La Administración Nacional de Archivos y Registros ( NARA ) es una agencia independiente del gobierno de los Estados Unidos encargada de la preservación y documentación de los registros gubernamentales e históricos. También tiene la tarea de aumentar el acceso público a los documentos que componen el Archivo Nacional. [7] NARA es oficialmente responsable de mantener y publicar las copias legalmente auténticas y autorizadas de los actos del Congreso , las directivas presidenciales y los reglamentos federales. NARA también transmite los votos del Colegio Electoral al Congreso. [8] También examina el Colegio Electoral.y documentos de ratificación de enmiendas constitucionales para suficiencia legal prima facie y una firma autenticadora. [9]
NARA | |
Descripción general de la agencia | |
---|---|
Formado | 19 de junio de 1934 [2] | (Agencia Independiente 1 de abril de 1985)
Agencia anterior |
|
Tipo | Independiente |
Jurisdicción | Gobierno federal de EE. UU. |
Sede | Edificio de Archivos Nacionales 700 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC , EE. UU. 38 ° 53′33.6 ″ N 77 ° 01′22.6 ″ W / 38.892667 ° N 77.022944 ° WCoordenadas : 38 ° 53′33.6 ″ N 77 ° 01′22.6 ″ O / 38.892667 ° N 77.022944 ° W |
Empleados | 3.112 (2014) [3] |
Presupuesto anual | $ 391 millones (año fiscal 2012) [4] |
Ejecutivos de agencias |
|
Agencia infantil | |
Sitio web | www |
El Archivo Nacional, y sus exhibidos públicamente Cartas de la Libertad , que incluyen el original Declaración de Independencia de Estados Unidos , Constitución de Estados Unidos , Estados Unidos Declaración de Derechos , y muchos otros documentos históricos, tiene su sede en el edificio del Archivo Nacional en Washington, DC
Organización
El Archivero de los Estados Unidos es el principal funcionario que supervisa el funcionamiento de la Administración Nacional de Archivos y Registros. El Archivero no solo mantiene la documentación oficial de la aprobación de las enmiendas a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos por las legislaturas estatales, sino que tiene la autoridad para declarar cuándo se ha alcanzado el umbral constitucional para la aprobación y, por lo tanto, cuándo una ley se ha convertido en una enmienda.
La Oficina del Registro Federal publica el Registro Federal , el Código de Regulaciones Federales y los Estatutos de los Estados Unidos en general , entre otros. También administra el Colegio Electoral .
La Comisión Nacional de Publicaciones y Registros Históricos (NHPRC), el brazo que otorga subvenciones de la agencia, otorga fondos a gobiernos estatales y locales, archivos públicos y privados, colegios y universidades y otras organizaciones sin fines de lucro para preservar y publicar registros históricos. Desde 1964, el NHPRC ha concedido unas 4.500 subvenciones.
La Oficina de Servicios de Información Gubernamental (OGIS) es un recurso de la Ley de Libertad de Información (FOIA) para el público y el gobierno. El Congreso ha encargado a NARA que revise las políticas, los procedimientos y el cumplimiento de la FOIA de las agencias federales y que recomiende cambios a la FOIA. La misión de NARA también incluye la resolución de disputas FOIA entre agencias federales y solicitantes.
Historia
Originalmente, cada rama y agencia del gobierno de los Estados Unidos era responsable de mantener sus propios documentos, lo que a menudo resultaba en la pérdida y destrucción de registros. El Congreso creó el National Archives Establishment en 1934 para centralizar el mantenimiento de registros federales, con el Archivero de los Estados Unidos como administrador principal. RDW Connor fue elegido para ser el primer líder de la organización. [10]
Después de una recomendación de la primera Comisión Hoover en 1949, los Archivos Nacionales se colocaron dentro de la recién formada Administración de Servicios Generales (GSA). A NARA se le dio oficialmente su independencia de la GSA con la aprobación de la Ley de Administración de Registros de 1984, dando así origen a la institución que tenemos hoy. [11]
En diciembre de 1978, millones de pies de carretes de noticias fueron destruidos en un incendio en un lugar fuera del sitio en Suitland, Maryland . [12] Los carretes, hechos de material de nitrato excepcionalmente inflamable, habían sido donados previamente por Universal Pictures y se almacenaron en bóvedas especiales destinadas a proteger contra incendios. En total, se destruyeron más de 12,6 millones de pies de película. [12]
En marzo de 2006, el Archivero de los Estados Unidos reveló en una audiencia pública que existía un memorando de entendimiento entre la NARA y varias agencias gubernamentales para "reclasificar", es decir, retirar del acceso público, ciertos documentos en nombre de la seguridad nacional. , y hacerlo de tal manera que no sea probable que los investigadores descubran el proceso (el programa de reclasificación de EE . UU .). [13] Una auditoría indicó que más de un tercio retirado desde 1999 no contenía información sensible. [14] El programa estaba previsto inicialmente para finalizar en 2007.
