La A30 es una de las principales carreteras de Inglaterra y tiene una longitud de 284 millas (457 km) en dirección oeste desde Londres hasta Land's End .
A30 | |
---|---|
Información de ruta | |
Largo | 284 millas (457 km) |
Uniones principales | |
Extremo este | Hounslow , Londres ( 51.475 ° N 0.396 ° W )51 ° 28′30 ″ N 0 ° 23′46 ″ W / |
West End | Fin de la tierra ( 50.066 ° N 5.701 ° W )50 ° 03′58 ″ N 5 ° 42′04 ″ W / |
Localización | |
Destinos principales | Staines-upon-Thames Camberley Basingstoke Salisbury Yeovil Exeter Okehampton Bodmin Redruth Penzance |
Red de carreteras | |
La carretera ha sido un eje principal en Gran Bretaña desde el siglo XVII hasta principios del siglo XIX, como una importante ruta de entrenamiento . Solía proporcionar la ruta más rápida de Londres al suroeste por tierra hasta un siglo antes de que se numeraran las carreteras; hoy en día gran parte de esta función la realizan las carreteras M3 (incluida A316) y A303 . La carretera ha mantenido su estado principal en el oeste desde Honiton , Devon hasta Land's End, donde es principalmente autovía y conserva el estado de carretera principal.
Ruta
Londres a Honiton
La A30 comienza en Henlys Roundabout, donde la ruta parte de la A4 cerca de Hounslow . Corre al sur de la carretera del perímetro sur, el aeropuerto de Heathrow y al norte de Ashford y Staines-upon-Thames , antes de llegar a la autopista orbital de la autopista M25 . Este primer tramo es íntegramente de doble calzada. Tomado con la A4, su continuación natural que cerca se convierte en no doble hacia la M25, el tramo constituye una de las cinco rutas hacia la mitad sur de Londres que llegan al interior de Londres con al menos una autovía, siendo las otras la A3 (M ) , la M3 , la M20 y la A2 ; sin embargo, aproximadamente una milla antes de llegar al interior de Londres se combina con las variantes de Londres de las aproximaciones M3 y M4.
Después de correr a horcajadas sobre la M25 para cruzar el Támesis en un puente diseñado por Lutyens , el Runnymede Bridge , la A30 corre paralela pero distante de la M3 hasta el suroeste de Basingstoke , sin pasar por Egham y pasando por brezales y Sunningdale , la derivación de Bagshot y Camberley donde la ruta casi refleja la Carretera del Diablo , una calle de piedra ( stane ) hasta Calleva Atrebatum (ciudad romana de Silchester), que se cree que es aún más antigua, luego pasa cerca del centro de la ciudad de Hook y en el campo circundante el suelo es cultivable.
Después de la circunvalación de Basingstoke de la década de 1930, la M3 cambia de dirección (entre North Waltham y Popham , en el cruce de Popham), la A303 toma el control durante 2 millas (3,2 km) de la A30 perdiendo continuidad. [a] Desde el pueblo de Sutton Scotney, la A30 corre paralela a la última carretera en línea recta 85 millas (137 km) al noreste de Honiton, Devon pasando por las ciudades de Stockbridge (donde se encuentra con su primer río sustancial desde el Thames, the Test ) y sus centros de pesca de truchas, Shaftesbury , Sherborne , Yeovil , Crewkerne y Chard . Entre Stockbridge y Shaftesbury entra en la ciudad catedralicia de Salisbury .
Entre la M25 y Honiton, la A30 es principalmente una calzada única, que transporta tráfico local con tramos cortos de autovía desde Camberley a Basingstoke, que tiene una carretera de circunvalación interior doble, dos entre Stockbridge y Salisbury (una carretera de circunvalación similar compartida con la A36) y entre Sherborne y Yeovil.
Exeter a Penzance
Esta sección es una carretera principal hasta Penzance . [1] Es en su mayoría autovía, pero hay algunos tramos cortos de calzada única.
