| Armada de Pakistán | |
|---|---|
 Cresta de la Armada de Pakistán | |
| Fundado | 14 de agosto de 1947 [Nota 1] (hace 73 años y 8 meses) |
| País |  Pakistán |
| Tipo | Armada |
| Papel | |
| Tamaño | 46.500 empleados en total [3] : 73 [4] : 33 [5] [6] [7]
100 buques de guerra y 14 aviones [9] |
| Parte de |  Fuerzas Armadas de Pakistán |
| Guarnición | Sede naval (NHQ) , Islamabad , ICT |
| Lema (s) | Árabe : حسبنا الله ونعم الوكيل [10] ( Corán , 3: 173 ) |
| Colores | |
| Aniversarios | Día de la Defensa Naval : 8 de septiembre |
| Compromisos | Ver lista:
|
| Sitio web | paknavy.gov.pk |
| Comandantes | |
| Comandante en jefe |  Presidente Arif Alvi |
| Jefe del Estado Mayor Naval |  Almirante Amjad Khan Niazi |
| Vicejefe del Estado Mayor Naval | para ser nombrado [11] |
| Insignias | |
| Bandera | |
| Jack | |
| Bandera | |
| Medallón | |
| Aeronaves voladas | |
| Helicóptero | Harbin Z-9 Alouette III Mil Mi-14 Westland Sea King |
| Patrulla | ATR-72-500 Fokker F27-2000 Lockheed P-3C Orion Embraer Lineage 1000 |
| Reconocimiento | GIDS Uqab EMT Luna X Hawker 850XP |
| Transporte | ATR 72-500 Fokker F27-2000 |
La Armada de Pakistán ( romanizado : Pākistān Bāhrí'a; pronunciado [ˈpaːkɪstaːn baɦɽiːa] ) es la rama de guerra naval de las Fuerzas Armadas de Pakistán . Nació mediante la transferencia de personal y equipo de la Royal Indian Navy que dejó de existir tras la partición de la India británica a través de una ley parlamentaria que estableció la independencia de Pakistán y la India del Reino Unido el 14 de agosto de 1947 [12].
Su objetivo principal es asegurar la defensa de las líneas de comunicación marítima de Pakistán y salvaguardar los intereses marítimos de Pakistán mediante la ejecución de políticas nacionales mediante el ejercicio de actividades militares , diplomáticas y humanitarias en apoyo de estos objetivos. [13] [14] Además de sus servicios de guerra, la Armada ha movilizado sus activos de guerra para realizar operaciones de rescate humanitario en casa, así como participar en fuerzas de tarea multinacionales encomendadas por las Naciones Unidas para prevenir el terrorismo marítimo y la privacidad frente a las costas. [15] [16]
La Armada de Pakistán es una fuerza voluntaria que ha estado en conflicto con la vecina India dos veces en sus fronteras marítimas, y se ha desplegado repetidamente en el Océano Índico para actuar como asesor militar de los estados del Golfo Pérsico y otras naciones amigas durante los eventos del conflicto multinacional. como parte de su compromiso con las Naciones Unidas . [17] : 88 La Armada tiene varios componentes que incluyen la Aviación Naval , la Infantería de Marina y la Agencia de Seguridad Marítima (una guardia costera ). [18] [19] [20]Desde su inicio el 14 de agosto de 1947, el papel defensivo de la Armada se ha ampliado desde asegurar las líneas marítimas hasta convertirse en el custodio de la capacidad de segundo ataque de Pakistán con la capacidad de lanzar un sistema de misiles submarinos para apuntar a posiciones enemigas. [21]
La Armada está comandada por el Jefe de Estado Mayor Naval , un almirante de cuatro estrellas, que es miembro del Comité de Jefes de Estado Mayor Conjunto . El Jefe de Estado Mayor Naval es designado por el Primer Ministro y designado por el Presidente de Pakistán . El jefe actual es el almirante Amjad Khan Niazi, nombrado el 7 de octubre de 2020. [22] El almirante Amjad es un 22º jefe de la Armada de Pakistán que asume el cargo después de Zafar Mahmood Abbasi . [23]
Historia [ editar ]
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Hoy es un día histórico para Pakistán, doblemente para aquellos de nosotros en la Marina. El Dominio de Pakistán ha nacido y con él ha nacido una nueva Marina, la Marina Real de Pakistán . Estoy orgulloso de haber sido designado para comandarlo y servir con ustedes en este momento. En los próximos meses, será mi deber y el tuyo convertir nuestra Armada en una fuerza feliz y eficiente.
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah , fundador de Pakistán , dirigiéndose a los hombres y oficiales del HMIS Godavari en marzo de 1948 [24].
La Armada de Pakistán entró en su existencia moderna el 14 de agosto de 1947 de la Armada Real de la India con el establecimiento de Pakistán como un estado independiente del Reino Unido . [24] El Comité de Reconstitución de las Fuerzas Armadas (AFRC) bajo el mariscal de campo británico Sir Claude Auchinleck dividió las acciones y los activos de la Royal Indian Navy (RIN) entre la India y Pakistán con una proporción de 2: 1, [25] : conts. como Pakistán recibiendo los activos de dos balandras , dos fragatas, cuatro dragaminas, dos arrastreros navales , cuatro lanchas portuarias. [26] : 45–46 El Comité de Reconstitución de las Fuerzas Armadas (AFRC) asignó alrededor de dos tercios de los activos de la Marina Real de la India a la India, mientras que un tercio fue entregado a Pakistán a pesar de que Pakistán ha heredado el alto porcentaje de áreas del delta en su costa y la gran zona marítima que cubre el mar Arábigo en el oeste y la Bahía de Bengala en el este. [27] : 90 Además, la India también se opuso a transferir cualquier maquinaria en el astillero de Bombay.a Pakistán y además se negó a separar la maquinaria que estaba en su suelo. [28] : 90
Debido a la ausencia de la Constitución , el Ministerio de Defensa se ejecutó bajo la ley gubernamental de 1935 con la monarquía británica supervisando el desarrollo de las fuerzas armadas, lo que llevó a la Armada de Pakistán a caer bajo el patrocinio real hasta que se promulgó la Constitución que estableció a la Armada como un gobierno federal. institución en 1956. [24]
La Armada soportó una historia difícil, con sólo 200 oficiales y 3.000 marineros heredados de la Armada, siendo el capitán HMS Choudri el más antiguo, quien tenía poca experiencia en el personal militar . [26] : 45 De los ~ 200 oficiales, veinte de ellos procedían de la Rama Ejecutiva de la Royal Indian Navy , [29] y solo seis oficiales eran ingenieros mecánicos, mientras que no había ingenieros eléctricos o especialistas que se ocuparan de los los sistemas debían ser cuidados en los sistemas de armas o el encendido de la maquinaria en los buques en su conjunto.[26] : 47 La Armada sufría perennes problemas con personal inadecuado, falta de bases operativas, falta de apoyo financiero y escasos recursos tecnológicos y de personal. [26] : 45 En segundo lugar, surgió como la rama de uniforme militar más pequeña, loque contribuyó a su falta de importancia en los presupuestos federales , así como a los problemas relacionados con su infraestructura institucional. [26] : 46
El Ejército y la Fuerza Aérea eran las fuerzas dominantes donde la planificación de la defensa se basaba totalmente en el punto de vista del ejército y la fuerza aérea. [26] : 46 Otros problemas relacionados con la Armada fueron la falta de instalaciones y maquinaria de mantenimiento, ya que el único astillero naval en el subcontinente estaba ubicado en Bombay en India . [26] : 46
Para superar estas dificultades, la Armada tuvo que lanzar un programa de reclutamiento para la joven nación, comenzando en el Este de Pakistán, que resultó ser muy difícil de sostener el programa; por lo tanto, se trasladó de nuevo a Pakistán Occidental para concentrar el reclutamiento en Pakistán Occidental . [26] : 46 Además, la contratación de la Marina estuvo muy determinada por su papel en la guerra y tuvo que luchar por un papel para sí misma a lo largo de su historia desde sus inicios. [30] : 66
El comienzo: 1947-1964 [ editar ]
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Las acciones de combate de la Armada permanecieron en gran parte ausentes durante la primera guerra con la India en 1947-1948 ya que todos los combates se limitaron a misiones de combate terrestres y aéreas . [32] : 474 Sobre la planificación operativa, el capitán HMS Choudri se había comprometido a comandar un antiguo destructor RIN de Karachi a Bombay para supervisar la evacuación de los emigrantes indios a Pakistán. [32] : 474 En 1948, la Marina Real de Pakistán tuvo que participar en misiones humanitarias para evacuar a los inmigrantes indios.atrapado en áreas disputadas y hostiles, con sus fragatas operando continuamente. [26] : 48
El mando y control de la nueva Armada fue extremadamente difícil ya que la administración del primer ministro Liaquat Ali Khan tuvo que extender el empleo de un gran número de oficiales de la Marina Real del Almirantazgo británico con el contralmirante James Wilfred Jefford designado como el oficial al mando de la bandera (FOC ) que trabajó en la creación del plan de contingencia, "Plan de Emergencia a Corto Plazo (STEP)", para trabajar las fragatas y las defensas navales en caso de escalada de la guerra en el mar. [24] [26] : 48 En 1948, la Dirección General de Inteligencia Naval (DGNI), un cuerpo de personal, se estableció bajo el teniente S. M. Ahsan , quien se desempeñó como su primer Director General, en Karachi. [24] Cuando la primera guerra llegó a su fin en 1948, la Armada estableció temporalmente su NHQ de la Armada en Karachi y adquirió su primer destructor de clase O de la transferencia de la Royal Navy . [26] : 49
La Royal Pakistan Navy dependía en gran medida de las generosas donaciones de la Royal Navy británica con dos destructores de la clase Battle , PNS Tippu Sultan y PNS Tariq . [33] Tippu Sultan fue comisionado el 30 de septiembre de 1949, bajo el mando del comandante PS Evans, mientras que Tariq fue puesto bajo el mando del teniente comandante A. R. Khan . [33] Los dos destructores formaron el 25º Escuadrón de Destructores, como PNS Jhelum y PNS Tughril , bajo el mando del comandante Muzaffar Hasan., también se unió a la Marina Real de Pakistán. [33]
En 1950, la nacionalización de la Armada tuvo lugar cuando muchos oficiales de la fuerza aérea y el ejército se ofrecieron como voluntarios para unirse a la Armada y suboficiales que obtuvieron la comisión como oficiales. [26] : 50–51 El apoyo del ejército y la fuerza aérea a la marina condujo al establecimiento de maquinaria de logística y mantenimiento con vigorosos esfuerzos dirigidos a integrar la presencia de la armada en Pakistán Oriental , creando así oportunidades para que la gente de Pakistán Oriental participe en la acumulación. [26] : 51
En 1951, el gobierno de Pakistán pidió el nombramiento de jefes nativos de las fuerzas armadas, pero no fue hasta 1953 que se nombró a un jefe de la armada nativa. [26] : 51–52 El Almirantazgo británico , sin embargo, mantuvo el mando de la Armada a través del Contralmirante Jefford, que tenía jefes de personal adjuntos nativos, incluidos el Comodoro HMS Choudhri, el Comodoro Khalid Jamil y el Comandante MA Alavi. [26] : 51–52
Durante este tiempo, los buques de guerra de la Armada llevaron a cabo una serie de misiones de buena voluntad, y las misiones que no eran de combate se llevaron a cabo bajo los auspicios de la Royal Navy. [33] En 1951, los documentos de promoción del HMS Choudhri como jefe naval fueron aprobados por el primer ministro Liaquat Ali Khan, pero no fue hasta 1953 cuando HMS Choudhri fue ascendido a vicealmirante y comandante con el apoyo del comandante en jefe del ejército, el general Ayub Khan . [26] : 52 Le entregó el mando del 25º escuadrón de Destructores a un oficial naval polaco , el comandante Romuald Nalecz-Tyminski . [34]
A mediados de la década de 1950, el Ministerio de Finanzas adjudicó contratos al Cuerpo de Ingenieros (Ejército de Pakistán) para la construcción del Astillero Naval de Karachi . [24] En 1954, se hicieron varios esfuerzos para adquirir un submarino clase Ch de la Royal Navy, pero fue rechazado por el Almirantazgo británico que acordó prestar el destructor clase Ch , HMS Chivalrous , que pasó a llamarse PNS Taimur . [26] : 51–52 De 1953 a 1956, el HMS Choudri negoció amargamente con Estados Unidos la modernización de la marina y convenció al gobierno de Estados Unidos.para proporcionar apoyo monetario para la modernización de los destructores y dragaminas envejecidos de la clase O , mientras se encargaban los destructores de la clase Ch de la Royal Navy. [26] : 54 tradición naval británica fue disuelta y cancelada cuando la Marina de los Estados Unidos 's asesores fueron enviados al ejército paquistaní en 1955. [35]
