Kirk Douglas (nacido Issur Danielovitch ; 9 de diciembre de 1916-5 de febrero de 2020) fue un actor, productor, director, filántropo y escritor estadounidense. Después de una infancia empobrecida con padres inmigrantes y seis hermanas, debutó en el cine en El extraño amor de Martha Ivers (1946) con Barbara Stanwyck . Douglas pronto se convirtió en una estrella de taquilla durante la década de 1950, conocida por dramas serios, incluidos westerns y películas de guerra. Durante su carrera, apareció en más de 90 películas. Douglas era conocido por su estilo de actuación explosivo, que mostró como abogado de defensa criminal en Town Without Pity (1961).
Kirk Douglas | |
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Nació | Issur Danielovitch 9 de diciembre de 1916 Amsterdam, Nueva York , EE. UU. |
Fallecido | 5 de febrero de 2020 Beverly Hills, California , Estados Unidos | (103 años)
Lugar de descanso | Cementerio de Westwood Village Memorial Park [1] |
Otros nombres | Isador Demsky Izzy Demsky |
alma mater | Universidad de St. Lawrence |
Ocupación |
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Años activos | 1944-2008 |
Partido político | Democrático |
Esposos) | |
Niños | |
Carrera militar | |
Lealtad | Estados Unidos de América |
Servicio / sucursal | Marina de Estados Unidos |
Firma | |
Douglas se convirtió en una estrella internacional gracias a la recepción positiva por su papel protagónico como héroe del boxeo sin escrúpulos en Champion (1949), que le valió su primera nominación al Premio de la Academia al Mejor Actor . Sus otras películas tempranas incluyen Out of the Past (1947), Young Man with a Horn (1950), interpretando junto a Lauren Bacall y Doris Day , Ace in the Hole junto a Jan Sterling (1951) y Detective Story (1951), para la cual recibió una nominación al Globo de Oro como Mejor Actor en un Drama. Recibió su segunda nominación al Oscar por su papel dramático en The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), junto a Lana Turner , y la tercera por interpretar a Vincent van Gogh en Lust for Life (1956), que también le valió una segunda nominación al Globo de Oro.
En septiembre de 1949 fundó Bryna Productions , que empezó a producir películas tan variadas como Paths of Glory (1957) y Spartacus (1960). En esas dos películas, colaboró con el entonces relativamente desconocido director Stanley Kubrick , asumiendo papeles principales en ambas películas. Douglas ha sido elogiado por ayudar a romper la lista negra de Hollywood al hacer que Dalton Trumbo escribiera Spartacus con un crédito oficial en pantalla. [2] Produjo y protagonizó Lonely Are the Brave (1962), considerado un clásico, y Seven Days in May (1964), junto a Burt Lancaster , con quien realizó siete películas. En 1963, protagonizó la obra de Broadway One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest , una historia que compró y luego le dio a su hijo Michael Douglas , quien la convirtió en una película ganadora de un Oscar .
Como actor y filántropo, Douglas recibió tres nominaciones al Premio de la Academia, un Premio Honorífico de la Academia a la Trayectoria y la Medalla Presidencial de la Libertad . Como autor, escribió diez novelas y memorias. Es el número 17 en la lista del American Film Institute de las mayores leyendas masculinas del cine clásico de Hollywood , la persona viva mejor clasificada en la lista hasta su muerte. Después de apenas sobrevivir a un accidente de helicóptero en 1991 y luego sufrir un derrame cerebral en 1996, se centró en renovar su vida espiritual y religiosa. Vivía con su segunda esposa (de66 años), Anne Buydens , productora, hasta su muerte el 5 de febrero de 2020, a los 103 años. Centenario , fue una de las últimas estrellas supervivientes de la Edad de Oro de la industria cinematográfica . [3]
Temprana edad y educación
Kirk Douglas nació Issur Danielovitch ( Yiddish : איסר דניאלאָוויטש , bielorruso : Іссур Даніелавіч , Rusia : Иссур Даниелович ) en Amsterdam, Nueva York , el 9 de diciembre de 1916, hijo de Bryna "Bertha" ( de soltera Sanglel; 1884-1958) y Herschel "Harry" Danielovitch (c. 1884-1950; las citas con respecto a su año exacto de nacimiento difieren). [4] [5] Sus padres eran inmigrantes de Chavusy , gobernación de Mogilev , en el Imperio Ruso (actual Bielorrusia ), [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] y la familia hablaba yiddish. en casa. [12] [13] [14] Douglas abrazaría su herencia judía en sus últimos años, después de un accidente de helicóptero casi fatal a la edad de 74 años. [15]
El hermano de su padre, que emigró antes, usó el apellido Demsky , que la familia de Douglas adoptó en los Estados Unidos. [16] : 2 Douglas creció como Izzy Demsky y legalmente cambió su nombre a Kirk Douglas antes de ingresar a la Armada de los Estados Unidos durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial . [17] [a]
En su autobiografía de 1988, The Ragman's Son , Douglas señala las dificultades que él, junto con sus padres y seis hermanas, soportaron durante sus primeros años en Amsterdam:
Mi padre, que había sido comerciante de caballos en Rusia, se compró un caballo y una carreta pequeña y se convirtió en un trapero, comprando trapos viejos, piezas de metal y chatarra por centavos, cinco y diez centavos ... Incluso en Eagle Street, en En la sección más pobre de la ciudad, donde todas las familias luchaban, el trapero estaba en el peldaño más bajo de la escalera. Y yo era el hijo del trapero. [18]
Douglas tuvo una infancia infeliz, viviendo con un padre alcohólico y abusivo físicamente. [19] Mientras su padre bebía el poco dinero que tenían, Douglas, su madre y sus hermanas soportaron una "pobreza paralizante". [20]
Douglas primero quiso ser actor después de recitar el poema The Red Robin of Spring mientras estaba en el jardín de infantes y recibió aplausos. [21] Al crecer, vendía bocadillos a los trabajadores del molino para ganar lo suficiente para comprar leche y pan para ayudar a su familia. Más tarde repartió periódicos y tuvo más de cuarenta trabajos durante su juventud antes de convertirse en actor. [22] Encontró que vivir en una familia con seis hermanas era sofocante: "Me moría por salir. En cierto sentido, encendió un fuego debajo de mí". Después de aparecer en obras de teatro en Amsterdam High School, de la que se graduó en 1934, [23] supo que quería convertirse en actor profesional. [24] Incapaz de pagar la matrícula, Douglas se abrió camino hasta la oficina del decano en la Universidad de St. Lawrence y le mostró una lista de sus honores en la escuela secundaria. Se graduó con una licenciatura en 1939. Recibió un préstamo que pagó trabajando a tiempo parcial como jardinero y conserje. Destacó en el equipo de lucha libre y luchó un verano en un carnaval para ganar dinero. [25] Más tarde se hizo muy amigo del luchador campeón mundial Lou Thesz .
Los talentos de actuación de Douglas se notaron en la Academia Estadounidense de Artes Dramáticas en la ciudad de Nueva York , que le otorgó una beca especial. Una de sus compañeras de clase fue Betty Joan Perske (más tarde conocida como Lauren Bacall ), quien jugaría un papel importante en el lanzamiento de su carrera cinematográfica. [26] Bacall escribió que ella "estaba locamente enamorada de Kirk", [27] y salieron casualmente. Otra compañera de clase y amiga de Bacall era la aspirante a actriz Diana Dill , quien más tarde se convertiría en la primera esposa de Douglas. [28]
Durante el tiempo que pasaron juntos, Bacall se enteró de que Douglas no tenía dinero y que una vez pasó la noche en la cárcel porque no tenía dónde dormir. Una vez le dio el abrigo viejo de su tío para que se calentara: "Pensé que debía estar congelado en el invierno ... Estaba emocionado y agradecido". A veces, solo para verlo, arrastraba a un amigo oa su madre al restaurante donde él trabajaba como ayudante de camarero y ayudante de camarero. Le dijo que su sueño era algún día llevar a su familia a Nueva York para verlo en el escenario. Durante ese período, fantaseaba con compartir algún día su vida personal y escénica con Douglas, pero luego se decepcionaría: "Kirk realmente no me perseguía. Era amigable y dulce, disfrutaba de mi compañía, pero claramente yo era demasiado joven para él". Bacall, ocho años más joven, escribió más tarde. [27]
Carrera profesional
1940
Douglas se unió a la Armada de los Estados Unidos en 1941, poco después de que Estados Unidos entrara en la Segunda Guerra Mundial , donde se desempeñó como oficial de comunicaciones en la guerra antisubmarina a bordo del USS PC-1139 . [29] Fue dado de alta médicamente en 1944 por las lesiones sufridas por la explosión prematura de una carga de profundidad . [30]
Después de la guerra, Douglas regresó a la ciudad de Nueva York y encontró trabajo en radio, teatro y comerciales . En su trabajo en la radio, actuó en telenovelas de la red y vio esas experiencias como especialmente valiosas, ya que la habilidad para usar la voz es importante para los aspirantes a actores; lamentó que las mismas vías ya no estuvieran disponibles. Su ruptura escénica se produjo cuando asumió el papel de Richard Widmark en Kiss and Tell (1943), que luego dio lugar a otras ofertas. [26]
Douglas había planeado seguir siendo actor de teatro, hasta que su amiga Lauren Bacall lo ayudó a conseguir su primer papel en una película recomendándolo al productor Hal B. Wallis , quien estaba buscando un nuevo talento masculino. [31] La película de Wallis El extraño amor de Martha Ivers (1946) con Barbara Stanwyck se convirtió en la primera aparición de Douglas en la pantalla. Interpretaba a un joven inseguro, herido por los celos, cuya vida estaba dominada por su despiadada esposa, y escondía sus sentimientos con el alcohol. Sería la última vez que Douglas interpretó a un debilucho en un papel cinematográfico. [32] [33] Los críticos de la película notaron que Douglas ya proyectaba cualidades de un "actor de cine natural", con la similitud de este papel con los posteriores explicados por el biógrafo Tony Thomas:
Su estilo y su personalidad se plasmaron en la pantalla, algo que no siempre ocurre, ni siquiera con los mejores actores. Douglas tenía, y tiene, una manera claramente individual. Irradia una cierta cualidad inexplicable, y es esto, tanto como el talento, lo que explica su éxito en el cine. [34]
En 1947, Douglas apareció en Out of the Past (Reino Unido: Build My Gallows High ), interpretando un importante papel secundario en este clásico thriller negro protagonizado por Robert Mitchum y Jane Greer . Douglas hizo su debut en Broadway en 1949 en Three Sisters , producido por Katharine Cornell . [35]
La imagen de Douglas como un tipo duro se estableció en su octava película, Champion (1949), después de que el productor Stanley Kramer lo eligiera para interpretar a un boxeador egoísta. Sin embargo, al aceptar el papel, se arriesgó, ya que tuvo que rechazar una oferta para protagonizar una película de gran presupuesto de MGM, The Great Sinner , que le habría ganado tres veces los ingresos. [36] [37]
El historiador de cine Ray Didinger dice que Douglas "vio a Champion como un riesgo mayor, pero también una oportunidad mayor ... Douglas tomó el papel y lo clavó absolutamente". Frederick Romano, otro historiador de películas deportivas, describió la actuación de Douglas como "alarmantemente auténtica":
Douglas muestra una gran concentración en el ring. Su intenso enfoque en su oponente atrae al espectador al ring. Quizás su mejor característica es su gruñido y mueca patentados ... no deja ninguna duda de que es un hombre con una misión. [38]
Douglas recibió su primera nominación al Oscar y la película obtuvo seis nominaciones en total. Variety lo llamó "un estudio riguroso y realista de las raquetas de boxeo". [37]
Después de Champion , decidió que, para tener éxito como estrella, necesitaba aumentar su intensidad, superar su timidez natural y elegir roles más fuertes. Más tarde declaró: "No creo que sería un gran actor sin vanidad. Y no estoy interesado en ser un 'actor modesto'". [39] Al principio de su carrera en Hollywood, Douglas demostró su racha independiente y rompió sus contratos de estudio para obtener el control total sobre sus proyectos, formando su propia compañía cinematográfica, Bryna Productions (llamada así por su madre) en septiembre de 1949. [24] [40 ]
1950
Durante las décadas de 1950 y 1960, Douglas fue una gran estrella de taquilla, actuando junto a algunas de las principales actrices de esa época. Interpretó a un oficial de paz fronterizo en su primer western, Along the Great Divide (1951). Rápidamente se sintió muy cómodo montando a caballo y jugando a los pistoleros, y apareció en muchos westerns. Consideró Lonely Are the Brave (1962), en la que interpreta a un vaquero que intenta vivir según su propio código, su favorito personal. [41] La película, escrita por Dalton Trumbo , fue respetada por la crítica, pero no le fue bien en la taquilla debido a la mala comercialización y distribución. [39] [42]
En 1950, Douglas interpretó a Rick Martin en Young Man with a Horn , basada en una novela del mismo nombre de Dorothy Baker inspirada en la vida del cornetista de jazz Bix Beiderbecke . El compositor y pianista Hoagy Carmichael , interpretando al compañero, agregó realismo a la película y le dio a Douglas una idea del papel, siendo amigo del verdadero Beiderbecke. [43] Doris Day interpretó a Jo, una joven que estaba enamorada del músico de jazz en apuros . Esto era sorprendentemente opuesto al relato de la vida real en la autobiografía de Doris Day, que describía a Douglas como "civil pero egocéntrico" y la película como "completamente triste". [44] Durante el rodaje, la pequeña actriz Jean Spangler desapareció y su caso sigue sin resolverse. El 9 de octubre de 1949, se encontró el bolso de Spangler cerca de la entrada de Fern Dell a Griffith Park en Los Ángeles. Había una nota sin terminar en el bolso dirigida a un "Kirk", que decía: "No puedo esperar más, voy a ver al Dr. Scott. Funcionará mejor de esta manera mientras mamá no esté". Douglas, casado en ese momento, llamó a la policía y les dijo que no era el Kirk mencionado en la nota. Cuando fue entrevistado por teléfono por el jefe del equipo de investigación, Douglas declaró que había "hablado y bromeado un poco con ella" en el set, [45] [46] pero que nunca había salido con ella. [47] Las novias de Spangler le dijeron a la policía que estaba embarazada de tres meses cuando desapareció, [48] y académicos como Jon Lewis de la Universidad Estatal de Oregon han especulado que ella pudo haber estado considerando un aborto ilegal . [49]
En 1951, Douglas interpretó a un reportero de un periódico que buscaba ansiosamente una gran historia en Ace in the Hole , el primer esfuerzo del director Billy Wilder como escritor y productor. El tema y la historia eran controvertidos en ese momento, y el público estadounidense se mantuvo alejado. Algunas críticas lo vieron como "despiadado y cínico ... un estudio distorsionado de la corrupción, la psicología de la mafia y la prensa libre". [50] Posiblemente "golpeó demasiado cerca de casa", dijo Douglas. [51] Ganó un premio a la Mejor Película Extranjera en el Festival de Cine de Venecia . La estatura de la película ha aumentado en los últimos años, y algunas encuestas la colocan en su lista de las 500 mejores películas. [52] Woody Allen la considera una de sus películas favoritas. [53] Como estrella y protagonista de la película, a Douglas se le atribuye la intensidad de su actuación. El crítico de cine Roger Ebert escribió: "El enfoque y la energía de Douglas ... da casi miedo. No hay nada anticuado en la actuación de Douglas. Es tan actual como un cuchillo afilado". [54] El biógrafo Gene Philips señaló que la historia de Wilder fue "galvanizada" por la "asombrosa actuación" de Douglas y sin duda fue un factor cuando George Stevens , quien le otorgó a Douglas el AFI Life Achievement Award en 1991, dijo de él: "Ningún otro líder El actor estaba cada vez más dispuesto a tocar el lado oscuro y desesperado del alma y así revelar la complejidad de la naturaleza humana ". [55]
También en 1951, Douglas protagonizó Detective Story , nominada a cuatro premios de la Academia, incluido uno para Lee Grant en su película debut. Grant dijo que Douglas era "deslumbrante, tanto personalmente como en el papel ... Era una gran, gran estrella. Magnífico. Intenso. Asombroso". [56] Para prepararse para el papel, Douglas pasó días con el Departamento de Policía de Nueva York y participó en los interrogatorios. [57] Los críticos reconocieron las cualidades de actuación de Douglas, y Bosley Crowther describió a Douglas como "enérgico y agresivo como el detective". [58]
En The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), otro de sus tres papeles nominados al Oscar, Douglas interpretó a un productor de cine duro que manipula y usa a sus actores, escritores y directores. En 1954 Douglas interpretó al personaje principal de Ulises , una película basada en Homer 's poema épico Odyssey , con Silvana Mangano como Penélope y Circe , y Anthony Quinn como Antinoo . [59]
En 20.000 leguas de viaje submarino (1954), Douglas demostró que, además de los personajes serios y motivados, era experto en papeles que requerían un toque cómico más ligero. En esta adaptación de la novela de Julio Verne , interpretó a un marinero despreocupado que era todo lo contrario al inquietante Capitán Nemo ( James Mason ). La película fue una de las películas de acción en vivo más exitosas de Walt Disney y un gran éxito de taquilla. [60] Douglas logró un giro cómico similar en El hombre sin estrella del oeste (1955) y en Por amor o dinero (1963). Mostró una mayor diversidad en una de sus primeras apariciones en televisión. Fue invitado musical (como él mismo) en The Jack Benny Program (1954). [61]
En 1955, Douglas finalmente pudo poner en marcha su productora cinematográfica, Bryna Productions. [24] Para hacerlo, tuvo que romper contratos con Hal B. Wallis y Warner Bros. , pero comenzó a producir y protagonizar sus propias películas, comenzando con The Indian Fighter en 1955. [62] A través de Bryna, produjo y protagonizó las películas Paths of Glory (1957), The Vikings (1958), Spartacus (1960), Lonely are the Brave (1962) y Seven Days in May (1964). [63]
Aunque Paths of Glory no tuvo un buen desempeño en taquilla, desde entonces se ha convertido en una de las grandes películas contra la guerra, y es una de las primeras películas del director Stanley Kubrick . Douglas, que habla francés con fluidez, [64] interpretó a un simpático oficial francés durante la Primera Guerra Mundial que intenta salvar a tres soldados de enfrentarse a un pelotón de fusilamiento. [65] El biógrafo Vincent LoBrutto describe la "interpretación hirviente pero controlada que explota con la pasión de sus convicciones por la injusticia dirigida a sus hombres". [66] La película estuvo prohibida en Francia hasta 1976. Sin embargo, antes de que comenzara la producción de la película, Douglas y Kubrick tuvieron que resolver algunos problemas importantes, uno de los cuales fue que Kubrick reescribió el guión sin informar primero a Douglas. Esto llevó a su primer gran argumento: "Llamé a Stanley a mi habitación ... me golpeé el techo. Lo llamé cada palabra de cuatro letras que pude pensar ... 'Obtuve el dinero, basado en ese [original] guión. ¡No esta mierda! Lancé el guión al otro lado de la habitación. "Volveremos al guión original, o no haremos la película". Stanley nunca parpadeó. Filmamos el guión original. Creo que la película es un clásico, una de las imágenes más importantes, posiblemente la película más importante, que Stanley Kubrick haya hecho jamás ". [66]
Douglas interpretó a militares en numerosas películas, con diversos matices, incluyendo Top Secret Affair (1957), Town Without Pity (1961), The Hook (1963), Seven Days in May (1964), Heroes of Telemark (1965), In Harm's Way (1965), Cast a Giant Shadow (1966), Is Paris Burning (1966), The Final Countdown (1980) y Saturn 3 (1980). Su estilo de actuación y entrega lo convirtieron en uno de los favoritos de los imitadores de televisión como Frank Gorshin , Rich Little y David Frye . [67] [68] [69]
Su papel de Vincent van Gogh en Lust for Life (1956), dirigida por Vincente Minnelli y basada en el bestseller de Irving Stone , se filmó principalmente en locaciones de Francia. Douglas se destacó no solo por la veracidad de la apariencia de Van Gogh, sino también por cómo transmitía la confusión interna del pintor. Algunos críticos lo consideran el ejemplo más famoso del "artista torturado" que busca consuelo del dolor de la vida a través de su trabajo. [70] Otros lo ven como una representación no sólo del "pintor-como-héroe", sino una presentación única del "pintor de acción", con Douglas expresando la fisicalidad y la emoción de la pintura, ya que utiliza el lienzo para capturar un momento en el tiempo. [71] [72]
Douglas fue nominado a un Premio de la Academia por el papel, y su coprotagonista Anthony Quinn ganó el Oscar al Mejor Actor de Reparto como Paul Gauguin , amigo de Van Gogh. Douglas ganó un Globo de Oro , aunque Minnelli dijo que Douglas debería haber ganado un Oscar: "Logró un retrato conmovedor y memorable del artista, un hombre de enorme poder creativo, provocado por un estrés emocional severo, el miedo y el horror de la locura". [60] El propio Douglas calificó su papel como actor de Van Gogh como una experiencia dolorosa: "No solo me parecía a Van Gogh, tenía la misma edad que él cuando se suicidó". [73] Su esposa dijo que a menudo permanecía en el personaje en su vida personal: "Cuando estaba haciendo Lust for Life , regresaba a casa con esa barba roja de Van Gogh, con esas botas grandes, pisando fuerte por la casa, era aterrador. " [74]
En general, sin embargo, el estilo de actuación de Douglas encaja bien con la preferencia de Minnelli por "roles de melodrama y de artista neurótico", escribe el historiador de cine James Naremore . Agrega que Minnelli tuvo sus "colaboraciones más ricas e impresionantes" con Douglas, y para Minnelli, ningún otro actor retrató su nivel de "genialidad": "Un jugador robusto, atlético, a veces explosivo, a Douglas le encantaba la retórica teatral, e hizo todo lo posible". apasionadamente." [75] Douglas también había protagonizado la película de Minnelli The Bad and the Beautiful cuatro años antes, por la que recibió una nominación al Oscar como Mejor Actor. [76]
1960
En 1960, Douglas interpretó el papel principal en lo que muchos consideran que definió su carrera [77] como el gladiador tracio esclavo rebelde Espartaco con un elenco de estrellas en Espartaco (1960). También fue el productor ejecutivo, lo que aumentó el costo de producción de $ 12 millones e hizo de Spartacus una de las películas más caras hasta ese momento. [78] Douglas inicialmente seleccionó a Anthony Mann para dirigir, pero lo reemplazó desde el principio con Stanley Kubrick , con quien había colaborado previamente en Paths of Glory . [79]
Cuando se estrenó la película, Douglas le dio todo el crédito a su guionista, Dalton Trumbo , que estaba en la lista negra de Hollywood , y así efectivamente la terminó. [16] : 81 Acerca de ese evento, Douglas dijo: "Hice más de 85 fotografías, pero de lo que estoy más orgulloso es de romper la lista negra". [7] Sin embargo, el productor de la película, Edward Lewis, y la familia de Dalton Trumbo disputaron públicamente la afirmación de Douglas. [80] En la película Trumbo (2015), Douglas es interpretado por Dean O'Gorman . [81]
Douglas bought the rights to stage a play of the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest from its author, Ken Kesey. He mounted a play from the material in 1963 in which he starred and that ran on Broadway for five months. Reviews were mixed. Douglas retained the movie rights due to an innovative loophole of basing the rights on the play rather than the novel, despite Kesey's objections, but after a decade of being unable to find a producer he gave the rights to his son, Michael. In 1975, the film version was produced by Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz, and starred Jack Nicholson, as Douglas was then considered too old to play the character as written.[3] The film won all five major Academy Awards, only the second film to do so (after It Happened One Night in 1934).[82]
Douglas made seven films over four decades with actor Burt Lancaster: I Walk Alone (1948), Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), The Devil's Disciple (1959), The List of Adrian Messenger (1963), Seven Days in May (1964), Victory at Entebbe (1976), and Tough Guys (1986), which fixed the notion of the pair as something of a team in the public imagination. Douglas was always billed under Lancaster in these movies, but, with the exception of I Walk Alone, their roles were usually of a similar size. Both actors arrived in Hollywood at about the same time and first appeared together in the fourth film for each, albeit with Douglas in a supporting role. They both became actor-producers who sought out independent Hollywood careers.[74]
John Frankenheimer, who directed the political thriller Seven Days in May in 1964, had not worked well with Lancaster in the past and originally did not want him in this film. However, Douglas thought Lancaster would fit the part and "begged me to reconsider," said Frankenheimer, and he then gave Lancaster the most colorful role. "It turns out that Burt Lancaster and I got along magnificently well on the picture," he later said.[83]
In 1967 Douglas starred with John Wayne in the western film directed by Burt Kennedy titled The War Wagon.[84]
In The Arrangement (1969), a drama directed by Elia Kazan and based upon his novel of the same title, Douglas starred as a tormented advertising executive, with Faye Dunaway as costar. The film did poorly at the box office, receiving mostly negative reviews. Dunaway believed many of the reviews were unfair, writing in her biography, "I can't understand it when people knock Kirk's performance, because I think he's terrific in the picture," adding that "he's as bright a person as I've met in the acting profession."[85] She says that his "pragmatic approach to acting" would later be a "philosophy that ended up rubbing off on me."[86]
1970s–2020
Between 1970 and 2008, Douglas made nearly 40 movies and appeared on various television shows. He starred in a western, There Was a Crooked Man... (1970), alongside Henry Fonda. The film was produced and directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. In 1972, he was a guest on David Winters' television special The Special London Bridge Special, starring Tom Jones.[87][88] In 1973, he directed his first film, Scalawag. That same year, Douglas reunited with director David Winters and appeared in the made-for-TV musical version of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (nominated for three Emmys) alongside Stanley Holloway, and Donald Pleasence.[89][90][91]
Douglas returned to the director's chair for Posse (1975), in which he starred alongside Bruce Dern. In 1978, he costarred with John Cassavetes and Amy Irving in a horror film, The Fury, directed by Brian De Palma. In 1980, he starred in The Final Countdown, playing the commanding officer of the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz, which travels through time to the day before the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. It was produced by his son Peter Douglas. In 1982, he starred in a dual role in The Man from Snowy River, an Australian film which received critical acclaim and numerous awards. In 1986, he reunited with his longtime co-star, Burt Lancaster, in a crime comedy, Tough Guys, with a cast including Charles Durning and Eli Wallach. It marked the final collaboration between Douglas and Lancaster, completing a partnership of more than 40 years.[92]
In 1986, he co-hosted (with Angela Lansbury) the New York Philharmonic's tribute to the 100th anniversary of the Statue of Liberty. The symphony was conducted by Zubin Mehta.[93]
In 1988, Douglas starred in a television adaptation of Inherit the Wind, opposite Jason Robards and Jean Simmons. The film won two Emmy Awards. In the 1990s, Douglas continued starring in various features. Among them was The Secret in 1992, a television movie about a grandfather and his grandson who both struggle with dyslexia. That same year, he played the uncle of Michael J. Fox in a comedy, Greedy. He appeared as the Devil in the video for the Don Henley song "The Garden of Allah". In 1996, after suffering a severe stroke which impaired his ability to speak, Douglas still wanted to make movies. He underwent years of voice therapy and made Diamonds in 1999, in which he played an old prizefighter who was recovering from a stroke. It co-starred his longtime friend from his early acting years, Lauren Bacall.[94]
In 2003, Michael and Joel Douglas produced It Runs in the Family, which along with Kirk starred various family members, including Michael, Michael's son Cameron, and his wife from 50 years earlier, Diana Dill, playing his wife. His final feature-film appearance was in the 2004 Michael Goorjian film Illusion, in which he depicts a dying film director forced to watch episodes from the life of a son he had refused to acknowledge.[95][96][97] His last screen role was the TV movie Empire State Building Murders, which was released in 2008.[95] In March 2009, at the age of 92, Douglas did an autobiographical one-man show, Before I Forget, at the Center Theatre Group's Kirk Douglas Theatre in Culver City, California. The four performances were filmed and turned into a documentary that was first screened in January 2010.[98]
On December 9, 2016, he celebrated his 100th birthday at the Beverly Hills Hotel, joined by several of his friends, including Don Rickles, Jeffrey Katzenberg, and Steven Spielberg, along with Douglas's wife Anne, his son Michael and his daughter-in-law Catherine Zeta-Jones. Douglas was described by his guests as being still in good shape, able to walk with confidence into the Sunset Room for the celebration.[99]
Douglas appeared at the 2018 Golden Globes with his daughter-in-law Catherine Zeta-Jones, a rare public appearance in the final decade of his life.[100] He received a standing ovation and helped Zeta-Jones present the award for "Best Screenplay – Motion Picture".[101]
Estilo y filosofía de actuación.
