Cultura de Japón

Overview of the culture in Japan

La "sociedad japonesa" vuelve a dirigir aquí. Para el libro, consulte Sociedad japonesa (libro) .

No confundir con la cultura javanesa .

Este artículo necesita citas adicionales para su verificación . Por favor, ayuda a mejorar este artículo mediante la adición de citas de fuentes confiables . El material no obtenido puede ser cuestionado y eliminado. Encuentre fuentes:  "Cultura de Japón"  -  noticias  · periódicos  · libros  · académico  · JSTOR ( noviembre de 2015 ) ( Aprenda cómo y cuándo eliminar este mensaje de plantilla )

Los castillos se construyeron para proteger sitios importantes o estratégicos.

Osechi , platos especiales de año nuevo en caja de tres niveles

Parte de una serie sobre el
Cultura de Japón
Historia
Personas
Idiomas
Tradiciones Ropa Etiqueta Funerales Juegos Geisha Matrimonio Onsen  / Sentō Ceremonia del té Valores
Mitología y folklore Mitología folklore
Cocina
Festivales
Religión Budismo cristiano Nuevas religiones sintoísmo
Arte Bonsai Jardines Ikebana Alfarería y porcelana
Literatura Novela ligera Anime Manga Poesía
Música y artes escénicas Música Las artes escénicas J-pop Kayōkyoku No h
Medios de comunicación Televisión Cine Anime Mezcla de medios Cultura de la telefonía móvil Videojuegos
Deporte Artes marciales
Monumentos Sitios del Patrimonio Mundial Arquitectura Paisajes culturales Propiedades Culturales Tesoros nacionales
Simbolos Bandera Escudo de armas
Organizaciones Museos
Portal de Japón
v t mi

La cultura de Japón ha cambiado mucho a lo largo de los milenios, desde el período prehistórico de Jōmon del país , hasta su cultura moderna contemporánea, que absorbe influencias de Asia y otras regiones del mundo. ^[1]

La cultura indígena de Japón se origina principalmente en el pueblo Yayoi que se estableció en Japón entre el 1000 a. C. y el 300 d. C. La cultura Yayoi se extendió a la isla principal de Honshū , mezclándose con la cultura nativa Jōmon. ^[2] Los japoneses modernos tienen un 80% de ascendencia Yayoi y un 20% de Jōmon. ^[3]

La cultura japonesa fue influenciada desde la antigüedad hasta la Edad Media principalmente por múltiples dinastías chinas y, en menor medida, por otros países asiáticos. Por ejemplo, uno de los alfabetos para escribir en japonés son los caracteres chinos ( kanji ), pero el japonés no tiene ninguna relación genética con el chino . ^[4] Desde el período Meiji, Japón ha sido influenciado principalmente por los países occidentales .

Los habitantes de Japón experimentaron un largo período de relativo aislamiento del mundo exterior durante más de 220 años durante el shogunato Tokugawa hasta la llegada de los " Barcos Negros " y el período Meiji. Hoy en día, la cultura de Japón se erige como una de las culturas más influyentes del mundo, principalmente por el alcance global de su cultura popular . ^{[5] [6]}

Idioma

Artículos principales: idioma japonés y dialectos japoneses

El japonés es el idioma nacional y principal de Japón. El japonés tiene un sistema de acento tonal léxico distinto . El japonés primitivo se conoce en gran parte por su estado en el siglo VIII, cuando se compilaron las tres obras principales del japonés antiguo . La atestación más antigua del idioma japonés se encuentra en un documento chino del año 256 d.C. El idioma japonés no tiene relación genética con el chino, ^[4] pertenece en cambio a una familia de idiomas completamente diferente conocida como idiomas japonicos .

El japonés se escribe con una combinación de tres escrituras: kanji , hiragana y katakana . Los caracteres chinos , o kanji (漢字) , se utilizan ampliamente en la escritura japonesa como ideogramas no fonéticos, importados de China a Japón en el año 50 d. C. antes de ese momento, Japón no tenía un sistema de escritura. En la actualidad, hay un número notable ^{[ aclaración necesaria ]} de kanji en japonés moderno con un significado diferente del correspondiente carácter hanzi utilizado en chino moderno. El japonés moderno también presenta muchos menos caracteres chinos simplificadosen comparación con el chino moderno; Los japoneses suelen usar menos kanji en general y los usan principalmente para sustantivos , raíces de adjetivos y raíces de verbos .

Tanto hiragana como katakana son silabarios fonéticos derivados del man'yōgana chino del siglo quinto. ^[7] Hiragana y katakana se desarrollaron a partir de kanji simplificados; hiragana surgió alrededor del siglo IX ^[8] y fue utilizado principalmente por mujeres para el lenguaje informal, mientras que el katakana lo utilizaban principalmente los hombres para el lenguaje formal. En el siglo X, ambos eran usados ​​comúnmente por todos. ^[9]

El alfabeto latino se usa a menudo en japonés moderno, especialmente para nombres y logotipos de empresas, publicidad y cuando se ingresa japonés en una computadora. Los números hindúes-arábigos se utilizan generalmente para los números, pero los números tradicionales chino-japoneses son comunes.

Religión

Buda Amida, Kōtoku-in

Puerta de entrada Torii en el Santuario Kamigamo , Kioto

Artículo principal: Religión en Japón

El sintoísmo y el budismo son las religiones principales de Japón. Según la investigación estadística anual sobre religión realizada en 2018 por la Agencia de Asuntos Culturales del Gobierno de Japón , el 66,7 por ciento de la población practica el budismo , el 69,0 por ciento practica el sintoísmo y el 7,7 por ciento otras religiones. ^[10] Existen comunidades minoritarias cristianas e islámicas. Según la investigación estadística anual sobre religión realizada en 2018 por la Agencia de Asuntos Culturales del Gobierno de Japón , alrededor de dos millones o un poco el 1,5% de la población de Japón son cristianos . ^[10]Los musulmanes (70.000) están compuestos en gran parte por comunidades inmigrantes, así como, aunque mucho más pequeñas, por la comunidad étnica japonesa. ^[11]

Shinto

Artículo principal: Shinto

El sintoísmo es una religión étnica que se centra en ceremonias y rituales. En Shinto, los seguidores creen que los kami , deidades o espíritus sintoístas, están presentes en toda la naturaleza, incluidas las rocas, los árboles y las montañas. También se puede considerar que los humanos poseen un kami . Uno de los objetivos de Shinto es mantener una conexión entre los humanos, la naturaleza y los kami . La religión se desarrolló en Japón antes del siglo VI EC, después de lo cual los seguidores construyeron santuarios para adorar a los kami . ^[12]

Budismo

Artículo principal: Budismo en Japón

El budismo se desarrolló en la India alrededor de los siglos VI y IV a. C. y finalmente se extendió por China y Corea. Llegó a Japón durante el siglo VI d.C., donde inicialmente fue impopular. La mayoría de los japoneses eran incapaces de comprender los difíciles mensajes filosóficos presentes en el budismo; sin embargo, se cree que el aprecio por el arte de la religión llevó a que el budismo creciera más tarde en popularidad. ^{[ cita requerida ]}

El budismo se ocupa del ciclo de renacimiento y karma . En el budismo, el estatus de una persona en la sociedad se considera poco importante, en cambio, sus buenas o malas acciones son valoradas, ya que cada persona eventualmente se enferma, envejece, muere y eventualmente reencarna en una nueva vida, un ciclo conocido como saṃsāra ; Se considera que el sufrimiento que las personas experimentan durante la vida es una forma en que las personas pueden garantizar un futuro mejor, y el objetivo final del budismo es escapar del ciclo de la muerte y el renacimiento mediante la obtención de una verdadera percepción. ^[12]

Carácter nacional

Artículo principal: Nihonjinron

Mapa cultural del mundo según la Encuesta Mundial de Valores , que describe a Japón como el país más alto del mundo en "Valores Racionales Seculares"

El "carácter nacional" japonés ha sido escrito bajo el término Nihonjinron , que literalmente significa "teorías / discusiones sobre el pueblo japonés" y se refiere a textos sobre asuntos que normalmente son de interés para la sociología, psicología, historia, lingüística y filosofía, enfatizando las suposiciones o percepciones de los autores sobre el excepcionalismo japonés; estos están escritos predominantemente en Japón por japoneses, ^[13] aunque algunos ejemplos destacados también han sido escritos por residentes extranjeros, periodistas e incluso académicos.

Literatura

Artículo principal: literatura japonesa

Las primeras obras de la literatura japonesa estuvieron fuertemente influenciadas por el contacto cultural con China y la literatura china , a menudo escrita en chino clásico . Con el tiempo, la literatura japonesa se convirtió en un estilo independiente por derecho propio cuando los escritores japoneses comenzaron a escribir sus propias obras sobre Japón. El cuento de Genji , escrito por Murasaki Shikibu durante el período Heian , es conocido mundialmente como una literatura japonesa única. Desde que Japón reabrió sus puertos al comercio y la diplomacia occidentales en el siglo XIX, la literatura occidental y oriental se ha afectado fuertemente entre sí y continúa haciéndolo.

Artes visuales

Una página del Man'yōshū , la antología más antigua de poesía clásica japonesa.

Artículo principal: arte japonés

Ver también: cerámica japonesa

La caligrafía japonesa , representada con trazos fluidos y dibujados con pincel, se considera una forma de arte tradicional, así como un medio para transmitir información escrita. Las obras caligráficas típicas pueden consistir en frases, poemas, historias o incluso personajes representados por ellos mismos; el estilo y formato de la caligrafía puede imitar el tema a través de aspectos como la textura de la escritura y la velocidad de las pinceladas. Existen varios estilos diferentes de caligrafía japonesa, con un esfuerzo considerable en el resultado; en algunos casos, pueden ser necesarios más de cien intentos para producir el resultado deseado de un solo carácter. Esta forma de caligrafía se conoce como shodō (書 道) , que literalmente significa 'la forma de escribir o caligrafía', o más comúnmente,shūji (習字) , 'aprender a escribir caracteres'. Comúnmente se confunde con la caligrafía la forma de arte de sumi-e (墨 絵) , que literalmente significa 'pintura con tinta', que es el arte de pintar una escena u objeto con tinta negra diluida.

La pintura ha sido un arte en Japón durante mucho tiempo: el pincel es una herramienta tradicional de escritura y pintura, y la extensión de eso a su uso como herramienta de artista probablemente fue natural. Los pintores japoneses a menudo se clasifican por lo que pintan, ya que la mayoría de ellos se limitaban únicamente a temas como animales, paisajes o figuras. La fabricación de papel china se introdujo en Japón alrededor del siglo VII. Más tarde, se desarrolló washi a partir de él. Las técnicas de pintura nativa japonesa todavía se utilizan hoy en día, así como las técnicas adoptadas de Asia continental y de Occidente. Escuelas de pintura como la escuela de Kano del siglo XVI se hicieron conocidas por sus pinceladas audaces y el contraste entre la luz y la oscuridad, especialmente después de Oda Nobunaga. and Tokugawa Ieyasu began to use this style. Famous Japanese painters include Kanō Sanraku, Maruyama Ōkyo, and Tani Bunchō.^[14]

Ukiyo-e, literally "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of woodblock prints that exemplifies the characteristics of pre-Meiji Japanese art. Because these prints could be mass-produced, they were available to a wide cross-section of the Japanese populace — those not wealthy enough to afford original paintings — during their heyday, from the 17th to 20th century.

Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. It has gained widespread international fame for its focus on harmony, color use, rhythm, and elegantly simple design. It is an art centered greatly on expressing the seasons and is meant to act as a symbol to something greater than the flower itself.

Traditional clothing

The clothing of samurai is also a kind of kimono. This samurai wears armor in 1860s

The kimono is the national garment of Japan, having developed from Chinese court clothing in the Nara period (Tang dynasty China) following the exchange of diplomatic envoys between the two countries at that time. The word "kimono" translates literally as "thing to wear on the shoulders"; however, this term developed some time around the Edo period, before which most kimono-like garments were referred to as the "kosode" ("short sleeve"), with longer-sleeved garments being known as "furisode" ("swinging sleeve").

The earliest versions of the kimono were heavily influenced by traditional Chinese clothing, known today as hanfu (kanfuku (漢服) in Japanese). This influence was spread through Japanese envoy missions to China, resulting in extensive Chinese cultural adoption by Japan as early as the 5th century AD.^[15] It was during the 8th century, however, that Chinese fashions came fully into style, and following the cancellation of the 20th mission to Tang dynasty China, these fashions developed independently, with the overlapping, V-shaped collar becoming women's fashion and the precusor to the modern kimono.^[15]

Kimono, alongside all other items of traditional Japanese clothing, are known collectively as "wafuku", meaning "Japanese clothing", as opposed to "yofuku", Western-style clothing. Kimono come in a variety of colors, styles, and sizes. Men mainly wear darker or more muted colors, while women tend to wear brighter colors and pastels, and, especially for younger women, often with complicated abstract or floral patterns.

Japanese suffragette Komako Kimura wears a layered kimono in New York in 1917

In previous decades, married women wore short sleeved kimono, whereas unmarried women wore long sleeved kimono to both formal and informal occasions; however, the rise in both the average age of marriage and the numbers of women never marrying in Japan has led to the divide between sleeve length becoming one more of age, with most women in their early twenties wearing long sleeved kimono only to formal occasions, and most women past their early twenties wearing short sleeved kimono to formal events. Other developments include the abandoning of layered kimono and the standardisation of the length of short sleeved women's kimono to a range of roughly 49 centimetres (19 in) to 52 centimetres (20 in) in length, both developments driven by fabric shortages in WW2.

The happi coat is another form of traditional clothing. A happi (commonly Westernised as "happy") coat is a straight sleeved coat typically decorated with a family crest and/or kanji along the collar. In previous centuries, happi were commonly worn by firefighters; the coats would be constructed from several layers of heavy cotton stitched together, and would be soaked in water to provide protection from fire.

Alongside traditional clothing, Japan also has distinct footwear; tabi, ankle-length split-toed socks, are commonly worn with the kimono, and are designed to be worn with traditional shoes such as geta and zōri. Geta are thonged sandals mounted on wooden blocks extending from the base of the shoe to the floor, and are worn by men and women with kimono or yukata; zōri are flat base or sloping sandals made of a number of different materials, and are considered to be more formal than geta.

Woman in kimono at Fukuoka City Hall.

Installation arts

Japanese architecture was originally heavily influenced by Chinese architecture and later developed many unique aspects indigenous to Japan. Examples of traditional architecture are seen at temples, Shinto shrines, and castles in Kyoto and Nara. Some of these buildings are constructed with traditional gardens, which are influenced by Zen ideas. Some modern architects, such as Yoshio Taniguchi and Tadao Ando are known for their amalgamation of Japanese traditional and Western architectural influences.

Traditional Japanese garden architecture is considered to hold the same importance as traditional building architecture, and both are influenced by similar historical and religious backgrounds. A primary design principle of a traditional garden is the creation of the landscape based on, or at least greatly influenced by, the style of three-dimensional monochrome ink (sumi) landscape painting known as "sumi-e" or "suibokuga"; as such, garden landscaping is elevated to the status of an artform in Japan.^[16]

Traditional Japanese sculptures mainly focused on Buddhist images, such as Tathagata, Bodhisattva, and Myō-ō. The oldest sculpture in Japan is a wooden statue of Amitābha at the Zenkō-ji temple. In the Nara period, Buddhist statues were made by the national government to boost its prestige. These examples are seen in present-day Nara and Kyoto, most notably a colossal bronze statue of the Buddha Vairocana in the Tōdai-ji temple.

Wood has traditionally been used as the chief material in Japan, along with traditional Japanese architecture. Statues are often lacquered, gilded, or brightly painted, although there are commonly few traces of this on the surface. Bronze and other metals are generally not used. Other materials, such as stone and pottery, have had extremely important roles in traditional sculpture.

• Installation arts
• Hōryū-ji is widely known to be the oldest wooden architecture existing in the world.

• Ritsurin Garden

• Guardian in Tōdai-ji, Nara

Music

Fumie Hihara playing the shamisen, Guimet Museum, Paris

Main article: Music of Japan

The music of Japan includes a wide array of performers in distinct styles both traditional and modern. The word for music in Japanese is ongaku (音楽), combining the kanji "on" (音, "sound") with the kanji "gaku" (楽, "enjoyment").^[17] Japan is the second largest music market in the world behind the United States, and is the largest in Asia,^[18][19] with most of the market dominated by Japanese artists.^{[citation needed]}

Local music often appears at karaoke venues on lease from record labels. Traditional Japanese music is quite different from Western Music and is based on the intervals of human breathing rather than mathematical timing;^{[citation needed]} traditional music also typically slides between notes, a feature also not commonly found in Western music. In 1873, a British traveler claimed that Japanese music "exasperate(s) beyond all endurance the European breast."^[20]

Performing arts

Main article: Theatre of Japan

Noh play at traditional Noh theatre

The four traditional theatres from Japan are noh (or nō), kyōgen, kabuki, and bunraku. Noh had its origins in the union of the sarugaku, with music and dance made by Kan'ami and Zeami Motokiyo.^[21] Among the characteristic aspects of it are the masks, costumes, and the stylized gestures, sometimes accompanied by a fan that can represent other objects. The Noh programs are presented in alternation with the ones of kyōgen, traditionally in numbers of five, but currently in groups of three.

The kyōgen, of a humorous character, had an older origin, in 8th century entertainment brought from China, developing itself in sarugaku. In kyōgen, masks are rarely used and even if the plays can be associated with the ones of noh, currently many are not.^[21]

Kabuki appears in the beginning of the Edo period from the representations and dances of Izumo no Okuni in Kyoto.^[22] Due to concerns over the number of actresses engaged in selling sex, the participation of women in the plays was forbidden by the government in 1629, and the feminine characters had passed to be represented only by men (onnagata). Recent attempts to reintroduce actresses in kabuki had not been well accepted.^[22] Another characteristic of kabuki is the use of makeup for the actors in historical plays (kumadori) and the performance of nagauta ballads.

Japanese puppet theater (bunraku) developed in the same period as kabuki, in both competition with and collaboration with its actors and authors. The origin of bunraku, however, is older, beginning in the Heian period.^[23] In 1914, the Takarazuka Revue was founded, a company solely composed by women who introduced the revue to Japan.^[24]

Sports and leisure

Two students practicing kendo at Hiroshima University

Main article: Sport in Japan

In the long feudal period governed by the samurai class, some methods that were used to train warriors were developed into well-ordered martial arts, in modern times referred to collectively as koryū. Examples include kenjutsu, kendo, kyūdō, sōjutsu, jujutsu, and sumo, all of which were established in the Edo period. After the rapid social change in the Meiji Restoration, some martial arts changed into modern sports, called gendai budō. Judo was developed by Kanō Jigorō, who studied some sects of jujutsu. These sports are still widely practiced in present-day Japan and other countries.

Baseball, Association football, and other popular western sports were imported to Japan in the Meiji period. These sports are commonly practiced in schools, along with traditional martial arts. Baseball, soccer, football, and ping pong are the most popular sports in Japan. Association football gained prominence in Japan after the J League (Japan Professional Football League) was established in 1991. Japan also co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup. In addition, there are many semi-professional organizations, which are sponsored by private companies: for example, volleyball, basketball, rugby union, table tennis, and so on.

Cuisine

Traditional breakfast at ryokan

Main article: Japanese cuisine

Through a long culinary past, the Japanese have developed sophisticated and refined cuisine. In more recent years, Japanese food has become fashionable and popular in the United States, Europe, and many other areas. Dishes such as sushi, tempura, noodles, and teriyaki are some of the foods that are commonly known. The Japanese diet consists principally of rice; fresh, lean seafood; and pickled or boiled vegetables. The healthy Japanese diet is often believed to be related to the longevity of Japanese people.

Popular culture

Main article: Japanese popular culture

Japanese popular culture not only reflects the attitudes and concerns of the present day but also provides a link to the past. Popular films, television programs, manga, music, anime and video games all developed from older artistic and literary traditions, and many of their themes and styles of presentation can be traced to traditional art forms. Contemporary forms of popular culture, much like the traditional forms, provide not only entertainment but also an escape for the contemporary Japanese from the problems of an industrial world. Many anime and manga are very popular around the world and continue to become popular, as well as Japanese video games, fashion, and game shows.^[25]

In the late 1980s, the family was the focus of leisure activities, such as excursions to parks or shopping districts. Although Japan is often thought of as a hard-working society with little time for leisure, the Japanese seek entertainment wherever they can. It is common to see Japanese commuters riding the train to work, enjoying their favorite manga, or listening through earphones to the latest in popular music. A wide variety of types of popular entertainment are available. There is a large selection of music, films, and the products of a huge manga and anime industry, among other forms of entertainment, from which to choose. Game centers, bowling alleys, and karaoke are popular hangout places for teens while older people may play shogi or go in specialized parlors. Together, the publishing, film/video, music/audio, and game industries in Japan make up the growing Japanese content industry.^[26]

Cultural landscapes

Main article: Cultural Landscape (Japan)

There are 51 official cultural landscapes (文化的景観, bunkateki keikan) in Japan. These landscapes evolved with the way of life and geocultural features of a region, and which are indispensable for understanding the lifestyle of the Japanese people.^{[27][28][29][30][31]}

The Three Views of Japan (日本三景, Nihon Sankei) is the canonical list of Japan's three most celebrated scenic sights, attributed to 1643 scholar Hayashi Gahō.^[32] These are the pine-clad islands of Matsushima in Miyagi Prefecture, the pine-clad sandbar of Amanohashidate in Kyoto Prefecture, and Itsukushima Shrine in Hiroshima Prefecture. In 1915, the New Three Views of Japan were selected with a national election by the Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha (株式会社実業之日本社, Kabushiki Kaisha Jitsugyō no Nihon Sha). In 2003, the Three Major Night Views of Japan were selected by the New Three Major Night Views of Japan and the 100 Night Views of Japan Club (新日本三大夜景・夜景100選事務局).

• Three Views of Japan
• Pine-clad islands of Matsushima

• Sandbar of Amanohashidate

• Torii at Itsukushima Shrine

National symbols

Main article: National symbols of Japan

Mount Fuji and sakura (cherry blossoms) are national symbols of Japan

The Japanese archipelago is located to the east of the Asian continent. Japan is regarded as the most eastern Asian country, because east of Japan is the vast Pacific Ocean. Minamitorishima is Japan's easternmost island. Thus Japan is the land where the sun rises before the Asian continent. The kanji that make up the name of Japan literally mean 'sun origin' (日本). It is pronounced as 'Nihon' or 'Nippon' in Japanese,^[33] and is often referred to by the epithet "Land of the Rising Sun".^[34] The Nisshōki (日章旗, "sun-rise flag") is the national flag of Japan. It symbolizes the rising sun and corresponds with the name of Japan. The earliest accounts of the rising sun flag is in the 7th century CE. In 607, an official correspondence that began with "from the Emperor of the rising sun" was sent to Chinese Emperor Yang of Sui.^[35] Thus the central importance of the sun in Japanese culture is represented in the national flag and other cultural goods. Similarly, the Japan Self-Defense Forces have flags that symbolize the sun.

The Sun also plays an important role in Japanese mythology and religion as the emperor is said to be the direct descendant of the Sun goddess Amaterasu, the personification of Japan. She is seen as the goddess of the Sun and the universe in Shinto religion. The emperor is "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people." Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇, Jinmu-tennō) is the national founder of Japan.

The national animals are the green pheasant, koi fish and the great purple emperor butterfly. The Imperial Seal of Japan is one of the national seals and a crest (mon) used by the Emperor of Japan and members of the Imperial Family. The cherry blossom (Prunus serrulata) & chrysanthemum morifolium are de facto national flowers of Japan. Japan's de facto national dish is sushi,^[36] Japanese curry^[37] and ramen.^[38] The de facto national liquor is sake.^[39]

Mount Fuji (富士山, Fujisan) is the national mountain of Japan. It is one of Japan's "Three Holy Mountains" (三霊山, Sanreizan) along with Mount Tate and Mount Haku. It is also a Special Place of Scenic Beauty and one of Japan's Historic Sites.^[40] The summit is considered a sacred place since ancient times. As a national symbol of the country, Mount Fuji has been depicted in various art and media such as painting, woodblock prints (such as the Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji), poetry, music, theater, film, manga, anime and pottery.^[41]

Gallery

• Right panel of the Pine Trees screen (松林図 屏風, Shōrin-zu byōbu) by Hasegawa Tōhaku, c. 1595

• Fūjin-raijin-zu by Tawaraya Sōtatsu, with Raijin shown on the left and Fūjin right, 17th century

• Kamidana (home shrine) with kagamimochi and ofuda

• Daruma of various sizes

• Hamaya at Ikuta Shrine

• Japanese foldable fan of late Heian period (12th century)

• Traditional Japanese ceremony at Itsukushima Shrine

• Jissō-in rock garden in Iwakura (Kyoto), reformed in 2013.

• Lolita fashion is a fashion subculture that is highly influenced by Victorian and Edwardian from the Rococo period.

