Un autobús articulado , también conocido como bus articulados , autobuses tándem , autobuses vestíbulo , bus de estiramiento , o un acordeón bus , (ya sea un motor bus o trolebús ) es un vehículo articulado, utilizado en el transporte público . Suele ser de un solo piso y consta de dos o más secciones rígidas unidas por una junta pivotante (articulación) encerrada por fuelles de protección en el interior y el exterior y una placa de cobertura en el suelo. Esto permite una longitud legal más larga que los autobuses de carrocería rígida.y, por lo tanto, una mayor capacidad de pasajeros, al tiempo que permite que el autobús maniobre adecuadamente.
Debido a su gran capacidad de pasajeros, los autobuses articulados se utilizan a menudo como parte de los esquemas de tránsito rápido de autobuses y pueden incluir guía mecánica . [ cita requerida ] Los autobuses articulados miden típicamente 18 m (59 pies) de largo, en contraste con los autobuses rígidos estándar de 11 a 14 m (36 a 46 pies) de largo. La disposición común de un autobús articulado es tener una sección delantera con dos ejes que conducen a una sección trasera con un solo eje, con el eje motriz montado en la sección delantera o trasera. Algunos autobuses articulados tienen una disposición de dirección en el eje más trasero que gira ligeramente en oposición al eje de dirección delantero, lo que permite que el vehículo realice giros más cerrados, similar a los camiones de bomberos de gancho y escalera que operan en entornos urbanos . [1] Una variante menos común del autobús articulado es el autobús biarticulado , donde el vehículo tiene dos secciones de remolque en lugar de una. Estos vehículos tienen una capacidad de unas 200 personas y una longitud de unos 25 m (82 pies); como tales, se utilizan casi exclusivamente en rutas arteriales de alta capacidad y alta frecuencia y en servicios de autobús de tránsito rápido .
Historia
Los primeros ejemplos del autobús articulado aparecieron en Europa en la década de 1920. En 1938, Twin Coach construyó un autobús articulado para la ciudad de Baltimore ; este autobús, que tenía cuatro ejes en una carrocería de 14.33 m (47 pies) de largo, solo estaba articulado en la dirección vertical para adaptarse a pendientes empinadas . En 1948 se construyeron 15 ejemplares del "Super Twin", pero no se desarrolló más. [2] Según la cobertura actual, el Super Twin tenía una capacidad de 58 personas sentadas y 120 en total, con un peso de 27.500 libras (12.500 kg). [3]
En Budapest , los primeros prototipos del Ikarus 180 (llamado así por su capacidad para 180 pasajeros) se exhibieron en 1961. Hay una exposición en curso en Budapest en el Museo Técnico y del Transporte de Hungría en 2010 con el título "El autobús articulado tiene 50 años ". El Ikarus 180 entró en producción limitada en 1963 y entró en producción en serie en 1966; el Ikarus 180 se suspendió en 1973 cuando se lanzó su sucesor, el Ikarus 280 .