En 2008, la NARA anunció que no archivarían los sitios web del gobierno durante la transición , después de realizar estos rastreos en 2000 y 2004. En respuesta a esto, se estableció el Archivo Web de Fin de Periodo . [15] [16]
En 2010, la Orden Ejecutiva 13526 creó el Centro Nacional de Desclasificación [17] para coordinar las prácticas de desclasificación entre las agencias, proporcionar servicios de documentos seguros a otras agencias y revisar los registros bajo la custodia de NARA para su desclasificación.
Lista de archiveros
# | Retrato | Nombre | El término comenzó | Término terminado |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Robert Digges Wimberly Connor | 10 de octubre de 1934 | 15 de septiembre de 1941 | |
2 | Solon Justus Buck | 18 de septiembre de 1941 | 31 de mayo de 1948 | |
3 | Wayne C. Grover | 2 de junio de 1948 | 6 de noviembre de 1965 | |
4 | Robert H. Bahmer | 7 de noviembre de 1965 | 9 de marzo de 1968 | |
5 | James B. Rhoads | 10 de marzo de 1968 | 31 de agosto de 1979 | |
(Interino) | James O'Neill | September 1, 1979 | July 23, 1980 | |
6 | Robert M. Warner | July 24, 1980 | April 15, 1985 | |
(Acting) | Frank G. Burke | April 16, 1985 | December 4, 1987 | |
7 | Don W. Wilson | December 4, 1987 | March 24, 1993 | |
(Acting) | Trudy Huskamp Peterson | March 25, 1993 | May 29, 1995 | |
8 | John W. Carlin | May 30, 1995 | February 15, 2005 | |
9 | Allen Weinstein | February 16, 2005 | December 19, 2008 | |
(Acting) | Adrienne Thomas | December 19, 2008 | November 5, 2009 | |
10 | David Ferriero | November 6, 2009 | *Incumbent |
Registros
NARA's holdings are classed into "record groups" reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated.[18] Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media.
Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the federal government in the custody of NARA are stored in the National Archives Catalog.[19] The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings, electronic records, and artifacts.[20] As of December 2012, the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81% of NARA's records.[21] There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials.[21]
Most records at NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection. However, records from other sources may still be protected by copyright or donor agreements.[22] Executive Order 13526 directs originating agencies to declassify documents if possible before shipment to NARA for long-term storage,[23] but NARA also stores some classified documents until they can be declassified. Its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U.S. government's security classification system.
Genealogical Requests
Most people who access records at NARA are genealogists or family historians.[24] While many records are available online through the National Archives Catalog, individuals can also request paper copies and microfilm scans. When applicable, the catalog will indicate a document's physical location in a National Archives facility.
Census records are among the most frequently requested at NARA, with the oldest entries from 1790.[25] These records often contain information such as addresses and names of family members. However, all pieces of personal data are restricted for 72 years after collection; prior to then, federal agencies can only access statistical data.[26] The newest unrestricted census is from 1940 and was released to the general public in April 2012. The subsequent census from 1950 will be released in 2022.
NARA has also collaborated with Ancestry.com, Fold3.com, and Familysearch.org to scan microfilms and documents of genealogical interest.[27] These digitization partners have expanded the number of genealogical sources on their respective websites, such as ship passenger lists and military records. NARA will eventually offer free access to all digitized sources through the National Archives Catalog.[28] However, many file collections are not available for public viewing either through NARA or affiliate websites. This includes naturalization records and vital records that reveal extensive personal data. Depending on a requestor's verifiable relation to a subject of interest, restricted files may be obtainable under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).[29]
Since 2005, NARA has held annual Genealogy Fairs with guest speakers and research workshops.[30] These events are free of charge and are designed for interested individuals of any skill level. Materials from past Genealogy Fairs are available on the National Archives website.
