John Fisher (c. 19 de octubre de 1469 - 22 de junio de 1535) fue un obispo , cardenal y teólogo católico inglés . Fisher también era académico y, finalmente, se desempeñó como rector de la Universidad de Cambridge . Fue canonizado santo por el Papa Pío XI.
Su Eminencia Santo John Fisher | |
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Cardenal Obispo de Rochester | |
Iglesia | Iglesia Católica |
Diócesis | Rochester |
Ver | Rochester |
Fijado | 14 de octubre de 1504 |
Instalado | 24 de abril de 1505 |
Término terminado | 2 de enero de 1535 |
Predecesor | Richard FitzJames |
Sucesor | Nicholas Heath |
Otras publicaciones | Cardenal-Sacerdote de San Vitale |
Pedidos | |
Ordenación | 17 de diciembre de 1491 por Thomas Rotherham |
Consagración | 24 de noviembre de 1504 por William Warham |
Creado cardenal | 21 de mayo de 1535 por el Papa Pablo III |
Rango | Obispo, Cardenal-Sacerdote |
Detalles personales | |
Nació | C. 19 de octubre de 1469 [1] Beverley , Yorkshire , Reino de Inglaterra |
Fallecido | 22 de junio de 1535 Tower Hill , Londres , Reino de Inglaterra | (65 años)
Denominación | católico romano |
Lema | faciam vos fieri piscatores hominum ("Los haré pescadores de hombres") |
Escudo de armas | |
Santidad | |
Día festivo |
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Venerado en | Iglesia Católica , Iglesia de Inglaterra , algunas de las otras Iglesias de la Comunión Anglicana |
Título como santo | Obispo, cardenal y mártir, obispo de Rochester, mártir de la reforma |
Beatificado | 29 de diciembre de 1886 Roma , Reino de Italia , por el Papa León XIII |
Canonizado | 19 de mayo de 1935 Ciudad del Vaticano , por el Papa Pío XI |
Mecenazgo | Diócesis de Rochester |
Estilos de John Fisher | |
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Estilo de referencia | Su Eminencia |
Estilo hablado | Su Eminencia |
Estilo informal | Cardenal |
Fisher fue ejecutado por orden de Enrique VIII durante la Reforma inglesa por negarse a aceptarlo como jefe supremo de la Iglesia de Inglaterra y por defender la doctrina de la supremacía papal de la Iglesia Católica . Fue nombrado cardenal poco antes de su muerte. Es honrado como mártir y santo por la Iglesia Católica. Comparte su fiesta con Tomás Moro el 22 de junio en el calendario católico de los santos y el 6 de julio en el de la Iglesia de Inglaterra .
Vida temprana
John Fisher nació en Beverley , Yorkshire , [2] en 1469, el hijo mayor de Robert Fisher, un comerciante modestamente próspero de Beverley, y Agnes, su esposa. Fue uno de cuatro hijos. Su padre murió cuando John tenía ocho años. Su madre se volvió a casar y tuvo cinco hijos más de su segundo marido, William White. Fisher parece haber tenido contactos cercanos con su familia extendida durante toda su vida. La educación inicial de Fisher probablemente se recibió en la escuela adjunta a la colegiata de su ciudad natal.
Fisher estudió en la Universidad de Cambridge desde 1484, donde en Michaelhouse estuvo bajo la influencia de William Melton , un teólogo de mentalidad pastoral abierto a la nueva corriente de reforma en los estudios que surgen del Renacimiento . Fisher obtuvo una licenciatura en artes en 1487 y en 1491 procedió a una maestría en artes . También en 1491 Fisher recibió una dispensa papal para ingresar al sacerdocio a pesar de estar menor de edad canónica. [3] Fisher fue ordenado sacerdote católico el 17 de diciembre de 1491, el mismo año en que fue elegido miembro de su universidad. [4] También fue nombrado Vicario de Northallerton , Yorkshire. En 1494 renunció a su beneficio para convertirse en rector de la universidad y tres años después fue nombrado maestro polemista, fecha en la que también se convirtió en capellán y confesor de Margaret Beaufort, condesa de Richmond y Derby , madre del rey Enrique VII . El 5 de julio de 1501 se doctoró en sagrada teología y diez días después fue elegido rector de la Universidad . Bajo la dirección de Fisher, su patrona, Lady Margaret, fundó St John's y Christ's Colleges en Cambridge, y una cátedra de teología Lady Margaret en cada una de las dos universidades de Oxford y Cambridge , convirtiéndose el propio Fisher en el primer ocupante de la cátedra de Cambridge. De 1505 a 1508 también fue presidente del Queens 'College . A finales de julio de 1516 estuvo en Cambridge para la inauguración del St John's College y consagró la capilla.