A mediados de la década de 1960, AC Transit en California fue pionera en el uso estadounidense de un autobús articulado moderno, operando el autocar experimental "XMC 77" (basado en el modelo Super Golden Eagle de Continental Trailways ' Bus & Car Co. ) en algunos de sus compartimentos. líneas. [4] [5] El XMC-77, que AC Transit apodó el "Tren de la Autopista", fue construido originalmente en 1958, comprado por el Distrito en octubre de 1965, e hizo su debut para la Línea N el 14 de marzo de 1966; [6] Los pasajeros de la carrera inaugural recibieron boletos especiales de recuerdo. El XMC-77 se exhibió posteriormente al público en varios lugares de East Bay y Transbay Terminal . Ofrecía asientos para 77 pasajeros (acabados en marrón y naranja) y una sala de observación, completa con una mesa de juego para acomodar un cuarteto. El autocar de 60 pies (18,3 m) de largo tenía 10 pies 10 pulgadas (3,30 m) de alto y estaba propulsado por un motor Cummins con una potencia de 262 hp (195 kW). [6] La ingeniería del XMC-77 fue realizada por la empresa local DeLeuw Cather & Co. [7]
En los Estados Unidos, los autobuses articulados se importaron de Europa y se desplegaron a fines de la década de 1970 y principios de la de 1980. Durante este tiempo, los crecientes costos operativos llevaron a la absorción pública de los sistemas de tránsito, y la presión para reducir los costos de mano de obra (conductor) a su vez significó transportar más pasajeros en un solo vehículo. King County Metro y Caltrans lideraron un Consorcio de Compra Conjunta, formado en 1976, que luego adjudicó un contrato a la empresa conjunta AM General / MAN responsable del ensamblaje de autobuses articulados MAN SG 220 (de Alemania) en América. [2] [8] Al mismo tiempo , Crown firmó un acuerdo con Ikarus para producir el Crown-Ikarus 286 , que combinaba motores de fabricación estadounidense con el chasis húngaro Ikarus 280 . [2] [9]
Los autobuses articulados también se han utilizado en Australia, Austria ( Gräf & Stift ), [10] Italia, Alemania (Gaubschat, Emmelmann, Göppel, Duewag , Vetter), Canadá (LFS Articulated), Hungría (Ikarus), Polonia (Jelcz AP02) , Rumania ( DAC 117 UD ). Los primeros "autobuses flexibles" británicos modernos (como se les conoce en el Reino Unido y Canadá) fueron construidos por Leyland-DAB y utilizados en la ciudad de Sheffield en la década de 1980. Posteriormente fueron retirados del servicio porque resultó ser costoso de mantener. [ cita requerida ]
Ventajas y desventajas
Ventajas
Los principales beneficios de un autobús articulado sobre el autobús de dos pisos son el rápido embarque y desembarque simultáneo a través de puertas más grandes, una capacidad de pasajeros algo mayor (94-120 [11] [12] versus 80-90), mayor estabilidad derivada de un centro de gravedad más bajo, área frontal más pequeña que ofrece menos resistencia al aire que los autobuses de dos pisos, por lo tanto, mejor eficiencia de combustible, a menudo un radio de giro más pequeño, mayor velocidad máxima de servicio, la capacidad de pasar por debajo de puentes bajos y una mejor accesibilidad para personas con discapacidades y ancianos .
Desventajas
En algunas circunstancias de operación urbana (como en áreas con calles estrechas y curvas cerradas), los autobuses articulados también pueden estar involucrados en significativamente más accidentes que los autobuses convencionales. Las estimaciones para los autobuses articulados de Londres sitúan su participación en accidentes que involucran a peatones en más de cinco veces la tasa de todos los demás autobuses, y más del doble para los accidentes que involucran a ciclistas. En un período en el que los autobuses articulados constituían aproximadamente el 5% de la flota de autobuses de Londres, estuvieron involucrados en el 20% de todas las muertes relacionadas con los autobuses, estadísticas que finalmente llevaron a su reemplazo . [13] Sin embargo, estas estadísticas de seguridad pueden estar parcialmente sesgadas debido a que los autobuses se han utilizado en las rutas más concurridas en las áreas más concurridas de la ciudad, lo que los hace lucir peor que los autobuses con los que se los compara. [14]
Usar
Un autobús articulado es un vehículo largo y, por lo general, requiere un conductor especialmente capacitado, ya que maniobrar (particularmente dar marcha atrás) puede ser difícil. La sección de remolque de un autobús "extractor" puede estar sujeta a fuerzas centrípetas inusuales , que muchas personas pueden encontrar incómodas, aunque esto no es un problema con los "empujadores". No obstante, el autobús articulado tiene un gran éxito en Budapest , Hungría , donde la empresa de transporte urbano BKV ha estado operando más de 1000 de ellos todos los días desde principios de la década de 1970. La empresa húngara Volán también opera cientos de autobuses articulados en líneas interurbanas.