Archival Recovery Teams
Archival Recovery Teams investigate the theft of records.[31]
Instalaciones y espacios expositivos
The most well-known facility of the National Archives and Records Administration is the National Archives Building (informally known as "Archives I"), located north of the National Mall on Constitution Avenue in Washington, D.C. A sister facility, known as the National Archives at College Park ("Archives II") was opened in 1994 near the University of Maryland, College Park. The Washington National Records Center (WNRC), also located in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area, is a large warehouse facility where federal records that are still under the control of the creating agency are stored. Federal government agencies pay a yearly fee for storage at the facility. In accordance with federal records schedules, documents at WNRC are transferred to the legal custody of the National Archives after a certain time; this usually involves a relocation of the records to College Park. Temporary records at WNRC are either retained for a fee or destroyed after retention times have elapsed. WNRC also offers research services and maintains a small research room.
Across the United States, the National Archives maintains both research facilities and additional federal records centers (FRCs). In many cases, the research rooms of regional archives are located at the same site as the federal records center, which are inaccessible to the public.
In April 2019 an unknown person set fire to an exterior wall of the archives building using a homemade incendiary device before firefighters were able to extinguish the flames.[32]
Public–private partnerships
In an effort to make its holdings more widely available and more easily accessible, the National Archives began entering into public–private partnerships in 2006. A joint venture with Google will digitize and offer NARA video online. When announcing the agreement, Archivist Allen Weinstein said that this pilot program is
... an important step for the National Archives to achieve its goal of becoming an archive without walls. Our new strategic plan emphasizes the importance of providing access to records anytime, anywhere. This is one of many initiatives that we are launching to make our goal a reality. For the first time, the public will be able to view this collection of rare and unusual films on the Internet.[33]
On January 10, 2007, the National Archives and Fold3.com (formerly Footnote)[34] launched a pilot project to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings. Allen Weinstein explained that this partnership would "allow much greater access to approximately 4.5 million pages of important documents that are currently available only in their original format or on microfilm" and "would also enhance NARA's efforts to preserve its original records."[35]
In July 2007, the National Archives announced it would make copies of its collection of Universal Newsreels from 1929 to 1967 available for purchase through CreateSpace, an Amazon.com subsidiary. During the announcement, Weinstein noted that the agreement would "... reap major benefits for the public-at-large and for the National Archives." Adding, "While the public can come to our College Park, Maryland, research room to view films and even copy them at no charge, this new program will make our holdings much more accessible to millions of people who cannot travel to the Washington, D.C. area." The agreement also calls for CreateSpace partnership to provide the National Archives with digital reference and preservation copies of the films as part of NARA's preservation program.[36]
Social media
The National Archives currently utilizes social media and Web 2.0 technologies in an attempt to communicate better with the public.[37]
On June 18, 2009, the National Archives announced the launching of a YouTube channel "to showcase popular archived films, inform the public about upcoming events around the country, and bring National Archives exhibits to the people."[38] Also in 2009, the National Archives launched a Flickr photostream to share portions of its photographic holdings with the general public.[39] A new teaching-with-documents Web site premiered in 2010 and was developed by the education team. The site[40] features 3,000 documents, images, and recordings from the holdings of the Archives. It also features lesson plans and tools for creating new classroom activities and lessons.
In 2011, the National Archives initiated a WikiProject on the English Wikipedia to expand collaboration in making its holdings widely available through Wikimedia.
Controversias
In January 2020, a Washington Post reporter noticed blurred protest signs in an image of the 2017 Women's March at the Archives' public exhibit. Some of the edited signs contained potentially offensive language, and some mentioned president Donald Trump. Besides censoring language, the changes altered the meaning of some protest signs. The agency defended the edits and said they were made "so as not to engage in current political controversy", but admitted it "made a mistake ... we were wrong to alter the image."[41][42][43]
In December 2019, the National Archives approved record schedules for federal records created by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) which documented detainee sexual abuse and assault, death review files, detention monitoring reports, detainee escape reports, detainee segregation files, and Detention Information Reporting Line records. The schedules permitted ICE to destroy the records when they were no longer needed for business use.[44] The schedules were approved without changes despite public outcry when they were first proposed in the Federal Register.[45] A lawsuit was brought against the National Archives by several plaintiffs, Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, the American Historical Association, and the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. In March 2021, a federal judge for the District Court for the District of Columbia ruled against the National Archives that the records must be preserved stating, “NARA’s approval of the schedule was arbitrary and capricious on the grounds that NARA failed to evaluate the research value of the ICE records and that NARA failed to address significant and relevant public comments.” [46][47]
Robos notables
- In 1963, Robert Bradford Murphy and his wife, Elizabeth Irene Murphy were arrested and sentenced to ten years in prison for stealing documents from several federal depositories, including the National Archives.[48]
- In 1987, Charles Merrill Mount was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for stealing 400 documents from the National Archives.[49]
- In 2002, Shawn Aubitz pleaded guilty to stealing dozens of documents and photographs from the National Archives during the 1990s.[50]
- In 2005, Sandy Berger was charged with an unauthorized removal of documents from the National Archives; sentenced to 100 hours of community service and fined $50,000.