—Jack Valenti, president of the Motion Picture Association of America.[3]
Douglas stated that the keys to acting success are determination and application: "You must know how to function and how to maintain yourself, and you must have a love of what you do. But an actor also needs great good luck. I have had that luck."[102] Douglas had great vitality and explained that "it takes a lot out of you to work in this business. Many people fall by the wayside because they don't have the energy to sustain their talent."[103]
That attitude toward acting became evident with Champion (1949). From that one role, writes biographer John Parker, he went from stardom and entered the "superleague", where his style was in "marked contrast to Hollywood's other leading men at the time".[31] His sudden rise to prominence is explained and compared to that of Jack Nicholson's:
He virtually ignored interventionist directors. He prepared himself privately for each role he played, so that when the cameras were ready to roll he was suitably, and some would say egotistically and even selfishly, inspired to steal every scene in a manner comparable in modern times to Jack Nicholson's modus operandi.[31]
As a producer, Douglas had a reputation of being a compulsively hard worker who expected others to exude the same level of energy. As such, he was typically demanding and direct in his dealing with people who worked on his projects, with his intensity spilling over into all elements of his film-making.[34] This was partly due to his high opinion of actors, movies, and moviemaking: "To me it is the most important art form—it is an art, and it includes all the elements of the modern age." He also stressed prioritizing the entertainment goal of films over any messages, "You can make a statement, you can say something, but it must be entertaining."[39]
As an actor, he dived into every role, dissecting not only his own lines but all the parts in the script to measure the rightness of the role, and he was willing to fight with a director if he felt justified.[103] Melville Shavelson, who produced and directed Cast a Giant Shadow (1966), said that it didn't take him long to discover what his main problem was going to be in directing Douglas:
Kirk Douglas was intelligent. When discussing a script with actors, I have always found it necessary to remember that they never read the other actors' lines, so their concept of the story is somewhat hazy. Kirk had not only read the lines of everyone in the picture, he had also read the stage directions ... Kirk, I was to discover, always read every word, discussed every word, always argued every scene, until he was convinced of its correctness. ... He listened, so it was necessary to fight every minute.[103]
For most of his career, Douglas enjoyed good health and what seemed like an inexhaustible supply of energy. He attributed much of that vitality to his childhood and pre-acting years: "The drive that got me out of my hometown and through college is part of the makeup that I utilize in my work. It's a constant fight, and it's tough."[103] His demands on others, however, were an expression of the demands he placed on himself, rooted in his youth. "It took me years to concentrate on being a human being—I was too busy scrounging for money and food, and struggling to better myself."[104]
Actress Lee Grant, who acted with him and later filmed a documentary about him and his family, notes that even after he achieved worldwide stardom, his father would not acknowledge his success. He said "nothing. Ever."[56] Douglas's wife, Anne, similarly attributes the energy he devotes to acting to his tough childhood:
He was reared by his mother and his sisters and as a schoolboy he had to work to help support the family. I think part of Kirk's life has been a monstrous effort to prove himself and gain recognition in the eyes of his father ... Not even four years of psychoanalysis could alter the drives that began as a desire to prove himself.[67]
Douglas has credited his mother, Bryna, for instilling in him the importance of "gambling on yourself", and he kept her advice in mind when making films.[34] Bryna Productions was named in her honor. Douglas realized that his intense style of acting was something of a shield: "Acting is the most direct way of escaping reality, and in my case it was a means of escaping a drab and dismal background."[105]
Vida personal
Personality
In The Ragman's Son, Douglas described himself as a "son of a bitch", adding, "I’m probably the most disliked actor in Hollywood. And I feel pretty good about it. Because that’s me…. I was born aggressive, and I guess I’ll die aggressive."[9] Co-workers and associates alike noted similar traits, with Burt Lancaster once remarking, "Kirk would be the first to tell you that he is a very difficult man. And I would be the second."[106] Douglas's brash personality is attributed to his difficult upbringing living in poverty and his aggressive alcoholic father who was neglectful of Kirk as a young child.[9][107] According to Douglas, "there was an awful lot of rage churning around inside me, rage that I was afraid to reveal because there was so much more of it, and so much stronger, in my father."[107] Douglas's discipline, wit, and sense of humor were also often recognized.[9]
Marriages and children
Douglas and his first wife, Diana Dill, married on November 2, 1943. They had two sons, actor Michael Douglas and producer Joel Douglas, before divorcing in 1951. Afterwards, in Paris, he met producer Anne Buydens (born Hannelore Marx; April 23, 1919, Hanover, Germany) while acting on location in Act of Love.[108] She originally fled from Germany to escape Nazism and survived by putting her multilingual skills to work at a film studio, creating translations for subtitles.[109] They married on May 29, 1954. In 2014, they celebrated their 60th wedding anniversary at the Greystone Mansion in Beverly Hills.[110] They had two sons, Peter, a producer, and Eric, an actor who died on July 6, 2004, from an overdose of alcohol and drugs at the age of 46.[111] In 2017, the couple released a book, Kirk and Anne: Letters of Love, Laughter and a Lifetime in Hollywood, that revealed intimate letters they shared through the years.[112] Throughout their marriage Douglas had affairs with other women including several Hollywood starlets, though he never hid his infidelities from his wife, who was accepting of them and explained: "as a European, I understood it was unrealistic to expect total fidelity in a marriage."[113]
Religion
In February 1991, aged 74, Douglas was in a helicopter and was injured when the aircraft collided with a small plane above Santa Paula Airport. Two other people were also injured; two people in the plane were killed.[114] This near-death experience sparked a search for meaning by Douglas, which led him, after much study, to embrace the Judaism in which he had been raised. He documented this spiritual journey in his book, Climbing the Mountain: My Search for Meaning (1997).[115]
He decided to visit Jerusalem again and wanted to see the Western Wall Tunnel during a trip where he would dedicate two playgrounds he donated to the state. His tour guide arranged to end the tour of the tunnel at the bedrock where, according to Jewish tradition, Abraham's binding of Isaac took place.[116]
In his earlier autobiography, The Ragman's Son, he recalled, "years back, I tried to forget that I was a Jew," but later in his career he began "coming to grips with what it means to be a Jew," which became a theme in his life.[117] In an interview in 2000, he explained this transition:[118]
Judaism and I parted ways a long time ago, when I was a poor kid growing up in Amsterdam, N.Y. Back then, I was pretty good in cheder, so the Jews of our community thought they would do a wonderful thing and collect enough money to send me to a yeshiva to become a rabbi. Holy Moses! That scared the hell out of me. I didn't want to be a rabbi. I wanted to be an actor. Believe me, the members of the Sons of Israel were persistent. I had nightmares – wearing long payos and a black hat. I had to work very hard to get out of it. But it took me a long time to learn that you don't have to be a rabbi to be a Jew.
