Fricativa alveolar sorda

Consonantal sound

Una fricativa alveolar sorda es un tipo de consonante fricativa que se pronuncia con la punta o la hoja de la lengua contra la cresta alveolar (línea de las encías) justo detrás de los dientes. Esto se refiere a una clase de sonidos, no a un solo sonido. Hay al menos seis tipos con diferencias de percepción significativas:

• El sibilante [s] alveolar sordo tiene un fuerte silbido, como el s en inglés sin . Es uno de los sonidos más comunes del mundo.
• El sibilante denti-alveolar sordo [s̄] (una notación ad hoc ), también llamado apico-dental, tiene un sonido de ceceo más débil como el inglés th in thin . Ocurre en dialectos españoles en el sur de España ( Andalucía oriental ).
• El sibilante alveolar retraído sordo [ s̠ ], y la subforma apico-alveolar [s̺] , o llamada grave, tienen un sonido silenciador débil que recuerda a las fricativas retroflejas . Se utiliza en los idiomas del norte de Iberia , como el asturleonés , el vasco , el castellano (excluyendo partes de Andalucía), el catalán , el gallego y el portugués del norte de Europa. Una forma sibilante retraída similar también se usa en holandés, islandés, algunos dialectos del sur de sueco, finlandés y griego. Su sonido está entre [s] y [ ʃ ].
• La fricativa alveolar no sibilante sorda [θ̠] o [θ͇] , usando el diacrítico alveolar de la IPA extendida, ^[1] es similar a la th en inglés thin . Ocurre en islandés .
• La fricativa lateral alveolar sorda [ɬ] suena como una versión sorda y fuertemente articulada de la l en inglés (algo así como sonaría el grupo en inglés ** hl ) y está escrita como ll en galés .

Los primeros tres tipos son sibilantes , lo que significa que se hacen dirigiendo una corriente de aire con la lengua hacia los dientes y tienen un sonido penetrante y perceptualmente prominente.

Fricativas coronales sordas

		Dental	Denti- alveolar	Alveolar	Alveolar posterior
					Retraído	Vuelto hacia atrás	Palato- alveolar	Alveolo- palatino
Sibilante	llanura	s	s	s	s	ʂ	ʃ	ɕ
No sibilante		θ		θ̠ / θ͇ / ɹ̝̊		ɻ̝̊
	golpeado			ɾ̞̊ / ɹ̥̆˔

Sibilantes alveolares sordos

Sibilante alveolar sordo
s
Número de IPA	132
Codificación
Entidad (decimal)	s
Unicode (hexadecimal)	U + 0073
X-SAMPA	s
Braille
Muestra de audio
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Sibilante alveolar dentalizado sordo
s
s
Número de IPA	130
Codificación
X-SAMPA	s_d

Sibilante alveolar retraído sordo
s
Codificación
Entidad (decimal)	s​̺
Unicode (hexadecimal)	U + 0073 U + 033A
Muestra de audio
fuente  · ayuda

La sibilante alveolar sorda es un sonido consonante común en los lenguajes vocales. Es el sonido de las palabras inglesas tales como s ea y pa ss , y se representa en el alfabeto fonético internacional con ⟨ s ⟩. Tiene un característico silbido agudo y muy perceptible. Por esta razón, a menudo se usa para llamar la atención de alguien, usando una llamada escrita a menudo como sssst! o psssst! .

La voz alveolar sibilante [s] es una de las mayoría de los sonidos comunes cruzar-lingüísticamente. Si un idioma tiene fricativas, lo más probable es que tenga [s] . ^[2] Sin embargo, algunos idiomas tienen un sonido sibilante relacionado , como [ʃ] , pero no [s] . Además, los sibilantes están ausentes en las lenguas aborígenes australianas , en las que las fricativas son raras; incluso las pocas lenguas australianas indígenas que tienen fricativas no tienen sibilantes. ^{[ cita requerida ]}

El sibilante alveolar retraído sordo (comúnmente denominado sibilante apico-alveolar sordo ) es un fricativo que se articula con la lengua en forma hueca, por lo general con la punta de la lengua ( ápice ) contra la cresta alveolar . Es un sonido sibilante y se encuentra sobre todo en varios idiomas en un área lingüística que cubre el norte y el centro de Iberia . Es más conocido por su aparición en el español de esta área. En la Edad Media , ocurrió en un área más amplia, cubriendo las lenguas romances habladas en toda Francia., Portugal y España , así como el antiguo alto alemán y el alto alemán medio .

