El Tesla Model S es un sedán liftback de cinco puertas totalmente eléctrico producido por Tesla, Inc. , y se presentó el 22 de junio de 2012. [12] A partir de agosto de 2020 , el Model S Long Range Plus tiene un rango EPA de 402 millas (647 km), más alto que el de cualquier otro automóvil eléctrico de batería. [13] [14] [15] [actualizar]
Tesla Model S | |
---|---|
Descripción general | |
Fabricante | Tesla, Inc. |
También llamado | Nombre en clave: WhiteStar [1] [2] [3] |
Producción | 2012-presente |
Montaje |
|
Diseñador | Franz von Holzhausen |
Carrocería y chasis | |
Clase | Coche de tamaño completo / Coche ejecutivo ( E ) |
Tipo de cuerpo | Liftback de 5 puertas |
Diseño |
|
Relacionados | Tesla Model X |
Tren motriz | |
Motor eléctrico | Potencia combinada del motor delantero y trasero de hasta 615 kW (825 CV), 1.300 N⋅m (960 lb⋅ft), motor de inducción de CA trifásico |
Transmisión | Relación de transmisión fija de 1 velocidad (9.734: 1 o 9.325: 1); accionamiento directo [4] [5] |
Batería | 100 kWh de iones de litio discontinuas: 60, 70, 75, 85 y 90 kWh de litio ion |
Rango electrico | |
Carga enchufable |
|
Dimensiones | |
Distancia entre ejes | 116,5 pulgadas (2960 mm) |
Largo | 195,9 pulg. (4.980 mm) |
Ancho |
|
Altura | 56,5 pulg. (1440 mm) |
Peso en vacío | 4,323–4,960 libras (1,961–2,250 kg) [9] [10] [11] |
Los autos Model S construidos a partir de octubre de 2014 tienen una función llamada piloto automático , [16] un sistema avanzado de asistencia al conductor que permite que el automóvil funcione sin la ayuda del conductor. [17] Sin embargo, el conductor debe supervisar continuamente y tomar el control si hay algún problema. Autopilot 2.0, introducido en octubre de 2016, también incluye "Enhanced Summon", que permite que el automóvil navegue a través de un estacionamiento hasta su propietario sin nadie en el asiento del conductor. [18] El modo Centinela, disponible en automóviles fabricados después de agosto de 2017, [19] detecta y registra la actividad sospechosa alrededor del automóvil.
En 2013, el Model S se convirtió en el primer automóvil eléctrico en encabezar la clasificación mensual de ventas de automóviles nuevos en cualquier país, dos veces líder en Noruega, en septiembre y diciembre de 2013 [20] [21] [22] [23] y también en Dinamarca en diciembre de 2015. [24] Las ventas globales del Model S superaron las 250.000 unidades en septiembre de 2018 (las cifras más recientes no están disponibles porque Tesla combina las ventas del Model S y el Model X ). [25] [26] [27] [28] Estados Unidos es su mercado líder, con aproximadamente 158,000 unidades entregadas hasta diciembre de 2019. [29] El Tesla Model S fue el automóvil eléctrico enchufable más vendido en todo el mundo en 2015 y 2016 . [30] [31] [32]
La encuesta de satisfacción del propietario de Consumer Reports de diciembre de 2017 colocó al Tesla Model S en la parte superior de todos los automóviles; [33] en diciembre de 2019, se encuentra en la quinta posición. [34] En 2019, la revista estadounidense Motor Trend nombró al Tesla Model S 2013 como el mejor "automóvil del año" en los 70 años de historia de la revista. [35]
Historia
El Model S fue diseñado por un equipo dirigido por Franz von Holzhausen , quien anteriormente trabajó para Mazda North American Operations , [36] y se basó en el Mercedes Benz CLS Coupé de 4 puertas para el diseño general. [37] El coche recibió el nombre en código WhiteStar durante la investigación y el desarrollo preliminar. [1] [2] [3] Fue anunciado oficialmente en un comunicado de prensa el 30 de junio de 2008. [38] [39] El vehículo prototipo fue exhibido en una conferencia de prensa el 26 de marzo de 2009. [40] Estreno exclusivo de su automóvil eléctrico Model S se llevó a cabo en su tienda de Menlo Park el 8 de abril de 2009.
En febrero de 2008 se informó que Tesla, Inc. (entonces Tesla Motors) planeaba ofrecer una versión de rango extendido de su Modelo S. Esta versión habría incluido un motor de gasolina para extender el rango de manejo del vehículo, [41] pero se eliminó en revisiones posteriores. En la conferencia GoingGreen de septiembre de 2008, el director ejecutivo de Tesla, Elon Musk , anunció que Tesla estaba desarrollando sólo coches eléctricos. [42]
Se suponía que la construcción de una fábrica de ensamblaje en Albuquerque, Nuevo México (una ubicación central para el envío) comenzaría en abril de 2007, pero fue cancelada. [43] También se anunció la construcción de una fábrica en San José, California . [44] [45] [46] En mayo de 2010, Tesla anunció que produciría el Model S en la antigua planta de ensamblaje de NUMMI en Fremont, California, [47] ahora conocida como Tesla Factory . Este tercer plan se implementó.
El Tesla Model S fue la 2013 World Car verde del año 2013 Motor Trend coche del año , Automóvil 2013 de coches de la revista del año, la revista Time 's 25 mejores inventos del año 2012, y Consumer Reports coche de alto puntaje' en pruebas de carretera. En 2015, Car and Driver nombró al Model S el Auto del Siglo. [48] Después de no recomendar el Model S en 2015 debido a su baja confiabilidad, un año después, Consumer Reports agregó el automóvil a su lista de recomendaciones. [49] [50]
En junio de 2015, Tesla dijo que después de tres años de estar en el mercado, los autos Model S habían viajado más de mil millones de millas (1.6 mil millones de kilómetros), el primer auto totalmente eléctrico enchufable en alcanzar ese total. [51] [52] (En 2014, el Chevy Volt híbrido eléctrico había viajado mil millones de millas, pero solo 629 millones eran millas totalmente eléctricas, mientras que Nissan dijo que el Leaf totalmente eléctrico había acumulado 625 millones de millas en total. [52] ) Tesla dijo que el 68% de los viajes del Model S se realizaron en América del Norte, el 25% en Europa y el 7% en Asia-Pacífico. [52] Las ventas de Global Model S superaron las 100.000 unidades en 2015, [53] y la marca de 150.000 en noviembre de 2016. [54] El hito de las 200.000 se logró a principios del cuarto trimestre de 2017. [25]
En abril de 2016, Tesla eliminó el cono de la nariz negra y agregó una fascia del color del cuerpo, comúnmente conocida como Tesla remodelada. [55] La fascia delantera tiene un diseño similar al del Model X, agregando faros LED adaptables. Se agregó un sistema de filtración de aire de cabina HEPA . El cargador estándar aumentó de 40 a 48 amperios, lo que aceleró la carga en tomas de corriente de mayor amperaje. Se agregaron dos opciones de interior de madera de fresno. [56]
En junio de 2017, Tesla dejó de vender la opción de paquete de batería de 90 kWh ya que el paquete de batería de 100 kWh estaba en abundancia. [57]
En agosto de 2017, Tesla anunció que HW2.5 incluía un nodo de procesador secundario para proporcionar más potencia informática y redundancia de cableado adicional para mejorar ligeramente la confiabilidad; también habilitó la cámara para salpicadero y las funciones de modo centinela. [58] [59]
En marzo de 2018 se anunció que Tesla actualizó la Unidad de control de medios (MCU) a la versión 2. [60] MCU 2 mejoró el rendimiento de la pantalla de la consola central de 17 pulgadas (430 mm), lo que permite Tesla Arcade y Tesla Theatre. [61]
En mayo de 2018, Tesla publicó un código fuente incompleto [62] para el Model S en un repositorio de GitHub como parte de su proceso de cumplimiento de licencias de software en colaboración con Software Freedom Conservancy . [63] [64]
En enero de 2019, Tesla descontinuó la versión 75D, lo que convirtió a la 100D en la versión base del Model S. [65]
En una actualización de ingeniería en mayo de 2019, el alcance se aumentó a 600 km (370 mi) y se agregó una suspensión neumática inteligente. [66]
En febrero de 2020, Tesla aumentó el alcance del Model S a 390 millas (630 km) de alcance. [67] En agosto de 2020, la EPA actualizó los resultados de la prueba de alcance a 402 millas (647 km), más alto que el de cualquier otro automóvil eléctrico de batería. [13] [14] [15]
El 15 de octubre de 2020, el precio estadounidense del Tesla Model S de largo alcance se redujo a $ 69,420. [68] [69] [70] [71]
El 28 de enero de 2021, el Model S se actualizó con un exterior e interior modificados. El nuevo Model S se lanzó junto con Model S Plaid y Plaid +. Tesla eliminó la marca Performance y Ludicrous de la nueva línea del Model S a favor de la nueva marca Plaid y Plaid +.