Con la promulgación de la Constitución de Pakistán que estableció el republicanismo con el gobierno federalizado , se eliminó el prefijo Real y el servicio fue rediseñado como la Armada de Pakistán (" PN ") con el Jack reemplazando el color de la Reina y la Bandera Blanca, respectivamente. en 1956. [24] El orden de precedencia de los tres servicios cambió de Armada-Ejército-Fuerza Aérea a Ejército-Armada-Fuerza Aérea. [36] [ fuente autoeditada? ]
En febrero de 1956, el gobierno británico anunció la transferencia de varios buques de guerra de combate de superficie importantes a la Armada de Pakistán, incluido un crucero y cuatro destructores que se comprarán con fondos disponibles en el Programa de Asistencia Militar de EE . UU . [26] : 54 En 1957, la Marina finalizó la compra de un crucero del Reino Unido y utilizó los fondos propios del gobierno para la compra, lo que provocó una gran ira contra el almirante Choudhri en el Ministerio de Finanzas. [26] : 55
En 1958, la Armada hizo un intento fallido de obtener submarinos de la clase Neptun de Suecia utilizando los fondos de seguridad estadounidenses; fue detenido por el Ministerio de Finanzas de Estados Unidos y Pakistán a pesar de que la idea contaba con el apoyo del Cuartel General del Ejército . [26] : 57 En 1958–59, el personal de la NHQ de la Armada comenzó a pelear con el personal del GHQ del Ejército y el Ministerio de Defensa (MoD) sobre planes relacionados con la modernización de la marina que resultó en una amarga rivalidad entre servicios entre el ejército y la marina y terminó con La renuncia del almirante Choudri a la presidencia en 1959. [26] : 57
La propuesta de obtener el portaaviones se aplazó debido a limitaciones financieras, lo que obligó a Pakistán a avanzar hacia el establecimiento del formidable comando submarino. [37] : 108 De 1956 a 1963, dos destructores, ocho dragaminas costeros y un engrasador fueron adquiridos de los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido como resultado directo de la participación de Pakistán en los pactos de defensa anticomunistas SEATO y CENTO . [26]
Guerra con la India y despliegues bélicos posteriores (1965-1970) [ editar ]
Después de la amarga renuncia del vicealmirante HMS Choudri en 1959, el vicealmirante Afzal Rahman Khan fue nombrado comandante en jefe de la Armada, quien trabajó para establecer relaciones con el presidente Ayub Khan para mantener las esperanzas de adquirir un submarino a pesar de las limitaciones financieras. [26] : 58–59 La Royal Navy aceptó las solicitudes largamente esperadas de la Armada de Pakistán para una visita regular al astillero naval de Karachi para proporcionar experiencia de primera mano en operaciones submarinas en 1960–61. [26] : 58 La administración de Ayubno aumentó la financiación financiera de la marina a expensas del ejército y la fuerza aérea, pero no se opuso a las contribuciones estadounidenses para entrenar a la Armada de Pakistán en operaciones submarinas. [26] : 59 Fue la Armada de los Estados Unidos la que brindó un apoyo de entrenamiento crucial y perspicaz a la Armada de Pakistán que le permitió realizar operaciones a gran distancia en el Océano Índico y la propuesta de adquirir el submarino recibió opiniones favorables en 1963 debido a la perspectiva de que la Armada Soviética arrienda un submarino a la Armada de la India . [26] : 58 Después de ver la contribución de Estados Unidos , el Reino Unidodecidió proporcionar entrenamiento y educación a la Armada de Pakistán sobre operaciones submarinas, y en 1964, PNS Ghazi fue encargado de los Estados Unidos bajo el Programa de Asistencia de Seguridad (SAP). [26] : 58
Aunque ni la Armada ni la Fuerza Aérea fueron notificadas de la incursión en Cachemira en 1965, la Armada estaba bien preparada en el momento en que estalló la segunda guerra entre Pakistán e India en 1965. [26] El jefe naval, el almirante Afzal Rahman Khan ordenó a todas las unidades de guerra de la Armada de Pakistán que tomaran posiciones defensivas frente a la costa, pero no ordenó ninguna operación ofensiva en la Bahía de Bengala . [26] : 60–61 A medida que las repetidas incursiones y salidas de la Fuerza Aérea de la India interrumpieron las operaciones de la PAF , la Armada asumió un papel más agresivo en el conflicto. [26] :61 El 2 de septiembre, la Armada desplegó su primer submarino de largo alcance, el PNS Ghazi, al mando del comandante K. R. Niazi, encargado de recopilar información de inteligencia sobre los movimientos navales indios que acechaban las amenazas de desvío planteadas por el portaaviones INS Vikrant . [38]
En la noche del 7 al 8 de septiembre, un escuadrón naval compuesto por cuatro destructores, una fragata, un crucero y un submarino, bajo el mando del Commodore SM Anwar , lanzó una operación de artillería , un ataque a las instalaciones de radar utilizadas por la Fuerza Aérea de la India. en la pequeña ciudad costera de Dwarka . [38] La operación terminó con daños limitados en el área. [38] Después del bombardeo de artillería, Ghazi se desplegó contra el Comando Naval Occidental de la Armada de la India en Bombay el 22 de septiembre y puso fin a sus operaciones y se presentó a salvo en el Astillero Naval de Karachi el 23 de septiembre de 1965. [38]
La Armada de Pakistán exploró la idea de instalar un sistema de misiles ruso en antiguas fragatas británicas, pero los soviéticos se abstuvieron de hacerlo debido a las objeciones de la India. [39]
Después de la guerra, Estados Unidos impuso un embargo de armas a Pakistán y el ejército paquistaní comenzó a explorar opciones para adquisiciones militares de China, Francia y la Unión Soviética. [26] : 62 El Reino Unido ofreció a la Armada la construcción conjunta de la fragata Tipo 21, pero fue rechazada por la administración de Ayub que solo permitiría gastar el capital financiero en la adquisición de submarinos. [26] : 63
En 1966, la Armada de Pakistán estableció su propia fuerza de operaciones especiales , el Grupo de Servicio Especial de la Armada (Navy SSG) después de las recomendaciones de la Armada de los Estados Unidos . [40] En 1966-70, la Armada de Pakistán había sido muy consciente de las adquisiciones y adquisiciones masivas de sistemas de armas que se estaban adquiriendo de la Unión Soviética y el Reino Unido , y el peligro que representaría para Pakistán. [26] : 63 En 1966-1969, hubo una serie de conversaciones infructuosas sobre la adquisición de los buques de guerra de la Armada soviética que terminaron sin resultados. [26] : 63La Unión Soviética ofreció vender su barco de misiles clase Osa, pero la Armada de Pakistán quería que los misiles Styx se instalaran en fragatas en la creencia de que los barcos de misiles no eran lo suficientemente grandes para cumplir con los requisitos paquistaníes para operar en el Océano Índico . [26] : 63 Más tarde, los rusos decidieron que sus intereses estratégicos estaban con la India y permitieron que la relación en desarrollo con Pakistán se debilitara. [39] : 283–288
Surgieron dificultades entre y después de que Estados Unidos levantara el embargo de armas, que se levantó estrictamente sobre la base del pago y envío. [26] : 63 Las súplicas para fortalecer la Armada en Pakistán Oriental fueron ignoradas debido a problemas monetarios y restricciones financieras restringieron las capacidades de la Armada para funcionar de manera más eficiente. [26] : 63 En 1968, los submarinos de clase Daphné fueron adquiridos de Francia mientras operaban submarinos de clase Tench que fueron reacondicionados y mejorados por la Armada turca . [26] : 63 Debido al bloqueo egipcio delCanal de Suez , la Armada tuvo que ejecutar una notable operación de circunnavegación sumergida desde el Océano Índico a través del Océano Atlántico para someterse a un programa de reacondicionamiento en el Astillero Naval de Gölcük en Turquía, que era la única instalación para gestionar el reacondicionamiento y las actualizaciones de mediana edad de computadoras militares de la clase Tench . [41] A pesar de las reservas de la Marina NHQ sobre el envejecimiento de Ghazi , navegó bajo el mando del comandante Ahmed Tasnim partiendo de la costa de Karachi en el Océano Índico hasta el Cabo de Buena Esperanza., Sudáfrica , a través del Océano Atlántico y terminaba en la costa este del Mar de Mármara, donde se encontraba el Astillero Naval de Gölcük. [41]
En 1968-69, el personal de la NHQ de la Marina comenzó su disputa con el personal de Air AHQ sobre el tema del establecimiento de la aviación naval que temía la pérdida de aviones de combate y sus pilotos en el mar y era hostil a esta idea. [26] : 63 Los Estados Unidos discutieron la transferencia de aviones P3B Orion a la Armada en 1970 con la administración de Yahya, pero no se adquirieron hasta fines de la década de 1970. [26] : 63 En 1970, las relaciones exteriores entre Pakistán y Pakistán Oriental se deterioraron aún más y la Armada sabía que era imposible defender Pakistán Oriental de la Armada India que se acercaba. [26]: 63 Se llevaron a cabo una serie de reformas cuando la administración de Yahya consideró las serias reservas de la Marina y los paquistaníes del este fueron reclutados apresuradamente en lo que se conocía como Comando Naval del Este (Pakistán), pero esto resultó ser un desastre para la Marina cuando la mayoría de los oficiales navales bengalíes y ~ 3.000 marineros desertaron a la India para unirse al ala militar de la Liga Awami , la Mukti Bahini . [26] : 64–65Tales eventos habían puesto en peligro el alcance operativo de la Armada y la Armada. El personal y los comandantes de la NHQ sabían muy bien que (la Armada) estaba mal preparada para la guerra y Pakistán estaba a punto de recibir una dura lección de la India sobre las consecuencias de desconectar la estrategia de realidad. [26] : 65
Guerra Indo-Pakistán de 1971 [ editar ]
En 1971, el personal de la NHQ de la Armada y sus comandantes sabían muy bien que la Armada de Pakistán estaba pobremente representada en Pakistán Oriental (ahora Bangladesh ) y no había una infraestructura principal para llevar a cabo una operación defensiva contra el Comando Naval del Este de la Armada de la India en la Bahía de Bengala . [26] : 64 La Armada solo pudo realizar las operaciones fluviales que estaban llevando a cabo los Marines de Pakistán con la ayuda del Grupo de Servicios Especiales de la Armada , con nombre en código, Barisal , en abril de 1971. [24] Aunque, el Gobernador del este de Pakistán, el vicealmirante SM Ahsan, hizo esfuerzos para aumentar la presencia y la importancia naval en 1969, pero el Comando Naval del Este de la Armada de la India continuó representando una amenaza significativa ya que tenía capacidad para realizar operaciones en áreas de largo alcance. [42]
Además, las deserciones de los oficiales y marineros bengalíes de la Marina habían puesto en peligro el alcance operativo de la Marina, que se unió al ala militante de la Liga Awami , la Mukti Bahini en un programa conocido como Jackpot . [42] Sin embargo, el programa fue interrumpido por la Armada debido a una mayor aniquilación, pero las instalaciones navales resultaron gravemente dañadas debido a esta operación el 15 de marzo de 1971. [42] La geografía del este de Pakistán estaba rodeada por la India en los tres lados terrestres por la India. Tanto el Ejército como la Armada intentaban evitar que la India bloqueara las costas. [42]
Durante este tiempo, el NHQ de la Armada se alojó en Karachi y decidió desplegar el nuevo submarino MLU Ghazi en el este, mientras que Hangor en el oeste para fines de recopilación de inteligencia. [42]
Al final de la crisis de Pakistán Oriental ... Nosotros (el Comando Oriental) no teníamos inteligencia y, por lo tanto, estábamos sordos y ciegos con la Armada y la Fuerza Aérea de la India golpeándonos día y noche ...