Douglas noted that an underlying theme of some of his films, including The Juggler (1953), Cast a Giant Shadow (1966), and Remembrance of Love (1982), was about "a Jew who doesn't think of himself as one, and eventually finds his Jewishness."[117] The Juggler was the first Hollywood feature to be filmed in the newly established state of Israel. Douglas recalled that, while there, he saw "extreme poverty and food being rationed." But he found it "wonderful, finally, to be in the majority." The film's producer, Stanley Kramer, tried to portray "Israel as the Jews' heroic response to Hitler's destruction."[119]
Although his children had non-Jewish mothers, Douglas stated that they were "aware culturally" of his "deep convictions" and he never tried to influence their own religious decisions.[117] Douglas's wife, Anne, converted to Judaism before they renewed their wedding vows in 2004.[7] Douglas celebrated a second Bar-Mitzvah ceremony in 1999, aged 83.[16]:125
Philanthropy
Douglas and his wife donated to various non-profit causes during his career and planned on donating most of their $80 million net worth.[120] Among the donations have been those to his former high school and college. In September 2001, he helped fund his high school's musical, Amsterdam Oratorio, composed by Maria Riccio Bryce, who won the school Thespian Society's Kirk Douglas Award in 1968.[121] In 2012 he donated $5 million to St. Lawrence University, his alma mater. The college used the donation for the scholarship fund he began in 1999.[122][123]
He donated to various schools, medical facilities, and other non-profit organizations in southern California. This included the rebuilding of over 400 Los Angeles Unified School District playgrounds that were aged and in need of restoration. The Douglases established the Anne Douglas Center for Homeless Women at the Los Angeles Mission, which has helped hundreds of women turn their lives around. In Culver City, they opened the Kirk Douglas Theatre in 2004.[110] They supported the Anne Douglas Childhood Center at the Sinai Temple of Westwood.[123] In March 2015, Douglas and his wife donated $2.3 million to the Children's Hospital Los Angeles.[124]
Since the early 1990s, Kirk and Anne Douglas donated up to $40 million to Harry's Haven, an Alzheimer's treatment facility in Woodland Hills, to care for patients at the Motion Picture Home.[7] To celebrate his 99th birthday on December 9, 2015, they donated another $15 million to help expand the facility with a new two-story Kirk Douglas Care Pavilion.[125]
Douglas donated a number of playgrounds in Jerusalem and donated the Kirk Douglas Theater at the Aish Center across from the Western Wall.[126]
Politics
Douglas and his wife traveled to more than 40 countries, at their own expense, to act as goodwill ambassadors for the U.S. Information Agency, speaking to audiences about why democracy works and what freedom means.[109] In 1980, Douglas flew to Cairo to talk with Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. For all his goodwill efforts, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Jimmy Carter in 1981.[110] At the ceremony, Carter said that Douglas had "done this in a sacrificial way, almost invariably without fanfare and without claiming any personal credit or acclaim for himself."[127] In subsequent years, Douglas testified before Congress about elder abuse.[128]
Douglas was a lifelong member of the Democratic Party.[citation needed] He wrote letters to politicians who were friends. He noted in his memoir, Let's Face It (2007), that he felt compelled to write to former president Jimmy Carter in 2006 to stress that "Israel is the only successful democracy in the Middle East ... [and] has had to endure many wars against overwhelming odds. If Israel loses one war, they lose Israel."[16]:226
Hobbies
Douglas blogged from time to time. Originally hosted on Myspace,[129] his posts were hosted by the Huffington Post beginning in 2012.[130] As of 2008, he was believed to be the oldest celebrity blogger in the world.[131]
Problemas de salud y muerte
On January 28, 1996, at age 79, Douglas suffered a severe stroke, which impaired his ability to speak.[132] Doctors told his wife that unless there was rapid improvement, the loss of the ability to speak was likely permanent. After a regime of daily speech-language therapy that lasted several months, his ability to speak returned, although it was still limited. He was able to accept an honorary Academy Award two months later in March and thanked the audience.[133][134] He wrote about this experience in his 2002 book, My Stroke of Luck, which he hoped would be an "operating manual" for others on how to handle a stroke victim in their own family.[134][135]
Kirk Douglas died at his home in Beverly Hills, California, surrounded by his family on February 5, 2020, aged 103. His cause of death was kept private.[136][137] Douglas's funeral was held at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery on February 7, 2020, two days after his death. He was buried in the same plot as his son Eric.[138]
Filmografia
In a 2014 article, Douglas cited The Strange Love of Martha Ivers, Champion, Ace in the Hole, The Bad and the Beautiful, Act of Love, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, The Indian Fighter, Lust for Life, Paths of Glory, Spartacus, Lonely Are the Brave, and Seven Days in May as the films he was most proud of throughout his acting career.[139]
Apariciones en radio
Year | Program | Episode/source |
---|---|---|
1947 | Suspense | "Community Property"[140] |
1950 | Screen Directors Playhouse | Champion[141] |
1950 | Suspense | The Butcher's Wife[141] |
1952 | Lux Radio Theatre | Young Man with a Horn[142] |
1954 | Lux Radio Theatre | Detective Story[141] |
Honores y premios
- Douglas has been honored by governments and organizations of various countries, including France, Italy, Portugal, Israel, and Germany.[109]
- In 1957, he won the Best Actor award at the San Sebastian International Film Festival for The Vikings.[143]
- In 1958 He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts from St. Lawrence University.[144]
- In 1981, Douglas received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Jimmy Carter.[145]
- In 1984, he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.[146]
- In 1990, he received the French Legion of Honor for distinguished services to France in arts and letters.[109]
- In 1991, he received the AFI Life Achievement Award.[147]
- In 1994, Douglas's accomplishments in the performing arts were celebrated in Washington, D.C., where he was among the recipients of the annual Kennedy Center Honors.[148]
- In 1998, he received the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award.[149]
- In 2002, he received the National Medal of Arts award from President Bush.[109]
- In October 2004, Kirk Douglas Way, a thoroughfare in Palm Springs, California, was unveiled by the city's International Film Society and Film Festival.[150]
- For his contributions to the motion picture industry, Douglas has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6263 Hollywood Blvd. He is one of the few personalities (along with James Stewart, Gregory Peck, and Gene Autry) whose star has been stolen and later replaced.[151]
AFI Life Achievement Award
- 1991 Accepted AFI Life Achievement Award[152]
Kennedy Center Honors
- 1994 Honoree[153]
Academy Awards
- Douglas received three nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor, for Champion (1949), The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), and Lust for Life (1956), but never won.[144]
- In 1996, he received an Honorary Award for "50 years as a creative and moral force in the motion picture community"[154]
Golden Globes
- 1986 Amos nominated for Best Actor in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV[155]
- 1968 Cecil B. DeMille Award for Lifetime Achievement[156]
- 1957 Lust for Life won for Best Actor-Drama[155]
- 1952 Detective Story nominated for Best Actor-Drama[155]
Emmy Awards
- 2002 Touched by an Angel nominated for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series[157]
- 1992 Tales from the Crypt nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series[157]
- 1986 Amos nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Special[157]
Screen Actors Guild Awards
- 1999 Lifetime Achievement Award[158]
BAFTA Awards
- 1963 Lonely Are the Brave nominated for Best Foreign Actor[159]
Britannia Awards
- 2009 BAFTA/LA award for Worldwide Contribution To Filmed Entertainment[160]
Berlin International Film Festival
- 2001 Honorary Golden Bear[161]
- 1975 Posse nominated for Competing Film[162]
Cesar Awards
- 1980 Honorary Cesar[155]
Hollywood Film Festival
- 1997 Lifetime Achievement Award[163]
National Board of Review
- 1988 Career Achievement Award[155]
New York Film Critics Circle Award
- 1956 Lust for Life won for Best Actor[164]
- 1951 Detective Story nominated for Best Actor[155]
In 1983, Douglas received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.[165] In 1996, Douglas received an Honorary Academy Award for "50 years as a moral and creative force in the motion picture community." The award was presented by producer/director Steven Spielberg.[133]
As a result of Douglas's stroke the previous summer, however, in which he lost most of his speaking ability, his close friends and family were concerned about whether he should try to speak, or what he should say. Both his son, Michael, and his long-time friend, Jack Valenti, urged him to only say "Thank you", and leave the stage. Douglas agreed. But when standing in front of the audience, he had second thoughts: "I intended to just say 'thank you,' but I saw 1,000 people, and felt I had to say something more, and I did."[166] Valenti remembers that after Douglas held up the Oscar, addressed his sons, and told his wife how much he loved her, everyone was astonished at his voice's improvement:
The audience went wild with applause [and] erupted in affection ... rising to their feet to salute this last of the great movie legends, who had survived the threat of death and stared down the demons that had threatened to silence him. I felt an emotional tidal wave roaring through the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in the L.A. Music Center.[3]
Libros
- The Ragman's Son. Simon & Schuster, 1988. ISBN 0-671-63717-7.