La estrategia de Fisher fue reunir fondos y atraer a los principales académicos europeos de Cambridge, promoviendo el estudio no solo de autores clásicos latinos y griegos , sino también del hebreo . Puso gran peso en el compromiso pastoral, sobre todo en la predicación popular del personal investido. Las fundaciones de Fisher también se dedicaron a la oración por los muertos, especialmente a través de las fundaciones de la capilla . Fisher tuvo una visión a la que dedicó todos sus recursos y energías personales. Erudito y sacerdote, humilde y concienzudo, logró, a pesar de la oposición ocasional, administrar una universidad completa, una de las dos únicas en Inglaterra. Concibió y vio proyectos a largo plazo.
Fisher, un hombre severo y austero, era conocido por colocar un cráneo humano en el altar durante la misa y sobre la mesa durante las comidas. [5]
Erasmo dijo de John Fisher: "Él es el único hombre en este momento que es incomparable por la rectitud de vida, el saber y la grandeza de alma". [6]
obispo
Por bula papal fechada el 14 de octubre de 1504, Fisher fue nombrado obispo de Rochester por insistencia personal de Enrique VII. [7] Rochester era entonces la diócesis más pobre de Inglaterra y generalmente se la ve como un primer paso en una carrera eclesiástica. No obstante, Fisher permaneció allí, presumiblemente por elección propia, durante los 31 años restantes de su vida. Al mismo tiempo, como cualquier obispo inglés de su época, Fisher tenía ciertos deberes estatales. En particular, mantuvo un interés apasionado por la Universidad de Cambridge. En 1504 fue elegido rector de la universidad. Reelegido anualmente por 10 años, Fisher finalmente recibió un nombramiento de por vida. En esta fecha también se dice que actuó como tutor del futuro rey, Enrique VIII . Como predicador, su reputación era tan grande que Fisher fue designado para predicar la oración fúnebre del rey Enrique VII y Lady Margaret, quienes murieron en 1509, los textos se conservan. Además de su participación en las fundaciones de Lady Margaret, Fisher dio una prueba más de su celo por aprender al inducir a Erasmo a visitar Cambridge. Este último lo atribuye ( "Epistulae" 6: 2) a la protección de Fisher que se permitió que el estudio del griego prosiguiera en Cambridge sin el abuso activo que encontró en Oxford. [2]
Despite his fame and eloquence, it was not long before Fisher came into conflict with the new King, his former pupil. The dispute arose over funds left by the Lady Margaret, the King's grandmother, for financing foundations at Cambridge.
In 1512 Fisher was nominated as one of the English representatives at the Fifth Council of the Lateran, then sitting, but his journey to Rome was postponed, and finally abandoned.[2]
Fisher has also been named, though without any real proof, as the true author of the royal treatise against Martin Luther entitled "Assertio septem sacramentorum" (Defence of the Seven Sacraments), published in 1521, which won for King Henry VIII the title "Fidei Defensor" (Defender of the Faith). Prior to this date Fisher had denounced various abuses in the church, urging the need for disciplinary reforms. On about 11 February 1526, at the King's command, he preached a famous sermon against Luther at St Paul's Cross, the open-air pulpit outside St Paul's Cathedral in London. This was in the wake of numerous other controversial writings; the battle against heterodox teachings increasingly occupied Fisher's later years. In 1529 Fisher ordered the arrest of Thomas Hitton, a follower of William Tyndale, and subsequently interrogated him. Hitton was tortured and executed at the stake for heresy.[8]
Defensa de Catalina de Aragón
When Henry tried to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, Fisher became the Queen's chief supporter.[9] As such, he appeared on the Queen's behalf in the legates' court, where he startled the audience by the directness of his language and by declaring that, like St John the Baptist, he was ready to die on behalf of the indissolubility of marriage.[10] Henry VIII, upon hearing this, grew so enraged by it that he composed a long Latin address to the legates in answer to the bishop's speech. Fisher's copy of this still exists, with his manuscript annotations in the margin which show how little he feared the royal anger.[11] The removal of the cause to Rome brought Fisher's personal involvement to an end, but the King never forgave him for what he had done.