Producción
Tesla fabrica el Model S en la fábrica de Tesla de 5,4 millones de pies cuadrados (500.000 m 2 ) [72] en Fremont, California . Para el mercado europeo, Tesla ensambla y distribuye desde su Centro de Distribución Europeo en Tilburg , Países Bajos. [73] Los automóviles se fabrican y prueban en Fremont, California. La batería, el motor eléctrico y las piezas se desmontan y se envían por separado a Tilburg, donde se vuelven a montar los coches. [74] El centro ocupa un edificio industrial de 203.000 pies cuadrados (18.900 m 2 ) que también sirve como taller y almacén de repuestos. Tesla espera que el Model S "devuelva" la energía que se utilizó para producir el automóvil en menos de 10,000 millas (16,000 km). [75]
Los primeros diez clientes recibieron sus coches en la fábrica de Fremont el 22 de junio de 2012, en el lanzamiento oficial. [76] La producción aumentó de 15 a 20 automóviles terminados por semana en agosto de 2012 [76] a unos 1.000 automóviles por semana en 2015. [77]
En octubre de 2015, Tesla anunció que la compañía está negociando con el gobierno chino la producción de sus autos eléctricos en el país. La producción local tiene el potencial de reducir los precios de venta de los modelos Tesla en un tercio. [78] [79] En julio de 2018 se anunció oficialmente un acuerdo para una instalación de producción con capacidad para hasta 500.000 vehículos. [80]
Diseño
El Model S se destaca por estar diseñado desde cero con un sistema de propulsión eléctrico en mente, [82] a diferencia de otros vehículos eléctricos en los que el fabricante simplemente ha reemplazado o reemplazado un motor de combustión interna con un motor eléctrico. [83] [84] [85] Como resultado, el Model S puede ofrecer características como un maletero delantero (un "frunk") además de un gran espacio en el maletero trasero y una zona de deformación frontal ampliada en comparación con el típico Vehículo propulsado por motor de combustión. [86]
El Model S existe en varias versiones, que se diferencian en la capacidad de energía (tamaño de la batería), la potencia (tamaño del motor) y el equipo. Está clasificado como un automóvil de lujo de tamaño completo en los EE. UU., O como un "automóvil grande" [87] (mayor o igual a 120 pies cúbicos o 3.4 m 3 ) o "sedán de lujo" [88] por la EPA. La clasificación del segmento Euro Car es el segmento S (automóvil deportivo), [89] [90] o "Oberklasse" ( segmento F ) en Alemania. [91]
Tren motriz
El modelo Tesla Model S Performance 2012 tiene un motor eléctrico montado en la parte trasera con rotor de cobre de 416 hp (310 kW) y 443 ft⋅lb (601 N⋅m) de inducción de CA de cuatro polos y tres fases . [92] El modelo base utiliza un motor de 270 kW (362 hp) y 441 N⋅m (325 ft⋅lb). El P100D genera 439 kW (589 hp) y 1248 N⋅m (920 lbf⋅ft) de torque en un dinamómetro. [93]
Inicialmente, la empresa reclamó un coeficiente de arrastre de C d = 0,24, [94] más bajo que cualquier otro automóvil de producción cuando se lanzó. [95] Una medición independiente realizada por Car and Driver en mayo de 2014 confirmó la afirmación de Tesla al confirmar exactamente un coeficiente de arrastre de C d = 0,24. [96] A partir de 2019, Tesla especifica C d = 0,23 para el Modelo S. [97]
El eje trasero tiene un diferencial abierto tradicional . Los modelos con motores duales Dual Drive también tienen un diferencial abierto en los ejes delanteros. Los ejes delantero y trasero no tienen varillaje mecánico; con motores duales, la distribución de potencia entre ellos se controla electrónicamente . [98]
El Model S P90D tiene una velocidad máxima de 155 mph (249 km / h) y puede acelerar de 0 a 60 millas por hora (0 a 97 km / h) en 2.8 segundos , a pesar de la menor potencia total del motor, en parte debido a la tracción mejorada del sistema de propulsión de tracción total. El Model S P85D, un vehículo de doble motor con tracción en las cuatro ruedas, tiene una velocidad máxima regulada de 155 mph (249 km / h) [99] y acelera de 0 a 60 millas por hora (0 a 97 km / h). en 3,2 segundos (probado a 3,1 segundos ), en "Modo loco", con 1 g de aceleración. [99] [100] Los nuevos P85D tienen un paquete de hardware opcional "Modo ridículo" disponible con la actualización de la batería de 90 kWh (convirtiéndose así en un P90D) que mejora la aceleración de 0 a 60 millas por hora (0 a 97 km / h) a 2.8 segundos y 1,1 g. [101] [102] [103] Tesla informó inicialmente la salida total en el P85D como la suma aritmética de la potencia máxima de los motores eléctricos individuales (como lo requiere la Unión Europea) [104] a 515 kW (691 hp) pero más tarde lo informó como 345 kW (463 hp) porque los dos motores no dan su máxima potencia al mismo tiempo. [105]
En marzo de 2017, la variante P100D es el vehículo de producción más rápido con un arranque rodante de la NHRA a 60 mph en las pruebas de Motor Trend con 2.28 segundos (el reloj de aceleración comenzó después de 0.26 segundos a 5.9 mph) en modo ridículo. [106] Debido a problemas de sobrecalentamiento (el radiador no tiene ventilador ), [84] Tesla limita la cantidad de veces que un conductor puede usar el modo ridículo dentro de un cierto período de tiempo, ya que conducir el automóvil en ese modo puede acortar el vida útil de la batería y puede causar daños al automóvil. [107] [108] Según Motor Trend, seleccionando "¡Sí, hazlo!" opción para máxima aceleración "inicia un proceso de acondicionamiento de la batería y el motor, en el que la temperatura de la batería se eleva ligeramente y los motores se enfrían mediante el sistema de aire acondicionado. Por lo general, toma solo unos minutos, más en temperaturas ambientales extremas o después de ciclos repetidos . Debe esperar un mínimo de 10 minutos entre ejecuciones ". [106]
El tren motriz proporciona una potencia de frenado regenerativa de más de 60 kW, lo que reduce el consumo de energía y mejora la vida útil de los frenos. Los propietarios informaron de muchos problemas con el sistema de propulsión a partir de 2012, que mejoraron significativamente con los años. [109] En julio de 2015, Tesla anunció su objetivo de hacer que el tren motriz del Model S dure un millón de millas. [110] Para 2017, en la Encuesta de confiabilidad del automóvil de Consumer Reports , la posición de Tesla en la lista había subido cuatro lugares; la calificación de confiabilidad prevista para el Model S alcanzó "por encima del promedio" por primera vez. [111]
En abril de 2019, Tesla comenzó a fabricar los autos Model S y Model X Performance y Long Range Plus con el tren motriz "Raven". [112] Incluye el motor de reluctancia síncrona de imán permanente del Tesla Model 3 como motor delantero del Model S y Model X. [112] El motor es más potente y más eficiente que el motor anterior. [112] El tren motriz Raven también incluye una nueva suspensión neumática adaptativa. [112]
Versiones de doble motor y tracción en las cuatro ruedas
El 9 de octubre de 2014, Tesla anunció la introducción de las versiones de tracción total (AWD) "Dual Drive" de los modelos Model S 60, 85 y P85, designadas con una D al final del número de modelo. [113] [114] [115]
El 8 de abril de 2015, Tesla presentó el Model S 70D como su nuevo automóvil de nivel de entrada, con tracción total y un rango mejorado de 240 millas (385 km). El 70D reemplazó al 60 y al 60D en la línea Model S, y los dos últimos modelos ya no están disponibles para su compra. La opción P85 también se eliminó. [116] [117]
En el 85D, la unidad de transmisión trasera se reemplaza por una con un motor más pequeño, mientras que se agrega un segundo motor de tamaño similar a las ruedas delanteras. Esto da como resultado un automóvil AWD con potencia y aceleración comparables a la versión de tracción trasera (RWD). Además, Tesla dijo que el 85D tiene un aumento de alcance del 2% (5 millas) y un aumento del 11% en la velocidad máxima sobre el 85. [118] En el P85D, la unidad de tracción trasera de alta potencia se mantiene, mientras que la parte delantera adicional -El motor de accionamiento aumenta la potencia total en aproximadamente un 50%. Esto se traduce en un aumento significativo de la aceleración y la velocidad máxima. Las entregas del P85D comenzaron en diciembre de 2014, con los modelos 85D a partir de febrero de 2015 y los modelos 70D a partir de abril de 2015. [114]
El 9 de junio de 2016, Tesla reintrodujo el 60 y el 60D, que tiene una batería de 75 kWh, software bloqueado a 60 kWh [119] y existe la opción de comprar un desbloqueo para la capacidad de 75 kWh. La actualización de principios de 2016 también ofrece el filtro de aire "Modo de defensa de armas biológicas" que se ofreció por primera vez en el Model X. [120]
El 23 de agosto de 2016, Tesla presentó el Model S P100D con Ludicrous Mode como su nuevo automóvil de alto nivel, con tracción total y un rango estimado de EPA mejorado de 315 millas (507 km). [121] Esta versión del Model S se destaca por ser el primer vehículo eléctrico en tener un alcance estimado por la EPA de más de 300 millas (485 km) y por ser el vehículo de aceleración más rápida actualmente en producción, con una velocidad de 0 a 60 mph (0 –97 km / h) tiempo de 2,5 segundos, cuando se opta por el modo ridículo. [86] [122]
El 16 de abril de 2017, Tesla eliminó las opciones del modelo 60 y 60D, ya que la mayoría de los clientes eligen la opción de batería más grande de 75 kWh. Esto convirtió al Model S 75 en el Model S de nivel de entrada [123].
A fines de 2017, Tesla eliminó todas las opciones de tracción trasera y comenzó a ofrecer solo versiones de tracción total del Model S. [124]
Versión de tres motores ("Plaid")
En septiembre de 2019, Musk adelantó que estaría disponible una versión de tres motores (un motor en el eje delantero y un motor en cada una de las ruedas traseras) del Model S. [125] La versión se conoce como "Plaid", que es una referencia a la única velocidad más rápida que "ridícula" en la película Spaceballs . [126] Se esperaba que entrara en producción en el otoño de 2020. [127]
En septiembre de 2020, Tesla comenzó a recibir pedidos para la versión de tres motores, pero la entrega se retrasó hasta fines de 2021. [128] Se espera que tenga 520 millas (840 km) de alcance de la EPA, una velocidad máxima de 200 mph. (320 km / h), pase de 0 a 60 mph (97 km / h) en menos de 2 segundos, conduzca un cuarto de milla en menos de 9 segundos y comience en $ 139,990. [128]
El 27 de enero de 2021, Tesla actualizó su sitio web para eliminar el ajuste Performance y reemplazarlo con el ajuste Plaid. La versión anterior de Plaid se renombró a Plaid + y mantiene el mismo precio que antes. Se espera que una versión Plaid de menor precio tenga 390 millas (630 km) de alcance, una velocidad máxima de 200 mph (320 km / h), pase de 0 a 60 mph (97 km / h) en 1.99s y comience a $ 119,990.
Batería
En 2012, la EPA gama para el modelo de batería de 60 kWh era de 208 millas (335 km) [129] y la batería 85 kWh fue de 265 millas (426 km). [130] [131] Según Musk, el Model S tiene una batería con el doble de densidad de energía que la del Nissan Leaf, pero la diferencia de alcance es más del doble. Esto también se debe a otros factores como el coeficiente de arrastre, el peso, la eficiencia del motor y la resistencia a la rodadura. [132] Musk declaró que conducir a 65 mph (105 km / h), en condiciones normales, da un rango razonable de 250 millas (400 km). [133] [se necesita una mejor fuente ]
El estado de suspensión de ahorro de energía apaga la pantalla y otros componentes electrónicos del vehículo, después de que el automóvil entra en estado de suspensión. Esto aumenta el tiempo que tarda la pantalla táctil y el panel de instrumentos en ser utilizables. Este modo puede reducir la pérdida de autonomía del coche cuando no se utiliza a 3,7 km (2,3 mi) por día, a partir de 2013[actualizar]. [134]
El paquete de baterías de 85 kWh pesa 1,200 lb (540 kg) [135] [se necesita una mejor fuente ] y contiene 7,104 celdas de batería de iones de litio en 16 módulos [136] cableados en serie (14 en la sección plana y dos apilados en el frente) . [137] Cada módulo contiene 6 grupos de 74 celdas [138] cableadas en paralelo; los 6 grupos se conectan en serie dentro del módulo. [138] [139] [140] [141] A junio de 2012[actualizar], el paquete de baterías usaba celdas Panasonic modificadas con cátodos de níquel-cobalto-aluminio . [142] Cada celda tenía el factor de forma 18650 (es decir, un cilindro de 18 mm de diámetro y 65 mm de altura), similar a la celda Panasonic NCR18650B que tiene una densidad de energía de 265 Wh / kg. [143] Los analistas estiman que el costo de la batería es de alrededor del 21 al 22% del costo del automóvil. [144]
Las baterías de iones de litio funcionan mejor a determinadas temperaturas. Las temperaturas del motor, el controlador y la batería del Modelo S se controlan mediante un circuito de refrigeración / calefacción de líquido, [145] y la batería no está aislada . [84] El calor residual del motor calienta la batería en condiciones frías y el rendimiento de la batería se reduce hasta que se alcanza una temperatura adecuada. [146] La batería se puede precalentar mediante un calentador interno de 6 kW , ya sea por sí mismo usando energía de la batería o por un cargador . [84]
La batería está garantizada por ocho años o 125,000 millas (200,000 km en países con sistema métrico) para el modelo base con el paquete de batería de 60 kWh. El paquete de baterías de 85 kWh está garantizado por ocho años y millas ilimitadas. [147] [148] Una encuesta entre conductores indica que la pérdida acumulada de la batería se estabiliza alrededor del 5% después de 30,000 millas (50,000 km), [109] [149] disminuyendo aún más alrededor del 1% por 30,000 millas (50,000 km) adicionales. Mientras que Nissan ofreció un límite de batería del 70%, Tesla no especificó un límite para la pérdida de batería para S / X [150] [151] hasta 2020, cuando se especificó una garantía del 70%, similar al Modelo 3. [152] Algunas baterías tempranas Los paquetes han sido reemplazados. [151] [153] Una garantía de reemplazo de batería separada entra en vigencia después del octavo año para las baterías de 60 kWh y 85 kWh. [154]
En 2013, Tesla canceló una versión de 40 kWh del automóvil debido a la falta de demanda, diciendo que solo el 4% de los pedidos anticipados eran para la opción de batería de 40 kWh. Los clientes que solicitaron esta opción recibieron en cambio el paquete de 60 kWh, con un software de carga limitado a 40 kWh (139 millas, 224 km [155] ). Tiene la aceleración y la velocidad máxima mejoradas del paquete más grande y se puede actualizar para usar los 60 kWh completos. [156]
El 8 de abril de 2015, Tesla descontinuó el Model S 60 y reemplazó el modelo base con el Model S 70. [157]
En 2015, Tesla introdujo una batería de 70 kWh para reemplazar las baterías de 60 kWh existentes y los vehículos Model S base de 60 kWh, ya que el 60 era de bajo margen y no lo suficientemente bienvenido por los clientes. [158] [159] Todos los coches de 70 kWh pueden tener tracción trasera o tracción total. [160] El 60 se reintrodujo en 2016 como 75 limitado por software, actualizable a 75.
