Industria automotriz

La industria automotriz comprende una amplia gama de empresas y organizaciones involucradas en el diseño , desarrollo , fabricación , comercialización y venta de vehículos de motor . [1] Es una de las industrias más grandes del mundo por ingresos . La industria automotriz no incluye industrias dedicadas al mantenimiento de automóviles luego de la entrega al usuario final, [ cita requerida ] como talleres de reparación de automóvilesy estaciones de servicio de combustible para motores .

Una línea de montaje moderna
"> File:Škoda cars being transported by rail at Kutná Hora město train station, Czech Republic - 20140710.ogvPlay media
A video showing new SEAT, Škoda & Volkswagen cars being transported by rail at Kutná Hora město train station in the Czech Republic

The word automotive comes from the Greek autos (self), and Latin motivus (of motion), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle.[clarification needed] This term, as proposed by Elmer Sperry[2][need quotation to verify] (1860-1930), first came into use with reference to automobiles in 1898.[3]

Thomas B. Jeffery automobile factory in Kenosha, Wisconsin, c.1916
Fiat assembly line in 1961

The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the U.S. automobile industry produced over 90% of them. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.[4] After 1945, the U.S. produced about 75 percent of world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and then became world's leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U.S. production of 10.3 million units, while Japan was in third place with 9.9 million units.[5] From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.[6]

Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk, danger, damage or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves, implies that there is no risk of damage.

Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standard ISO 26262, is considered as one of the best practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety.[7]

In case of safety issues, danger, product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from the raw material.

Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the value chain are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences.

In 2007, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road, consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m3) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly.[8] The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicted that, by 2014, one-third of world demand would be in the four BRIC markets (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Meanwhile, in the developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed.[9] It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own a car anymore, and prefer other modes of transport.[10] Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia.[11] Emerging automobile markets already buy more cars than established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate.[12][13] However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries.[9] In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.[14]

World Motor Vehicle Production [15]
to 1950: USA had produced more than 80% of motor vehicles. [16]

1950s: UK, Germany and France restarted production.

1960s: Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s. US, Japan, Germany, France and UK produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s.

1990s: South Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France.

2000s: China increased its production drastically, and became the world's largest producing country in 2009 .

2010s: India overtakes Korea, Canada, Spain to become 5th largest automobile producer.

2013: The share of China (25.4%), India, Korea, Brazil and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of USA (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France and UK fell to 34%.

2018: India overtakes Germany to become 4th largest automobile producer.
World motor production (1997-2016)

By year

[40]
Year Production Change Source
1997 54,434,000 — [17]
1998 52,987,000 Decrease 2.7% [17]
1999 56,258,892 Increase 6.2% [18]
2000 58,374,162 Increase 3.8% [19]
2001 56,304,925 Decrease 3.5% [20]
2002 58,994,318 Increase 4.8% [21]
2003 60,663,225 Increase 2.8% [22]
2004 64,496,220 Increase 6.3% [23]
2005 66,482,439 Increase 3.1% [24]
2006 69,222,975 Increase 4.1% [25]
2007 73,266,061 Increase 5.8% [26]
2008 70,520,493 Decrease 3.7% [27]
2009 61,791,868 Decrease 12.4% [28]
2010 77,857,705 Increase 26.0% [29]
2011 79,989,155 Increase 3.1% [30]
2012 84,141,209 Increase 5.3% [31]
2013 87,300,115 Increase 3.7% [32]
2014 89,747,430 Increase 2.6% [33]
2015 90,086,346 Increase 0.4% [34]
2016 94,976,569 Increase 4.5% [35]
2017 97,302,534 Increase 2.36% [36]
2018 95,634,593 Decrease 1.71% [37]
2019 91,786,861 Decrease 5.2% [38]
2020 77,621,582 Decrease 16% [39]
Car exports by country (2014)

from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity

Global automobile import and export in 2011

By country

The OICA counts over 50 countries which assemble, manufacture or disseminate automobiles. Of that figure, only 14 countries (boldfaced in the list below) currently possess the capability to design original production automobiles from the ground up.[41][42]