- Dance with the Devil. Random House, 1990. ISBN 0-394-58237-3.
- The Gift. Grand Central Publishing, 1992. ISBN 0-446-51694-5.
- Last Tango in Brooklyn. Century, 1994. ISBN 0-7126-4852-6.
- The Broken Mirror: A Novella. Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1997. ISBN 0-689-81493-3.
- Young Heroes of the Bible. Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1999. ISBN 0-689-81491-7.
- Climbing the Mountain: My Search for Meaning. Simon and Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-7432-1438-2.
- My Stroke of Luck. HarperCollins, 2003. ISBN 0-06-001404-0.
- Let's Face It: 90 Years of Living, Loving, and Learning. John Wiley & Sons, 2007. ISBN 0-470-08469-3.
- I Am Spartacus!: Making a Film, Breaking the Blacklist. Open Road Media, 2012. ISBN 1-4532-3937-5.
- Life Could Be Verse: Reflections on Love, Loss, and What Really Matters. Health Communications, Inc., 2014. ISBN 978-0-7573-1847-4
Ver también
- List of centenarians (actors, filmmakers and entertainers)
Notas
- ^ In his autobiography, Douglas explains that for many actors at the time who had unusual or foreign-sounding birth names, a simpler Americanized name was often preferred. His friend Karl Malden, who also changed his name for that reason, made suggestions. Douglas knew that many leading stars at the time had adopted stage names, including Robert Taylor, John Wayne, Cary Grant, and Fred Astaire.[16]:1–2
Referencias
- ^ "Kirk Douglas Laid to Rest at Private Funeral 2 Days After Death". E! Online. February 7, 2020.
- ^ Muir, David (June 29, 2012). "Person of the Week Kirk Douglas on Helping to Break Blacklist". ABC News. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Valenti, Jack. This Time, This Place: My Life in War, the White House, and Hollywood, Crown Publishing (2007) Ch. 12
- ^ Kirk Douglas profile, Filmreference.com; accessed July 25, 2016.
- ^ Kirk Douglas (1988). The Ragman's Son: An Autobiography. p. 16. ISBN 9780671637170. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
- ^ "Kirk and Michael Douglas". Land Of Ancestors – Belarus. November 17, 2012. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Paskin, Barbra (September 20, 2012). "Hollywood gladiator Kirk Douglas has his eyes set on a third barmitzvah". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
- ^ Plessel, John (December 8, 2016). "5 reasons to celebrate actor Kirk Douglas on his 100th birthday". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
- ^ a b c d Darrach, Brad (October 3, 1988). "Kirk Douglas". People. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
- ^ "Kirk Douglas honoured by World Jewish Congress". BBC. November 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
- ^ Freeman, Hadley (February 12, 2017). "Kirk Douglas: 'I never thought I'd live to 100. That's shocked me'". The Guardian. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
- ^ Spence, Rebecca (July 18, 2007). "A Legend Looks Back: A Visit With Kirk Douglas". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
- ^ Farndale, Nigel (July 23, 2011). "Kirk Douglas: in 'pretty good shape' at 94". The Telegraph.
- ^ "Other Celebrity Houses of Worship". seeing-stars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
- ^ By Tom Tugend, 6 February 2020, The Times of Israel
- ^ a b c d e Douglas, Kirk. Let's Face It, John Wiley & Sons (2007); ISBN 0-470-08469-3.
- ^ Douglas, Kirk (2007). Let's face it: 90 years of living, loving, and learning. John Wiley and Sons. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-470-08469-4.
- ^ Douglas 1988, p. 19.
- ^ Seemayer, Zach (February 5, 2020). "Inside Kirk Douglas' Relationship With Son Michael Douglas". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
- ^ Kindon, Frances (February 6, 2020). "Inside Michael and Kirk Douglas feuds and 'addiction gene' that destroyed family". Daily Mirror. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
- ^ Douglas, Kirk (November 5, 2015). "Why I Felt Like a Failure When I Didn't Make It on Broadway". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
- ^ Thomas, Tony. The Films of Kirk Douglas. Citadel Press, New York (1991), p. 12; ISBN 0-8065-1217-2.
- ^ Grondahl, Paul (September 23, 2015). "Funeral for Kirk Douglas' sister in Albany". Times Union. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ a b c Thomas, p. 13
- ^ Thomas, p. 15
- ^ a b Thomas, p. 18
- ^ a b Bacall, Lauren. By Myself and Then Some, HarperCollins (1978), pp. 26–27[ISBN missing]
- ^ Sim, David (December 9, 2016). "A look back at the life of Kirk Douglas as he celebrates his 100th birthday". International Business Times.
- ^ "Douglas, Kirk, LTJG". www.navy.togetherweserved.com. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
- ^ Van Osdol, William R.; John W. Lambert (1995). Famous Americans in World War II: a pictorial history. Phalanx. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-883809-06-5.
Serving in the Pacific as an ensign, he was seriously injured because of a premature depth charge explosion and returned to San Diego. After five months hospitalization, he was granted a medical discharge in 1944.
- ^ a b c Parker, John. Michael Douglas: Acting on Instinct, e-book (2011), Ch. 2[ISBN missing]
- ^ Smith, Imogen Sara. In Lonely Places: Film Noir Beyond the City, McFarland (2011) p. 103[ISBN missing]
- ^ Thomas, p. 33
- ^ a b c Thomas, p. 19
- ^ Mosel, Leading Lady: The World and Theatre of Katharine CornellISBN 0316585378
- ^ Douglas 1988, p. 146.