Sibilante apico-alveolar sordo

Ocurrencia en Europa

Moderno

En las lenguas romances, se produce como el sibilante alveolar sordo normal en asturleonés , castellano , catalán , gallego , portugués del norte de Europa y algunos dialectos occitanos . También ocurre en Vasco y mirandés , donde se opone a un sin voz sibilante alveolar diferente, el más común [s] ; la misma distinción ocurre en algunos dialectos del portugués nororiental. Fuera de esta área, también ocurre en algunos dialectos del español latinoamericano (por ejemplo , antioqueño , en Colombia ).

Entre las lenguas germánicas , se encuentra en holandés (y el bajo alemán estrechamente relacionado ), islandés , muchos dialectos en Escandinavia y el inglés de clase trabajadora de Glasgow .

También ocurre en griego moderno (con una articulación laminal ), así como en las lenguas bálticas .

No se utiliza un solo símbolo de IPA para este sonido. El símbolo ⟨ s ⟩ se utiliza a menudo, con lo que indica una diacrítica un apical pronunciación. Sin embargo, eso es potencialmente problemático porque no todas las sibilantes alveolares retraídas son apicales (ver más adelante) y no todas las sibilantes alveolares apicales están retraídas. Los símbolos ad hoc no IPA ⟨ BP ⟩ y ⟨ S ⟩ se utilizan a menudo en la literatura lingüística incluso cuando se utilizan símbolos IPA para otros sonidos, ^{[ citación necesaria ]} pero ⟨ BP ⟩ es una transcripción común de la sibilante retroflex [ʂ] .

Medieval

En la época medieval, se produjo en un área más amplia, incluidas las lenguas romances habladas en la mayor parte o en toda Francia e Iberia ( español antiguo , gallego-portugués , catalán , francés , etc.), así como en el alto alemán antiguo y medio. del centro y sur de Alemania , ^[3] y muy probablemente también del norte de Alemania. En todos estos idiomas, el silbante retraído "apico-alveolar" se oponía a un no-retraído sibilante parecido a Inglés moderno [s] , y en muchos de ellos, se produjeron tanto sorda y sonora versiones de ambos sonidos.^[4] Un tipo sólido de evidencia consiste en diferentes grafías utilizadas para dos sibilantes diferentes: en general, las variantes "apico-alveolares" retraídas se escribieron ⟨s⟩ o ⟨ss⟩, mientras que las variantes no retractadas se escribieron ⟨z⟩ , ⟨C⟩ o ⟨ç⟩. En las lenguas romances, las sibilantes retraídas derivaban del latín / s / , / ss / o / ns / , mientras que las sibilantes no retraídas derivaban de africadas anteriores [t͡s] y [d͡z] , que a su vez derivaban de / k / palatalizadao / t / . La situación era similar en el alto alemán , donde las sibilantes retraídas derivaban en gran parte de proto-germánicas / s /, mientras que las sibilantes no retraídas se derivaron de instancias de / t / proto-germánicas que fueron desplazadas por el cambio de sonido del alto alemán . Los pares mínimos eran comunes en todos los idiomas. Ejemplos en alto alemán medio, por ejemplo, fueron wizzen "saber" ( inglés antiguo witan , cf. "to wit") versus wissen "conocido" (inglés antiguo wissen ), y weiz "blanco" (inglés antiguo wīt ) vs . Weis "camino" (Inglés Antiguo SIO , véase "-wise").