Europa
Los autobuses articulados se han utilizado en la mayoría de los países europeos durante muchos años. Los autobuses articulados se hicieron populares en Europa continental debido a su mayor capacidad en comparación con los autobuses regulares. En muchas ciudades, los espacios más bajos para los puentes ferroviarios han impedido el uso de vehículos de dos pisos, que nunca han alcanzado gran popularidad allí. Los cables aéreos para tranvías, trolebuses, etc. no son problemas realmente relevantes, ya que el espacio libre mínimo normal sobre el nivel de la carretera es estándar en toda la UE y supera con creces la altura de un vehículo de dos pisos; de lo contrario, muchos vehículos de carga se encontrarían problemas graves en el curso del funcionamiento normal.
Malta
Desde el 3 de julio de 2011 hasta el 28 de agosto de 2013, la empresa Arriva utilizó en Malta autobuses articulados Mercedes Citaro adquiridos en Londres en varias rutas por todo el país. Varios incendios graves de motores provocaron su retirada del servicio, y también han sido responsables de provocar un aumento de la congestión del tráfico y los accidentes que involucran a peatones y ciclistas. [15]
United Kingdom
Until 1980, articulated buses were illegal on the UK's roads. A 1979 experiment by South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive with buses manufactured by MAN and Leyland-DAB led to a change in the law, but the experiment was abandoned in 1981 because double-decker buses were generally considered less expensive both to purchase and to operate. The cost and weight of the strengthened deck framing and staircase of a double-decker was lower than the cost and weight of the additional axle(s) and coupling mechanism of an articulated bus. Modern technology has reduced the weight disadvantage, and the benefits of a continuous low floor allowing easier access plus additional entrance doors for smoother loading have led to reconsideration of the use of articulated buses in the UK.[16]
In London, articulated buses were used on some routes from 2001 until 2011, but they were not a success. Boris Johnson, former Mayor of London, promised in the run-up to the mayoral election of 2008 to rid the city of the controversial buses and replaced them with double deckers.
Elsewhere in the UK, they are generally operated on particular routes in order to increase passenger numbers, rather than across entire networks. With unsupervised “open boarding” through three doors and the requirement for pre-purchase of tickets, levels of fare-dodging on the new vehicles were found to be at least three times higher than on conventional buses where entry of passengers is monitored by the driver or conductor. The only way of checking for free riders was to use large teams of ticket inspectors to swamp the bus and inspect all tickets while keeping the doors closed, meanwhile delaying the further progress of the bus. Since the articulated buses were tending to serve areas of relative deprivation it is suspected that this was a contributory factor in Transport for London (TfL) turning against the concept.
Many of the articulated buses from London went on to serve with regional operators. Aside from limited use in regional cities, articulated buses may now be found at airports as park and ride shuttles.
In 2020, twenty one brand new Mercedes Benz Citaros entered service at Stansted Airport; the Mercedes Benz Citaro is probably the only articulated bus available in the United Kingdom at present.
Asia
China
In Asia, many major Chinese cities had fleets of articulated buses prior to the late 1990s. Some of these fleets have since been replaced by single-section units except in a few cities, namely Beijing, Shanghai, and Hangzhou. While in the 2000s a surge in BRT construction has reintroduced or re-purposed the articulated bus fleets for rapid transit usage in cities like Changzhou, Chengdu, Dalian, Guangzhou, Jinan, Kunming, Xiamen, Yancheng, Zaozhuang, and Zhengzhou.
Indonesia
Transjakarta operates one of the longest BRT systems in the world,[17][18] has been using articulated buses manufactured by Scania for some of their busiest routes since 2015. Prior to Scania buses introduction, there were Chinese-made Huanghai, Zhong Tong, Yutong, Ankai, and local-made INKA Inobus and AAI Komodo buses already in-service for several years.
Israel
In Israel, the use of articulated buses—commonly called accordion bus, אוטובוס אקורדיון—is widespread, particularly in Gush Dan and Jerusalem, the two great urban centers of the country. The long buses are considered reliable and useful, and have been in service in Israel since the mid-1970s. During the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, such buses were often targeted by Palestinians and suicide bombers during rush hours, since a crowded long bus can contain more than 100 passengers. Due to the al-Aqsa Intifada wave of mass bombings, security measures were enforced and today many long buses in Israel were accompanied by a security guard.
Macau
In Macau, Transmac – Transportes Urbanos de Macau S.A.R.L. imported an 18-meter articulated bus model, and put it into operation on January 6, 2018 following multiple tests and adjustments. The bus operated on route 51 during peak hours.