Para pasar Exeter , a través del tráfico puede unirse a la autopista M5 durante tres millas. Al oeste de Exeter, la A30 es una autovía que atraviesa Devon y llega a Cornwall , sin pasar por Whiddon Down , Okehampton y Launceston . La autovía continúa a través de Cornwall hasta Carland Cross , después de lo cual hay un tramo de calzada única hasta Chiverton Cross . Highways England está progresando actualmente en planes para duplicar esta sección de la calzada. Se hizo un Anuncio de Ruta Preferida en julio de 2017 y el Secretario de Estado de Transporte emitió una Orden de Consentimiento de Desarrollo en febrero de 2020 . La construcción debe comenzar en 2020, con la carretera abierta al tráfico a fines de 2023.
Desde Chiverton Cross, la autovía pasa por alto Redruth y Camborne . La A30 regresa a la calzada única al oeste de Camborne, y un desvío de mediados de la década de 1980 toma la carretera alrededor de Hayle . Entre Hayle y Penzance, la A30 vuelve a la ruta original y pasa por varios pueblos. Al acercarse a Penzance, la A30 se convierte brevemente en una autovía una vez más. Una vez al oeste de Penzance, la A30 se convierte en un camino más rural que atraviesa o pasa varios pueblos, antes de terminar en Land's End.
Historia
Siglos XVII-XVIII
La mayor parte de la A30 sigue la histórica ruta de autobuses de Londres - Land's End. El camino apareció en el mapa de Gran Bretaña de John Ogilby en 1675, [2] y fue cubierto por los mapas de franjas posteriores de Ogilby que mostraban "El camino de Londres al Land's End en Cornualles". La ruta de autobús comenzó en Hyde Park Corner , más cerca del centro de Londres que la moderna A30, reflejando de cerca la ruta moderna hasta Exeter , excepto por tres secciones de Knightsbridge a Bedfont , de Basingstoke a Salisbury a través de Andover y de Exeter a Penzance a través de Ashburton. , Plymouth y siguiendo la costa sur de Cornualles a través de St Austell . [3] Ogilby lo describió como "La oficina de correos hace de ésta una de sus principales carreteras" y pensó que la sección a través de Surrey y Hampshire era "en general una muy buena carretera con entretenimiento adecuado". [4] Se sabía que la carretera atraía un importante tráfico postal y de autobuses a lo largo de su longitud en 1686. [5]
La ruta se describe como el "Gran camino hacia Land's End" en Magna Britannia , publicado a principios del siglo XIX. [6] Como la carretera de autocares a Land's End era una ruta importante, era un lugar popular para los salteadores de caminos . William Davies, también conocido como el Granjero Dorado, robó a varios entrenadores que viajaban por Bagshot Heath . Fue ahorcado en 1689 en una horca en la colina de la horca local entre Bagshot y Camberley . El pub Jolly Farmer se construyó cerca del sitio de la horca (horca), un cruce. [7]
Siglo 19
At the turn of the 19th century, William Hanning created the "New Direct Road", a fast coaching route between London and Exeter. The road deviated from Ogilby's route running via Amesbury and Ilminster, rejoining the older road at Honiton. It became popular with postal services such as The Subscription. In 1831, a race was held between London and Exeter via the New Direct Road, which resulted in a dead heat. 170 miles (270 km) were covered in 13 hours, compared to a typical early 18th century time of four days.[8] In response to the competition of routes, a new turnpike road was built west of Chard, avoiding the historic route to Honiton via Stockland, with several steep hills. This road met the New Direct Road near Upottery.[9][b]
Historically, the route between London and Land's End was also called the "Great South-West Road". In the 21st century, the name only refers to a small section of the road near Heathrow.[10]
Redruth to Penzance
In 1825 an Act of Parliament established the Hayle Bridge Causeway and Turnpike Trust which was required to construct a bridge, causeway and turnpike over the Hayle River from Griggs Quay (grid reference SW545363) in the west to Phillack in the east. The turnpike was needed to ease the transport of copper ore to the port at Hayle for export. A second Act was passed in 1837 to establish the Griggs Quay to Penzance Turnpike and in 1839 an Act formed a third trust, the Hayle and Redruth Turnpike to complete the turnpike to Redruth.[11] The running of the Causeway turnpike was overseen by the winner of a public auction and for the year 1880, the winning bid was £591 10s.[12] In 1885 the management of the causeway by the turnpike came to an end, and the White house (tollhouse) on the eastern end of the Hayle causeway, along with the garden and three granite posts was put up for auction on 30 October 1885. A second tollhouse at Long Rock was also for auction as well as a number of posts and gates.[13]
20th century
The A30 was one of the first roads to be classified by the Ministry of Transport for funding in 1921. It followed Ogilby's route up to Exeter, then the basic route of the modern A30 through Okehampton, Launceston and Bodmin to the Greenmarket in Penzance, where it ended.[14] It was extended to Land's End in 1925.[15]
The Great South West Road section of the A30 around Heathrow had been planned as the western end of the Great West Road project, one of the first bypasses built for motor traffic. Construction began in 1914 but was quickly halted because of World War I. It resumed construction in 1919.[16] The full route from Chiswick to Ashford was opened by King George V on 30 May 1925.[17]
Following the construction of a bypass around Basingstoke, the route of the A30 was changed on 1 April 1933 to run by Sutton Scotney and Stockbridge, rejoining the original route at Lopcombe Corner east of Salisbury. An alternative route, the A303 was created out of existing roads at the same time between Micheldever Station and the Blackdown Hills, that followed the basic course of Hanning's New Direct Road.[10] The A30 remained the principal route between London and Exeter, until the A303 became a trunk road in 1958, receiving central Government funding and relegating the parallel A30 to a local road.[18]
By the mid-20th century, large sections of the A30 were struggling to cope with the increasing demands of road traffic. In the mid-1960s, numerous councils complained that the Secretary of State for Transport, Barbara Castle, decided that improvements to the A38 from Exeter to Plymouth were of higher priority for funding than any work on the A30. Cornwall County Council complained that the A30 through the county was narrow and twisted, and known as the "stage coach trail".[19]
Following World War II, the Ministry of Transport planned a large-scale upgrade of the A30 across south-west England, with the eventual intention that most of the route would be at least dual-carriageway.[20] The M3 motorway was planned as a replacement for the A30 between London and Popham. Following a public enquiry in 1966, the line was fixed the following year.[21] The work was completed as far as Bagshot in 1971, then to Sunbury-on-Thames in 1974.[22] In 1971, the Secretary of State for the Environment, Peter Walker announced many upgrades of the A30 across Devon and Cornwall, identifying the section from Okehampton to Bodmin as a key area of improvement.[23]
The 2.2-mile (3.5 km) Honiton dual-carriageway bypass opened in early December 1966 at a cost of £984,000.[24] The Hayle bypass was first proposed in the late 1970s. It was controversial, and Dora Russell protested against its construction.[25] It was completed in 1985.[26]
The Okehampton bypass, which opened on 19 July 1988, goes to the south of the town, cutting through the northern edge of Dartmoor National Park in Devon. In the 1980s, the route of the bypass was the subject of a prolonged campaign from conservationists, including Sylvia Sayer, who preferred a route to the north of the town through agricultural land.[27]
The section between Honiton and Exeter in East Devon was upgraded in 1999 to dual carriageway, giving quicker access to Exeter International Airport. This road was built under the Design Build Finance Operate (DBFO) scheme by the private consortium Connect A30, who receive a shadow toll from the Government for each vehicle travelling along the road.[28] Archaeological investigations during the work found a Roman cavalry garrison and later settlement at Pomeroy Wood.[29] There were several protests by environmentalists during construction and the particular nature of the DBFO scheme, with a long-lasting occupation of sites on the planned route, focused around Fairmile. Swampy received press attention for his part in this protest. Along with other controversial road plans, including the M3 completion over Twyford Down and the Newbury Bypass, the action led to a slowdown in road construction throughout Britain.[30]
21st century
During 2006 one of the main bottlenecks on the road was removed when the Merrymeet roundabout between Okehampton and Exeter near Whiddon Down was replaced with a grade-separated junction and dual carriageway.[31]
Since the Bodmin to Indian Queens project was completed in late 2007, the new dual carriageway runs to the north of Goss Moor. The previous road has been converted to a cycle lane.[32] In December 2012 it was announced that 2.8 miles (4.5 km) from Temple to Higher Carblake would be upgraded to a dual carriageway.[33] Building started in early 2015, and was completed in summer 2017. This work made the A30 continuous dual carriageway between the M5 at Exeter and Carland Cross in Cornwall.[34]
On 17 January 2008, British Airways Flight 38 crash-landed near the Great South West Road southeast of Heathrow Airport.[35]
In 2014, the A30 was identified as one of several key routes in the Government's Road Investment Strategy, turning it into a strategic corridor for southwest England. This includes further dual carriageway improvements east of Honiton towards the Blackdown Hills and between Chiverton Cross and Carland Cross.[36][37]
Future proposals
Carland Cross to Chiverton Cross
Dualling of the stretch between Carland Cross and Chiverton Cross would establish a continuous dual carriageway from Exeter right through to Camborne. Although this was shelved in 2006 as it was not considered a regional priority,[38] it was included within the government's Road Investment Strategy in 2014.[39] The preferred route was announced in July 2017,[40] and on 6 February 2020, the Secretary of State for Transport approved Highways England's application for a Development Consent Order for the scheme to be constructed. Work began in March 2020 with anticipated completion in 2023 for an estimated cost of £330 million, with a total of £20 million being provided by the European Regional Development Fund.[41][42] The scheme is included as a case study in the Department for Transport's document Road Investment Strategy 2: 2020–2025. The current route of the road passes near a World Heritage Site, a Registered Park and Gardens and a number of Sites of Special Scientific Interest. The proposed scheme includes a 20-metre-wide 'green bridge' over the new road to promote connectivity and biodiversity.[43]
Referencias culturales
John Betjeman referred to the A30 in his poem "Meditation on the A30".[44] Arthur Boyt, focus of BBC documentary The Man Who Eats Badgers, described the A30 near Bodmin Moor as a good road for finding roadkill.[45]
In Monty Python's Flying Circus, episode 34: The Cycling Tour, Mr Pither laments "As I lay down to the sound of the Russian gentlemen practising their shooting, I realised I was in a bit of a pickle. My heart sank as I realised I should never see the Okehampton by-pass again...", just before his impending execution in Russia.[46]
Referencias
Notes
- ^ From North Waltham, Hampshire to nearby Micheldever Station, the A30 is subsumed into the A303 and one version remains so until Sutton Scotney/Bullington, the intersection with the Oxford (etc)—Southampton road, the A34, from where the A30 revives running south along Bullington Lane almost alongside the A34 before resuming a direct west south-westerly route to Salisbury and beyond; however along this combined A303-A30 section at Coxford Hill above Micheldever railway station an original version branches off linking more directly Sutton Scotney village from that point and enabling a cycle route to avoid Popham and the dual carriageway, taking a detour through North Waltham village.
- ^ This junction explains why the A30 turns off at Upottery to become a minor road towards Yarcombe, while the road immediately ahead becomes the A303
Citations
- ^ "Area 1 (map)". Highways Agency. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ Elizabeth Crittall, ed. (1959). Roads. A History of the County of Wiltshire. 4. London. pp. 254–271. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ Ogilby, John (1699). The Traveller's Guide: Or, A Most Exact Description of the Roads of England. pp. 202–203.