- Almirante Mohammad Sharif, a US Almirante Zumwalt en 1971 ,. [43]
Sin una rama de aviación naval para proteger el puerto de Karachi , la Armada de la India rompió las fronteras marítimas de Pakistán y lanzó con éxito el primer ataque con misiles , que consistió en tres barcos de misiles clase Osa construidos por los soviéticos escoltados por dos patrulleras antisubmarinas el 4 de diciembre. 1971. [44] Cerca del área del puerto de Karachi, el escuadrón de la Armada de la India lanzó misiles Styx misiles antibuque, contra los cuales los obsoletos buques de guerra paquistaníes no tenían una defensa viable. [44] Dos de los buques de guerra, PNS Muhafiz y PNS Khaibar , fueron hundidos, mientras que PNS Shahjahanfue dañado sin posibilidad de reparación. [44] Después de los ataques, el escuadrón de lanchas de misiles de la Armada de la India regresó a salvo a su base de operaciones sin sufrir daños. [44]
El 8 de diciembre de 1971, Hangor comandado por su comandante Ahmed Tasnim , hundió la fragata india INS Khukri frente a la costa de Gujarat, India; este fue el primer hundimiento de un buque de guerra por un submarino desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial , y resultó en la pérdida de dieciocho oficiales y setenta y seis marineros de la Armada de la India mientras infligían graves daños a otro buque de guerra, INS Kirpan , por el mismo submarino. [45] La Fuerza Aérea de Pakistán que ahora cubre Karachi hizo varios de los intentos fallidos de entablar combate con el escuadrón de lanchas de misiles de la Armada de la India llevando a cabo misiones de bombardeo aéreo sobre el puerto de Okha.- la base de avanzada del escuadrón de lanchas de misiles de la Armada de la India. [44] La Armada de la India tomó represalias con un segundo ataque con misiles en la costa de Pakistán en la noche del 8 de diciembre de 1971 cuando una pequeña flotilla de barcos indios, que consistía en un barco de misiles y dos fragatas, se acercó a Karachi y lanzó un ataque con misiles que hundió al panameño. el carguero Gulf Star , el PNS Dacca y el buque mercante británico SS Harmattan resultaron dañados. [44]
Los ataques con misiles fueron un éxito total para la Armada de la India y un trauma psicológico para la Armada de Pakistán, el costo humano y material redujo severamente su capacidad de combate, casi 1.700 marineros murieron en los cuarteles. [46]
Los pilotos comerciales de Pakistan International Airlines se ofrecieron como voluntarios para realizar misiones de vigilancia aérea con la Fuerza Aérea de Pakistán , pero esto resultó menos que útil cuando el equipo de observadores de avanzada de la Armada de Pakistán, dirigido por Cdre. AW Bhombal identificó erróneamente su propia fragata más grande, PNS Zulfiqar , como un barco de misiles indio, dando autorización a los aviones de combate F-86 de la Fuerza Aérea de Pakistán que realizaron varios ataques antes de identificar finalmente a Zulfiqar por la Marina NHQ. [46] Este serio fuego amigoEl incidente resultó en una mayor pérdida de personal de la Armada, así como la pérdida del barco, que resultó gravemente dañado y las capacidades operativas de la Armada de Pakistán estaban ahora prácticamente extintas, y la moral se desplomó. [46] Los observadores de la Armada de la India que observaron el ataque cercano escribieron más tarde en sus registros de guerra que "los pilotos de la PAF no reconocieron la diferencia entre una gran fragata PNS Zulfiqar y un bote de misiles Osa relativamente pequeño". [46] Sin embargo, la PAF impugnó esta afirmación sosteniendo Cdre. Bhombal de la responsabilidad de identificar erróneamente su propio buque de guerra y dar autorización a la FAP para montar un ataque en su propio barco. [46] [47]
El único submarino de largo alcance de la Armada, Ghazi , fue desplegado en el área, pero se hundió en ruta en circunstancias misteriosas y debatidas. [48] Las autoridades paquistaníes afirman que se hundió debido a una explosión interna o la detonación de las minas que estaba colocando en ese momento. [49] La Armada de la India afirma que hundió el submarino. [50] [51] [52] [53]
La destrucción del submarino permitió a la Armada de la India imponer un bloqueo en el entonces Pakistán Oriental. [54] Según la revista de defensa, Pakistan Defense Journal , el ataque a Karachi, Dhaka, Chittagong y la pérdida de Ghazi , la Armada ya no pudo igualar la amenaza de la Armada de la India, ya que fue superada por la Armada de la India después de la guerra de 1965. [44]
El daño infligido por la Armada de la India y la Fuerza Aérea de la India a la Armada se situó en siete cañoneras , un dragaminas, dos destructores, tres patrulleras , dieciocho buques de carga, suministros y comunicaciones, y daños a gran escala infligidos en la base naval y los muelles en la ciudad costera de Karachi. [44] Tres buques de la marina mercante; Anwar Baksh, Pasni y Madhumathi; [55] y se capturaron diez barcos más pequeños. [56] Se perdieron alrededor de 1.900 efectivos, mientras que 1.413 soldados (en su mayoría oficiales) fueron capturados por las fuerzas indias en Dhaka . [57] La Armada de la India perdió 18 oficiales y 176 marineros [45] [58]y una fragata, mientras que otra fragata resultó dañada y un avión naval Breguet Alizé fue derribado por la Fuerza Aérea de Pakistán . [44]
Según un académico de Pakistán, Tariq Ali , la Armada de Pakistán perdió la mitad de su fuerza en la guerra. [59] A pesar de los recursos y la mano de obra limitados, la Armada realizó su tarea con diligencia brindando apoyo a los interservicios (fuerza aérea y ejército) hasta el final. [60]
Según el testimonio proporcionado por el almirante Mohammad Shariff en 2015, la razón principal de esta pérdida se ha atribuido al fracaso del Alto Mando a la hora de definir un papel para la Armada, o incluso de considerar a la Armada como militar en general. [60] Desde entonces, la Armada ha buscado mejorar la estructura y la flota poniendo especial énfasis en la capacidad de guerra subterránea, ya que permite la forma más eficiente de negar el control de las rutas marítimas paquistaníes a un adversario. [60] En una tesis escrita por el Dr. PI Cheema en 2002, Ayub Khan , que había disfrutado de una influencia considerable en los políticos nacionales de Pakistán, no entendía completamente la Armada como un servicio militar.ni comprender la importancia de salvaguardar las líneas de comunicación marítima , lo que impidió el desarrollo de la Armada como una fuerza tan potente como debió tener en la década de 1970. [28] : 93
[ editar ]
Después de la guerra de 1971 , se tomaron medidas para modernizar y aumentar el alcance operativo de la Armada. [26] [28] : 103 : 65 A diferencia del ejército o la fuerza aérea, los oficiales navales pudieron continuar su servicio militar en la Marina, y sus ascensos fueron relativamente más rápidos que en otras ramas militares en 1972-74. [26] : 141
En enero de 1972, la administración Bhutto formó la Comisión POW para investigar el número de prisioneros de guerra retenidos por el ejército indio en el este y presentó la solicitud a la Corte Suprema de Pakistán para investigar las causas del fracaso de la guerra con la India en 1971 [62]. ] : 28 Después de concluir una rápida visita a los Estados Unidos en 1972, el presidente Bhutto usó sus poderes administrativos para descargar deshonrosamente la comisión de cinco almirantes de alto rango en la Armada, nombrando al más joven HH Ahmed como el primeroJefe de Estado Mayor de la Armada. [63] : 61 En 1973, el NHQ de la Armada se trasladó permanentemente a Islamabad para proporcionar sinergia con el Cuartel General del Ejército en Rawalpindi. [61] : contenido [64]
En 1974, se estableció la rama de Aviación Naval con la transferencia de los helicópteros Westland Sea King desde el Reino Unido en 1975, seguida de un lanzamiento de prueba del misil Exocet tierra -barco como una respuesta adecuada a la Armada de la India en 1979. [61 ] Con la capacidad de disparar el misil Exocet con base en tierra desde un avión de reconocimiento, la Armada se convirtió en la primera de su tipo en el sur de Asia en adquirir aviones de reconocimiento de largo alcance con capacidad para misiles balísticos basados en tierra. [66] : 77
En 1976, la Armada avanzó hacia la adquisición exitosa de las computadoras militares de la firma británica Ferranti para aumentar sus defensas en sus costas. [61] La Comisión de Investigación de Guerra señaló la falta de comunicación estratégica y la gran estrategia entre las cuatro ramas del ejército durante el conflicto y las guerras con India , recomendando el establecimiento del Comité de Jefes de Estado Mayor Conjunto para mantener la comunicación militar estratégica entre los interservicios y el gobierno federal, que será presidido por los jefes conjuntos nombrados por el presidente como principal asesor militar del gobierno. [26] : 140En 1976, la Armada vio su primer almirante de rango de cuatro estrellas cuando Mohammad Shariff fue ascendido a este rango, y luego se convirtió en el primer almirante en ser nombrado Presidente del Comité de Jefes Conjuntos en 1977. [60] [67] : 372 En 1977 , según se informa, los Estados Unidos transfirieron los dos destructores de clase Gearing reacondicionados a la Armada de Pakistán, que eran muy superiores a las fragatas británicas, seguido de la obtención de más destructores de la Armada de los Estados Unidos en 1982-83. [26] : 142
Durante este tiempo, la Armada diversificó sus adquisiciones con acuerdos de defensa hechos con China , Francia y el Reino Unido, pero la dependencia creció en China cuando la Armada adquirió los buques de guerra antisubmarinos que le dieron a la Armada una capacidad creíble de negación del mar. [3] En 1979, Francia ofreció vender su submarino clase Agosta-70A y fue adquirido de inmediato, que se encargó como Hurmat y Hashmat . [41] La inducción de la clase Agosta-70A le dio a la Armada de Pakistán una ventaja de profundidad sobre la Armada de la India y le dio a la Armada la capacidad de realizar operaciones en las profundidades del Océano Índico.en un rango más amplio. [3] [26] [68] : 143