Descripción del sibilante retraído

A menudo, para los hablantes de idiomas o dialectos que no tienen el sonido, se dice que tiene una calidad de "silbido" y suena similar a palato-alveolar ʃ . Por esta razón, cuando se toma prestado en dichos idiomas o se representa con caracteres no latinos, a menudo se reemplaza con [ʃ] . Esto ocurrió, por ejemplo, en préstamos en inglés del francés antiguo (por ejemplo, push from pousser , cash from caisse ); en polaco, préstamos del alemán medieval (por ejemplo, kosztować de kosten , żur de sūr ( sauer contemporáneo)); and in representations of Mozarabic (an extinct medieval Romance language once spoken in southern Spain) in Arabic characters. The similarity between retracted [s̺] and [ʃ] has resulted in many exchanges in Spanish between the sounds, during the medieval period when Spanish had both phonemes. Examples are jabón (formerly xabón) "soap" from Latin sapō/sapōnem, jibia "cuttlefish" (formerly xibia) from Latin sēpia, and tijeras "scissors" (earlier tixeras < medieval tiseras) from Latin cīsōrias (with initial t- due to influence from tōnsor "shaver").

One of the clearest descriptions of this sound is from Obaid:^[5] "There is a Castilian s, which is a voiceless, concave, apicoalveolar fricative: The tip of the tongue turned upward forms a narrow opening against the alveoli of the upper incisors. It resembles a faint /ʃ/ and is found throughout much of the northern half of Spain".

Many dialects of Modern Greek have a very similar-sounding sibilant that is pronounced with a laminal articulation.^[3]

Loss of the voiceless alveolar sibilant

This distinction has since vanished from most of the languages that once had it in medieval times.

• In most dialects of Spanish, the four alveolar sibilants have merged into the non-retracted [s] (seseo) while distinguish in spelling.
• In French and most dialects of Portuguese, the four alveolar sibilants have merged into non-retracted [s] and [z], while in European Portuguese, most other Old World Portuguese variants and some recently European-influenced dialects of Brazil all instances of coda [s̺], voiced [z̺] before voiced consonants, were backed to [ɕ] [ʑ], while in most of Brazilian Portuguese this phenomenon is much rarer, being essentially absent in the dialects that conserved the most archaic Portuguese forms and/or had a greater indigenous and/or non-Portuguese European influence.
• In the remaining dialects of Portuguese, found in northern Portugal, they merged into the retracted [s̺] [z̺], or, as in Mirandese (which is, however, not a Portuguese dialect, but belongs to Asturian-Leonese), conserved the medieval distinction.
• In central and northern Spanish, the non-retracted [s] was fronted to [θ] after merging with non-retracted [z], while the retracted [s̺] remains (distinción).
• In German, most instances of [s̺] were fronted to [s], but some were backed to become [ʃ] (initially before a consonant; in many modern High German dialects, also non-initially before a consonant), postalveolar as in European and fluminense Portuguese.

Loss-causing events

Those languages in which the sound occurs typically did not have a phonological process from which either [s] or [ʃ] appeared, two similar sounds with which ⟨s̺⟩ was eventually confused. In general, older European languages only had a single pronunciation of s.

In Romance languages, [s] was reached from -ti-, -ci-, -ce- ([ti], [ki], [ke]) clusters that eventually became [ts], [tsi], [tse] and later [s], [si], [se] (as in Latin fortia "force", civitas "city", centum "hundred"), while [ʃ] was reached:

• From a [sk] or [ks] cluster in southern Romance, as in Latin miscere > Portuguese mexer "to move", Latin fluxus > Spanish flojo "lax", Latin crescere > Italian crescere "grow", with a different pronunciation.
• from a deaffricated [tʃ] in Northern France and southern-central Portugal, as in French chat "cat", Portuguese achar "find".

In High German, [s] was reached through a [t] > [ts] > [s] process, as in German Wasser compared to English water. In English, the same process of Romance [ts] > [s] occurred in Norman-imported words, accounting for modern homophones sell and cell. [ʃ] was also reached from a -sk- cluster reduction as in Romance, e.g. Old English spelling asc for modern ash, German schiff and English ship compared to Danish skib.

Exceptions

Standard Modern Greek, which has apical [s̺], lacked both processes.

The Germanic-speaking regions that did not have either phenomena have normally preserved the apical [s̺], that is, Icelandic, Dutch and many Scandinavian lects. It also reached modern times in Low German, but this language has largely been replaced by Standard German.

The main Romance language to preserve the sound, Castilian Spanish, is exceptional in that it had both events that produced [s] and [ʃ], and preserved the apical S at the expense of both, that were shifted farther away. Galician, Catalan and Ladino changed only [s].