- ^ a b Didinger, Ray, and Glen Macnow. The Ultimate Book of Sports Movies: Featuring the 100 Greatest Sports Films, Running Press (2009), p. 260 ISBN 0091521300
- ^ Romano, Frederick V. The Boxing Filmography: American Features, 1920–2003, McFarland (2004), p. 31 ISBN 9780786417933
- ^ a b c Thomas, p. 28
- ^ "Bryna Productions, Inc". California Secretary of State. September 28, 1949. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
- ^ Thomas, p. 181
- ^ "TCM - Lonely are the Brave". YouTube. April 7, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
- ^ Thomas, p. 64
- ^ Hotchner, A. E. (1975). Doris Day: Her Own Story. William Morrow and Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0688029685,
- ^ "Disappearance". mariamusikka.com. Archived from the original on March 12, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
- ^ "Actor Quizzed on Missing Girl". The San Bernardino Daily Sun. October 13, 1949. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
- ^ Lyons, Arthur. "The Mysterious Disappearance of Jean Spangler". Palm Springs Life. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
- ^ Mike Mayo (2008). American Murder: Criminals, Crimes, and the Media. Visible Ink Press. p. 332. ISBN 9781578592562.
- ^ Lewis, Jon (2017). Hard-Boiled Hollywood: Crime and Punishment in Postwar Los Angeles. Univ of California Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780520284326.
- ^ Sikov, Ed. On Sunset Boulevard: The Life and Times of Billy Wilder, New York: Hyperion, (1998) pp. 325–26; ISBN 0-7868-6194-0
- ^ McGovern, Joe. "A Life in Film: Kirk Douglas on four of his greatest roles", Entertainment Weekly, February 23, 2015.
- ^ Empire Magazine's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. Archived October 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Empire; retrieved March 21, 2013.
- ^ Chandler, Charlotte. Nobody's Perfect: Billy Wilder, a Personal Biography, Applause Books (2002), p. 166[ISBN missing]
- ^ Ebert, Roger (August 12, 2007). "'Ace in the Hole' movie review & film summary (1951)". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
- ^ Phillips, Gene. Some Like it Wilder: the Life and Controversial films of Billy Wilder, Univ. Press of Kentucky (2010), p. 141[ISBN missing]
- ^ a b Grant, Lee. I Said Yes to Everything: a Memoir, Blue Rider Press (2014) pp. 75, 428–29; ISBN 978-0-399-16930-4
- ^ "TCM - Detective Story Intro [Robert Osborne]". YouTube. May 27, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
- ^ Crowther, Bosley. Detective Story review, The New York Times, November 7, 1951; accessed December 26, 2007.
- ^ Crowther, Bosley (August 18, 1955). "Screen: 'Ulysses' Wanders Into Globe; Kirk Douglas Portrays Bewhiskered Hero Silvana Mangano Both Circe and Penelope". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ a b Thomas, p. 7
- ^ "Jam Session at Jacks'", originally telecast on CBS on October 17, 1954.
- ^ Hilmes, Michele. "Kirk Douglas and Bryna Productions". Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015.
- ^ James Bawden; Ron Miller (2016). Conversations with Classic Film Stars: Interviews from Hollywood's Golden Era. University Press of Kentucky. p. 70. ISBN 9780813167121.
- ^ Hughes, David (2013). The Complete Kubrick. Random House. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4481-3321-5.
- ^ Monush, Barry. The Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors, Applause Books, (2003) p. 200[ISBN missing]
- ^ a b LoBrutto, Vincent. Stanley Kubrick: A Biography, Da Capo Press (1997), pp. 105, 135[ISBN missing]
- ^ a b Thomas, p. 24
- ^ "Rich Little roasts Kirk Douglasipad". YouTube. December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
- ^ "David Frye Doing Kirk Douglas, LBJ, Rod Steiger & Brando Impersonations". YouTube. January 13, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
- ^ Fairbanks, Brian. Brian W. Fairbanks – Writings, Lulu (2005) e-book
- ^ McElhaney. Vincente Minnelli: The Art of Entertainment, Wayne State Univ. Press (2009) p. 300[ISBN missing]
- ^ Niemi, Robert. History in the Media: Film and Television, ABC-CLIO (2006) p. 296[ISBN missing]
- ^ Douglas 1988, p. 266.
- ^ a b Thomas, p. 44
- ^ Naremore, James. The Films of Vincente Minnelli, Cambridge Univ. Press (1993), p. 41[ISBN missing]
- ^ Pfeiffer, Lee (n.d.). "The Bad and the Beautiful". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ^ Samuelson, Kate (December 9, 2016). "3 Things to Know About Kirk Douglas on His 100th Birthday". Time. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^ Thomas, p. 168
- ^ Thomas, p. 149
- ^ Meroney, John; Coons, Sean (July 5, 2012). "How Kirk Douglas Overstated His Role in Breaking the Hollywood Blacklist". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ "'Trumbo's' Dean O'Gorman plays Kirk Douglas and earns praise from the legend", Los Angeles Times, October 30, 2015.
- ^ Douglas, Edward. Jack: A Biography of Jack Nicholson, HarperCollins (2004), p. 136[ISBN missing]
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- ^ "New Double Bill". The New York Times. August 3, 1967. p. 0. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
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- ^ "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1973)", The New York Times review; retrieved October 1, 2008.
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- ^ "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde". Television Academy. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
- ^ Farber, Stephen (November 2, 1986). "Lancaster and Douglas: A Chemistry Lesson". New York Times.
- ^ "Liberty Receives Classical Salute". July 5, 1986. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015.
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- ^ a b "Silver screen veteran Kirk Douglas celebrates 100th birthday". The Irish Independent. Press Association. December 9, 2016.
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- ^ Thomas, p. 11.
- ^ a b c d Thomas, p. 21
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- ^ Tugend, Tom (February 6, 2020). "Kirk Douglas, Legendary Movie Star Who Had His Second Bar Mitzvah at 83, Has Died". The Jewish Week.
- ^ a b c Douglas 1988, p. 383.
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- ^ a b Kilday, Gregg (July 27, 2012). "Kirk and Anne Douglas Donate $50 Million to Five Non-Profits". The Hollywood Reporter.
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- ^ "Jimmy Carter: Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony". Presidency.ucsb.edu. January 16, 1981. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
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- ^ Kendall, Nigel. "World's oldest blogger María Amelia López Soliño dies", Times Online, May 22, 2009; accessed May 25, 2009.
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- ^ "Suspense – Community Property". Escape and Suspense!. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Those Were the Days". Nostalgia Digest. Vol. 42 no. 4. Autumn 2016. p. 35.
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Otras lecturas
- Kress, Michael. Rabbis: Observations of 100 Leading and Influential Rabbis of the 21st Century. Foreword by Kirk Douglas. Universe, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7893-0804-7.
- McBride, Joseph. Kirk Douglas. Pyramid Publications, 1976. ISBN 0-515-04084-3.
- Munn, Michael. Kirk Douglas. St. Martin's Press, 1985. ISBN 0-312-45681-6.
- Press, Skip. Michael and Kirk Douglas. Silver Burdett Press, 1995. ISBN 0-382-24941-0.
- Wise, James. Stars in Blue: Movie Actors in America's Sea Services. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997. ISBN 1-55750-937-9. OCLC 36824724. Entry on Kirk Douglas.
enlaces externos
- Kirk Douglas at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Kirk Douglas at IMDb
- Kirk Douglas at the TCM Movie Database
- Kirk Douglas at the Internet Broadway Database
- Douglas Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research.
- Douglas' entries on Huffington Post
- "Tribute to Kirk Douglas", Turner Classic Movies
- Profile at Turner Classic Movies
- Kirk Douglas interviewed by Dick Cavett, 1971
- An Interview with Kirk Douglas
- Kirk Douglas interviewed by Mike Wallace on The Mike Wallace Interview from November 2, 1957