El ataque de Enrique a la Iglesia
In November 1529, the "Long Parliament" of Henry's reign began encroaching on the Catholic Church's prerogatives. Fisher, as a member of the upper house, the House of Lords, at once warned Parliament that such acts could only end in the utter destruction of the Catholic Church in England. The Commons, through their speaker, complained to the King that Fisher had disparaged Parliament, presumably with Henry prompting them behind the scenes. The opportunity was not lost. Henry summoned Fisher before him, demanding an explanation. This being given, Henry declared himself satisfied, leaving it to the Commons to declare that the explanation was inadequate, so that he appeared as a magnanimous sovereign, instead of Fisher's enemy.
Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London, 1531
A year later, in 1530, the continued encroachments on the Church moved Fisher, as bishop of Rochester, along with the bishops of Bath and Ely, to appeal to the Holy See. This gave the King his opportunity and an edict forbidding such appeals was immediately issued, and the three bishops were arrested. Their imprisonment, however, must have lasted only a few months for in February 1531, Convocation met, and Fisher was present. This was the occasion when the clergy were forced, at a cost of 100,000 pounds, to purchase the King's pardon for having recognized Cardinal Wolsey's authority as legate of the pope; and at the same time to acknowledge Henry as supreme head of the Church in England, to which phrase the addition of the clause "so far as God's law permits" was made through Fisher's efforts.
A few days later, several of Fisher's servants were taken ill after eating some porridge served to the household and two died. A cook, Richard Roose, was executed by boiling alive for attempted poisoning.
Intrigas con el emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico
Fisher also engaged in secret activities to overthrow Henry. As early as 1531 he began secretly communicating with foreign diplomats. In September 1533 communicating secretly through the imperial ambassador Eustace Chapuys he encouraged Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to invade England and depose Henry in combination with a domestic uprising.[12]
"El gran asunto del rey"
Matters now moved rapidly. In May 1532, Sir Thomas More resigned the chancellorship and, in June, Fisher preached publicly against the divorce. In August, William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, died and Thomas Cranmer was at once proposed by Henry to the Pope as his successor. In January of the next year, Henry secretly went through a form of marriage with Anne Boleyn. Cranmer's consecration as a bishop took place in March 1533, and, a week later, Fisher was arrested. It seems that the purpose of this arrest was to prevent him from opposing the sentence of divorce which Cranmer pronounced in May, or the coronation of Anne Boleyn which followed on 1 June, for Fisher was set at liberty again within a fortnight of the latter event, no charge being made against him. In the autumn of 1533, various arrests were made in connection with the so-called revelations of the Holy Maid of Kent, Elizabeth Barton, but as Fisher was taken seriously ill in December, proceedings against him were postponed for a time. However, in March 1534, a special Bill of Attainder against Fisher and others for complicity in the matter of the Maid of Kent was introduced in Parliament and passed. By this, Fisher was condemned to forfeit all his personal estate and to be imprisoned during the King's pleasure. Subsequently, a pardon was granted him on payment of a fine of 300 pounds.
The same session of Parliament passed the First Succession Act, by which all who should be called upon to do so were compelled to take an oath of succession, acknowledging the issue of Henry and Anne as legitimate heirs to the throne, under pain of being guilty of misprision of treason. Fisher refused the oath and was imprisoned in the Tower of London on 26 April 1534.[7] Several efforts were made to induce him to submit, but without effect, and in November he was attained of misprision of treason a second time, his goods being forfeited as from the previous 1 March, and the See of Rochester being declared vacant as of 2 June following. He was to remain in the Tower for over a year, and while he was allowed food and drink sent by friends, and a servant, he was not allowed a priest, even to the very end. A long letter exists, written from the Tower by Fisher to Thomas Cromwell, speaking of the severity of his conditions of imprisonment.
Like Thomas More, Bishop Fisher believed that, because the statute condemned only those speaking maliciously against the King's new title, there was safety in silence. However, on 7 May he fell into a trap laid for him by Richard Rich, who was to perjure himself to obtain Thomas More's conviction. Rich told Fisher that for his own conscience's sake the King wished to know, in strict secrecy, Fisher's real opinion. Fisher, once again, declared that the King was not Supreme Head of the Church of England.[6]
Cardinalato y martirio
In May 1535, the newly elected Pope Paul III created Fisher Cardinal Priest of San Vitale, apparently in the hope of inducing Henry to ease Fisher's treatment. The effect was precisely the reverse:[6] Henry forbade the cardinal's hat to be brought into England, declaring that he would send the head to Rome instead. In June a special commission for Fisher's trial was issued, and on Thursday, 17 June, he was arraigned in Westminster Hall before a court of seventeen, including Thomas Cromwell, Anne Boleyn's father, and ten justices. The charge was treason, in that he denied that the King was the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Since he had been deprived of his position of Bishop of Rochester by the Act of Attainder, he was treated as a commoner, and tried by jury. The only testimony was that of Richard Rich. John Fisher was found guilty and condemned to be hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn.