- In 2005, Howard Harner was sentenced to two years in prison and fined $10,000 after stealing 100 documents from the National Archives.[51]
- In 2006, Denning McTague was sentenced to 15 months in prison and fined $3,000 after stealing 164 documents from the National Archives.[52]
- In 2011, Leslie Waffen was sentenced to 18 months in prison after stealing 955 recordings from the National Archives.[53]
- In 2011, Thomas Lowry was permanently banned from the National Archives after he confessed to altering the date on a presidential pardon signed by Abraham Lincoln.[54]
- In 2011, Barry Landau and Jason Savedoff were arrested and sentenced to seven-and-a-half years in prison for stealing ten thousand documents from the National Archives.[55][56]
- In 2018, Antonin DeHays was arrested for multiple thefts of military artifacts and records from the National Archive during the mid to late 2010s.[57][58]
Ver también
- 1973 National Archives Fire
- Digital preservation
- Electronic Records Archives
- List of national archives
- List of U.S. state libraries and archives
- National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
- National Digital Library Program (NDLP)
- National Security Archive
- U.S. Constitution
- White House Millennium Council (time capsule)
Referencias
- ^ "Celebrate July 4 with New Logo and 1st Ever Parade Float!". National Archives and Records Administration. June 30, 2010.
- ^ "Archival Milestones". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
- ^ "U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Fiscal Year 2014–2018 Strategic Plan" (PDF). National Archives. March 2014. p. 18. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
- ^ Fiscal Year 2014 Budget Request
- ^ "David Ferriero Confirmed by U.S. Senate as 10th Archivist of the United States" (Press release). National Archives and Records Administration. November 6, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
- ^ "Meet our Senior Staff". archives.gov. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
- ^ Mengel, David (May 2007). "Access to United States Government Records at the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration" (PDF). Society of American Archivists.
- ^ "Elections and the Electoral College". National Archives. March 15, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
- ^ "The Constitutional Amendment Process". Archives.gov. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 27, 2014.
- ^ Quigley, Sarah (2007). "Cultural Record Keepers". Libraries & the Cultural Record. 42: 81. doi:10.1353/lac.2007.0017. S2CID 161988764.
- ^ Bradsher, G (2015). "National Archives Independence 30 Years Ago". Federalist (Society for History in the Federal Government). 45: 4–5 – via EBSCOHost.
- ^ a b Daley, Jason. "Forty Years Ago, 12.6 Million Feet of History Went Up in Smoke". Smithsonian. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
- ^ "Secret Agreement Reveals Covert Program to Hide Reclassification from Public". National Security Archive. April 11, 2006. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
- ^ Scott Shane (April 27, 2006). "National Archives Says Records Were Wrongly Classified".
- ^ Webster, Peter (2017). Brügger, Niels (ed.). "Users, technologies, organisations: Towards a cultural history of world web archiving". Web 25. Histories from 25 Years of the World Wide Web: 179–190. doi:10.3726/b11492. ISBN 9781433140655. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020.
- ^ "National Archives". Congressional & Federal Government Web Harvests. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
- ^ "National Archives and Declassification". Archives.gov. October 19, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
- ^ "Record Group Concept". National Archives. August 15, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
- ^ NARA. "The National Archives Catalog". Retrieved May 6, 2016.
- ^ NARA. "Open Government at the National Archives". Retrieved December 13, 2012.
- ^ a b NARA. "About Archival Research Catalog (ARC)". Retrieved December 13, 2012.
- ^ "Copyright, Permissions and Restrictions Notice". archives.gov. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
- ^ Section 3.2 (d)
- ^ "Why Visit the National Archives?". National Archives. September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ Dennis Szucs, Loretto; Hargreaves Luebking, Sandra, eds. (2006). The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy. Ancestry Publishing. p. 756. ISBN 1593312776.