En 1982, el gobierno de Reagan presentó la propuesta de US $ 3.2 billón de ayuda para Pakistán que fue dirigido hacia el mejoramiento económico y la asistencia de seguridad para el Congreso de los Estados Unidos como la Marina entró en el éxito de la negociación de la obtención del Harpoon sistema, a pesar de la fuerte lobby indio opuestos y objetar este trato. [26] : 144 En 1985, la Armada compró el avión Mirage 5V para el papel naval y fueron equipados con el misil Exocet A39 que le da la capacidad de negación del mar a la Armada de Pakistán. [26] : 144Con la inducción de los sistemas de misiles, submarinos de resistencia de largo alcance y profundidad, destructores de misiles, aviones de combate y el establecimiento de la Agencia de Seguridad Marítima , la Armada de Pakistán finalmente puso fin al control de la Armada de la India sobre el Océano Índico y la confianza de la Armada de la India en que podría contener a la Armada de Pakistán en las costas. [26] : 145
Finalmente, la Armada de Pakistán comenzó su despliegue en tiempos de guerra en países del Medio Oriente a través del Golfo Pérsico y desplegó sus activos de guerra en Arabia Saudita en apoyo de la flota de la Armada de los Estados Unidos a raíz de los eventos relacionados con la Guerra Irán-Irak y las tensiones con Libia . [26] : 145 En 1982, la administración Reagan aprobó una ayuda militar y económica de 3.200 millones de dólares estadounidenses a Pakistán, adquiriendo Pakistán ocho fragatas de la clase Brooke y García de la Armada de los Estados Unidos en un contrato de arrendamiento de cinco años en 1988. [60] A depósito para reparaciones, USS Héctor siguió el contrato de arrendamiento de estas naves en abril de 1989. Esto se hizo debido a la administración Zia 's cooperación con el gobierno de Reagan contra la Unión Soviética invasión en Afganistán. [60]
Autosuficiencia, compromiso y operaciones encubiertas (1990-1999) [ editar ]
Después de la retirada de las tropas rusas de Afganistán en 1989, la administración Bush impuso el embargo de armas a Pakistán al revelar la existencia del programa encubierto de bombas atómicas al Congreso de los Estados Unidos, que finalmente se abstuvo de transferir el avión de patrulla marítima, los sistemas de misiles y software de defensa el 1 de octubre de 1990. [60] Con el vencimiento del arrendamiento de las fragatas de misiles guiados de la clase García y Brooke , la Armada tuvo que devolver las fragatas a los Estados Unidos que fueron vendidas a la India por metales desguazados, y la Armada a enfrentó los problemas para una financiación adecuada hacia la Marina moderna.[26] : 185 El embargo afectó gravemente el alcance operativo de la Armada y paralizó su capacidad para operar en el Océano Índico , ya que la flota de la Armada estaba compuesta en su totalidad por los antiguos buques de guerra construidos por Estados Unidos . [26] : 185
Desde 1987, la Armada de Pakistán había estado interesada en adquirir las fragatas Tipo 21 del Reino Unido , y la Armada recurrió a la Royal Navy para una compra inmediata que fue aprobada en 1993, cuyas costosas reparaciones y actualizaciones tecnológicas tuvieron que llevarlas a cabo el propio Pakistán. en su Base Naval en Karachi a lo largo de los años. [26] : 185 En 1994, la Armada de Pakistán entró en una negociación larga, complicada y controvertida con Francia para adquirir la tecnología submarina de largo alcance al descartar la idea de adquirir un submarino de propulsión nuclear de China debido al problema del ruido que la Armada de la India fue silencioso capaz de rastrear.[26] : 183-185 [70] A pesar del embargo, la Armada de los Estados Unidos mantuvo sus relaciones con la Armada de Pakistán, invitando a los paquistaníes a participar en el Inspired Siren en 1994, y dio instrucciones a la Armada de Pakistán y atropelló el submarino nuclear y operaciones de portaaviones. [26] : 185 En un intento de calentar las relaciones políticas con los Estados Unidos, el ejército paquistaní se unió a las acciones estadounidenses en la Guerra Civil de Somalia , realizando patrullas en tiempo de guerra en la costa de Somalia. [71]
En 1994, la Armada se desplegó en apoyo de la Armada de los EE. UU. Y extendió su apoyo en 1995 para participar en la Operación United Shield para concluir su parte de operación después de evacuar al personal y equipo del ejército , los marines y la fuerza aérea. [72] En 1996, se introdujo la enmienda Brown que permitió el levantamiento del embargo sobre Pakistán, permitiendo la transferencia de la aeronave de patrulla marítima a la Armada. [26] : 185
En 1997, la polémica sobre la transferencia de tecnología desde Francia había empañado la imagen pública de la Armada con el arresto del jefe naval cuando varios casos se dirigieron a los líderes políticos y militares de la Armada. [70] A pesar de las fuertes objeciones de la India en Francia, la propulsión independiente del aire se transfirió a Pakistán, que construyó el submarino de clase Agosta 90B , capaz de operar en el Océano Índico ya mayor profundidad submarina. [70] En 1999, la Marina vio el desacuerdo público con el gobierno federal sobre el tema del compromiso del Ejército de Pakistán con el Ejército de la India.en Cachemira y por el legítimo nombramiento del almirante Fasih Bokhari como presidente de los jefes conjuntos . [73] La Armada de Pakistán se vio obligada a desplegar sus activos de guerra existentes cuando la Armada de la India desplegó sus buques de guerra cerca del acantonamiento de Korangi Creek y el puerto de Karachi con su nombre en clave: Operación Talwar . [74]
El 10 de agosto de 1999, se produjo un incidente grave en la región de Sir Creek cuando la Fuerza Aérea de la India derribó el avión de la Aviación Naval que provocó la muerte de 16 miembros del personal naval, en su mayoría oficiales. [75] : 62 El 29 de agosto de 1999, otro avión de la Armada, P3C Orion , se perdió debido a un accidente con la pérdida de veintiuna vidas. [76] : 537 [77] [78]
Cuando el general Pervez Musharraf fue confirmado como presidente del Estado Mayor Conjunto , el almirante Fasih Bokhari presuntamente presentó su renuncia a su cargo en protesta y dejó el mando al almirante Abdul Aziz Mirza . [75] : 35 [ fuente autoeditada? ]
Sobre el tema del derribo de la aeronave por parte de la Fuerza Aérea India, la Armada presentó una demanda contra la Fuerza Aérea India en la Corte Internacional de Justicia , pero la demanda fue desestimada más tarde debido a que el mandato de la corte se sobrepasó. [75] : 62–63 [79]
Pakistan fully endorse the requirements of a strong navy, capable of safeguarding Pakistan's sea frontiers and her Lines of Communication, monitoring and protecting her exclusive economic zone. Continuous efforts are at hand to provide the best available equipment to the Navy despite all economic constraints.
— Pervez Musharraf, 1999, [74]
After his incident in 1999, another proposal was raised to switched the air-independent propulsion of Agosta submarine to substitute with nuclear propulsion, however the proposal was dismissed.[74]
War on Terror in Afghanistan and operations in North-West (2001–present)[edit]
After the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States, the sanctions on Pakistan were eventually uplifted, allowing the Navy to procure the U.S.-built weapon systems and warships to regain its ability to operate in the Indian Ocean as it became involved in war preparations during the standoff with India in 2001–02.[74] In 2001, the Navy took serious consideration of deploying the nuclear weapons on its submarines although none of the nuclear weapons were ever deployed in the submarines.[70]
In 2003–04, there were several proposals made for acquiring the vintage aircraft carriers but the Navy itself had dismissed the idea since the country has not aspired to have an aircraft capability.[80]:79 In 2002–03, the Pakistan Navy deployment took place in the Indian Ocean, participating in the naval drills to combat terrorism from seaborne platforms, and eventually entered in defence negotiations with China for acquiring the technology to designing and building the guided missile frigates— the F-22P guided missile frigates were eventually built it in 2006–15.[61]
Since 2004, the Navy's deployment took place in Indian Ocean, playing a crucial role in the multinational NAVCENT in Bahrain, and took the leadership of the CTF-150 and CTF-151 as well as taking active participation in the Operation Enduring Freedom in 2006–10.[81][82][83] In 2008, the task force group consisting of PNS Badr, PNS Shah Jahan, PNS Nasr, and the Pakistan Air Force's Explosive Ordnance Disposal participated in the Exercise Inspired Union with the U.S. Navy in the Indian Ocean to develop skills in a prevention of seaborne terrorism.[84]
Its deployment in the War on terror also included their actions in the War in Afghanistan when the Navy's special forces were deployed to take participation in the Operations: Black Thunderstorm, Rah-i-Nijat, Mehran, and the Help.[61]
Despite its seaborne mission, the Navy had played an active role in controlling the insurgency in former tribal belt in Western Pakistan, mostly taking roles in managing logistics and intelligence gathering as well as conducting ground operations with the army in Western areas to track down the al-Qaeda operatives.[85] From 2010–11, the Navy was in a brief direct conflict with the violent TTP group and al-Qaeda, and its Naval Intelligence was able to track down the infiltrated militants within the ranks of the Navy.[86][87]
In 2015, the Navy was deployed in support of the Saudi-led blockade of Yemen after accepting the request from the Saudi Arabia.[88] As of current, the Navy continues increase its operational scope in the Indian Ocean and reportedly successfully entering in defence talks with Turkey to jointly built the MILGEM project in Pakistan in 2018–2019 while it had earlier announced to start the building the program of the nuclear submarine for its current operational capabilities in 2013.[89]
Involvement in the civil society[edit]
The Pakistan Navy has played an integral part in the civil society of Pakistan, almost since its inception.[90] In 1996, General Jehangir Karamat described Pakistan armed forces' relations with the society:
In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a mirror image of the civil society from which it is drawn.
— General Jehangir Karamat on civil society–military relations, [90]
In times of national calamities and emergencies, the Pakistan Navy has been deployed in relief operations and nation building programs in the country.[91] In 2004, a tactical task force under then-Commodore Asif Sandila coordinated the peacetime relief operations in Maldives, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Bangladesh when the underwater earthquake caused a tsunami and struck the South Asian nations.[92][93][94][95][96][97] In 2005, the Navy deployed the PNS Badr (D-184) to help assists the relief efforts for the earthquake that struck the northern part of the country in October 2005.[61]
In 2010, the Navy coordinated one of its largest relief operations during the nationwide flash floods, with Navy divers rescuing and evacuating more than 352,291 people in August 2010.[98] In addition, the Navy and Marines personnel provided 43,850 kg of food and relief goods to flood victims; 5,700 kg of ready-to-cook food, 1,000 kg of dates and 5,000 kg of food has been dispatched to Sukkur.[99]As of January 2011[update], under the program PN Model Village, the Navy's civil engineering corps built the model houses in the affected areas for the internally displaced person (IDPs).[100]
On 10 June 2018, Pakistan Navy and Maritime Security Agency rescued eleven Iranian crew members on a sunken Iranian boat in the Northern Arabian Sea, about 230 kilometres (140 mi) away from Karachi.[101][102]
Corporate and business activities[edit]
The Pakistan Navy has the wider commercial and financial interests in the country, and is a forerunner of the Bahria Foundation (lit. Naval Foundation).[103] From 1996–2000, the Navy was a major sponsor of the Bahria Town– the real estate enterprise– and reportedly received market shares for the use of its name in commercial building projects.[104] In 2002, the Navy filed a civil lawsuit to refrain the Bahria Town using its name for profiteering– the lawsuit was eventually settled in civil court in favour of Navy in 2018.[104]
For external billets appointment, the federal government takes the senior leadership of the Navy as secondment to manage the federal institutions such as the Karachi Port Trust, Port of Karachi, and the Port of Gwadar.[105][106]
Organization[edit]
Command and control structure[edit]
Leadership in the Navy is provided by the Minister of Defense, leading and controlling the direction of the department of navy from the Naval Secretariat-II at the Ministry of Defense, with the Defense Secretary who is responsible for the bureaucratic affairs of the army's department.[107] The Constitution sets the role of the elected President of Pakistan as the civilian Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces while the Prime Minister of Pakistan served as the Chief Executive of the Pakistan Armed Forces, both the people-elected civilians, the President and Prime minister, maintains a civilian control of the military.[108]
The Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), an appointed four-star rank admiral, is a principal military adviser on the naval/maritime security affairs to the Federal government and is a senior member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (JCSC)— a military body that advises and briefs the elected civilian Prime Minister and its executive cabinet on national security affairs and operational military matters under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[109]
The war functions of the Navy is controlled from the single combat headquarters, the Navy NHQ, located in Islamabad at vicinity of the Joint Staff Headquarters and the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi Cantonment in Punjab in Pakistan.[109] The Chief of Naval Staff controls and commands the Navy at all levels of operational command, and is assisted by number of Principal Staff Officers (PSOs) (Staff Commanders) who are commissioned at the three-star rank and two-star rank admirals.[109]
The military administration of the Navy under the naval chief based in the Navy NHQ includes its Principal Staff Officers:
| Commands Naval Headquarters | Call Sign | Principal Staff Officer (Staff Commander) |
|---|---|---|
| Vice Chief of the Naval Staff | VCNS | _ |
| Chief of Staff | COS | Vice Admiral Faisal Rasul Lodhi, HI(M), Ops |
| Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Materials | DCNS-M | Rear Admiral Ahmed Fauzan, HI(M), Engg |
| Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Operations | DCNS-O | Rear Admiral Javaid Iqbal, HI(M), Ops |
| Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Supply | DCNS-S | Rear Admiral Tariq Ali, HI(M), Supp |
| Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Training and Evaluation | DCNS-T&E | _ |
| Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Projects | DCNS-Proj | Rear Admiral Tariq Mehmood, SI(M), Engg |
| Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Welfare and Housing | DCNS-W&H | Rear Admiral Raja Rabnawaz, SI(M), Ops |
| Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Administration | DCNS-A | Rear Admiral Hamid Hussain, SI(M), Ops |
| Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Personnel | DCNS-P | _ |
| Chief Project Director, PMO-313 | CPD-PMO313 | _ |
| Naval Secretary | NS | Rear Admiral Mian Zakirullah Jan, HI(M), Ops |
| Director General, Naval Intelligence | DG NI | Rear Admiral Muhammad Faisal Abbasi, SI(M), Ops |
| Director General, Public Relations | DG PR | Rear Admiral Arshid Javed, SI(M), Ops |
| Director General, Command, Control, Communication, Computers and Intelligence | DG C4I | _ |
[edit]
Due to the influence from the Royal Navy and later by the United States Navy since its earliest inception, the Pakistan Navy has a unique command structure and the navy's functionality is divided in various branches.[3]:73
There are eight military branches in the navy that are in fact administrative, directed by the several appointed Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (DCNS) and often assisted by the Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (ACNS) holding the rank of commodore a one-star rank senior officer reporting directly to their respective Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (DCNS).[3]:73 The Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (DCNS) reports to Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (VCNS) of their respected commands– the Deputy Chiefs Of Naval Staff are usually holding either the two-star or three-star ranks, depending on assignments nature, a commodore rank senior officer also known as a one-star rank can be appointed Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff temporarily if there is no current vice admiral or rear admiral senior flag officer available for that post.[3]:73
The each and appointed Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff head or commander of their respected branch reports to the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) and Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (VCNS) at the Navy NHQ in Islamabad of their respected command.[7] The branches in the navy are in fact administrative not combat service— therefore these branches imposes educational and medical qualifications on its junior officers to be educated at the higher level of their knowledge once passed out from the naval academy.[110] Each branch in the navy offers specialisation and officers interested in joining the particular service have to pass aptitude tests before attending the specialised school that usually last for two to three years, in which the officer is able to attain a college degree.[110]
| Administrative Branches in the Navy | Call Sign | Specialization and Qualification Badges | Administrative Branches in the Navy | Call Sign | Specialization and Qualification Badges | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naval Operations | Ops | Surface warfare Underwater warfare Electronic Warfare Communication Navigation NBCD | Mechanical | Mech | Ship Mechanical Engineering Badge | ||
| Logistics | Log | Logistics Badge | Education | Ed | Education Badge | ||
| Judge Advocate General Corps | JAG | JAG Badge | Naval Police | NP | Naval Police Badge | ||
| Weapons Engineering Branch | WEB | WEB Badge | Marine Engineering Branch | MEB | |||
| Aviation | AVN | Naval aviator badge | Music | MUS | Music Badge | ||
| Medical | MED | Medical Badge | Supply | S | Supply Badge | ||
| Naval Intelligence | NI | Navy Intelligence Badge | Marines Corps | MC | Marines Badge | ||
| Navy SEALs | SSGN | SSGN Badge | Maritime Security Agency | MSA | MSA Badge | ||
| Special Branch | SB | IT Badge | Chaplain (Khatib) Service | CS |
Sources: Professional Branch of Pakistan Navy. For other Enlisted Branch.
Operational Commands[edit]
Since its restructuring and reorganisation over the several years, the Pakistan Navy now operates eight operational and tactical field commands and also two major type commands, two of the important commands of aviation and submarines are reporting directly to the senior Pakistan Fleet Command.[109] Each command is headed by a senior flag officer who usually holds a ranks of three-star rank: Vice-Admiral and two-star rank: Rear-Admiral.[109] The appointment to the senior fleet commander known as s "Commander Pakistan Fleet" leads the navy's entire fleet with a responsibility of deploying the entire combat formations of the navy.[3]:73
Geographically, there are three administrative commanders, such as Commander Karachi (COMKAR), Commander Central Punjab (COMCEP), and Commander Northern (COMNOR), are administrating the bulk of naval installations, offshore establishments, and training facilities besides the seven oceanic based commands.[3]:73
In 2012, the Pakistan Navy established the Naval Strategic Forces Command that has area responsibility of exercising the deployment of sea-borne nuclear weapons and is described by the military as the "custodian of the nation's nuclear second strike capability."[111]
The peacetime commands and the Commands in the Navy allocated are given below.
| Headquarters | Navy NHQ, Islamabad in Pakistan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operational, Tactical and Type Commands | Call Sign | Commander | Subordinate combat squadrons and arms | Notes | |
| Commander Coast | COMCOAST | Vice Admiral Zahid llyas, HI(M), S BT, Ops | Subordinate branches
| Directs the coastal command by ensuring the coastal defences of Pakistan from Iranian border in West to Indian borders in East. | |
| Commander Pakistan Fleet | COMPAK | Rear Admiral Naveed Ashraf, HI(M), T BT, Ops | Subordinate squadrons
| The war-fighting command responsible for operational deployments of the Surface, Submarine, and Aviation Commands to ensure the operational readiness and assurances of the Navy. | |
| Commander Karachi | COMKAR | Rear Admiral Ovais Ahmad Bilgrami, HI(M), Ops | Subordinate offshore establishments
| Directs the offshore establishments, training schools, military protocol, and ensuring coastal defence of Karachi coast. | |
| Commander Central Punjab | COMCEP | Rear Admiral Muhammad Zubair Shafique, HI(M), Ops | Subordinate commands
| Oversees the deployments of Marine detachment and operations of the War College in Punjab | |
| Flag Officer Sea Training | FOST | Rear Admiral Muhammad Shafique, HI(M), Ops | This Command oversees the training deployment of the Pakistan Navy Fleet | ||
| Naval Strategic Forces Command | NSFC | Rear Admiral Abdul Samad, HI(M), Ops | Subordinate commands
| This command was identified by the military as Custodian of nuclear second strike capability | |
| Commander Logistics | COMLOG | Rear Admiral Abid Hameed, HI(M), Engg | Subordinate commands
| Directs the logistics command to oversee the maintenance, military logistics and material readiness for construction warships at the shipyard. | |
| Commander West | COMWEST | Rear Admiral Jawad Ahmed, SI(M), Ops | Directs the Navy's combat units in Western Pakistan and reports to COMCOAST | ||
| Commander North | COMNOR | Commodore Masood Khurshid, SI(M), Ops | Directs the Navy's combat units in Northern Pakistan and reports to NHQ | ||
| Commander Depot | COMDEP | Commodore Uzair Gillani, SI(M), Supp | Directs the Naval Depots Command to oversee all the naval supplies and materials being stored and distributed in the Pakistan Navy and reporting directly to COMLOG | ||
| Commander Naval Aviation | COMNAV | Commodore Adnan Majeed, SI(M), Ops | Directs the Naval Aviation Command but reporting directly to COMPAK | ||
| Commander Submarines | COMSUBS | Commodore - | Directs the Submarine Command but reporting directly to COMPAK | ||
| Director of Procurement Navy | DP NAVY | Commodore Tariq Saeed, SI(M), Supp | This Command deals in the purchasing of certain military equipments and supplies for the navy and reports to DCNS-S | ||
Notes: Sources: Administrative Commands and the textbook: Seaforth World Naval Review 2012 ISBN 9781783466320[3]
Special operations forces[edit]
The Special Service Group (Navy) (SSG(N)), colloquially known as the SSGN[112] is an elite unit that conducts unconventional warfare, combat diving, naval interdiction, and asymmetric warfare operations, established under the guidance of the United States Navy's SEALs in 1966.[113]
The Navy Special Service Group is headquartered at PNS Iqbal in Karachi where the physical conditioning and weapon tactics training take place.[114] The Navy Special Service Group's specialisation further includes training and mastery in the visit, board, search, and seizure methods, naval interdiction, and security operations to prevent seaborne-based terrorism.[115]