However, a public outcry was brewing among the London populace who saw a sinister irony in the parallels between the conviction of Fisher and that of his patronal namesake, Saint John the Baptist, who was executed by King Herod Antipas for challenging the validity of Herod's marriage to his brother's divorcée Herodias. For fear of John Fisher's living through his patronal feast day, that of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist on 24 June, and of attracting too much public sympathy, King Henry commuted the sentence to that of beheading, to be accomplished before 23 June, the Vigil of the feast of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist. He was executed on Tower Hill on 22 June 1535.[13] The execution had the opposite effect from that which King Henry VIII intended, as it created yet another parallel with that of the martyrdom of St. John the Baptist, who was also beheaded; his death also happened on the feast day of Saint Alban, the first martyr of Britain.[13]
Fisher's last moments were in keeping with his life. He met death with a calm dignified courage which profoundly impressed those present. His body was treated with particular rancour, apparently on Henry's orders, being stripped and left on the scaffold until the evening,[6] when it was taken on pikes and thrown naked into a rough grave in the churchyard of All Hallows' Barking, also known as All Hallows-by-the-Tower. There was no funeral prayer. A fortnight later, his body was laid beside that of Sir Thomas More in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula within the Tower of London. Fisher's head was stuck upon a pole on London Bridge but its ruddy and lifelike appearance excited so much attention that, after a fortnight, it was thrown into the Thames, its place being taken by that of Sir Thomas More, whose execution, also at Tower Hill, occurred on 6 July.[2]
Canonización
Fisher was beatified by Pope Leo XIII with Thomas More and 52 other English Martyrs on 29 December 1886. In the Decree of Beatification, the greatest place was given to Fisher.
He was canonised, with Thomas More, on 19 May 1935 by Pope Pius XI, after the presentation of a petition by English Catholics.[14] His feast day, for celebration jointly with St Thomas More, is on 22 June (the date of Fisher's execution). In 1980, despite being an opponent of the English Reformation, Fisher was added to the Church of England's calendar of Saints and Heroes of the Christian Church, jointly with Thomas More, to be commemorated every 6 July[15] (the date of More's execution) as "Thomas More, Scholar, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Reformation Martyrs, 1535".[16] He is also listed along with Thomas More in the calendar of saints of some of the other Churches of the Anglican Communion, such as The Anglican Church of Australia.[citation needed]
Retratos
Several portraits of Fisher exist, the most prominent being by Hans Holbein the Younger in the Royal Collection; and a few secondary relics are extant.
Reliquia
Fisher's walking-staff is in the possession of the Eyston family of East Hendred, in Oxfordshire (formerly Berkshire).[17]
Representaciones cinematográficas y televisivas
John Fisher was portrayed by veteran actor Joseph O'Conor in the film Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), by Bosco Hogan in the miniseries The Tudors, by Geoffrey Lewis in the 1971 miniseries The Six Wives of Henry VIII and by Richard Durden in the 2015 miniseries Wolf Hall.
Escrituras
A list of Fisher's writings is found in Joseph Gillow's Bibliographical Dictionary of the English Catholics (London, s.d.), II, 262–270. There are twenty-six works in all, printed and manuscript, mostly ascetical or controversial treatises, several of which have been reprinted many times. The original editions are very rare and valuable. The principal are:
- Treatise concernynge ... the seven penytencyall Psalms (London, 1508)
- Sermon ... agayn ye pernicyous doctrin of Martin Luther (London, 1521)
- Defensio Henrici VIII (Cologne, 1525)
- De Veritate Corporis et Sanguinis Christi in Eucharistia, adversus Johannem Oecolampadium (Cologne, 1527)
- De Causa Matrimonii ... Henrici VIII cum Catharina Aragonensi (Alcalá de Henares, 1530)
- The Wayes to Perfect Religion (London, 1535)
- A Spirituall Consolation written ... to hys sister Elizabeth (London, 1735)
Mecenazgo
Due to his status as the Bishop of Rochester, Fisher has been adopted as a patron of several institutions in other cities named "Rochester" including St. John Fisher College[18] and Saint John of Rochester Catholic Church in the Rochester, New York area, and Saint John Fisher Catholic Church near Rochester, Michigan.