- ^ Heimlich, Russell (April 9, 2012). "The '72-Year Rule' Governs Release of Census Records". Pew Research Center. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ Johnson, Melissa (February 1, 2016). "A Primer on United States Naturalization Records". NGS Monthly: National Genealogical Society. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "Microfilm Publications and Original Records Digitized by Our Digitization Partners". National Archives. August 15, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ Trent, Sydney (December 9, 2019). "The genealogy boom has hit a roadblock. The Trump administration plans huge fee hikes for immigration records". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "National Archives Virtual Genealogy Fair". National Archives. March 19, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ Faye Fiore (August 8, 2010). "Guardians of the nation's attic". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Katz, Brigit. "Authorities Are Looking for the Suspect Who Started a Fire at the National Archives". Smithsonian. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
- ^ "National Archives and Google Launch Pilot Project to Digitize and Offer Historic Films Online" (Press release). archives.gov. February 24, 2006. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
- ^ "footnote.com". footnote.com. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
- ^ "National Archives and Footnote Launch Project to Digitize Historic Documents" (Press release). archives.gov. January 10, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
- ^ "Thousands of National Archives Films to Be Made Available Through CustomFlix Labs" (Press release). archives.gov. July 27, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
- ^ "National Archives Launches YouTube Channel" (Press release). archives.gov. June 18, 2009. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
- ^ "National Archives Photos on Flickr: FAQs". Retrieved March 31, 2011.
- ^ "DocsTeach".
- ^ Acevedo, Nicole (January 18, 2020). "Blurring 'Trump,' other words in Women's March photo was mistake, National Archives says". NBC News. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
- ^ "The National Archives used to stand for independence; that mission has been compromised". SFChronicle.com. January 19, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
- ^ "National Archives Doctored Photos of 2017 Women's March to Blur Messages Critical of Trump". Democracy Now!. January 21, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
- ^ Perrett, Connor. "The National Archives can't allow ICE to destroy records about sexual assault and detainee deaths, a federal judge ruled". Business Insider. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
- ^ Peet, Lisa. "NARA Responds to Controversial ICE Records Destruction Request". The Library Journal. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
- ^ "Judge Blocks ICE, Records Administration from Destroying Records of Sex Abuse, Detainee Deaths". Law & Crime. March 12, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
- ^ "Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics v. Nat'l Archives & Records Admin., Case No. 20-cv-00739 (APM)". casetext.com. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
- ^ United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Robert Bradford Murphy, A/k/a Samuel George Matz, and Elizabeth Irene Murphy, aka Elizabeth Irene Matz, Defendants and Appellants, 413 F.2d 1129 (6th Cir. 1969)
- ^ Churchville, V., & Saperstein, S. (1987, August 16). "THE FALL FROM GRACE OF AN ARTIST, AUTHOR". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Man Admits Theft From U.S. Archives". Los Angeles Times. March 14, 2002. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
- ^ Carol D. Leonnig. Archives Thief Gets Two Years, The Washington Post, May 27, 2005.
- ^ Eve Conant. "To Catch a Thief at the National Archives", Newsweek, May 4, 2007.
- ^ Erica W. Morrison. "Leslie Waffen, ex-Archives worker, sentenced for stealing, selling recordings", The Washington Post, May 3, 2012
- ^ "National Archives Discovers Date Change on Lincoln Record", NARA Press Release
- ^ Barry Landau Sentenced to 7 Years for Thefts From National Archives, Other Institutions, NARA Press Release
- ^ "Notable Thefts From The National Archives", The National Archives Official Website (Archived)
- ^ Panzino, Charlsy (January 12, 2018). "Historian pleads guilty to stealing dog tags, military records from National Archives". Army Times. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
- ^ Nina Strochlic. On the Hunt for National Treasures With America’s Archive Detective, Atlas Obscura, August 16, 2019.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Archives and Records Administration.
Notas
- Beschloss, Michael (2006). Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents from the National Archives. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530959-1. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
Otras lecturas
- "Sixty-Ton Statue Is Carved from a Single Slab of Stone". Popular Mechanics. 64 (2): 256. August 1935. The statue Gladiator commissioned for the main national archive building in Washington, D.C. in 1935.
- "Ten-Ton Door Made of Bronze is Thirty Five Feet High". Popular Mechanics. 62 (4): 519. October 1934.
enlaces externos
- Official NARA−National Archives and Records Administration website
- Federal Register.gov: National Archives and Records Administration
- The National Archives Catalog—of the National Archives and Records Administration
- Outdoor sculptures at the National Archives Building
- Footnote.com: NARA
- FamilySearch.org: NARA−National Archives and Records Administration—research Wiki for genealogists
- National Archives and Records Administration's Our Archives wiki—information about NARA + its archived records
- "Things to Do in D.C.—National Archives and Library of Congress"—Roaminghistorian.com on visiting the National Archives