Reach in ancient times

Because of the widespread medieval distribution, it has been speculated that retracted [s̺] was the normal pronunciation in spoken Latin. Certain borrowings suggest that it was not far off from the sh-sound [ʃ], e.g. Aramaic Jeshua > Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs) > Latin Jesus, Hebrew Shabbat > Latin sabbatum; but this could also be explained by the lack of a better sound in Latin to represent Semitic š. It equally well could have been an areal feature inherited from the prehistoric languages of Western Europe, as evidenced by its occurrence in modern Basque.

For the same reasons, it can be speculated that retracted [s̺] was the pronunciation of Proto-Germanic s. Its presence in many branches of Indo-European and its presence particularly in the more conservative languages inside each branch (e.g. Icelandic, Spanish), as well as being found in disparate areas, such as the Baltic languages and Greece, suggests it could have ultimately been the main allophone of Proto-Indo-European s,^[4] known for ranging from [s] to as far as [ɕ].

[ʃ], but not [s], was developed in Italian. However, where Spanish and Catalan have apical [s̺], Italian uses the same laminal [s] that occurs in standard forms of English: evidence, it could be argued, that S was not pronounced apically in Latin. But Neapolitan has a medieval S becoming either [s] or [ʃ] depending on context, much as in European Portuguese, which could attest to the previous existence of [s̺] in the Italian Peninsula. The Italian pronunciation as laminal S could also be explained by the presence of [ʃ] but not [s], thus moving the pronunciation of [s̺] to the front of the mouth in an attempt to better differentiate between the two sounds.

Voiceless lamino-dental sibilant

A voiceless laminal dental or dentialveolar sibilant contrasts with a voiceless apical alveolar or post-alveolar sibilant in Basque and several languages of California, including Luiseño of the Uto-Aztecan family and Kemeyaay of the Yuman family.

Comparison between English and Spanish

The term "voiceless alveolar sibilant" is potentially ambiguous in that it can refer to at least two different sounds. Various languages of northern Iberia (e.g. Astur-Leonese, Catalan, Basque, Galician, Portuguese and Spanish) have a so-called "voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant" that lacks the strong hissing of the [s] described in this article but has a duller, more "grave" sound quality somewhat reminiscent of a voiceless retroflex sibilant. Basque, Mirandese and some Portuguese dialects in northeast Portugal (as well as medieval Spanish and Portuguese in general) have both types of sounds in the same language.

There is no general agreement about what actual feature distinguishes these sounds. Spanish phoneticians normally describe the difference as apical (for the northern Iberian sound) vs. laminal (for the more common sound), but Ladefoged and Maddieson^[6] claim that English /s/ can be pronounced apical, which is evidently not the same as the apical sibilant of Iberian Spanish and Basque. Also, Adams^[7] asserts that many dialects of Modern Greek have a laminal sibilant with a sound quality similar to the "apico-alveolar" sibilant of northern Iberia.

Some authors have instead suggested that the difference lies in tongue shape. Adams^[7] describes the northern Iberian sibilant as "retracted". Ladefoged and Maddieson^[6] appear to characterize the more common hissing variant as grooved, and some phoneticians (such as J. Catford) have characterized it as sulcal (which is more or less a synonym of "grooved"), but in both cases, there is some doubt about whether all and only the "hissing" sounds actually have a "grooved" or "sulcal" tongue shape.

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• There are at least three specific variants of [s]:
  • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [s] is very strong.^[8]
  • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
  • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to laminal [ʂ] or (to a lesser extent) [ʃ].
• Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Examples