  • Algeria
  • Argentina
  • Australia (main page)
  • Austria
  • Azerbaijan
  • Bangladesh (main page)
  • Belarus (main page)
  • Belgium
  • Brazil (main page)
  • Bulgaria (main page)
  • Canada (main page)
  • China (main page)
  • Colombia
  • Czech Republic
  • Ecuador
  • Egypt (main page)
  • Finland
  • France (main page)
  • Ghana
  • Germany (main page)
  • Hungary (main page)
  • India (main page)
  • Indonesia (main page)
  • Iran (main page)
  • Italy (main page)
  • Japan (main page)
  • Jordan
  • Kazakhstan
  • Kenya (main page)
  • Malaysia (main page)
  • Mexico (main page)
  • Morocco (main page)
  • Netherlands
  • Pakistan (main page)
  • Philippines (main page)
  • Poland (main page)
  • Portugal
  • Romania (main page)
  • Russia (main page)
  • Serbia (main page)
  • Slovakia (main page)
  • Slovenia
  • South Africa (main page)
  • South Korea (main page)
  • Spain (main page)
  • Sweden (main page)
  • Taiwan
  • Thailand (main page)
  • Tunisia
  • Turkey (main page)
  • Ukraine (main page)
  • United Kingdom (main page)
  • United States (main page)
  • Uzbekistan (main page)
  • Venezuela
  • Vietnam (main page)
Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries (2018)
Country Motor vehicle production (units)
China
27,809,196
United States
11,314,705
Japan
9,728,528
India
5,174,645
Germany
5,120,409
Mexico
4,100,525
South Korea
4,028,834
Brazil
2,879,809
Spain
2,819,565
France
2,270,000
Thailand
2,167,694
Canada
2,020,840
Russia
1,767,674
United Kingdom
1,604,328
Turkey
1,550,150
Czech Republic
1,345,041
Indonesia
1,343,714
Iran
1,095,526
Slovakia
1,090,000
Italy
1,060,068

"Production Statistics". OICA.

By manufacturer

These were the 15 largest manufacturers by production volume in 2017, according to OICA.[40]

RankGroupCountryVehicles
1ToyotaJapan10,466,051
2Volkswagen GroupGermany10,382,334
3HyundaiSouth Korea7,218,391
4General MotorsUnited States6,856,880
5FordUnited States6,386,818
6NissanJapan5,769,277
7HondaJapan5,236,842
8Fiat Chrysler AutomobilesaItaly/United States4,600,847
9RenaultFrance4,153,589
10Groupe PSAaFrance3,649,742
11SuzukiJapan3,302,336
12SAICChina2,866,913
13DaimlerGermany2,549,142
14BMWGermany2,505,741
15GeelyChina1,950,382

This is the list of the 15 largest publicly-traded car manufacturers by market capitalisation as of 15 May 2021, according to CompaniesMarketCap.com.[43]

RankGroupReg. baseMarket cap (US dollars)
1TeslaUnited States$568.11 billion
2ToyotaJapan$214.79 billion
3VolkswagenGermany$146.78 billion
4DaimlerGermany$95.59 billion
5General MotorsUnited States$81.23 billion
6BMWGermany$65.82 billion
7BYDChina$62.45 billion
8StellantisNetherlands$56.70 billion
9VolvoSweden$56.43 billion
10NIOChina$54.75 billion
11HyundaiSouth Korea$52.98 billion
12HondaJapan$51.41 billion
13FerrariItaly$49.10 billion
14FordUnited States$47.26 billion
15Great Wall MotorsChina$37.10 billion

This is the list of the 15 largest publicly-traded car manufacturers by Revenue as of 15 May 2021, according to https://companiesmarketcap.com/

Top 10 largest motor vehicle manufacturers by revenue (2020)[44][45]
RankGroupCountryRevenue (USD)
1VolkswagenGermany$260.31 B
2ToyotaJapan$255.99 B
3DaimlerGermany$186.66 B
4FordUnited States$127.14 B
5HondaJapan$125.03 B
6General MotorsUnited States$122.84 B
7BMWGermany$119.09 B
8Stellantis
(PSA-FCA)		Netherlands$104.84 B
9HyundaiSouth Korea$94.40 B
10NissanJapan$73.92 B

Stake holding

It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.