See also

• Cool Japan
• History of Japan
• National symbols of Japan
• Imperial House of Japan
• Tourism in Japan
  • Japanese castle
  • Japanese architecture
  • Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto
  • List of World Heritage Sites in Japan
  • National Treasure (Japan)
  • List of museums in Japan
  • List of mountains and hills of Japan by height
  • Mount Fuji
  • Onsen
• Japanese Language
  • Hiragana
  • Katakana
  • Kanji
  • Emoji
  • Japanese honorifics
  • Wasei-kango
• Etiquette in Japan
  • Ishin-denshin
  • Mottainai
  • Kamiza
• Religion in Japan
  • Shinto
  • Kami
  • Japanese mythology
  • Japanese festivals
  • Buddhism
  • Zen
  • Japanese new religions
  • Onmyodo
• Japanese cuisine
  • Sushi
  • Sashimi
  • Sake
  • Japanese noodles
  • Soba
  • Udon
  • Somen
  • Onigiri
  • Karaage
  • Yakitori
  • Tonkatsu
  • Oden
  • Chawanmushi
  • Wagashi
  • Donburi
  • Sukiyaki
  • Shabu-shabu
  • Okonomiyaki
  • Takoyaki
  • Yakiniku
  • Tempura
  • Miso soup
  • Nattō
  • Unagi
• Japanese Aesthetics
  • Japanese art
  • Wabi-sabi
  • Manga
  • Anime
  • Ukiyo-e
  • Bonsai
  • Ikebana
  • Origami
  • Mon (emblem)
• Japanese music
  • J-Pop
  • Enka
  • Japanese idol
  • Japanese metal
  • Japanese rock
  • Para Para
• Japanese performing arts
  • Noh
  • Kabuki
  • Bunraku
  • Kyōgen
  • Rakugo
  • Manzai
  • Owarai
  • Geisha
  • Oiran
  • Tayū
• Science and technology in Japan
  • Shinkansen
  • Japanese sword
  • Japanese automotive industry
  • Electronics industry in Japan
  • Video games developed in Japan
  • Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
• Japanese martial arts
  • Judo
  • Karate
  • Sumo
  • Kendo
  • Ninjutsu
  • Aikido
• Yamato damashii
  • Samurai
  • Bushido
  • Ninja
  • Kamikaze
  • Bonsai
  • Seppuku
  • Japan Self-Defense Forces
  • Racial Equality Proposal

References

• Cwiertka, Katarzyna J. (2007). Modern Japanese Cuisine: Food, Power and National Identity. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-298-0. Review
• Japan  This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.
• Goldstein-Gidoni, Ofra (Fall 1999). "Kimono And The Construction of Gendered and Cultural Identities". Ethnology. 38 (4): 351–370. doi:10.2307/3773912. JSTOR 3773912.
• Martin, Richard (1995). "Our Kimono Mind: Reflections on 'Japanese Design: A Survey since 1950'". Journal of Design History. 8 (3): 215–223. doi:10.1093/jdh/8.3.215.
• Nakagawa, Keiichirō; Rosovsky, Henry (Spring–Summer 1963). "The Case of the Dying Kimono: The Influence of Changing Fashions on the Development of the Japanese Woolen Industry". The Business History Review. 37 (1/2): 59–80. doi:10.2307/3112093. JSTOR 3112093.
• Dyer, Henry. Japan in World Politics: A Study in International Dynamics. Blackie & Son Limited; 1909.
• Varley, Paul. Japanese Culture. 4th Edition. Honolulu. 2000.
• Nippon The Land And Its People. 2006.