The Navy Special Service Group is a tighter unit composed of highly qualified and selected personnel who are modelled on and inspired by the U.S. Navy SEALs training and tradition.[114] The actual number of personnel of Navy Special Service Group is classified and their deployment are also subjected to classified information.[114]
In 1970–71, the Navy established the Pakistan Marines to support the amphibious warfare operations and were initially influenced by the United States Marines Corps but the Marines component was decommissioned by the federal government in 1974.[116] On 14 April 1990, the Pakistan Marines were again recommissioned in the Navy with about 2,000 personnel.[117] The advanced training of the Marines are often takes place with the Pakistan Army at their School of Infantry and Tactics in Quetta in Balochistan.[118]
The 1st Marines Battalion, the special operation unit, of the Pakistan Marines is specifically trained by the Pakistan Army to conduct infiltration and anti-aircraft warfare operations. The 1st Battalion is currently deployed in Sir Creek.[119]
Military philosophy[edit]
Combat doctrine[edit]
The military doctrine and philosophy of the Pakistan Navy is primarily directed towards preventing the Indian Navy repeating the 1971 blockade of the Pakistani coasts.[109] From 1947 until 1971, the Pakistan Navy was effectively little more than a coast guard because the Government of Pakistan did not give importance to the strategy of protecting the sea lines of communication.[3]:68 In 1971, the Indian Navy ultimately played a decisive role by enforcing a blockade of Chittagong and Karachi, the only maritime outlets of East Pakistan and West Pakistan respectively. The Navy was unable to break the blockade leading to Pakistan's economic and military resources being severely drained and communication was limited between the two wings of the country. Subsequently, the federal government increased the funding of the Navy.[28]:97–98[122]:94
Since 1971 the Navy tactical doctrine has included the acquisition, development, employment, and aggressive deployment of the long-range and depth reaching submarines in an effort to target and destroy its adversaries by attacking surface warships before reaching the country's ports.[109] The mining of the Karachi's harbour is also taken as a serious consideration of preventing the enemy from launching the missile attacks in the port city of Karachi.[109]
In 1983–85, the Navy commissioned the Dassault Mirage 5 from France whose weapon system included the naval variant of the Exocet missiles and are aimed towards engaging the Indian Navy's aircraft out to 500 kilometres (310 mi) in the Indian Ocean.[109][123]
The routine deployment of the surface fleet as part of the Combined Task Forces provides the opportunity to the safeguard the sealines of communications.[109] Since 1999, the Pakistan Marines's special reconnaissance forces has been deployed in the Sir Creek region are aimed towards offshore protection against the incursions from the Indian Army's Para Commandos from the sea while taking the initiatives of deployment of the special forces groups behind the enemy lines through insertion by the HALO/HAHO airdrop or by using the midget submarines.[109]
Responding to the development of the INS Arihant, the Pakistan Navy reportedly announced the launch of the nuclear powered submarine program to counter the submarine threat in 2012.[124]
The Navy eventually pushed for attaining the naval-based nuclear second-strike capability in 2017 when the ISPR annouched the Pakistan Navy's to have attain the sea-based second strike capability when it launched the nuclear SLCM based on the Babur cruise missile, though the range of the SLCM remains to be at the short range.[125]
Personnel[edit]
Commissioned officers[edit]
From its commencement in August 1947, the Pakistan Navy had traditionally followed the ranks and insignia of the Royal Navy but disbanded in favour of adopting the officer ranks system of the United States Navy as early as the 1950s.[3][126]:73
Unlike the army or air force where there are several paths to become the officers, there is only one way of becoming the naval officer by must attending the Pakistan Naval Academy—after passing out the boot camp in Manora Island— for one-and-half year for them to be able to passed out from the Academy.[127]
The passed out cadets gain commission in the Navy as midshipman, taking their first assignment in an open-sea ship that gives them the experience of life at sea while being trained in different careers on board.[127] The training of the passed out midshipman usually lasts till six months before rotating back to the naval academy to be promoted as the Sub-Lieutenants.[127] Their college education is provided by the Navy at the Naval Engineering College in Karachi for three years that led them to earn the bachelor's degree in their choice of career.[127]
The rank hierarchy in Navy is divided in three categories: junior officers, senior officers, and star officers— the Junior officers are those in pay grade scale of OF-1 to OF-3 while the senior officers are in scale of OF-4 to OF-5 and the star officers are in the pay grade scale from OF-6 to above OF-9.[128][failed verification]
Besides the military officers, the Department of Navy also offers employments to civilians in financial management, accountancy, medical services, computing, and administration, and has currently employed ~2,000 civilians that met the Navy's quota in 2018.[8]
According to the various admissions and estimations provided by the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the Pakistan Navy's combined strength of the standing navy is ~46,500 personnel including the active duty personnel, Navy Reserves, Marines Corps, the Maritime Security Agency (MSA), and the 2,000 personnel from the naval-side of the Coast Guards– the branch within the Pakistan Army.[3][129]:73
| Equivalent NATO code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1 | OF(D) and student officer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Pakistan Navy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Admiral of the fleet | Admiral | Vice admiral | Rear admiral | Commodore | Captain | Commander | Lieutenant commander | Lieutenant | Sub-lieutenant | Midshipman | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Enlisted personnel[edit]
The recruitment and the enlistment in the navy is nationwide and the recruitment in the Navy is carried out by the release of the employment tender in the print newspapers and televised commercials twice a year– first group attending the boot camp in May and the second being directed on November.[130] The Directorate of Recruitment that is located in the Navy NHQ in Islamabad controls the recruiting offices and centers in all over the country— the recruiting offices are located in Punjab, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan.[131] Before 1966, almost all the enlisted personnel and officers had to be sent to attend the military academies in the United Kingdom to be educated and to be trained in technical branches for the Pakistan Navy.[28]:90
After passing out from the nine-month long boot camp, the enlisted personnel are directed for subsequent job training at the PNS Karsaz in Karachi on the matters of technical subjects and assigned for different branches in the Navy.[130]
Promotion in the Navy from the enlistment to officers ranks are much quicker than the army or the air force, as the Department of Navy offers financial aid to those enlisted personnel successful in their profession to attend the colleges and universities.[130] Most of the enlisted personnel rarely stays in their enlisted ranks at the time of their retirement as most retires at junior officer ranks once reaching their retirement age of 62[28]:90
Their technical experiences in their fields is consolidated into the professional training that forms their basis to attend the respective university for them to earned the four-year college degree.[130]
The noncommissioned officers (or enlists) wear respective anchors color patches or badges chevrons on their shoulders.[130] Retirement age for the enlisted personnel varies and depends on the enlisted ranks that they have attained during their services.[130]
| Structure of Enlisted Ranks of the Pakistan Navy | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pay grade | E-9 | E-8 | E-7 | E-6 | E-5 | E-4 | E-3 | E-2 | E-1 | ||||
| Insignia | |||||||||||||
| Title | Master Chief Petty Officer | Fleet Chief Petty Officer | Chief Petty Officer | Petty Officer | Petty Officer (2nd-Class) | Petty Officer (1st-class) | Leading Seaman–III | Able Seaman–II | Seaman–I | ||||
| Abbreviation | MCPO | FCPO | CPO | — | – | PO | LH | AS-II | OS-I | ||||
| NATO Code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 | ||||
Recruitment and training[edit]
After the Navy was established in August 1947, the Navy had to send its officers and enlisted personnel to be trained at the Britannia Royal Naval College in the United Kingdom whose training and education by the British Royal Navy was crucial at all levels of cadet's learning and schooling.[28][132]:91 During its earliest time in 1947, the Department of Navy had only 3,800 personnel (200 officers, 3,000 Enlists, and 500 civilian employees) as the Navy faced the same problems as its Department of Army as the most technical enlisted personnel and skilled executive officers were Punjabi Muslims while others had Urdu-speaking background (i.e. Indian immigrants as naturalised citizens of Pakistan).[26]:47
After 1971, the Bhutto administration introduced the quota system to give fair chance to the residents of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan to enlist in the military.[3]:75 In 2007, the Navy gave commissioned to its first Baloch batch, consisting of fifty-three women and seventy-two enlists from Balochistan in Pakistan.[133] In 2012, the Navy pushed its personnel strength to Balochistan after sending a large formation of Baloch university students to Navy Engineering Colleges and War College as well as staff schools to complete their officer training requirements.[134] The Navy established three additional facilities in Balochistan to supervise the training to its personnel.[134]
Recruitment in the Navy remains to be challenge for the naval recruiters to enlists citizens and their selfless commitment to the military from the urbanised metropolitan cities where the preference of college education (especially attending post-graduate schooling in the United States and the English-speaking countries) is much higher and strongly desirable.[26]:80 Furthermore, the medical standards and education levels required by the Department of Navy to be able to perform technical jobs also poses significant challenges as the Navy requiring the significant percentage marks once the matriculation examinations are concluded.[130]
The Navy has only one boot camp, the PNS Himalaya in Manora Island, where the basic military training takes place.[130] The basic military training at the PNS Himalaya goes for nine-months where instructions on military life is given while the physical conditioning is strongly emphasised.[135] Once completing the boot camp, the enlisted personnel are sent to attend the Pakistan Naval Academy where their training lasts for year and half before they are able to passed out from the Naval Academy.[28]:93[127] Once passing out, the commissioned junior officers must spend six-month deployment in Indian Ocean before being selected to attend the professional schools, such as the Naval Engineering College in Karachi, to move towards attaining the bachelor's degree in a period of four-years.[127]
As the estimates made in 2003 and 2009, the Navy had approximately ~30,200 active duty personnel.[129] In 2014, the estimates established the Navy's manpower strength at 30,700 active duty personnel.[136] but its combined manpower strength is increased and approximated at ~40,500 personnel based on recent estimates in 2018.[3]:73
Education and training[edit]
Schooling, teaching, and institutions[edit]
The Pakistan Navy offers the wide range of lucrative careers to the high school graduates in the technical fields by issuing specialised diplomas and certifications at the PNS Karsaz and the PNS Bahadur, which consists of the schools of operations, underwater, surface weapons, communications, and the naval police.[130][137] Instructions and technical education on technical fields and the engineering are primarily taught at the Pakistan Navy Engineering College that is open for both military and public admission, and offers college degree programs at undergraduate and post-graduate level.[138]
When the Navy was established in 1947, there was no technical schools for the Navy to look after the ship maintenance and power machinery that led to the establishment of the Pakistan Naval Polytechnic Institute (PNPI) in 1951 and the Navy Engineering College in 1962 whose admissions are open to public besides the military personnel.[139] From 1947–67, the Navy had to rely on the education and training provided by the Royal Navy at all levels of schooling, and had to send most of its officers and enlisted men to be trained at the Britannia Royal Naval College at the Dartmouth and the Royal Naval College in Greenwhich who were mostly trained in communication and navigation.[140] Training on the operations of warships and education on the military staffing was crucial for the Pakistan Navy in the 1960s under the United States-sponsored International Military Education and Training (IMET) arranged for Pakistan under the Security Assistance Program (SAP) as the U.S. Navy's officers served in the faculty of the engineering and technical schools of the Navy.[141]:190[self-published source?]