Notable current relationships include:[citation needed]

  • Daihatsu holds a 25% stake in Perodua.[46]
  • Daimler holds a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ.
  • Daimler holds an 89.29% stake in Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation.
  • Daimler holds a 3.1% in the Renault-Nissan Alliance, while Renault-Nissan Alliance holds a 3.1% share in Daimler AG.
  • Daimler holds a 12% stake in BAIC Group, while BAIC Group holds 5% stake in Daimler.[47]
  • Daimler holds an 85% stake in Master Motors.
  • Dongfeng Motor holds a 12.23% stake and a 19.94% exercisable voting rights in PSA Groupe.
  • FAW Group owns 49% of Haima Automobile.
  • FCA holds a 10% stake in Ferrari.
  • FCA holds a 67% stake in Fiat Automobili Srbija.
  • FCA holds 37.8% of Tofaş with another 37.8% owned by Koç Holding.
  • Fiat Automobili Srbija owns a 54% stake in Zastava Trucks.
  • Fiat Industrial owns a 46% stake in Zastava Trucks.
  • Fujian Motors Group holds a 15% stake in King Long. FMG, Beijing Automotive Group, China Motor, and Daimler has a joint venture called Fujian Benz. FMG, China Motor, and Mitsubishi Motors has a joint venture called Soueast, FMG holds a 50% stake, and both China Motor and Mitsubishi Motors holds an equal 25% stake.
  • Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in The London Taxi Company.
  • Geely Automobile holds a 49.9% stake in PROTON Holdings and a 51% stake in Lotus Cars.[48]
  • Geely Holding Group holds a 9.69% stake in Daimler AG.[49]
  • Geely Holding Group holds an 8.3% stake and a 15.9% exercisable voting rights in Volvo.
  • General Motors holds a 93% stake in GM India and SAIC Group holds a 7% stake.
  • General Motors holds a 94% stake in GM Korea and SAIC Group holds a 6% stake.
  • General Motors holds a 20% stake in Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines.
  • Isuzu owns 10% of Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines.
  • Mahindra & Mahindra holds a 70% stake in SsangYong Motor .
  • MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania.
  • Marcopolo owns 19% of New Flyer Industries.
  • Mitsubishi Group holds 20% of Mitsubishi Motors.
  • Nissan owns 34% of Mitsubishi Motors since October 2016,[50] thus having the right to nominate the chairman of Mitsubishi Motors' board and a third of its directors.[51]
  • Nissan owns 43% of Nissan Shatai.
  • Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% voting stake in Volkswagen Group. The Porsche automotive business is fully owned by the Volkswagen Group.
  • Renault and Nissan Motors have an alliance (Renault-Nissan Alliance) involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 43.4% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares.
  • Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ
  • Renault holds an 80.1% stake in Renault Samsung.
  • SAIPA holds a 51% stake in Pars Khodro.
  • Tata Motors holds a 100% stake in Jaguar Land Rover.
  • Toyota holds a 100% stake in Daihatsu.
  • Toyota holds a 50.1% stake in Hino.
  • Toyota holds a 5.9% stake in Isuzu.
  • Toyota holds a 5.05% stake in Mazda, while Mazda holds 0.25% stake in Toyota.[52]
  • Toyota holds a 16.7% stake in Subaru Corporation, parent company of Subaru.
  • Toyota holds a 4.94% stake in Suzuki, while Suzuki holds 0.2% stake in Toyota.[53]
  • Volkswagen Group holds a 99.55% stake in the Audi Group.
  • Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), a 53.7% stake in MAN SE (55.9% voting rights), Volkswagen is integrating Scania, MAN and its own truck division into one division.
  • Paccar has a 19% stake in Tatra.
  • ZAP holds a 51% stake in Zhejiang Jonway.