Singapore
In Singapore, articulated buses were first introduced in 1996 by Trans-Island Bus Services (now SMRT Buses) with the Mercedes-Benz O405G buses (bodied in Hispano Carrocera (MK1/MK2), Hispano Habit and Volgren CR221). In 2015, SMRT introduced 40 MAN NG363F A24 buses to replace the first batch of O405Gs, while the subsequent batches were replaced by double deck buses issued by the Land Transport Authority. All Hispano Habit-bodied O405Gs have been retired from service as of December 2020 as part of Land Transport Authority's policy of a 100% wheelchair-accessible bus fleet. [19]
Singapore Bus Services (SBS, present-day SBS Transit) introduced one Duple Metsec-bodied Volvo B10MA and one Volgren-bodied Mercedes Benz O405G in 1996 and 1997 respectively to evaluate the suitability of articulated buses for high-capacity single deck bus operations. The trial was however unsuccessful and SBS stuck to the use of 12-metre double deck “Superbuses”. The two articulated buses were eventually sold off to Bayes Coachlines of Dairy Flat, Auckland in New Zealand in March 2006. SBS Transit would only operate articulated buses again in March 2018 when ten ex-SMRT MAN A24 buses were transferred to SBS Transit in batches by the Land Transport Authority as part of the Seletar Bus Package under the Bus Contracting Model.[20]
Taiwan
Articulated buses were legalized in Taiwan in February 2012, and construction of Taichung BRT blue line started in November 2013. The line opened for the public on July 27, 2014.
Vietnam
In Vietnam, articulated bus was first introduced and operated on October 16, 2010, by Transerco in Hanoi.[21] It was added to the route 07 from My Dinh Bus Station to Noi Bai Airport as a test run. The bus was part of Hanoi Ecotrans project subsidized by EU and Ile de France. It was a Mercedes Euro II Galaxy which first manufactured in December 2003 by Mercedes-Benz Vietnam[22] and was previously used for SEA Games in Hanoi. The bus was painted yellow instead of traditional white-yellow-red (from top to bottom) and had two ticket sellers on-board instead of one. The bus received positive reviews from passengers[23] but the bus no longer operated in Hanoi, route 07 is now occupied by Thaco Huyndai buses and Daewoo BC212MA buses.
North America
United States
Articulated buses are commonplace in such US urban centers as Akron, Austin, Baltimore, Boston, Cleveland, Minneapolis-St.Paul, Miami, Orlando, Waterbury, Chicago, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, Rutgers University, New York City, Orange County (California), Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Phoenix, the Quad Cities, Rochester (New York), Rochester (Minnesota),[24] San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, Disney World, Orlando, FL. and Washington, D.C.. In Eugene, Lane Transit District uses articulated buses on some high-traffic routes, as well as on their Emerald Express (EmX) Bus Rapid Transit Service. In Vancouver, Washington, C-Tran (Washington) uses articulated buses on their BRT service, The Vine (bus rapid transit).
Canada
In Canada, they are used in Brampton, Calgary, Durham Region, Edmonton, Gatineau, Halifax, Hamilton, London, Longueuil, Mississauga, Montreal, Niagara Falls, Ottawa, Quebec City, Saskatoon, Toronto, York Region, Metro Vancouver and Winnipeg.
Mexico
Articulated buses in Mexico are usually used on BRT lines, such as Mexico City's Metrobús, Guadalajara's Macrobús, Monterrey's Ecovía and León's Optibús.
South America
In South America, they are used in Quito, São Paulo, Curitiba, Santiago, Barranquilla, Cali, Bucaramanga, Pereira, Cartagena and Bogotá.