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	Gulf[9]	مسجد/masiid	[mɐˈs̪iːd̪]	'mosque'
Armenian	Eastern[10]	սար/sar	[s̪ɑɾ] (help·info)	'mountain'
Azerbaijani[11]		su	[s̪u]	'water'
Basque[12]		gauza	[ɡäus̪ä]	'thing'	Contrasts with an apical sibilant.[12] See Basque phonology
Belarusian[13]		стагоддзе/stagoddze	[s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe]	'century'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Bulgarian[14]		всеки/vseki	[ˈfs̪ɛki]	'everyone'	Contrasts with palatalized form.
Chinese	Mandarin[15][16]	三 sān	[s̪a̋n]	'three'	See Mandarin phonology
Czech[17]		svět	[s̪vjɛt̪]	'world'	See Czech phonology
Chuvash		савăт	[s̪aʋət]	'vessel, glass'
English	Auckland[18]	sand	[s̪ɛnˑd̥]	'sand'	See English phonology
	Multicultural London[19]		[s̪anˑd̥]
French[20][21][22]		façade	[fäs̪äd̪]	'front'	See French phonology
Hungarian[23]		sziget	[ˈs̪iɡɛt̪]	'island'	See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian[24]		[example needed]
Kazakh[25]		сом	[s̪u̯ʊm]	'pure'
Kyrgyz[26]		сабиз/sabiz	[s̪äˈbis̪]	'carrot'
Latvian[27]		sens	[s̪en̪s̪]	'ancient'	See Latvian phonology
Macedonian[28]		скока/skoka	[ˈs̪kɔkä]	'jump'	See Macedonian phonology
Mirandese		[example needed]			Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts.
Polish[8][29]		sum	[s̪um] (help·info)	'catfish'	See Polish phonology
Romanian[30]		surd	[s̪ur̪d̪]	'deaf'	See Romanian phonology
Russian[31]		волосы/volosy	[ˈvo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞] (help·info)	'hair'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[32]		Slàinte	[ˈs̪ɫ̪äːn̪t̪ʰʲə]	'cheers'	See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[33][34]		село / selo	[s̪ĕ̞lo̞]	'village'	See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene[35]		svet	[s̪ʋéːt̪]	'world'	See Slovene phonology
Spanish	Iberian[36]	estar	[e̞s̪ˈt̪är]	'to be'	Allophone of /s/ before dental consonants.[36] See Spanish phonology
Swedish[37]	Central Standard[38][39]	säte	[ˈs̪ɛːt̪e]	'seat'	Retracted in some southern dialects.[40] See Swedish phonology
Toda[41][42]		கொவ்/kos	[kɔs̪]	'money'
Turkish[20][43]		su	[s̪u]	'water'	See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[44]		село/selo	[s̪ɛˈɫ̪ɔ]	'village'	See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[45]		sowa	[ˈs̪ovä]	'owl'	See Upper Sorbian phonology
Uzbek[46]		soat	[ˈs̪o̞æt̪]	'hour'
Vietnamese	Hanoi[47]	xa	[s̪äː]	'far'	See Vietnamese phonology

Non-retracted alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		сэ/sė	[sa]	'I'
Arabic	Modern Standard[48]	جَلَسَ‎/ǧalasa	[ˈdʒælæsɐ]	'to sit'	See Arabic phonology
Assyrian		ܣܝܦܐ sèpa	[seːpaː]	'sword'
Bengali		রাস্তা	[raːst̪a]	'street'	See Bengali phonology
Burmese		စစားဗျီ/ca carr bhye	[sə sá bjì]	'I am eating now'
Chinese	Cantonese	閃 / sim2	[siːm˧˥]	'twinkle'	See Cantonese phonology
Dutch[49][50]		staan	[s̻t̻aːn̻]	'to stand'	Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction in the Netherlands.[49][50] See Dutch phonology
Emilian and Romagnol		sèl	[ˈs̺ʲɛːl]	'salt'	Palatalized apical;[51] may be [ʂ] or [ʃ] instead.[51]
Estonian		sõna	[ˈsɤnɑ]	'word'
English		sit	[sɪt]	'sit'	See English phonology
Esperanto		Esperanto	[espeˈranto]	'Who hopes'	See Esperanto phonology
Faroese		sandur	[sandʊɹ]	'sand'
Georgian[52]		სამი/sami	[ˈsɑmi]	'three'
Hebrew		ספר‎/sefer	[ˈsefeʁ]	'book'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani		साल / سال‎	[saːl]	'year'	See Hindustani phonology
Japanese[53]		複数形 / fukusūkē	[ɸɯkɯsɯːkeː]	'plural'	See Japanese phonology
Kabardian		сэ/sė	[sa]	'I'
Korean		섬 / seom	[sʌːm]	'island'	See Korean phonology
Malay		satu	[satu]	'one'
Maltese		iebes	[eaˈbes]	'hard'
Marathi		साप	[saːp]	'snake'	See Marathi phonology
Nepali		सगरमाथा	[sʌɡʌrmät̪ʰä]	'Mount Everest'	See Nepali phonology
Odia		ସମାନ	[sɔmänɔ]	'equal'
Occitan	Limousin	maichent	[mejˈsẽ]	'bad'
Persian		سیب‎ / sib	[sib]	'apple'	See Persian phonology
Portuguese[54]		caço	[ˈkasu]	'I hunt'	See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi		ਸੱਪ/sapp	[səpː]	'snake'
Spanish[36]	Latin American	saltador	[s̻al̪t̪aˈð̞o̞r]	'jumper'	See Spanish phonology and Seseo
	Canarian
	Andalusian
	Filipino
Swahili		Kiswahili	[kiswaˈhili]	'Swahili'
Sylheti		ꠢꠂꠍꠦ/oise	[ɔise]	'done'
Vietnamese[55]		xa	[saː˧]	'far'	See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian[56]		sâlt	[sɔːt]	'salt'	See West Frisian phonology
Yi		ꌦ sy	[sɻ̩˧]	'die'