In 1966, the Pakistan Naval Academy was established under the guidance of the United States Navy, and is a premier institution of higher learning whose alumni included the Commanders of the Royal Qatari Navy, Royal Saudi Navy, and the Sri Lanka Navy while other nations naval cadets have also attended the naval academy.[140]
In 1968, the Naval War College was established in Lahore, whose curriculum is very similar to the Naval War College in the United States, is a primary military staff college which offers critical thinking techniques and developing ideas for naval warfare to the officers in the army and the air force.[142] In 1970, the School of Logistics and Management was established that conducts research on military logistics and management in imparting naval warfare techniques to the military officers serving in the army, air force, and marines departments of the Pakistani military.[143]
After the 1971 war with India, the Navy established several schools on strategy, naval warfare, and weapons tactics by commissioning the PNS Bahadur in 1981 as the navy established schools are listed below:
| Navy schools and colleges | Year of establishment | School and college principal locations | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| Naval Polytechnic Institute | 1951 | Karachi in Sindh | "Naval Polytechnic Institute". |
| PNS Karsaz | 1954 | Karachi in Sindh | "PNS Karsaz". |
| Navy Engineering College | 1962 | Karachi in Sindh | "Pakistan Navy Engineering College". |
| Submarine School | 1964 | Karachi in Sindh | "Submarine School". |
| PNS Iqbal | 1967 | Karachi in Sindh | "PNS Iqbal—Naval Special Warfare School". Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019. |
| Naval War College | 1968 | Lahore in Punjab | "Naval War College". |
| School of Logistics and Management | 1970 | Karachi in Sindh | "School of Logistics and Management". |
| School of Aviation | 1975 | Karachi in Sindh | "School of Aviation". |
| PNS Bahadur | 1980 | Karachi in Sindh | "PNS Bahadur". |
| PNS Rahnuma | 1982 | Karachi in Sindh | - |
| Navigation and Operations School | 1981 | Karachi in Sindh | "Navigation and Operations School". |
| Surface Weapons School | 1981 | Karachi in Sindh | "Surface Weapons School". |
| Underwater Warfare School | 1981 | Karachi in Sindh | "Underwater Warfare School". |
| Communications School | 1981 | Karachi in Sindh | "Communications School". |
| Navy Hydrography School | 1984 | Karachi in Sindh | "Hydrography School". |
| Navy School of Music | 1993 | Karachi in Sindh | "School of Music". |
| Naval Police School | 1997 | Karachi in Sindh | "Regulating and Provost School". |
| Information Warfare School | 2002 | Karachi in Sindh | "Information Warfare School". |
| Naval Special Operation Training Center | 2015 | Nathia Gali in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "Naval STOC". |
| Public schooling and universities | Year of establishment | School and college principal locations | Website |
| Pakistan Navy School | 1999 | Karachi in Sindh | |
| Bahria University | 2000 | Islamabad in Pakistan | "Bahria University". |
| Bahria College, Nore 1 Karachi | 1986 | Karachi in Sindh | "Bahria College Karachi". |
| Bahria College, Naval Complex Islamabad | 1986 | Islamabad in Pakistan | |
| Bahria College, Karsaz Karachi | 1986 | Karachi in Sindh | "Bahria College, Karsaz". |
| Cadet College Petaro | 1957 | Jamshoro in Sindh | "Petaro". |
| Cadet College Ormara | 1987 | Ormara in Balochistan | "Cadet College Ormara". |
| Higher education institutions | Year of establishment | locations | Website |
| National Defense University | 1971 | Islamabad | "National Defense University". Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019. |
| National University of Sciences and Technology | 1991 | Multiple campuses | "National University of Sciences and Technology". |
Source: Pakistan Navy (Official Website)
Established in 1971, the National Defense University in Islamabad is the most senior and premier institute of higher learning that provides the advance critical thinking level and research-based strategy level education to the senior military officers in the Pakistani military.[144]:9–10 Admissions to the NDU is not restricted to military officials but the civilians can also attend and graduate from the NDU, allowing the civilians to explore the broader aspects of national security.[145] The NDU in Islamabad is a significant institution of higher learning in understanding the institutional norms of military tutelage in Pakistan because it constitutes the "highest learning platform where the military leadership comes together for common instruction", according to thesis written by Pakistani author Aqil Shah.[145]:8 Without securing their graduation from their master's program at the National Defense University, no officer in the Pakistani military can be promoted as general in the army or air force, or admiral in the navy or marines as it is a prerequisite for their promotion to become a senior member at the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[145]:8–9
Besides, the platform provided at the NDU in Islamabad represents a radical shift from the emphasis on operational and staff functions and the level of ranks are imposed as qualification to attend the master's program at the NDU, usually brigadiers, air commodores, and commodores, are invited to given admission in broad range of strategic, political, social, and economic factors as these factors affects the country's national security.[145]:8–9 In this sense, the NDU becomes the critical thinking institution as its constitutes active-duty senior military officers corps' baptism into a shared ideological framework about the military's appropriate role, status, and behaviour in relation to state and society, and shared values affect how these officers perceive and respond to civilian governmental decisions, policies, and political crises.[144]:9–10 Admissions to the NDU is not restricted to military officials but the civilians can also attend and graduate from the NDU, allowing the civilians to explore the broader aspects of national security.[145]:8–9
Established in 1991, the National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) has now absorbed and amalgamated the existing naval engineering college, and is a counterpart institution in science and technology to that of the National Defense University (NDU) in Islamabad.[146] Besides the strategic and military education, the Navy leads the scientific programs at the Naval Observatory for producing timing and navigation while it leads the research on hydrography by conducting the hydrographic survey for the Pakistani military through the PNS Behr Paima, and provides support to the oceanographic program led by the civilians National Institute of Oceanography (NIO).[147]
Bases and facilities[edit]
From 1947–1991, the entire naval infrastructure and bases of the Pakistan Navy were primarily based in Karachi with the exception of the Navy NHQ that is in the Islamabad.[7] In the 1950s, it was the crucial help from the United States Navy that the Karachi Naval Dockyard was built and constructed for wartime operations.[148]:27 Besides, the Naval Base Karachi, the PNS Dhaka in East Pakistan was the only naval base for the Pakistan Navy, dedicated for coastal operations only[149]:24
After the Indian Navy's missile attacks in Karachi in 1971, the Navy concentrated building and moving its operational assets in Balochistan, Punjab, and the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[7]
These naval bases are operationalised for various purposes including the logistics and maintenance support, armoury and ammunition support, air stations, military hospitals, SEALs teams, coastal and missile defences, missile boats and submarine bases, forward operating bases etc.[7] The PNS Zafar serves as the major logistics naval base for the Pakistani military's operational capability in the western and northern Pakistan, followed by the naval forward operating base constructed at the vicinity of the Naval War College in Lahore.[150]
The primary naval air station, where the Mirage 5 are stationed, is the Naval Air Station Mehran (PNS Mehran), followed by the establishment of the naval air stations in Makran, Ormara, Turbat and the Manora Island.[151] In 2017, the PNS Siddiq was commissioned to support the aerial missions for the Navy's Naval Aviation reconnaissance group to guard the safety of the CPEC.[151]
The PNS Hameed, commissioned in 2017, is an ELF and a VLF facility near the Karachi coast, while the Karachi-based PNS Iqbal and the PNS Qasim serves for the operational activities dedicated for the Navy Special Service Group and the Marines Corps.[152] The Jinnah Naval Base and the Kalmat Naval Base are dedicated towards maintaining and harbouring the country's strategic assets such as the nuclear-capable submarines.[153][154]
Besides deployment within Pakistan, the Pakistan Navy, along with the inter-services branches, are permanently based in different parts in the Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[155]
Awards and honours[edit]
Service awards[edit]
Nishan-e-Haider[edit]
In military awards hierarchy, the Nishan-i-Haidar (lit. Order of Lion; Urdu: نشان حیدر; its abbreviation is noted as NH) is the highest and the most prestigious honour awarded posthumously for bravery and actions of valor in event of war.[157]:220 Established in March 1956 by the Constitution, this award is an equivalent to the American Medal of Honor, British Victoria Cross (VC), Russian Order of St. Andrew, or the French Legion of Honour.[158]:87
In a sharp contrast to the American Medal of Honor, the Nishan-e-Haider (NH) has only conferred to the ones who have martyred and proved their distinguished valor of actions in an event of conflict or war— therefore the Nishan-e-Haider has never been conferred to the living military officers who are mostly conferred with the Sitara-e-Jurat.[159]:5[160]}
Recommendations in forms of letters are received and then accepted by the federal government which recognises the martyred services of the one individual that distinguished by the his acts of valor during the events of the war.[161]:14
The honour is a namesake of Ali— the fourth caliph, the cousin, and the son-in-law of Muhammad, the last prophet of Islam— and the recipients receiving this honorary title as a sign of respect: Shaheed meaning martyr.[162]:4
From 1947 till 2019, there has been ten Pakistani military officers and enlisted personnel who have achieved this feat/or have honoured with this prestigious medal— out of which, nine recipients have came from the Pakistan Army while there is only one recipients from the Pakistan Air Force, that are bestowed with this prestigious medal.[163]
Almost all the recipients were martyred during their engagement in wars with India in 1965, 1971, and in 1999, and honoured with this prestigious award by the President of Pakistan based on the accepted recommendations.[163]
Since the commencement of the Navy on August 1947, there has been no single naval officer or/ either a navy's enlisted member in the Pakistani military that has been honoured or bestowed with this prestigious medal— a recommendation was sent to honour one officer for his actions in the War on Terror in Afghanistan and the Western Pakistan but the recommendation was rejected by the President of Pakistan in 2011.[156]
Equipment[edit]
Ships: Surface combatants[edit]
The names of the commissioned warship and noncombat vessels of the Pakistan Navy are prefixed with the capital letters "PNS"— the Pakistan Navy Ship.[109] The naming convention of the ship are selected by the Ministry of Defense, often honouring the important people or places in the history of Pakistan, and then commissioned by the President of Pakistan.[164][165][166]
The Surface Fleet, established in 1947, is a pivotal component of the Navy with crucial role in maintaining the military balance with the Indian Navy in the Indian Ocean, taking part in multinational task forces to prevent seaborne terrorism and piracy.[167]
The Navy currently operates approximately 100 vessels including ones used by the Maritime Security Agency (MSA) and Pakistan Marines.[109] In the current inventory, the Navy has a combination of British, American, Chinese, and locally produced ships including the American Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate, British-designed Tariq class, and locally-built Zulfiquar-class frigate (built with Chinese assistance). Decommissioning of the ageing Tariq class destroyer has commenced due to construction of the additional missile guidance Zulfiquar-class frigate in Pakistan by 2021, and the acquisition of the Jiangkai II-class frigates from China that started in 2017.[168][169][170][171]
The Tariq class are the guided missile destroyers that are in the service with the 25th Destroyer Squadron while the F-22P Zulfiquar class are the guided missile frigate attached with the 18th Destroyer Squadron with a complement of the American-transferred USS McInerney (now PNS Alamgir) in 2011.[172]
In 1992, the French Navy transferred its Tripartite-class minehunter and helped designed the Munsif-class minehunters in Pakistan as a local production that increased the Pakistan Navy's operational scope and its overall capabilities.[173]:154[self-published source?]
In 2011, the Navy commissioned the Azmat-class corvette based on the Chinese design of Type 037II Houjian missile boat with the lead boat being designed in China while three remaining were built in Pakistan through the technology transfer agreement– these missile boats are commissioned into the 10th Patrol Squadron.[174][175][176] In addition, the 10th Patrol Squadron has commissioned the two Jurrat-class missile boats based on the German-designed and two missile boat based on the from the Turkish design, MRTP.[176] The Larkana-class gunboats are locally produced at the KSEW Ltd. in Karachi that is in the current service with the Pakistan Navy, forming the Fast Patrol Craft Squadron.[177]
In addition to the Navy's operations of warships, the Navy operates twenty-two coast guard ships intended for the Maritime Security Agency–most are imported from China while others are locally build to guard the coastal shoreline of Pakistan's seaborne borders from the illegal activities, followed by the ten of the locally designed and built patrol boats for the Coast Guards for the safety and policing of the beaches in the country.[178]
In 2017, the Pakistan Navy entered in discussion with the Turkish Navy to acquire four of the MILGEM-class warship, and eventually signing a major defence deal based on a technology transfer with Turkey on 5 July 2018, which was described as "the largest defense export of Turkey in one agreement."[179]
On 1 June 2018, Pakistan Navy ordered four Type 054As. The ships are expected to enter service by 2021.
The steel-cutting ceremony for the second Type 054A frigate for the Pakistan Navy (PN) was held in China on 19 December 2018, marking the beginning of construction of the vessel at the Hudong-Zhonghua shipyard in Shanghai, China.[citation needed]
On 1 November 2019, China's Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding held a steel cutting ceremony for the Pakistan Navy's third and fourth Type 054A frigates.[citation needed]
Pakistan Navy outgoing Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) Admiral Zafar Mahmood Abbasi said Navy will add more than 50 vessels, including 20 major ships, to its fleet as part of an ambitious modernisation plan to improve its capabilities.[citation needed]
According to outgoing Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) statement, experts suggest Navy would induct Six Chinese Type 054A frigate, four Jinnah class frigate under the transfer of Technology agreement from Turkey.[citation needed]
Lastly, outgoing Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) Admiral Zafar Mahmood Abbasi revealed contract for Six more heavy tonnage warships has been signed. Experts believe these ships would be based on Chinese destroyers.[citation needed]
In addition, Navy would operate four modified Ada class corvette's from Turkey, two multi-purpose Yarmook class corvettes buily by Dutch shipbuilder Damen Shipyards and twenty fast attack missile boats.[180][181][182][183]
Submarines[edit]
Established in 1964, the Submarine Command is a major component of the Navy whose primary mission is to conduct clandestine military reconnaissance for intelligence and carry out precision strikes on enemy positions from underwater during war.[184][2][185]
There are eight submarines in active service including the Hashmat-class submarines, based on the Agosta-70A class, and three Italian–designed and locally–built midget Cosmos-class (designated as X-Craft) submarines.[3]:73 The submarines are powered with diesel-electric and air-independent propulsion.[186]
The Hashmat-class submarines are equipped with an air-independent propulsion system giving a capability of deeper dives and the ability to submerge for a longer period of time without detection.[187] They are armed with Exocet and Babur-III missiles, which can be launched from underwater.[188] Two of the three Agosta-90B class are currently undergoing refitting and modernisation by the Turkish firm, STM, and are expected to return to full active duty in 2020–21.[188]
In 2014, Pakistan Navy entered in defence discussions with the People's Liberation Army Navy for the procurement of the Yuan-class AIP powered submarines, and eventually succeeded when the technology transfer agreement was signed between two nations in April 2015. This national submarine program is known as Hangor-class submarine features air-independent propulsion is being constructed as a joint-venture with China with the expectation of being commissioned between 2023–2028.[189] In a direct response to INS Arihant, the Pakistan Navy eventually succeeded getting the proposal approved for building the nuclear-powered submarine whose delivery is expected to between 2028, according to the Pakistan Navy officials.[124]
In April 2014, the Navy announced that submarine operations would move from Naval Base Karachi to the new Jinnah Naval Base in Ormara.[190]
Submarine training takes place at PNS Abdoze in Karachi. In May 2008, the Navy established the Fleet Acoustic Research and Classification Centre to validate submarine safety standards and to act as an underwater listening post to track unauthorised submarines.[191]
Auxiliaries, mine countermeasures, and amphibious warfare[edit]
The Navy has six replenishment oil tankers, three minehunters, and four Griffon 2000TD hovercraft for the amphibious warfare.[192] The Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM) are the important and center pieces for the amphibious operations undertaken by the Marines Corps and expeditionary actions by the Army as the two of the LCMs are commissioned by the Navy after being handed over by the KSEW Ltd. in 2016.[193]
In 1987, the Pakistan Navy commissioned PNS Nasr, the Fuqing-class, fleet tanker from China that was followed by the commissioning of PNS Moawin (A20), of the Poolster class, from the Royal Netherlands Navy in 1988.[192] In 1995, Poolster-class PNS Moawin was subjected to a serious fire accident that claimed valuable life during the refitting of the vessel in Karachi.[194] The Navy also operates two coastal tankers that were indigenously designed and locally built at the Karachi Shipyard— PNS Gwadar and PNS Kalmat— commissioned in 1984 and in 1992.[195] In 2011, the Navy commissioned two more small tankers/utility ships (STUS) —PNS Madadgar and PNS Rasadgar —to support the logistics and marine operations in the open sea.[196][197]
PNS Rah Naward, a tall ship commissioned from the British Royal Navy in 2010.
The Poolster-class PNS Moawin.
The French Navy's Céphée. PNS Munsif is nearly identical to the one shown in the photo.
The Griffon 2000TD hovercraft of the Pakistan Marines in Karachi in 2006.
In 1992, the Navy increased its operational capabilities in mine countermeasures with the commissioning of PNS Munsif from the French Navy, followed by the technology transfer to Pakistan which led the commissioning of two more mine countermeasure vessels from Munsif-class minehunter in 1996 and 1998.[198] Together with the Munsif-class minehunters and the replenishment oil tankers, these classes of ships are commissioned and complemented in the 9th Auxiliary Squadron.[192] In 2018, the Pakistan Navy commissioned another PNS Moawin (A39) which was locally engineered and constructed from the crucial design guidance from Turkey– the fleet tanker is noted for being the largest warship ever built in Pakistan.[199][200]
In 2011, the Pakistan Navy established the 21st Auxiliary Squadron to further support its fleet's logistics operations to fulfill the requirements of hydrological survey in the ocean, and the dredging operations in the area of responsibility that includes the training requirements for the Pakistan Navy's personnel at the deeper ocean which is conducted by a dedicated Sail Training Vessel.[201] The 21st Auxiliary Squadron consists of PNS Rah Naward, a tall ship acquired from the United Kingdom in 2010, PNS Behr Khusha, a dredging vessel commissioned from China in 2008, and PNS Behr Paima, that was commissioned from Japan in 1983.[201][202][203][204]
Aircraft[edit]
The Aircraft in the Pakistan Navy provides the logistical support to the navy's readiness at all level of commands and serves as the supply platform, through helicopters, to conduct the search and rescue, special operations, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), and the anti-surface warfare (ASuW).[205] Unlike the Indian Navy, the Pakistan Navy does not have the rapid aircraft carrier based strike capability but relies its aerial strike operations from clear and traditionally long landing platform built at the Mehran Naval Air Station in Karachi.[206]:66After realising the failure to protect the harbour from the attacks of the Indian Navy in 1971, the Navy took the research on using the aircraft on sea in an attempt to lessen the dependence on the Pakistan Air Force, which already covers the airspace of Pakistan, and established the naval aviation branch, the Naval Air Arm, in 1974.[205]:64[207]
The Navy's principle aerial fighting branch is known as the Naval Air Arm whose initial pilots' training took place at the Air Force Academy in Risalpur.[208]
The Navy operates the Fokker F27 Friendship, Breguet Atlantique, Lockheed P-3 Orion, ATR 72, and Hawker 800 as their fixed-wing aircraft inventory.[205] The rotary-wing aircraft in the naval air arm includes the Harbin Z-9 and the Westland Sea King while the Lynx helicopters have now been removed from active service due to maintenance issues, and a tender has been issued for their removal.[209] In addition, there are numbers of aircraft active in the Maritime Security Agency (MSA).[210]
Naval Air Arm Maritime patrol P-3C Orion take off
Pakistan Navy operates ATR 72-500 for maritime patrol
Pakistan Navy has ordered ten MPA based on the Embraer Lineage 1000
Pakistan Navy operates Hawker 800 for maritime surveillance
British-built Westland Sea King serves with PN as an ASW and ASuW platform
Harbin Z-9 helicopters operates with PN F-22P Zulfiquar-class
French built Pakistan Navy Alouette III
Weapon system and air defence[edit]
Current weapon systems in the Pakistan Navy is entirely composed and focused towards missiles, serving as both weapons or a defence from a threat.[212][213]
In 1971 with the Indian Navy's introduction of anti-ship missiles, Navy had the strong emphasis on classically using the artillery and ammunition focusing towards the vintage tactics witnessed in the previous naval wars fought in the World War II.[214]
The Navy's primary air defence included the usage of the LY-80, FM-90, FIM-92 Stinger, RBS 70, Feinu-6, Anza and the Mistral system.[212]
The primary and standard rifle issued for the Navy is the POF G3P4, which is standard issue by the Ministry of Defense, and is based on the German design of the Heckler and Koch G3 rifle.[211]
The Navy's air defence system are entrusted with the Pakistan Marines who receives their weapons training at the School of Infantry and Tactics in Quetta with the Pakistan Army soldiers.[118][215]
In 2016, the Navy inducted the Harbah cruise missile, based on the Babur design, that was test fired from the PNS Himmat– the Azmat-class missile boat.[216] The Navy operates the Zarb cruise missile that was first test fired on 10 April 2016.[217][218]
The cruise missiles system in the Navy, the Harbah, Zarb, and even Babur–III, are the variants and derivatives of the improved engineered version of the first cruise missile that entered in the service of the Pakistan Army— the Babur cruise missile system in 2003.[219]
- FN-16, the man-portable air-defense systems, tested on 25 December 2010 by Pakistan Marines with a range of 6 km and altitude ~ 3.5 km.
- Mistral shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile, test fired on 25 December 2010 by Pakistan Marines.
The military uniform in the Pakistan Navy includes the full white-worn service uniform as seen in the footage, and is worn on regular basis by the senior ranking star officers in the Navy.[220]:295 In the past times of 1947–2012, the Navy's uniform had closely followed the uniforms issued in the British Royal Navy with star officers often wearing the full white dress while the junior officers to enlisted members only wearing dressed-up blue working uniforms as their authorised working uniform in the vessels.[220]:295
In 2014, the Navy working uniform pattern for all officials have been changed in favour of adopting the authorised digital camouflage pattern uniform which incorporates sparse black and medium grey shapes on a light grey background.[221]
The Navy Special Service Group follows the Army Special Service Group's authorised uniform and wears the U.S. Woodland (M81) uniform while the Pakistan Marines have their own woodland pattern featuring light brown, olive green and blue shapes on a tan or light olive background.[221]
Air Defence Systems[edit]
| Name | Photo | Type | Origin | Variant | Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air defence - missile systems | ||||||
| HQ-16 | Medium-range surface-to-air missile |  China | LY-80 | 40+ km | Named as Low to Medium Range Air Defence System(LOMADS).[222][223]Type 054 frigates to be equipped with LY-80 missile | |
| HQ-7 | Short-range surface-to-air missile | China | FM-80 | 15 km | Short Range Air Defence System (SHORADS). Zulfiquar-class frigate equipped with SHORADs | |
| LY-60 | Short-range surface-to-air missile | China | LY-60N | 18 km | Short Range Air Defence System (SHORADS). Tariq class frigate equipped with SHORADs | |
| KRL Anza | Man-portable air-defense system | Pakistan | Mk II | 6000m | ||
| RBS 70 | Man-portable air-defense system |  Sweden | Mk 1 Mk 2 | 8 km | ||
| FIM-92 Stinger | Man-portable air-defense system |  United States | FIM-92A | 4,800m | ||
| FN-6 | Man-portable air-defense system | China | 6,000m | |||
| Air defence - gun systems | ||||||
| Type 59 | Anti-aircraft gun (57mm) | China  Soviet Union | AZP S-60 | 21 km | ||
| Type 55/Type 65 | Anti-aircraft gun (37mm) | China Soviet Union | M1939 | |||
| Oerlikon GDF | Anti-aircraft gun (2 x 35mm) |  Switzerland | 248 GDF-002 GDF-005 | 4,000m | ||
| Type 56/Type 58 | Anti-aircraft gun (14.5mm) | China Soviet Union | ZPU | 8 km | ||
| Type 85 | Anti-aircraft gun (12.7mm) | China | Type 77 | 4 km | ||
[edit]
| Name | Photo | Type | Origin | Range | Variant | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air defence - missile systems | ||||||
| Zarb | ASCM LACM | Pakistan | 700+ km | Babur II | Ground based dual anti-ship & Land attack cruise missile | |
| Babur | ASCM LACM | Pakistan | 700 km | Babur 1B | Azmat class test fire multiple times dual anti-ship & Land attack cruise missile | |
| Harbah | SLCM ASCM | Pakistan | 450 km | Babur III | Modernized Agosta-class submarine and futuristic Hangor class submarines to be equipped with submarine launched Harbah anti ship cruise missile | |
| YJ-62 | ASCM | China | 280+ km | C-602 | Zulfiquar-class frigate and Azmat-class missile crafts based anti-ship cruise missile | |
| YJ-83 | ASCM | China | 180+ km | C-802 | Zulfiquar-class frigate and Azmat-class missile crafts based anti-ship cruise missile | |
| Harpoon | ASCM | United States | 125+ km | Block II | PNS Alamgir frigate and Lockheed P-3C Orion equipped with Harpoon anti-ship missile | |
| Exocet | ASCM |  France | 120+ km | SM39 AM39 | Agosta-class submarine and Mirage 5 equipped with Exocet SM39 & AM39 anti-ship missile | |
[edit]
From 1947–56, the Pakistan Navy had stuck with the Ensign of the Royal Indian Navy that featured the British Queen's colors and the white flag.[224]:264 The Navy continued the tradition that it inherited from the Royal Indian Navy and British culture that was common with the Royal Navy until the American military advisers was attached the guide the Navy on military arts and science under the Military Advisory Assistance Group by the Eisenhower administration in 1956.[3]:73
Since then, the Navy's tradition and culture is commonly and uniquenly influenced from the United States Navy.[3]:73
After the promulgation of the Constitution in 1956, the Navy gained its independence from the British Royal patronage and became the federal institution of the armed forces commissioned by the elected President of Pakistan.[225]:152 The prefix Royal was permanently removed from the Navy as well as disbanding the British monarch culture and tradition in the Navy.[225]:152
The naval jack and the ensign flag of the Navy immediately replaced the English Queen's colors and the white ensign entirely, instead the dark blue color with the anchor crest of the Navy was adopted while the blue anchor was added in the side of the corner white colored section on the national flag of Pakistan.[225]:152 Since then, the naval jack has always flown in the warships of the Pakistan Navy while the naval ensign of the Navy is commonly used by the Pakistan Marines as their primary war flag.[225]:152
See also[edit]
- Pakistan Coast Guards
- Pakistan Marines
- Pakistan Naval Academy
- Pakistan Naval Air Arm
- Special Service Group (Navy)
Notes[edit]
- ^ As the Royal Pakistan Navy of the Dominion of Pakistan following the Partition of India.
References[edit]
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