- A number of parishes are dedicated to St. John Fisher including those in: Chicago, Illinois;[19] Auburn Hills, Michigan;[20] Cincinnati, Ohio;[21] Boothwyn, Pennsylvania,[22] Galveston, Texas,[23] Rancho Palos Verdes, California,[24] Holland Park West (Tarragindi), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,[25] Portland, Oregon,[26] and Cambourne, Cambridgeshire.
- St. John Fisher Seminary Residence is located in the Catholic Diocese of Bridgeport, Connecticut.
- St John Fisher College at the University of Tasmania in Hobart
- St John Fisher Catholic High schools in Harrogate, Wigan, Newcastle-under-Lyme and Bracken Ridge[27] (Qld, Australia) are named after him, as is Purley John Fisher RFC and Fisher Athletic F.C. of Rotherhithe.
- St John Fisher Catholic Voluntary Academy in Dewsbury
- Fisher House, Cambridge, the Cambridge University Catholic Chaplaincy.[28]
- The John Fisher School located in Purley, Surrey.
- St John Fisher Roman Catholic School in Peterborough, Cambridgeshire.
- St John Fisher Catholic College in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire
- St John Fisher Catholic School in Chatham, Kent.
- St John Fisher House, Reading - the headquarters of the FSSP in England and Wales.[29]
- Formerly, there was the Saint John Fisher Roman Catholic Junior High School in the Orchard Park Estate, Hull, that operated between c. 1966 – c. 1988, when the school system in the city was restructured.
- St John Fisher Roman Catholic Primary School in Sheffield, which was founded in 1957.
- Formerly, there was St John Fisher Roman Catholic Secondary School, Woodhouse, Sheffield (now a training school for Fire Fighters)
- Formerly St John Fisher RC First School on the Church Hill Estate, Redditch, Worcestershire. This is now a community centre for the estate.
- St John's House, Ampleforth College is also named after him.
- St John Fisher Catholic Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma and one near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Saint John Fisher parish, Kidbrooke, London[30]
- Saint John Fisher Church, Newtown, Ohio
- Saint John Fisher R.C Primary School, Alvaston, Derby UK
- Saint John Fisher Roman Catholic Church, Shepperton, London, UK
- Saint John Fisher Roman Catholic Church, Rochester, Kent, UK
- Fisher Downside Amateur Boxing Club, Bermondsey, London, UK
- Ss John Fisher and Thomas More Roman Catholic High School, Colne Lancs
- St John Fisher Catholic Church in Marlborough, Connecticut.[31]
- John Fisher Public School, Toronto
- Fisher Hall, one of the residence halls at Saint Michael's College at the University of Toronto
- Fisher Building, a student accommodation at Queens' College, Cambridge, where Fisher was President from 1505-1508[32]
- St. John Fisher R.C. Primary, Haughton Green, Denton, Tameside, Gtr. Manchester
- St. John Fisher R.C. School, Forest, Ontario, Canada[33]
- St. John Fisher Parish, Bramalea (Brampton), Ontario, Canada,[34]
- St. John Fisher Catholic Primary School, Loughton, Essex, UK[35]
- John Fisher R.C Primary School, Widnes, Cheshire, UK
- St John Fisher Catholic Primary School, St. Albans, UK
- John Fisher R.C Church, Scarthoe, Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire. (Closed 2017)
- Saint John Fisher R.C. Church, Priory Crescent, Southend on Sea, Essex.
- The Fisher Building, conference centre and meeting rooms in St. John’s College, Cambridge
Referencias
- ^ based upon his baptismal date as taken from "Lives of the Saints, For Every Day of the Year," edited by the Rev. Hugo Hoever OSB Cist, New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1951
- ^ a b c d "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. John Fisher". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ Reynolds, Ernest Edwin (1955). Saint John Fisher. Anthony Clarke Books. p. 6.
- ^ "Fisher, John (FSR487J)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- ^ Seward, Desmond (2007). The Wars of the Roses. Constable and Robinson. p. 437.
- ^ a b c d Foley OFM, Leonard, "St. John Fisher", Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast, (revised by Pat McCloskey OFM), Franciscan MediaISBN 978-0-86716-887-7
- ^ a b "Catholic Culture Library: Bishop John Fisher". Retrieved 3 July 2016.