En julio de 2015, Tesla presentó sus variantes 70, 90, 90D y P90D junto con un "modo ridículo" para el modelo de rendimiento. El P90D combina una potencia en el eje delantero de 259 caballos de fuerza (193 kW) y una potencia en el eje trasero de 503 caballos de fuerza (375 kW) para un tiempo de 0 a 60 mph de 2.8 segundos. La aceleración del P90D puede llegar a 1,1 g , descrita por Tesla como "más rápida que la caída ". [110] [161]
Tesla describió su introducción en julio de 2015 de la batería de 90 kWh como una "actualización de rango" de la batería de 85 kWh y explicó que el aumento de energía del 6% se debió a la "química mejorada de la celda" [110] y la introducción de silicio en el grafito de la celda. ánodo . [163] Tesla anunció además su expectativa de una mejora anual en la capacidad de la batería de alrededor del 5%. Tesla también explicó que, aparte del P90D, el Model S tiene el conductor de la batería principal protegido por un fusible de 1300 A y que esta clasificación es algo conservadora dada la incertidumbre de las condiciones exactas en las que se funde un fusible. Para reducir esta incertidumbre, Tesla ha introducido para el P90D contactores de batería Inconel [164] y un fusible piroactivado controlado electrónicamente, que monitorea la corriente en el nivel de milisegundos, corta la energía con "extrema precisión y certeza" y tiene una clasificación de 1,500 A. [110]
En febrero de 2016, la opción de batería de 85 kWh se suspendió en países como EE. UU., Australia y Canadá. [165]
En agosto de 2016, Tesla anunció la disponibilidad de una nueva batería de 100 kWh con 315 millas (507 km) de autonomía. [166] [167] La batería P100D pesa 625 kg en un volumen de 0,40 m³; una densidad de 160 Wh / kg. [168]
En abril de 2017, Tesla dejó de ofrecer la opción de batería limitada por software de 60 kWh. La opción de menor capacidad se convirtió en la de 75 kWh y, al mismo tiempo, Tesla redujo significativamente las opciones de actualización de software para los modelos 60 y 70 renovados para actualizarlos por aire a 75 (y cambiarlos de nombre en su próxima visita a un centro de servicio de Tesla). ).
En enero de 2019, Tesla descontinuó la opción de batería de 75 kWh, dejando dos configuraciones posibles con el paquete de batería de 100 kWh como el 100D y el P100D.
Consumo de energía
Según su protocolo de prueba de cinco ciclos, la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos (EPA) calificó el modelo Modelo S de 90 kWh con una economía de combustible combinada equivalente a 104 MPGe (2,26 L / 100 km o 125 mpg -imp ), con un equivalente de 102 mpg -US (2,3 L / 100 km; 122 mpg -imp ) en ciudad y 107 mpg -US (2,2 L / 100 km; 129 mpg -imp ) en las carreteras. [169]
La siguiente tabla muestra las clasificaciones oficiales de la EPA para el ahorro de combustible en millas por galón de gasolina equivalente (MPGe).
Modelo | Año modelo | Economía de combustible (MPGe) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Conjunto | Ciudad | Carretera | ||
RWD 60 60 kWh [170] [171] [172] | 2013-15 | 95; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km | 94; 36 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km | 97; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km |
AWD 60D 60 kWh [173] | 2016 | 104; 32 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km | 101; 33 kWh / 100 millas 21 kWh / 100 km | 107; 31 kWh / 100 millas 19 kWh / 100 km |
AWD 70D 70 kWh [170] [172] | 2015 | 101; 33 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km | 101; 33 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km | 102; 33 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km |
AWD 75D 75 kWh [173] | 2016 | 103; 33 kWh / 100 millas 21 kWh / 100 km | 102; 33 kWh / 100 millas 21 kWh / 100 km | 105; 32 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km |
RWD 85 85 kWh [170] [174] | 2012-15 | 89; 38 kWh / 100 millas 24 kWh / 100 km | 88; 38 kWh / 100 millas 24 kWh / 100 km | 90; 37 kWh / 100 mi 23 kWh / 100 km |
AWD 85D 85 kWh [175] [170] | 2014 | 89; 38 kWh / 100 millas 24 kWh / 100 km | 86; 40 kWh / 100 mi 25 kWh / 100 km | 94; 36 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km |
AWD 85D 85 kWh [175] [170] | 2015 | 100; 34 kWh / 100 millas 21 kWh / 100 km | 95; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km | 106; 32 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km |
AWD 90D 90 kWh [170] [172] | 2015 | 100; 34 kWh / 100 millas 21 kWh / 100 km | 95; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km | 106; 32 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km |
AWD 90D 90 kWh [173] | 2016 | 103; 33 kWh / 100 millas 21 kWh / 100 km | 101; 33 kWh / 100 millas 21 kWh / 100 km | 107; 32 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km |
AWD P85D 85 kWh [175] [170] | 2015 | 93; 36 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km | 89; 38 kWh / 100 millas 24 kWh / 100 km | 98; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km |
AWD P90D 90 kWh [170] [172] | 2015 | 93; 36 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km | 89; 38 kWh / 100 millas 24 kWh / 100 km | 98; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km |
AWD P90D 90 kWh [173] [176] | 2016 | 95; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km | 91; 37 kWh / 100 mi 23 kWh / 100 km | 100; 33 kWh / 100 millas 21 kWh / 100 km |
AWD P100D 100 kWh [173] | 2016 | 98; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km | 92; 37 kWh / 100 mi 23 kWh / 100 km | 105; 33 kWh / 100 millas 21 kWh / 100 km |
AWD 100D 100 kWh [173] | 2017 | 102; 33 kWh / 100 millas 21 kWh / 100 km | 101; 33 kWh / 100 millas 21 kWh / 100 km | 102; 33 kWh / 100 millas 21 kWh / 100 km |
Imágenes externas | |
---|---|
Consumo de energía dependiente de la velocidad | |
Rangos dependientes de la velocidad de varios Model S | |
Kilometraje dependiente de la velocidad, Model S y Roadster |
El consumo de energía del vehículo es función de la velocidad altamente ; el Model S puede usar 10 kW (14 hp) a 70 mph (110 km / h), pero 31 kW (42 hp) a 100 mph (160 km / h). [96] El motor consume la mayor parte de la energía de la batería en funcionamiento. Otros equipos ( climatización, acondicionamiento de baterías, etc. ) pueden consumir entre un 15 y un 25%, dependiendo de la temperatura exterior. [84]
Colocación de la batería
A diferencia de la mayoría de los vehículos eléctricos de batería anteriores , incluido el Roadster , el paquete de baterías del Model S forma el piso del vehículo entre los ejes, proporcionando al vehículo varias ventajas:
- Más notablemente, ya que el paquete de baterías es el componente más pesado del vehículo, el Modelo S tiene un centro de gravedad altura de sólo 18 pulgadas (460 mm) [135] [177] (aproximadamente la misma que un Lotus Elise ), [178 ] ayudándole a conseguir una aceleración lateral de 0,9 g [179] y una buena protección contra vuelcos . [180] [181]
- La ausencia de un motor pesado entre el eje delantero o trasero permite que la mayor parte de la masa se centralice entre los ejes, lo que reduce la inercia rotacional y le permite girar más rápidamente para su peso.
- La colocación del paquete de baterías aumenta la rigidez del habitáculo , mejorando la seguridad pasiva del vehículo.
- La colocación del paquete de baterías debajo del vehículo permite quitar o reemplazar toda la unidad de batería en 90 segundos para su mantenimiento.
Cargador
En todos los mercados, el puerto de carga se encuentra detrás de una puerta en la luz trasera izquierda. Durante la carga, el puerto de carga parpadea en verde. La frecuencia a la que los pulsos de luz del puerto de carga se ralentizan a medida que el nivel de carga se acerca al máximo. Cuando se completa la carga, la luz deja de parpadear y se ilumina en verde fijo. [183]
El Model S viene equipado con un cargador y conector diferente en Norteamérica en comparación con otros mercados, derivado de las diferencias en los sistemas de la red eléctrica local.
América del norte
El cargador a bordo estándar de América del Norte acepta fuentes monofásicas de 120 o 240 voltios a una velocidad de hasta 10 kW . Los adaptadores incluidos permiten que el automóvil se cargue desde un tomacorriente estándar de 120 voltios, un tomacorriente NEMA 14-50 de 240 voltios, un cable de 208 voltios de una configuración trifásica de 208Y / 120 V, un conector de 277 voltios a neutro de un 480Y / Configuración trifásica de 277 V y cargadores públicos SAE J1772 . Una actualización opcional para un segundo cargador a bordo de 10 kW admite una carga total de hasta 20 kW desde un conector de pared Tesla disponible de 80 amperios . [142] El conector norteamericano utiliza un diseño patentado de Tesla.
Los tiempos de carga varían según el estado de carga del paquete de baterías, su capacidad general, el voltaje disponible y el amperaje disponible del disyuntor . Desde un tomacorriente doméstico de 120 voltios / 15 amperios, el alcance aumenta en 3,75 millas (6 km) por cada hora de carga. Desde un tomacorriente de 10 kW , NEMA 14–50 240 V / 50 A (como los que usan los vehículos recreativos o las cocinas estándar), la tasa de carga es de 28,75 millas (46 km) por hora. El uso de Tesla 20 kW , 240 V de alta potencia Wall conector aumenta la velocidad a 57 millas (92 km) por hora si el coche está configurado con cargadores duales ( 20 kW ). [184]
Europa / Asia-Pacífico
El cargador estándar europeo acepta 230 V monofásico hasta 7,6 kW , trifásico 230 V ( 400 V ) hasta 11 kW . El conector Tipo 2 del automóvil acepta directamente la carga "Mennekes" IEC 62196 desde estaciones públicas de hasta 400 V, y los adaptadores incluidos permiten que el automóvil se cargue desde enchufes estándar de Europa continental e IEC 60309 230 voltios (azul de 3 clavijas) o 400 Tomacorrientes de voltaje (rojo de 5 pines), según la región. La adición de un segundo cargador admite la carga de hasta 22 kW (hasta 16,5 kW con cargador nuevo para trifásico 400 V 24 A en el nuevo modelo S de fascia delantera), lo que proporciona hasta 68 millas (110 km) (50 millas (80 millas)). km) en la fascia delantera nueva Modelo S) de autonomía por hora de carga. La opción de 22 KW se suspendió en 2016. Tesla también ofrece un adaptador que permite cargar el Model S en estaciones de carga con conectores CCS . Hay disponible una actualización de CCS para vehículos más antiguos, que incluye tanto una actualización del cargador del vehículo como del adaptador. [187]
Suspensión
El Modelo S tenía originalmente independiente muelle helicoidal de suspensión en las cuatro ruedas - frontal de doble brazo oscilante , el eje de dirección virtual de brazo de control y trasera independiente multilink . [92] El coche viene con auto-nivelación , de altura ajustable con suspensión neumática , que originalmente era una opción costo adicional. Esto se logra mediante amortiguadores Bilstein ajustables controlados por el conductor. El automóvil desciende a velocidades de autopista y se puede configurar a un nivel más alto para atravesar caminos empinados y terreno accidentado, mitigando la distancia al suelo baja predeterminada de 6 pulgadas (150 mm) y la distancia entre ejes relativamente larga de 116 pulgadas (2,900 mm). [188]
El sistema de suspensión se ha cambiado retroactivamente en varias ocasiones en actualizaciones de software "inalámbricas". Durante la 'investigación de incendios' de 2013, la NHTSA le pidió a Tesla que desactivara la capacidad del automóvil para bajar a velocidad con la teoría de que la distancia al suelo por debajo de 6 pulgadas (150 mm) podría hacer que las baterías debajo del automóvil entren en contacto con los escombros de la carretera. [189] En septiembre de 2014, Tesla actualizó la función de ajuste de altura para los autos Model S equipados con suspensión neumática para recordar lugares donde el conductor ha solicitado mayor espacio libre y aplicar automáticamente la configuración cada vez que el auto ingresa al área. [190]
Piloto automático
A partir de septiembre de 2014, los vehículos Model S vienen equipados con una cámara (suministrada por Mobileye ) montada en la parte superior del parabrisas, un radar orientado hacia adelante (suministrado por Bosch ) [191] [192] en la rejilla inferior y sensores de ubicación acústicos ultrasónicos en los parachoques delantero y trasero que proporcionan una zona de amortiguación de 360 grados alrededor del automóvil. Este equipo permite que el Model S detecte señales de tráfico, marcas de carriles, obstáculos y otros vehículos. Además del control de crucero adaptativo y el centrado de carril , una opción de "Paquete tecnológico", conocido en conjunto como piloto automático, permite la conducción semiautónoma y las capacidades de estacionamiento. [193] [194] [195] Todos los modelos S vendidos desde octubre de 2014 tienen la opción de habilitar el piloto automático, que permite una conducción manos libres limitada . Los automóviles con piloto automático reciben software de forma inalámbrica, al igual que otras actualizaciones de software para automóviles.
Según Elon Musk, el Model S fue diseñado para ser una computadora sobre ruedas: "Realmente diseñamos el Model S para que fuera una computadora muy sofisticada sobre ruedas. Tesla es una empresa de software tanto como una empresa de hardware. Una gran parte de lo que es Tesla, es una compañía de software de Silicon Valley. Consideramos que esto es lo mismo que actualizar su teléfono o su computadora portátil ". [196] La autonomía total es "realmente una limitación del software: el hardware existe para crear una autonomía total, por lo que en realidad se trata de desarrollar una IA estrecha y avanzada para que opere el automóvil". [197] [198]
Primer accidente fatal
El primer accidente fatal conocido que involucró a un Model S cuando el piloto automático estaba activo ocurrió en Williston, Florida el 7 de mayo de 2016. En junio de 2016, la Administración Nacional de Seguridad del Tráfico en las Carreteras de EE. UU . (NHTSA) abrió una investigación formal sobre el accidente, en colaboración con Florida Patrulla de carreteras . Según la NHTSA, los informes preliminares indican que el accidente ocurrió cuando un camión con remolque giró a la izquierda frente al Tesla en una intersección en una carretera de acceso no controlado, y el conductor y el automóvil no aplicaron los frenos. [199] [200] [201] La evaluación preliminar de la NHTSA se abrió para examinar el diseño y rendimiento de cualquier sistema de conducción automatizado en uso en el momento del accidente, que involucra a una población estimada de 25,000 autos Model S. [202]
Según Tesla, "ni el piloto automático ni el conductor notaron el lado blanco del tractor-remolque contra un cielo brillantemente iluminado, por lo que no se aplicó el freno". El automóvil intentó conducir a toda velocidad debajo del remolque, "con la parte inferior del remolque impactando el parabrisas del Modelo S". Tesla también declaró que esta fue la primera muerte conocida relacionada con el piloto automático de Tesla en más de 130 millones de millas (208 millones de km) conducidos por sus clientes mientras el piloto automático estaba activado. Según Tesla, hay una muerte cada 94 millones de millas (150 millones de km) entre todo tipo de vehículos en los EE . UU. [199] [200] [203] En enero de 2017, el informe de la NTSB concluyó que Tesla no tenía la culpa ya que el conductor en el choque tuvo siete segundos para ver el camión y actuar; La investigación reveló que la tasa de accidentes automovilísticos de Tesla se redujo en un 40 por ciento después de que se instaló el piloto automático. [204] [205]
Tablero de instrumentos
Como no hay botones ni diales, el panel de instrumentos es un grupo de instrumentos electrónicos con pantalla de cristal líquido de 12,3 pulgadas (310 mm) que indica la velocidad, el uso de energía, el nivel de carga, el rango estimado y la marcha activa, así como las direcciones de navegación. El selector de marchas se puede configurar para conducir , neutral , reversa y estacionar . La pantalla táctil de control de infoentretenimiento es un panel multitáctil de 17 pulgadas (430 mm) dividido en cuatro áreas. Una línea superior muestra los símbolos de estado y proporciona accesos directos a Carga, HomeLink , Perfiles del conductor, información del vehículo (versión de software y número de identificación del vehículo ) y Bluetooth . La segunda línea proporciona acceso a varias aplicaciones, incluidas Media, Nav (impulsada por Google Maps y, por lo tanto, está separada de la navegación en el panel de instrumentos), Energy, Web, Camera y Phone. El área de visualización principal central muestra las (dos) aplicaciones activas, subdivididas en áreas superior e inferior. (La mayoría de las aplicaciones se pueden expandir para ocupar toda el área). En la parte inferior se encuentra el acceso a varios controles y configuraciones para el vehículo, como puertas, cerraduras y luces, así como controles de temperatura y un control de volumen secundario.
Antes de 2018, la pantalla central funciona con un módulo de computación visual (VCM) 3D Nvidia Tegra 3 , mientras que el grupo de instrumentos funciona con un VCM Nvidia Tegra 2 independiente. [206] [207] Tesla fue la primera empresa en enviar esta tecnología. El sistema Tegra en un chip (SoC) integra ocho procesadores especializados, incluida una CPU ARM de varios núcleos , una GPU y procesadores de audio, video e imagen dedicados. Después de 2018, tanto la pantalla central como el grupo de instrumentos funcionan con una única CPU Intel Atom x86 de varios núcleos.
El sistema de navegación utiliza GPS y una combinación de Google Maps y guía de ruta patentada. La visualización del mapa en la pantalla de 17 pulgadas (430 mm) requiere una conexión constante a Internet, por lo que la navegación es limitada en áreas sin cobertura de red móvil. La actualización 6.2 incluye una guía de navegación automática para las estaciones de carga si el alcance es insuficiente. [208]
Los entusiastas han desarrollado el Sistema Abierto de Monitoreo de Vehículos ( OVMS ) que permite al propietario observar de forma remota una variedad de diferentes parámetros operativos del vehículo, como el estado de carga de la batería, generalmente usando un teléfono inteligente . Algunos conmutadores utilizados son piezas de Mercedes, como interruptores de ventana, palanca de control de crucero y selector de conducción.
Según Elon Musk, el Model S se ejecuta en el sistema operativo Linux de código abierto . [209] En 2014, Autoblog informó que los propietarios de Tesla Models S habían determinado a través del diagnóstico combinado del automóvil y el puerto Ethernet que un sistema Ubuntu que controla la pantalla táctil central está conectado a la Ethernet interna del automóvil. [210] Los mismos usuarios determinaron que otro sistema Ubuntu que controla el tablero / pantalla de navegación también está conectado a la red interna, junto con una tercera computadora de tipo desconocido con una función desconocida.
Opciones
Todas las versiones del Model S tienen el mismo cuerpo y normalmente tienen capacidad para cinco pasajeros. Una versión para cuatro pasajeros con asientos traseros ejecutivos fue una opción brevemente en 2015 en los Estados Unidos; otras ubicaciones aún pueden ofrecer esta opción. Una tercera fila plegable opcional (descontinuada en noviembre de 2018) se convierte en un asiento para niños de dos plazas orientado hacia atrás con un arnés de cinco puntos . [177] [181] Consumer Reports dijo que la capacidad para 7 pasajeros que ofrece esta opción es mayor que la de cualquier otro vehículo eléctrico, aunque no es realmente la misma que una SUV de tamaño completo con capacidad para 7 adultos. [211] Los dos asientos adicionales son solo para niños de más de 37 pulgadas (940 mm) de altura y que pesan entre 35 y 77 libras (16 y 35 kg), que la revista describió como "un rango de tamaño estrecho. Es demasiado grande para niños más pequeños y los más grandes no caben debajo de la ventana inclinada de vidrio ". [211] [212] Los asientos se pliegan debajo del área de carga trasera, lo que según Consumer Reports es una operación "engorrosa e incómoda", aunque para la tercera fila los asientos son "útiles para pasajeros adicionales ocasionales cuando sus hijos traen amigos", siempre que el conductor haya planeado con anticipación y haya dejado el área de carga vacía. [211] Aunque la opción del asiento trasero incluye un parachoques trasero más fuerte, la revista también dijo que sentarse detrás del eje trasero en el Model S, como cualquier asiento de la tercera fila, es un riesgo adicional en impactos traseros severos, aunque estos son relativamente raro. [211]
El espacio de carga está disponible debajo del capó delantero, que Tesla llama el "frunk". En octubre de 2014, se introdujo el modelo S 85D actualizado ("D" para motor dual). [213] La versión mejorada tiene dos motores eléctricos, uno acciona las ruedas traseras como en las versiones anteriores y otro acciona las ruedas delanteras. La versión de motor dual estaba disponible tanto para la versión de rendimiento como para la versión de no rendimiento. Se eliminó la versión de tracción trasera del P85 y la opción de motor dual no está disponible para la versión de 60 kWh. [116]
La actualización del año modelo 2015 introdujo frenos electromecánicos . [214]
En 2016, la batería de 85 kWh y más tarde de 90 kWh se descontinuó de todos los mercados. A finales de 2016 se introdujo un techo de cristal sin una barra de techo horizontal entre los pilares B [215].
En 2017, la opción de tapizados de asientos de cuero fue reemplazada por una opción de tapizados de asientos sintéticos. [216]
En 2018, se eliminaron las tres opciones de techo (techo del color de la carrocería, techo pintado de negro o techo corredizo panorámico) y el automóvil ahora solo tiene un techo de vidrio. [217] [218] Además, se eliminó la configuración de tercera fila plegable opcional con asientos orientados hacia atrás para dos niños. [218]
Garantía y mantenimiento del vehículo
El Model S está cubierto por una garantía limitada de 4 años, 50,000 mi (80,000 km), [219] que incluye todo el equipo estándar, la transmisión y el tren motriz completo (excluidos los neumáticos). [220] La garantía se puede extender por 4 años adicionales o 50,000 millas (80,000 km) más allá de los términos originales. [220] La cobertura de la garantía incluye un automóvil de préstamo complementario, un Performance 85 o Tesla Roadster, cuando se requiere servicio. [221] En abril de 2013, Tesla anunció que una tarifa anual obligatoria de inspección y mantenimiento del vehículo se convertiría en opcional y no sería necesaria para mantener la cobertura de la garantía. [221] Si se elige, la tarifa cubre una inspección completa, alineación de neumáticos, pastillas de freno nuevas, actualizaciones de hardware y otros elementos de mantenimiento diversos según sea necesario. Solo en California, Tesla ofrece su propio seguro, ya que la computadora en el automóvil puede indicar si conduce el automóvil de manera segura, luego Tesla hará una evaluación y le brindará un paquete de seguro más personalizado y muy probablemente más barato.
La batería y la unidad motriz están cubiertas durante ocho años o 125.000 millas (200.000 km en países con sistema métrico) para el modelo base de 60 kWh, u ocho años y una distancia ilimitada para todos los modelos de 70 y 85 kWh. [147] [222] La garantía incondicional de la batería cubre todo excepto el daño deliberado, incluso el error del usuario. [223] Sin embargo, la pérdida de capacidad de la batería con el paso del tiempo o el uso no está cubierta por la garantía. [ aclaración necesaria ] [222] [224]
Especificaciones
Modelo | Año | Capacidad de la batería | Tren motriz | Energía | Esfuerzo de torsión | 0 a 60 mph | Velocidad máxima | Distancia |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
"40 kWh" * | 2012-2013 | 40 kWh | RWD | 285 kW (382 caballos de fuerza) | 430 N · m (317 libras · pie) | 6,5 segundos | 177 km / h (110 mph) | EPA : [225] 224 km (139 millas) NEDC : |
60 | 2012-2015 2016-2017 | 60 kWh | RWD | 285 kW (382 caballos de fuerza) | 430 N · m (317 libras · pie) | 5,5 segundos | 209 km / h (130 mph) | EPA : [226] 335 km (208 millas) NEDC : 375 km (233 millas) |
60D | 2016-2017 | AWD | 386 kW (518 caballos de fuerza) | 441 N · m (325 libras · pie) | 5,2 s | EPA : 351 km (218 millas) NEDC : 408 km (254 millas) | ||
70 | 2015-2016 | 70 kWh | RWD | 285 kW (382 caballos de fuerza) | 525 N⋅m (387 libras · pie) | 5,5 segundos | 225 kilómetros por hora (140 mph) | EPA : 370 km (230 millas) NEDC : 420 km (261 millas) |
70D | AWD | 386 kW (518 caballos de fuerza) | 441 N · m (325 libras · pie) | 5,2 s | EPA : 390 km (240 millas) NEDC : 442 km (275 millas) | |||
75 | 2016-2017 | 75 kWh | RWD | 285 kW (382 caballos de fuerza) | 659 N · m (486 libras · pie) | 4,3 s [227] | EPA : 401 km (249 millas) NEDC : 480 km (298 millas) | |
75D / Gama estándar | 2016-2019 | AWD | 386 kW (518 caballos de fuerza) | 441 N · m (325 libras · pie) | 4,2 s [227] | EPA : 417 km (259 millas) NEDC : 490 km (304 millas) | ||
85 | 2012-2016 | 85 kWh | RWD | 285 kW (382 caballos de fuerza) | 658 N · m (485 libras · pie) | 5,4 s | 225 kilómetros por hora (140 mph) | EPA : 426 km (265 millas) NEDC : 502 km (312 millas) |
85D | 2014 - 2016 | AWD | 386 kW (518 caballos de fuerza) | 601 N · m (443 libras · pie) | 3,8 s [228] | 249 km / h (155 mph) | EPA : 430 km (270 millas) NEDC : 528 km (328 millas) | |
P85 | 2012-2014 | RWD | 350 kW (469 caballos de fuerza) | 601 N · m (443 libras · pie) Rendimiento Plus: 931 N · m (687 libras · pie) | 4,2 s | 209 km / h (130 mph) | EPA : 426 km (265 millas) NEDC : 502 km (312 millas) | |
P85D | 2014 - 2016 | AWD | 397 kW (532 caballos de fuerza) | 931 N · m (687 libras · pie) | 3,1 s Ridículo: 2,8 s | 249 km / h (155 mph) [229] | EPA: 407 km (253 millas) NEDC : 480 km (298 millas) | |
90 | 2015-2016 | 90 kWh | RWD | 285 kW (382 caballos de fuerza) | 658 N · m (485 libras · pie) | 5,4 s | 225 kilómetros por hora (140 mph) | EPA : 426 km (265 millas) NEDC : 502 km (312 millas) |
90D | 2015-2017 | AWD | 386 kW (518 caballos de fuerza) | 931 N · m (687 libras · pie) | 3,8 s | 249 km / h (155 mph) [229] | EPA : 473 km (294 millas) NEDC : 557 km (346 millas) | |
P90D | 2015-2016 | 397 kW (532 caballos de fuerza) Ridículo: 560 kW (751 caballos de fuerza) | 931 N · m (687 libras · pie) Ridículo: 1373 N · m (1013 libras · pie) | 3,1 s Ridículo: 2,8 s | EPA : 430 km (270 millas) NEDC : 509 km (316 millas) | |||
100D | 2016-2019 | 100 kWh | AWD | 386 kW (518 caballos de fuerza) | 441 N · m (325 libras · pie) | 3,6 s [230] | 249 km / h (155 mph) | EPA : 539 km (335 mi [231] [232] ) NEDC : 632 km (393 millas) |
P100D | 568 kW (762 caballos de fuerza) | 989 N · m (729 libras · pie) Ridículo: 1373 N · m (1013 libras · pie) | 2,4 s | 262 kilómetros por hora (163 mph) | EPA : 507 km (315 millas) NEDC : 613 km (381 millas) | |||
Cuervo (Actuación) | 2019-2021 | 580 kW (778 caballos de fuerza) | 1140 N · m (841 libras · pie) | 2,3 segundos | 262 kilómetros por hora (163 mph) | EPA : 623 km (387 millas) NEDC : 671 km (417 millas) | ||
Cuervo (largo alcance Más) | 2019 - presente | 415 kW (557 caballos de fuerza) | 755 N · m (557 libras · pie) | 3,7 s | 249 km / h (155 mph) | EPA : 647 km (402 mi [233] ) NEDC : 713 km (443 millas) |
- Versiones de 60 kWh con rango limitado realmente entregadas
Impacto medioambiental
Las baterías de iones de litio de Tesla contienen pequeñas cantidades de níquel y cobalto, cuya extracción y refinación ha sido identificada por la EPA como de alto potencial de impacto ambiental debido a la toxicidad de los procesos de refinación. [234] [235] Tesla afirma reciclar todos los paquetes de baterías que se devuelven a la empresa, [236] y se muestra optimista de que su Gigafábrica 1 , una vez que esté en pleno funcionamiento, será capaz de reciclar una parte significativa de los elementos de las baterías viejas. , acercándose a un "circuito cerrado" en el que las baterías viejas se convierten en baterías nuevas. [237] Tesla ha trabajado con Toxco / Kinsbursky en los EE.UU. desde 2008 y Umicore en Europa [238] a reciclar desgastados RoHS baterías, [239] [240] , que se llevará a cabo en la nueva fábrica. [241] Si bien ToxCo / Kinsbursky utiliza un proceso hidrometalúrgico para recuperar el litio de la batería, Umicore solo recupera níquel y cobalto para reutilizarlos en baterías nuevas y convierte aproximadamente el 30% de la batería, incluido el litio de la batería, en escoria que se vende. a refinerías de acero y fabricantes de cemento. [237] [238] [242]
En febrero de 2014, Automotive Science Group (ASG) publicó el resultado de un estudio realizado para evaluar el ciclo de vida de más de 1300 automóviles en nueve categorías vendidas en América del Norte. El estudio clasificó al Model S como el de mejor desempeño ambiental en la categoría de autos de tamaño completo de 2014 . [243] Sobre la base de la evaluación de la huella ambiental del ciclo de vida, el estudio concluyó que los mayores impactos ambientales de la fabricación del vehículo se compensan con creces con un mayor rendimiento ambiental durante la operación. Para la evaluación, el estudio utilizó la combinación de electricidad promedio de la red de EE. UU. En 2014. El Nissan Leaf tuvo la huella ambiental de ciclo de vida más pequeña de cualquier automóvil modelo del año 2014 disponible en el mercado norteamericano. [244] Automotive Service Group es un sitio web con publicidad y una empresa de consultoría de marketing fundada por una pareja de Seattle en 2009. [245]
En 2012, un estudio de la Union of Concerned Scientists descubrió que, a menos que se cargue con energía solar o eólica, en la actualidad, un vehículo eléctrico en los Estados Unidos con una eficiencia similar al Model S es responsable de la producción de la misma cantidad de CO 2 como un automóvil a gasolina que obtiene de 34 a 115 MPG, dependiendo de la fuente de electricidad en la región en la que se carga el automóvil. El estudio estimó que casi la mitad de los estadounidenses vivían en regiones donde un vehículo eléctrico generaría menos emisiones que un vehículo híbrido de 50 MPG. [246] Un estudio de 2015 de Union of Concerned Scientists encontró que en las regiones de EE. UU. Donde el Model S es popular, las emisiones de fabricación un 68% más altas se compensan en unos pocos años de conducción promedio. Durante su ciclo de vida, los vehículos eléctricos emiten aproximadamente la mitad de la cantidad de automóviles fósiles comparables. [242] [247] El informe asume que los materiales eléctricos se reciclan a un ritmo similar al de otros automóviles, pero excluye el problema de la eliminación de baterías, "porque hay datos escasos sobre cómo la industria recicla baterías actualmente o tiene la intención de hacerlo en el futuro. ". [242]
Cargando
Carga en casa