Retracted alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Asturian		pasu	[ˈpäs̺u]	'step'	Apical.
Basque[12][57]		su	[s̺u]	'fire'	Apical. Contrasts with a dentalized laminal sibilant.[12][57]
Bengali[58]		শ / śô	[s̠ɔː]	'hundred'	See Bengali phonology
Catalan[59][60]	Most dialects	set	[ˈs̺ɛt̪]	'seven'	Apical. See Catalan phonology
	Some Valencian speakers[61]	peix	[ˈpe̠js̠ʲ]	'fish'	Normally transcribed with ⟨ʂ⟩; realized as pre-palatal [ɕ] in Standard Catalan and Valencian.
	Some Valencian speakers[61]	patisc	[päˈt̪is̠ʲk]	'I suffer'
English	Glasgow[62]	sun	[s̺ʌn]	'sun'	Working-class pronunciation, other speakers may use a non-retracted [s]
Galician		saúde	[s̺äˈuðe]	'health'	Apical.
Icelandic[63][64]		segi	[ˈs̺ɛːjɪ]	'I say'	Apical.[63][64] See Icelandic phonology
Italian	Central Italy[65]	sali	[ˈs̠äːli]	'you go up'	Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro,[65] most of Umbria[65] (save Perugia and the extreme south),[65] Marche and south of Potenza.[65]
	Northern Italy[66][67]				Apical.[68] Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.[69][70] See Italian phonology
	Sicily[65]				Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù.[65]
Leonese		pasu	[ˈpäs̺ʊ]	'step'	Apical.
Low German[40]		[example needed]
Mirandese		passo	[ˈpäs̺u]	'step'	Apical. Contrasts with /s̪/.
Occitan	Gascon	dos	[d̻ys̺]	'two'	See Occitan phonology
	Languedocien		[d̻us̺]
Portuguese[54][71]	European, inland northern	cansaço	[kə̃ˈs̺äs̻u]	'weariness'	Apical. Contrasts with /s̻/. See Portuguese phonology
	European, coastal northern		[kə̃ˈs̺äs̺u]		Merges with /s̻/. See Portuguese phonology
	Inland and southern capixaba	pescador	[pe̞s̺käˈd̻oχ]	'fisherman'	Realization of Portuguese coda sibilant, which may be postalveolars, depending on dialect
	Carioca do brejo	escadas	[is̺ˈkäd̻ɐs̺]	'stairs'
Spanish	Andean	saltador	[s̺äl̪t̪äˈð̞o̞ɾ]	'jumper'	Apical. In Andean and Paisa (except in southern parts of Antioquia) alternates with a more frequent corono-dental /s/.[72][73] See Spanish phonology and seseo
	Castilian[36]
	Paisa accent
Swedish	Blekinge[40]	säte	[ˈs̠ɛːte]	'seat'	See Swedish phonology
	Bohuslän[40]
	Halland[40]
	Scania[40]
Vietnamese	Saigon[74]	xe	[s̺ɛ˧]	'vehicle'	Apical.