Oceania
Australia
In Adelaide, Australia, articulated buses are used on the O-Bahn Busway, reaching speeds of 100 km/h. The first articulated buses to use it were the Mercedes-Benz O305G buses; however, three MAN SG280H buses are also equipped for O-Bahn use. In recent years, it has proven problematic to find suitable low-floor articulated buses to replace the 1984-manufactured Mercedes buses, because the design of the O-Bahn track unfortunately precludes the use of most modern articulated buses. Sydney, Australia has seen the operation of articulated buses for many years. Currently it operates a fleet of various models with eighty Volvo B12BLEA buses joining the Sydney Buses fleet in 2005 and 2006, increasing capacity along many of the busy corridors. A number of prototype vehicles were delivered in 2008 & 2009 to operate on Sydney Buses' first Metrobus route, the M10 from Leichhardt to Kingsford and Maroubra Junction. The buses feature different chassis, body types, and internal layouts. The articulated Volvo B12BLEA buses are fully wheelchair-accessible, air-conditioned, and have visual and audible next-stop passenger information systems installed. The buses feature air-conditioning, large electronic destination displays and cloth seating. Additionally, each bus features a stepless entry, which will assist less-mobile passengers. Flip-up seats in the front part of the bus allow easy accommodation for passengers in wheelchairs and with strollers and prams. In 2009-2010 150 new Volvo B12BLEA articulated buses have been introduced into the Sydney Buses fleet, many of these part of the expanded Metrobus program.
Tipos
Articulated buses can be of "pusher" or "puller" configuration.[1] Very few companies specialise in manufacturing the articulated section for the buses. One that does is ATG Autotechnik GmbH in Siek near Hamburg.[25]
Puller
In most puller articulated buses, the engine is mounted under the floor between the front and middle axles, and only the middle axle is powered. Some consider this an outdated design, as it prohibits floor levels lower than approximately 750 millimetres (29.5 in), and can produce passenger discomfort due to high noise and vibration levels. On the other hand, they can be used in very narrow or severely potholed streets. This type of bus also performs better in snowy or icy conditions, as the thrust from the driving wheels does not cause the vehicle to jackknife. Newer models such as the Van Hool AG300 feature low floors while maintaining the puller design by placing the engine block off-center opposite to the second door. Also, the unpowered rear axle is much simpler and carries no engine weight, facilitating the installation of counter-steering mechanisms to further decrease the turning radius.[citation needed]
A typical puller model is the Hungarian-made Ikarus 280, the articulated version of the Ikarus 260, of which 60,993 buses were manufactured between 1973 and 2002, mostly for Soviet bloc customers. (This type accounted for two-thirds of the articulated buses built in the 1970s.) Puller-type articulated buses are built in less numbers, but are still available in Scandinavia and South America. Examples being the Volvo B9S and Volvo B12M.
Pusher
The pusher bus needs a damping system in the joint to reduce the risk of jack-knifing and fishtailing. This was developed by the FFG Fahrzeugwerkstätten Falkenried in Germany. The production cost of the pusher bus was lower than that of a puller bus. The puller bus was a completely different construction compared to a solo bus which was often fabricated by external body construction firms due to the lower production numbers compared to solo buses. The pusher concept enabled the bus manufacturer to simply join a forward and a rear part of a solo bus and build the articulated bus completely in-house. This reduced the production cost.
In pusher buses, only the rear axle is powered by a rear-mounted internal combustion engine, and the longitudinal stability of the vehicle is maintained by active hydraulics mounted under the turntable. This modern system makes it possible to build buses without steps and having low floors along their entire length, which simplifies access for passengers with limited mobility.
Modern low-floor pusher articulated buses also tend to suffer from suspension problems because their wheels lack sufficient travel to enable them to absorb typical road surface unevenness. This also leads to passenger discomfort and relatively rapid disintegration of the vehicle's superstructure.[citation needed]
Makers of pusher-type articulated buses include Mercedes-Benz, New Flyer Industries, MAN, Volvo and Scania. The Renault PR 180 and PR 180.2 (articulated versions of the PR 100 and PR 100.2) were a special variation of the pusher design in which both the middle and the rear axles were driven, with a driveshaft passing through the turntable between the two driving axles.
Alternative power
Although the majority of articulated buses utilise diesel engines for their motive power, a number of operators (primarily outside North America and by LACMTA) have adopted compressed natural gas (CNG) power in order to reduce pollution. Many other transit authorities in the United States and Canada are adopting articulated buses that are diesel-electric hybrids, such as the New Flyer DE60LF. There are also articulated trolleybuses, which use catenary cables to power electric traction motors.
Super-articulated buses
Super articulated bus are similar to the normal articulated buses. But they have an extra axle In the back of the third axle, they have a capacity of 200 Peoples, And have a length of 23 Metres. Type: Mercedes Benz Citaro Capacity, Man Lion City A43, Mercedes-Benz O500 DA, BYD D11, Scania K IA
Bi-articulated buses
Since the late 1980s, the concept of the articulated bus has been extended further with the addition of a second trailer section that extends the bus almost to tram length and capacity, to create a bi-articulated bus, also called a triple bus. The Chinese manufacturer Zhejiang Youngman (Jinhua Neoplan) has developed the 25 metres (82 ft) JNP6280G bi-articulated bus, deemed the "world's largest", which will be used in Beijing.
Bi-articulated buses are still rare, having been trialled and rejected in some places. Because of their length they have a role on very high-capacity routes, or as a component of a bus rapid transit scheme. Major examples of bi-articulated buses playing a major role in bus rapid transit can be found in Curitiba, Bogota, Mexico City, Quito, etc. Volvo is a major supplier of puller-type bi-articulated buses in these markets.[26] In the Netherlands, bi-articulated buses came into service in Utrecht (2002) and Groningen (2014) on busy routes.
Double-decker articulated buses
A few attempts have been made to design a double-decker articulated bus. NEOPLAN Bus GmbH built a handful of Neoplan Jumbocruisers between 1975 and 1992. In these models, only the upper deck allows movement between the two sections, so each section has its own doors and set of stairs.
Licencia de conducir
In some countries of the European Union, as well as in Canada, an articulated bus can be driven with the same license used to drive a rigid bus (D in Europe), while a bus towing a normal trailer requires a bus + trailer (D+E) license.
There is some confusion as to how the U.S. treats articulated buses, but the general agreement in professional circles seems to be that they're treated as combination vehicles, and therefore requires that drivers hold a Class A commercial driver license (CDL) with a passenger (P) endorsement, which requires the passage of both a written and driven exam. The driven exam must be completed in the highest class of vehicle the driver wishes to operate, else restrictions are issued on the driver's license disallowing them to operate higher classes of vehicles than they tested on (e.g. a driver with a Class A CDL performs their P endorsement test on a class B bus, resulting in their license bearing the "no class A passenger vehicle" restriction, which is notated with an 'M', in addition to their P endorsement). These restrictions can be removed through further testing at a later date.[27]
In the UK it is only necessary to hold a D licence on articulated buses where the driven axle is in the rear section. As the front cannot be driven without the rear, for licensing purposes they are not considered to have a trailer necessitating the E entitlement. However, special training is needed for bi-articulated buses.
En la cultura popular
In a campaign associated with the Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen film, a 2014 Transformers character was created using parts from an articulated bus with the actual vehicle as its intended alternate form and dubbed "Bendy-Bus Prime."[28]
Ejemplos de autobuses articulados (incluidos autocares y trolebuses)
- AKSM-333
- Classic
- Crown-Ikarus 286
- DAC 117UD
- De Simon IS.2
- Ikarus 280
- Ikarus 417/435/435T
- Inbus AID 280FT
- Irisbus Agora L
- Irisbus Citelis 18
- Irisbus Cristalis 18
- Irisbus Civis
- Iveco Bus Crealis
- Iveco TurboCity
- Iveco Bus Urbanway 18
- Karosa B 741
- Karosa B 941
- Karosa B 961
- Karosa C 744
- Karosa C 943
- Leyland-DAB articulated bus
- LiAZ-6213
- MAN Lion's City G
- MAN NG272
- MAN SG 220
- MAZ-105
- MAZ-205
- MAZ-215
- Mercedes-Benz CapaCity
- Mercedes-Benz Conecto G
- Mercedes-Benz Citaro G
- Mercedes-Benz O305G
- Mercedes-Benz O405G
- NABI BRT
- NABI LFW
- NABI SFW
- Neoplan AN440
- Neoplan Centroliner
- Neoplan Jumbocruiser
- New Flyer High Floor
- New Flyer Low Floor
- New Flyer Xcelsior