Joint ventures

China joint venture

  • Beijing Automotive Group has a joint venture with Daimler called Beijing Benz, both companies hold a 50-50% stake. both companies also have a joint venture called Beijing Foton Daimler Automobile.
  • Beijing Automotive Group also has a joint venture with Hyundai called Beijing Hyundai, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
  • BMW and Brilliance have a joint venture called BMW Brilliance . BMW owns a 50% stake, Brilliance owns a 40.5% stake, and the Shenyang municipal government owns a 9.5% stake.
  • Changan Automobile has a joint venture with Groupe PSA (Changan PSA ), both hold a 50-50% stake.
  • Changan Automobile has a joint venture with Suzuki (Changan Suzuki ), both hold a 50-50% stake.
  • Changan Automobile has a 50-50% joint venture with Mazda (Changan Mazda ).
  • Changan Automobile and Ford have a 50-50% joint venture called Changan Ford.
  • Changan Automobile and JMCG have a joint venture called Jiangling Motor Holding.
  • Chery has a joint venture with Jaguar Land Rover called Chery Jaguar Land Rover, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.[54]
  • Chery and Israel Corporation has a joint venture called Qoros, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
  • Dongfeng Motor and Nissan have a 50-50% joint venture called Dongfeng Motor Company.
  • Dongfeng Motor and PSA Group have a 50-50% joint venture called Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroen .
  • Dongfeng Motor has a 50-50% joint venture with Honda called Dongfeng Honda .
  • Dongfeng Motor has a joint venture with AB Volvo called Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel .
  • Dongfeng Motor has a 50-50% joint venture with Renault named Dongfeng Renault in Wuhan, which was founded in the end of 2013
  • FAW Group and General Motors has a 50-50 joint venture called FAW-GM.
  • FAW Group has a 50-50 joint venture with Volkswagen Group called FAW-Volkswagen .
  • FAW Group has a 50-50 joint venture with Toyota called Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor and both companies also have another joint venture called Ranz .
  • General Motors and SAIC Motor, both have two joint ventures in SAIC-GM and SAIC-GM-Wuling.

Outside China

  • Daimler AG and BYD Auto have a joint venture called Denza, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
  • Daimler AG and Geely Holding Group have a joint venture called smart Automobile, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.[55]
  • Ford and Navistar International have a 50-50 joint venture called Blue Diamond Truck .
  • Ford and Sollers JSC have a 50-50 joint venture called Ford Sollers .
  • Ford and Koç Holding have a 50-50 joint venture called Ford Otosan .
  • Ford and Lio Ho Group have a joint venture called Ford Lio Ho, Ford owns 70% and Lio Ho Group owns 30%.
  • General Motors and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called GM Uzbekistan, UzAvtosanoat owns 75% and General Motors owns 25%.
  • General Motors, AvtoVAZ, and EBRD have a joint venture called GM-AvtoVAZ, Both GM and AvtoVAZ owns 41.61% and EBRD owns 16.76%.
  • Hyundai Motor Company and Kibar Holding has a joint venture called Hyundai Assan Otomotiv, Hyundai owns 70% and Kibar Holding owns 30%.
  • Isuzu and Anadolu Group have a 50-50% joint venture called Anadolu Isuzu .
  • Isuzu and General Motors has a 50-50% joint venture called Isuzu Truck South Africa .
  • Isuzu, Sollers JSC, and Imperial Sojitz have a joint venture called Sollers-Isuzu, Sollers JSC owns 66%, Isuzu owns 29%, and Imperial Sojitz owns 5%.
  • Mahindra & Mahindra and Navistar International have a joint venture called Mahindra Trucks and Buses Limited . Mahindra & Mahindra owns 51% and Navistar International owns 49%.
  • Mahindra & Mahindra has a joint venture with Ford Motor Company in India, where Mahindra & Mahindra owns 51% and Ford owns 49%.
  • MAN SE and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called MAN Auto-Uzbekistan, UzAvtosanoat owns 51% and MAN SE owns 49%.
  • Navistar International and JAC has a joint venture called Anhui Jianghuai Navistar .
  • PSA and Toyota have a 50-50% joint venture called Toyota Peugeot Citroen Automobile Czech .
  • PSA and CK Birla Group (AVTEC) have a 50-50% joint venture called PSA AVTEC Powertrain Pvt. Ltd.
  • Sollers JSC is involved in joint ventures with Ford (Ford Sollers ) and Mazda to produce cars.
  • Tata Motors also formed a joint venture in India with Fiat and gained access to Fiat's diesel engine technology.
  • Tata Motors and Marcopolo have a joint venture called Tata Marcopolo, where Tata owns 51% and Marcopolo owns 49%.
  • Volvo Group and Eicher Motors has a 50-50% joint venture called VE Commercial Vehicles.

  • Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
  • Automotive industry by country
  • Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010
  • Automotive industry in the United States
  • Big Three (automobile manufacturers)
  • Effects of the 2008–10 automotive industry crisis on the United States
  • List of countries by motor vehicle production
  • Motocycle
  • List of largest automotive companies by revenue

^a These figures were before the merger of both Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and Groupe PSA; the latter of which has merged into Stellantis as of January 2021.

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  • Media related to Automotive industry at Wikimedia Commons
  • Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers Archived 12 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine