; Mendoza, J; Sims, V; Chin, M (2014). "Examining the relationship between conspiracy theories, paranormal beliefs, and pseudoscience acceptance among a university population". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 28 (5): 617–25. doi:10.1002/acp.3042.
- ^ Gorski, DH; Novella, SP (2014). "Clinical trials of integrative medicine: Testing whether magic works?". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 20 (9): 473–76. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.007. PMID 25150944.
- ^ Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lohr, Jeffrey M. (2014). Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology. Guilford Press. pp. 202–. ISBN 9781462517893.
- ^ Ferraresi, M; Clari, R; Moro, I; Banino, E; et al. (2013). "Reiki and related therapies in the dialysis ward: An evidence-based and ethical discussion to debate if these complementary and alternative medicines are welcomed or banned". BMC Nephrology. 14 (1): 129–. doi:10.1186/1471-2369-14-129. PMC 3694469. PMID 23799960.
- ^ Reiboldt, Wendy (2013). Consumer Survival: An Encyclopedia of Consumer Rights, Safety, and Protection. ABC-CLIO. p. 765. ISBN 9781598849370.
- ^ Canter, Peter H. (2013). "Vitalism and Other Pseudoscience in Alternative Medicine: The Retreat from Science". In Ernst, Edzard (ed.). Healing, Hype or Harm?: A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine. Andrews UK Limited. pp. 116–. ISBN 9781845407117.
- ^ Smith, Jonathan C. (2011). Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 251–. ISBN 9781444358940.
- ^ a b Sarner, Larry. "Therapeutic Touch". In Shermer, Michael (ed.). The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 252–. ISBN 9781576076538.
- ^ Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (2013). Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. University of Chicago Press. pp. 178–. ISBN 9780226051826.
- ^ Palmer, Susan (2011). The New Heretics of France: Minority Religions, la Republique, and the Government-Sponsored "War on Sects". Oxford University Press. pp. 129–. ISBN 9780199875993.
- ^ a b c Lee, M.; Pittler, M.; Ernst, E. (2008). "Effects of reiki in clinical practice: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 62 (6): 947–54. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01729.x. PMID 18410352.
- ^ "Reiki: Holistic Therapy Treatment Information". Disabled world.com. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
- ^ Ventola, C. L. (2010). "Current Issues Regarding Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in the United States". P & T: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management. 35 (9): 514–522. PMC 2957745. PMID 20975811.
- ^ a b Committee on Doctrine United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (25 March 2010). "Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2015.
- ^ Kosloski, Phillip (23 October 2018). "The spiritual dangers behind Reiki healing services". Aletia. Média-Participations Group and WordPress. Foundation for Evangelization through the Media.
- ^ Fernandes, Earl. "WHAT DOES THE CHURCH TEACH ABOUT REIKI?". The Catholic Telegraph. Archdiocese of Cincinnati. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
- ^ Lawton, Kim (12 February 2010). "Reiki and the Catholic Church". PBS. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
- ^ USCCB Committee on Divine Worship and the Secretariat of Divine Worship (December 2014). "29 Questions on Exorcism and Its Use in the Church, Part Two" (PDF). Committee on Divine Worship Newsletter (Volume L). United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
- ^ Elaine Stillerman (2014), Modalities for Massage and Bodywork, Elsevier Health Sciences, p. 295, ISBN 9780323260794,
Currently there is no standard for certification in Reiki throughout the world.
- ^ Diane Stein (2011), Essential Reiki Teaching Manual: A Companion Guide for Reiki Healers, Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony, pp. 7–8, ISBN 9780307783806
- ^ Penelope Quest; Kathy Roberts (2012), "Reiki Training Levels", Reiki Collection, Penguin, ISBN 9781101576205
- ^ Nina L. Paul (2011), "Reiki classes and certification", Reiki for Dummies, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9781118054741
- ^ Sacks B (16 May 2014). "Reiki goes mainstream: Spiritual touch practice now commonplace in hospitals". Washington Post.
- ^ Here’s the budget breakdown of a 37-year-old ex-CIA analyst turned energy healer who makes $108,000 a year, CNBC, Emmie Martin, February 19, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
Bibliography
- Usui, Mikao; et al. (2000). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being. Lotus Press. ISBN 978-0-914955-57-3.
External links
 | Look up Reiki in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reiki. |
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (4 May 2010). "Reiki: An Introduction (NCCAM Backgrounder)". Retrieved 5 May 2010.
Government agency dedicated to exploring complementary and alternative healing practices in the context of rigorous science, training complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) researchers, and disseminating authoritative information to the public and professionals
- Stephen Barrett (4 August 2009). "Reiki Is Nonsense". Retrieved 5 May 2010.
Quackwatch article by Stephen Barrett