- ^ Brian Moynahan, God's Messenger
- ^ Bridgett, Thomas Edward (1890). Life of Blessed John Fisher: Bishop of Rochester, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church and Martyr Under Henry VIII. Burns & Oates. p. 165.
- ^ Bridgett, Thomas Edward (1890). Life of Blessed John Fisher: Bishop of Rochester, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church and Martyr Under Henry VIII. Burns & Oates. p. 170.
- ^ Bridgett, Thomas Edward (1890). Life of Blessed John Fisher: Bishop of Rochester, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church and Martyr Under Henry VIII. Burns & Oates. p. 172.
- ^ Brendan Bradshaw (26 January 1989). Humanism, Reform and the Reformation: The Career of Bishop John Fisher. pp. 156–7. ISBN 9780521340342.
- ^ a b Fuller, Thomas. The Church History of Britain, Vol 2. London: Thomas Tegg, 1842. P61-63.
- ^ "Saint John Fisher | English priest". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ^ "The Calendar". The Church's Year. Church of England. 2000. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
- ^ The Berkshire Book, Berkshire Federation of Women's Institutes (1951)
- ^ College, St John Fisher. "St. John Fisher College, Rochester, NY". www.sjfc.edu. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "Under Construction". www.stjohnfisher.org. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "St. John Fisher Chapel University Parish". archive.is. 15 June 2013. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "St. John Fisher Parish". St. John Fisher Parish. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "St. John Fisher Church". St. John Fisher Church. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "Home - Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston". www.archgh.org. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "Welcome to St. John Fisher Catholic Church". St. John Fisher Catholic Church. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "Life experience makes Fr Bryan a Youngcare fan". Archdiocese of Brisbane. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "SJF church Portland". Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "St John Fisher College - Bracken Ridge". www.stjohnfishercollege.qld.edu.au. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "About Fisher House". 18 October 2002. Archived from the original on 18 October 2002. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "FSSP". Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "Southwark Parish Directory". directory.rcsouthwark.co.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "St. John Fisher Roman Catholic Church". www.stjfchurch.org. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "Fisher Building history". www.queens.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ "Home - St. John Fisher". www.st-clair.net. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "St. John Fisher Parish, Bramalea". stjohnfisherbr.archtoronto.org. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "St John Fisher Catholic Primary School - Home". www.st-johnfisher.essex.sch.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
Otras lecturas
- Edward Surtz, "The Works and Days of John Fisher," Boston: Harvard University Press, 1967.
- E.E. Reynolds, "Saint John Fisher," Wheathampstead: Anthony Clarke, 1972.
- "Humanism, Reform and the Reformation: The Career of Bishop John Fisher," edited by B. Bradshaw & Eamon Duffy, Cambridge University Press, 1989.
- Richard Rex, "The Theology of John Fisher," Cambridge University Press
- "The English Works of John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (1469–1535): Sermons and other Writings, 1520–1535," edited by Cecilia A. Hatt, Oxford University Press, 2002.
- Vincent Nichols, "St John Fisher: Bishop and Theologian in Reformation and Controversy", Alive Publishing, 2011/
- Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1990). "Fisher, John". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). 2. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 42–43. ISBN 3-88309-032-8.
- Entry in the Catholic Encyclopedia
- Thomas Cromwell, the rise and fall of Henry VIII's most notorious minister by Robert Hutchinson
enlaces externos
- John Fisher School, Purley
- St John Fisher Catholic High School, Dewsbury
- Memorial Page on FindaGrave
- John Fisher and Thomas More: Martyrs of England and Wales
- Texts on Wikisource:
- "Fisher, John". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
- Hudleston, Gilbert Roger (1913). "Bl. John Fisher". Catholic Encyclopedia.
- "Fisher, John". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "Fisher, John", A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, 1910 – via Wikisource
- Mullinger, James Bass (1889). "Fisher, John (1459?-1535)". Dictionary of National Biography. 19.
- "Fisher, John". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
- "John Fisher". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney.
- Literature by and about John Fisher in the German National Library catalogue
Catholic Church titles | ||
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Preceded by Richard FitzJames | Bishop of Rochester 1504–1535 | Succeeded by John Hilsey |
Academic offices | ||
Preceded by Henry Babington | Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge 1501 | Succeeded by Humphrey Fitzwilliam |
Preceded by Thomas Wilkynson | President of Queens' College, Cambridge 1505-1508 | Succeeded by Robert Bekensaw |
Portals Access related topics |
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