- ^ "Old Hampshire Mapped : Ogilby Routes". Geography Department, Portsmouth University. 2003. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ Identifying the Trunk Roads of Early Modern England and Wales (PDF) (Report). The Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure. May 2017. p. 6. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ Daniel Lysons and Samuel Lysons (1814). Geography and geology. Magna Britannia. 3 : Cornwall. London. pp. clxxxi–cxciii. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ Simpson, Jacqueline (2011). Green Men & White Swans: The Folklore of British Pub Names. Random House. ISBN 978-0-099-52017-7.
- ^ Fort, Tom (2012). The A303: Highway to the Sun. Simon and Schuster. pp. 259, 262–263. ISBN 978-0-857-20327-4.
- ^ "CHARD TURNPIKE TRUST Records". Somerset Heritage Centre. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ a b "CLASSIFICATION: Re-numbering of classified routes". The National Archives. 1933–1942. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ Historic England & 1405965
- ^ Cornish, Thomas (23 September 1880). "Hayle Bridge Causeway and Turnpike Road". The Cornishman (115). p. 1.
- ^ "Hayle Bridge Causeway and Turnpike Trust". The Cornishman (379). 22 October 1885. p. 1.
- ^ "Half Inch Ministry of Transport Road Map". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ "CLASSIFICATION: Road numbering". The National Archives. 1921–1949. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ "The Great West Road". The Times. 24 February 1919. p. 7. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "London to the West". The Times. 12 May 1925. p. 17. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "A.30 and A.303". Hansard. 5 November 1958. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "Road to the West : Ministry's Choice Dismays Cornwall". The Times. 20 June 1966. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "A.30 and A.303". Hansard. 12 November 1958. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "M3 London to Southampton". The Motorway Archive. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "M3. London to Southampton Statistics and options". The Motorway Archive. 16 August 2016.
- ^ "1,000 more miles of motorway will bring growth to less prosperous areas". The Times. 24 June 1971. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "Honiton Bypass". Autocar. 125 (3696): 1287. 16 December 1966.
- ^ "Over 80, she still battles on". The Times. 28 April 1977. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "Road Works (Compensation)". Hansard. 2 May 1985. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ Kelly, Matthew (2015). Quartz and Feldspar – Dartmoor: A British Landscape in Modern Times. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 10–16. ISBN 978-0-22409-113-8.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "A30 Honiton to Exeter – Horse Power – Roman Style". Roads to the Past: Trunk Roads and Archaeology – 1999 report. Highways Agency. 1999. Archived from the original on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ "Eco-warrior Swampy's mid-90s protest against the A30 in Devon blamed for road-building slowdown". Plymouth Herald. 11 June 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 September 2006. Retrieved 29 August 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Moor dualling plans get go-ahead". BBC News. 29 November 2004. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
- ^ "AUTUMN STATEMENT 2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ^ "A30 Temple to Higher Carblake Improvement – Cornwall Council". Highways England. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ^ "Report on the accident to Boeing 777-236ER, G-YMMM, at London Heathrow Airport on 17 January 2008". AAIB. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
- ^ A303/A358/A30 Corridor improvement package (Report). Somerset County Council. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "A30/A303/A358 Improvement Project". Somerset County Council. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "Winners and losers in roads plan". BBC News. 6 July 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
- ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/408514/ris-for-2015-16-road-period-web-version.pdf
- ^ https://highwaysengland.citizenspace.com/he/a30-chiverton-to-carland-cross-improvement-scheme/results/a30-chiverton_final_artwork.pdf
- ^ "Main Cornwall route gets 'vital' £290m upgrade". BBC News. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ^ "A30 Chiverton to Carland Cross". www.highwaysengland.co.uk. Highways England. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ^ "Road Investment Strategy 2: 2020–2025" (PDF). Department for Transport. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ "Meditation on the A30 – A poem by John Betjeman". Poetry Connection. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ^ "Arthur Boyt". Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ^ "Monty Python's Flying Circus: Just the Words – Episode 34". ibras.dk. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Sources
- Historic England, "Milestone standing at the entrance to the depot of Mounts Bay Coaches, at NGR SW4851231161 (1405965)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 12 October 2019