Notes

1. Haffner, John; Klett, Tomas; Lehmann, Jean-Pierre (2009). Japan's Open Future: An Agenda for Global Citizenship. Anthem Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1843313113.
2. Seiji Kobayashi. "Eastern Japanese Pottery During the Jomon-Yayoi Transition: A Study in Forager-Farmer Interaction". Kokugakuin Tochigi Junior College. Archived from the original on 23 September 2009.
3. Kanzawa-Kiriyama, H.; Kryukov, K.; Jinam, T. A.; Hosomichi, K.; Saso, A.; Suwa, G.; Ueda, S.; Yoneda, M.; Tajima, A.; Shinoda, K. I.; Inoue, I.; Saitou, N. (1 June 2016). "A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan". Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (2): 213–221. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.110. PMC 5285490. PMID 27581845.
4. Deal, William E. (2005). Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Infobase Publishing. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-8160-7485-3. Japanese has no genetic affiliation with Chinese, but neither does it have any clear affiliation with any other language.
5. "How Japan became a pop culture superpower". The Spectator. 31 January 2015.
6. Tamaki, Taku. "Japan has turned its culture into a powerful political tool". The Conversation.
7. Yookoso! An Invitation to Contemporary Japanese 1st edition McGraw-Hill, page 13 "Linguistic Note: The Origins of Hiragana and Katakana"
8. Burlock, Ben (2017). "How did katakana and hiragana originate?". sci.lang.japan. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
9. Ager, Simon (2017). "Japanese Hiragana". Omniglot. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
10. 宗教年鑑 令和元年版 [Religious Yearbook 2019] (PDF) (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs, Government of Japan. 2019. p. 35.
11. Yasunori, Kawakami; JapanFocus.org (30 May 2007). "Local Mosques and the Lives of Muslims in Japan". JapanFocus.org. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
12. Watt, Paul (October 2003). "Japanese Religions". FSI | SPICE. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
13. Peter N. Dale, The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness (London: Routledge, 1990; ISBN 0-415-05534-2), passim.
14. Bowie, Henry P. (1952). On the Laws of Japanese Painting. Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 4, 16–19.
15. Dalby, Liza (2001). Kimono: Fashioning Culture. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295981550. OCLC 46793052.
16. Kuitert, Wybe (1988). Themes, Scenes, and Taste in the History of Japanese Garden Art. J.C.Gieben, Publisher, Amsterdam. ISBN 978-90-5063-021-4.
17. Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6
18. "America's Top Pop Imports". Forbes. 26 February 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
19. "2014 Oricon Yearly Album Ranking TOP50". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. 20 December 2014. Archived from the original on 25 June 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
20. "News World news Germany Lost in translation"
21. Web, Japan. "Japan Fact Sheet" (PDF). Noh and Kyogen: The world's oldest living theater. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
22. Web, Japan. "Japan Fact Sheet" (PDF). Kabuki: A vibrant and exciting traditional theater. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
23. Web, Japan. "Japan Fact Sheet" (PDF). Bunraku: Puppet theater brings old Japan to life. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
24. "Takarazuka History". Takarazuka Revue. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
25. "Cool Japan: Why Japanese remakes are so popular on American TV, and where we're getting it wrong" Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. AsianWeek. Retrieved on 2008-09-16.
26. "Digital Content Association Of Japan". Dcaj.org. 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
27. "Our Treasure Cultural Landscapes to future generations" (PDF). Administration of Cultural Affairs in Japan ― Fiscal 2009. Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
28. The Agency for Cultural Affairs (1 November 2008). 国指定文化財 データベース (in Japanese). Database of National Cultural Properties. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
29. "Policy of Cultural Affairs in Japan" (PDF). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2016.
30. "文化的景観" [Cultural Landscapes] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2015.
31. "重要文化的景観選定地一覧" [Important Cultural Landscapes Sites] (in Japanese). Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. 2015.
32. "Amanohashidate – History". Amanohashidate kankokyokai. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
33. "Where does the name Japan come from?". Retrieved 29 January 2017.
34. Piggott, Joan R. (1997). The emergence of Japanese kingship. Stanford University Press. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-0-8047-2832-4.
35. Dyer 1909, p. 24
36. "Traditional Dishes of Japan". Japan National Tourism Organization. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
37. 『カレーライス』に関するアンケート (in Japanese). ネットリサーチ ディムスドライブ. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
38. McCurry, Justin (18 June 2010). "Ramen: Japan's super slurpy noodles". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
39. RatesToGo: Best National Drinks Part I Archived 2009-11-02 at the Wayback Machine
40. [1] Archived June 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
41. "収蔵品のご紹介 | サンリツ服部美術館". www.sunritz-hattori-museum.or.jp.

Further reading

• Japan Unbound: A Volatile Nation's Quest for Pride and Purpose
• The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
• Momoyama, Japanese art in the age of grandeur. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1975. ISBN 9780870991257.
• Kamei, Shunsuke (June 1981). "The Kiss and Japanese Culture after World War II". Comparative Literature Studies. 18 (2): 114–123. ISSN 0010-4132. JSTOR 40246247.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Culture of Japan.

• Japanese-City.com Japanese Cultural Events by Japanese Organizations throughout America.
• The History of Japanese Calligraphy In English, at BeyondCalligraphy.com
• Japan Society – New York City North America's single major producer of high-quality content on Japan for an English-speaking audience.
• Agency for Cultural Affairs
• Traditional Culture – The Imperial Household Agency
• "Working with the Japanese," BBC
• Rare Materials Exhibition – Kyoto University Digital Library(貴重資料画像--京都大学電子図書館) Image files of rare materials related to culture of Japan
• Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System
• Web Japan