Variable

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Danish[75][76][77]		sælge	[ˈseljə]	'sell'	Most often non-retracted apical, but can be dentalized laminal for some speakers.[75][76][77] See Danish phonology
Finnish[78]		sinä	[ˈsinæ]	'you'	Varies between non-retracted and retracted.[78] See Finnish phonology
German	Standard[79]	Biss	[bɪs]	'bite'	Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[79] See Standard German phonology
Greek[80]		σαν / san	[sɐn]	'as'	Varies between non-retracted and retracted, depending on the environment.[80] See Modern Greek phonology
Norwegian	Urban East[81]	sand	[sɑnː]	'sand'	Most often dentalized laminal, but can be non-retracted apical for some speakers.[81] See Norwegian phonology
Italian	Standard[82]	sali	[ˈsäːli]	'you go up'	Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[82] See Italian phonology
	Ticino[68]				Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[83] Both variants may be labiodentalized.[68] See Italian phonology

Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative

Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
θ̠
θ͇
ɹ̝̊
t̞
IPA Number	130 414
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	θ​̱
Unicode (hex)	U+03B8 U+0331
Audio sample
source · help

Voiceless alveolar approximant
ɹ̥
IPA Number	151 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPA	r\_0

Voiceless alveolar tapped fricative
ɾ̞̊
ɹ̥̆˔
IPA Number	124 402A 430
Encoding
Unicode (hex)	U+027E U+031E U+030A

The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "slit" fricative) is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed ⟨θ̠⟩, occasionally ⟨θ͇⟩ (retracted or alveolarized [θ], respectively), ⟨ɹ̝̊⟩ (constricted voiceless [ɹ]), or ⟨t̞⟩ (lowered [t]).

Some scholars also posit the voiceless alveolar approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ɹ̥⟩. The distinction is not recognized by the International Phonetic Association.

Few languages also have the voiceless alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. This can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show full occlusion did not occur.^[84]

Tapped fricatives are occasionally reported in the literature, though these claims are not generally independently confirmed and so remain dubious.

Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.^[84]

Features

• Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afenmai[84]		aru	V͈[aɾ̞̊u]	'hat'	Tapped; tense equivalent of lax /ɾ/.[84]
Dutch[85]		Geert	[ɣeːɹ̝̊t]	'Geert'	One of many possible realizations of /r/; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
Emilian	Bolognese[68]	zidrån	[θ̠iˈdrʌn]	'lemon'	Laminal; a hypercorrective variant of /s/ for some young speakers. Either non-sibilant, or "not sibilant enough".[68]
English	Australian[86]	Italy	[ˈɪ̟θ̠əɫɪi̯]	'Italy'	Occasional allophone of /t/.[86] See Australian English phonology
	Received Pronunciation[87]		[ˈɪθ̠əlɪi̯]		Common allophone of /t/.[87]
	Irish[88]		[ˈɪθ̠ɪli]		Allophone of /t/. See English phonology
	Some American speakers[89]		[ˈɪɾ̞̊əɫi]		Tapped; possible allophone of /t/. Can be a voiceless tap [ɾ̥] or a voiced tap [ɾ] instead.[89] See English phonology
	Scouse[90][91]	attain	[əˈθ̠eɪn]	'attain'	Allophone of /t/. See English phonology
Faroese[92]		eiturkoppur	[ˈaiːtʊɹ̥ˌkʰɔʰpːʊɹ]	'spider'	Devoiced approximant allophone of /r/.[92] See Faroese phonology
Icelandic[64][93]		þakið	[ˈθ̠äkið̠]	'the roof'	Laminal.[64][93] See Icelandic phonology
Turkish[94]		bir	[biɾ̞̊]	'a(n)'	Tapped; word-final allophone of /ɾ/.[94] See Turkish phonology