- Nova Bus LFS Artic
- Orion-Ikarus 286
- Otokar Kent C Articulated
- Renault PR180.2
- Rocar DAC 217E
- Scania Citywide LFA
- Scania K UA/K IA
- Scania N UA
- Scania OmniCity
- Scania OmniLink
- Škoda 15Tr
- Škoda 25Tr Irisbus
- Škoda 27Tr Solaris
- Škoda 31Tr SOR
- Škoda 33Tr SOR
- Škoda 35Tr Iveco
- Škoda 706 RTO-K
- Solaris Trollino 18
- Solaris Urbino 18
- SOR NB 18
- SOR NS 18
- TEDOM C 18
- Van Hool AG300
- Volvo 7900
- Volvo B7LA
- Volvo B8RLEA
- Volvo B10MA
- VDL Citea SLFA
- Wright StreetCar
- ZiU-10
Ver también
- Articulated buses in the United Kingdom
- Bi-articulated bus
- Bombardier Guided Light Transit
- List of buses
- Trailer bus
Referencias
- ^ a b "Articulated Transit Bus Steering Considerations". North American Bus Industries. Archived from the original on 9 August 2003. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
- ^ a b c Hemily, Brendon; King, Rolland D. (2008). "One: Introduction". Uses of Higher Capacity Buses in Transit Service (Report). Transit Cooperative Research Program. doi:10.17226/13919. ISBN 978-0-309-09804-5. direct URL (PDF)
- ^ "Twin Coach Co. (aka Fageol-Twin Coach), Fageol Products Co". Coachbuilt. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ Photo of AC Transit XMC 77 at the Transbay Terminal in San Francisco, California, circa 1965 Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "XMC-77". AC Transit. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ a b "presenting the AC Transit experimental freeway train: A new concept in metro mobility" (PDF). AC Transit. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
- ^ "A New Concept in Public Transit" (PDF). transit-times. 8 (11). Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District. March 1966. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ Kristopans, Andre (3 October 2014). "M.A.N. USA". Utah Rails. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ Ramey, Jay (3 August 2018). "This Hungarian bus served American cities at the height of the Cold War". Autoweek. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "2014 SFMTA Transit Fleet Management Plan" (PDF). March 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
- ^ MacKechnie, Christopher (13 November 2017). "High-Capacity Buses - Articulated or Double-Decker?". Retrieved 11 July 2018.
- ^ "US". Retrieved 12 January 2018.
- ^ Bendy buses - the fatal facts Archived 22 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Bendy buses given boot over fire fears, Times of Malta, 28 August 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
- ^ The Bendy Bus: A Transport Revolution Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Ingenia Magazine, March 2005
- ^ "Koridor". Transjakarta.
- ^ "ITDP Where We Work - Jakarta". ITDP: The Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. 15 November 2008.
- ^ "Land Transport Guru: All public buses are Wheelchair Accessible from 1 December 2020". 12 December 2020.
- ^ "Land Transport Guru: MAN A24 Articulated Buses for SBS Transit". 30 September 2017.
- ^ baomoi.com https://baomoi.com/ha-noi-thu-nghiem-xe-buyt-khop-noi/c/4868272.epi. Retrieved 6 July 2019. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ^ "Chế tạo thành công xe buýt đặc thù phục vụ SEA Games". vietbao.vn. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ^ "Dân hài lòng với xe buýt khớp nối". Báo Công an nhân dân điện tử. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ^ "New battery-electric transit bus demonstrations taking place in Rochester". KTTC. 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
- ^ "Home - ATG Autotechnik GmbH - Joints & Gangways for Articulated Buses, Trams & Special Vehicles". www.articulated-bus.com. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
- ^ "Ônibus Volvo: Desde 1928 Fazendo História - Volvo Ônibus". Retrieved 12 January 2018.
- ^ "Home - Registration - Commercial Drivers License - Drivers". Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ "Transformers Live Action Movie Blog (TFLAMB): Bendy-Bus Prime, the 1st UK Transformer". 3 December 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
enlaces externos
- Steering Considerations & Engine Placements