See also

• Voiceless corono-dentoalveolar sibilant
• Tongue shape
• Apical consonant
• Laminal consonant
• Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. Pandeli et al. (1997), p. ?.
2. Maddieson (1984), p. ?.
3. Adams (1975), p. ?.
4. Vijūnas (2010).
5. Obaid (1973), p. ?.
6. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. ?.
7. Adams (1975), p. 283.
8. Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977), p. 149, cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 154
9. Qafisheh (1977), pp. 2, 9.
10. Kozintseva (1995), p. 7.
11. Axundov (1983), pp. 115, 128–131.
12. Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri (2010), p. 1. Although this paper discusses mainly the Goizueta dialect, the authors state that it has "a typical, conservative consonant inventory for a Basque variety".
13. Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
14. Klagstad Jr. (1958), p. 46.
15. Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 109–110.
16. Lin (2001), pp. 17–25.
17. Palková (1994), p. 228.
18. Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 594.
19. "English speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE". Retrieved 2 December 2015.
20. Adams (1975), p. 288.
21. Fougeron & Smith (1999), p. 79.
22. Grønnum (2005), p. 144.
23. Szende (1999), p. 104.
24. Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
25. Kara (2002), p. 10.
26. Kara (2003), p. 11.
27. Nau (1998), p. 6.
28. Lunt (1952), p. 1.
29. Rocławski (1976), pp. 149.
30. Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.^{[permanent dead link]}
31. Chew (2003), p. 67.
32. Lamb (2003), p. 18.
33. Kordić (2006), p. 5.
34. Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
35. Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
36. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
37. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 171.
38. Engstrand (1999), pp. 140–141.
39. Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
40. Adams (1975), p. 289.
41. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 157.
42. Ladefoged (2005), p. 168.
43. Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
44. Buk, Mačutek & Rovenchak (2008).
45. Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38, 39.
46. Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
47. Thompson (1987), pp. 8–9.
48. Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
49. Gussenhoven (1999), p. 75.
50. Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
51. Canepari (1992), p. 73.
52. Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
53. Okada (1999), p. 117.
54. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
55. Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
56. Sipma (1913), p. 16.
57. Hualde, J. Basque Phonology (1991) Routledge ISBN 0-415-05655-1
58. Suniti Kumar Chatterji (1921). "Bengali Phonetics". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. London: 7.
59. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
60. Torreblanca (1988), p. 347.
61. Saborit (2009), p. 12.
62. Annexe 4: Linguistic Variables
63. Kress (1982), pp. 23–24. "It is never voiced, as s in sausen, and it is pronounced by pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, close to the upper teeth – somewhat below the place of articulation of the German sch. The difference is that German sch is labialized, while Icelandic s is not. It is a pre-alveolar, coronal, voiceless spirant."
64. Pétursson (1971), p. ?, cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 145.
65. Adams (1975), p. 286.
66. Adams (1975), pp. 285–286.
67. Canepari (1992), pp. 71–72.
68. Canepari (1992), p. 72.
69. Canepari (1992), p. 71.
70. Adams (1975), p. 285.
71. "2.3. Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese)" [Romance accents: Portugal and Brazil (Portuguese)] (PDF). Pronunce Straniere dell'Italiano [Foreign pronunciations of Italian] (in Italian). pp. 174–181. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-30.
72. Joaquín Montes Giraldo (1992), p. 527.
73. Betancourt Arango (1993), p. 285–286.
74. Thompson (1959).
75. Basbøll (2005), pp. 61 and 131.
76. Thorborg (2003), p. 80. The author states that /s/ is pronounced with "the tip of the tongue right behind upper teeth, but without touching them." This is confirmed by the accompanying image.
77. Grønnum (2005), p. 144. Only this author mentions both alveolar and dental realizations.
78. Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 27.
79. Mangold (2005), p. 50.
80. Arvaniti (2007), p. 12.
81. Skaug (2003), pp. 130–131.
82. Canepari (1992), p. 68.
83. Canepari (1992), pp. 68 and 72.
84. Laver (1994), p. 263.
85. Collins & Mees (2003), p. 199. Authors do not say where exactly it is used.
86. Loakes & McDougall (2007), pp. 1445–1448.
87. Buizza (2011), pp. 16–28.
88. Hickey (1984), pp. 234–235.
89. Laver (1994), pp. 263–264.
90. Marotta & Barth (2005), p. 385.
91. Watson (2007), pp. 352–353.
92. Árnason (2011), p. 115.
93. Grønnum (2005), p. 139.
94. Yavuz & Balcı (2011), p. 25.

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External links

• List of languages with [s] on PHOIBLE
• List of languages with [ɹ̥] on PHOIBLE