Tesla recomienda que el método principal de carga sea la carga nocturna en casa, "al igual que su teléfono móvil". Los vehículos Tesla Model S vienen con el conector móvil, que permite cargar hasta 72 amperios [248] e incluye adaptadores para conectarse a una variedad de fuentes de electricidad. [249] En Norteamérica , se incluyen adaptadores para tomacorrientes NEMA 5-15 de 120 voltios , así como un adaptador para estaciones de carga SAE J1772 . [249] Otros adaptadores, incluido el popular adaptador NEMA 14-50 250V, se pueden comprar en Tesla para usar con el conector móvil. En Europa, se encuentran disponibles adaptadores para CEE rojo 3P + N + E , CEE azul 2P + E , CEE 7 y BS 1363 (la inclusión varía según el país), y también se incluye un cable adaptador para conectar cargadores con un conector Tipo 2 . [250] [251]
El conector de pared Tesla está disponible para su instalación en el hogar o la empresa, y permite cargar hasta 19,2 kW en América del Norte y 22 kW en Europa (aunque cargar el vehículo a 11,5 kW requiere la opción de cargador de alto amperaje en el vehículo). [249] [250]
Carga de destino
La red de carga Tesla Destination es una red de empresas que han instalado conectores de pared Tesla. Tesla proporciona estas unidades a las empresas de forma gratuita o a un precio con grandes descuentos, aunque la empresa es responsable del costo de la electricidad. A septiembre de 2019[actualizar], Tesla también ha distribuido 23,963 cargadores de destino a ubicaciones en todo el mundo. [252] No todos los cargadores de destino están disponibles para el público, ya que algunas empresas los limitan únicamente a clientes, empleados o residentes. [253]
Los vehículos Tesla también pueden utilizar estaciones de carga públicas utilizando los estándares de carga SAE J1772, Tipo 2 y CHAdeMO a través de adaptadores. [249] [250] Los adaptadores SAE J1772 y Tipo 2 se incluyen en las regiones correspondientes, mientras que el adaptador CHAdeMO está disponible para su compra. [254]
Supercargadores Tesla
En 2012, Tesla comenzó a construir una red de estaciones de carga de 480 voltios , llamadas Tesla Superchargers , para facilitar los viajes de larga distancia. Actualmente, la red Tesla solo la pueden utilizar los vehículos Tesla, que están diseñados para ser compatibles. El hardware de sobrealimentación es estándar en casi todos los vehículos vendidos por Tesla. [147] [255] [256] [257] El Supercharger es una estación de carga rápida de CC patentada que proporciona hasta 250 kW de potencia y hasta 15 millas por minuto (según las circunstancias). [252]
A marzo de 2020[actualizar], Tesla opera 16.103 supercargadores en 1.826 estaciones en todo el mundo; Estos incluyen 908 estaciones en los EE. UU., 98 en Canadá, 16 en México, 520 en Europa y 398 en la región de Asia / Pacífico. [258]
Cambio de batería
Tesla diseñó el Model S para permitir un intercambio rápido de baterías, lo que también facilita el montaje del vehículo. [259] En una demostración, Tesla mostró una operación de cambio de batería que demoraba alrededor de 90 segundos, aproximadamente la mitad del tiempo que se tarda en rellenar un tanque de combustible vacío. [260] [261] En junio de 2013, Tesla anunció planes para desplegar estaciones Tesla , con instalaciones para admitir intercambios de baterías, aunque en junio de 2015 Tesla dijo que era poco probable que se añadieran más estaciones de intercambio de baterías. [262] Se planeó desplegar el intercambio de baterías a lo largo de la Interestatal 5 en California entre San Francisco y Los Ángeles, seguido por el corredor de Washington, DC, a Boston. Cada estación de intercambio cuesta US $ 500.000 y almacena alrededor de 50 baterías. [260] Los propietarios pueden recoger su paquete de baterías original completamente cargado en el viaje de regreso, que está incluido en la tarifa de intercambio.
La única estación de intercambio de baterías de Tesla estaba ubicada en Harris Ranch cerca de Selma, California , y estuvo disponible para pruebas piloto a fines de diciembre de 2014. [263] A partir de 2015[actualizar]Tesla dijo que tenían cientos de autos en el programa de cambio de batería, aunque pocos propietarios estaban interesados en usar el servicio. [264] En junio de 2015, Tesla dijo que era poco probable que se añadieran más estaciones de intercambio de baterías debido a la falta de demanda de intercambio [262] y cerró su única estación de intercambio en noviembre de 2016. [265]
Ediciones
Tesla asignó las primeras 1,000 unidades a sus configuraciones de edición limitada Signature y Signature Performance, equipadas con el paquete de baterías de 85 kWh. [267] [268] Tesla no fabrica un Model S convertible . [269] [270]
Se diseñó un Model S personalizado para la Oceanic Preservation Society en colaboración con Obscura Digital , y se utilizó para proyectar imágenes de animales en peligro de extinción para ayudar a educar al público sobre la extinción masiva del Holoceno en curso , como se muestra en el documental de 2015 Racing Extinction .
Ventas y mercados
Investigadores de la Universidad de California, Davis , realizaron un estudio en 2016 para identificar los factores que influyen en la decisión de adoptar vehículos eléctricos de batería de alta gama (BEV), como el Tesla Model S, ya que estos vehículos son diferentes de los BEV convencionales. El estudio encontró que "las motivaciones ambientales, de desempeño y tecnológicas son razones para la adopción; la nueva tecnología trae un nuevo segmento de compradores al mercado; y los incentivos de compra financiera no son importantes en la decisión del consumidor de adoptar un BEV de alta gama". [271]
Global
Tesla informó 520 reservas para el Model S durante la primera semana que estuvieron disponibles [272] y para diciembre de 2012, se había recibido un total de 15.000 reservas netas (después de entregas y cancelaciones) para fin de año. [273] La edición especial del modelo Model S Signature se agotó antes de que comenzaran las entregas en junio de 2012 y, según Tesla, todos los modelos de ese año se agotaron poco después. Un automóvil pedido en mayo de 2012 se entregaría a principios o mediados de 2013. [274] [275]
Inicialmente Tesla esperaba que su producción anual aumentara en más del 50% en 2014 a 35,000 unidades, pero en noviembre de 2014 redujo su objetivo de ventas a 33,000 unidades debido a un déficit en la producción de 2,000 unidades durante el tercer trimestre de 2014. La compañía esperaba su la producción aumentará otro 50% en 2015. [276] Tesla estableció un objetivo de entre 50.000 y 52.000 entregas de automóviles Model S y Model X en 2015, y entregó 50.658 unidades. [277] [278] Tesla vendió más de 50.000 modelos S en todo el mundo en 2016, lo que lo convierte en el eléctrico enchufable más vendido del mundo ese año. [279] En 2017, se convirtió en el segundo vehículo eléctrico en vender más de 200.000 unidades detrás del Nissan Leaf.
- 2012
Las entregas en los Estados Unidos comenzaron en junio de 2012. [12] Las entregas del modelo de 60 kWh se reprogramaron de noviembre de 2012 a enero / febrero de 2013. [280] Se entregaron un total de 2.650 automóviles en América del Norte en 2012. [281]
- 2013
Durante los primeros seis meses de 2013 se entregaron 10.050. [282] El Model S se lanzó en Europa a principios de agosto de 2013, y las primeras entregas se realizaron en Noruega, Suiza y los Países Bajos, [283] y en noviembre de 2013, el Model S estaba a la venta en 20 países. [284]
Las ventas totalizaron alrededor de 22.477 unidades en Norteamérica y Europa, [285] superando el objetivo de ventas anual de Tesla de 21.500 unidades. [286] Las ventas acumuladas mundiales superaron el hito de las 25.000 unidades en diciembre de 2013. [286] A finales de 2013, según Elon Musk , Noruega y Suiza se convirtieron en los mayores mercados de ventas per cápita de la empresa. [287]
Trimestre | Unidades vendidas |
---|---|
1er trimestre de 2015 | 10.045 |
2T 2015 | 11,532 |
3T 2015 | 11.597 |
4T 2015 | 17.272 |
1er trimestre de 2016 | 12,420 |
2T 2016 | 9,764 |
3T 2016 | 16,047 |
4T 2016 | 12,700 |
1T 2017 | 13,450 |
2T 2017 | 12.000 |
3T 2017 | 14.065 |
4T 2017 | 15.200 |
1er trimestre de 2018 | 11,730 |
2T 2018 | 10,930 |
3T 2018 | 14,470 |
4T 2018 | 13.500 |
- 2014
Las entregas al por menor en China comenzaron en abril de 2014. [288] El modelo con volante a la derecha se lanzó en el Reino Unido en junio de 2014, [289] seguido de Hong Kong en julio de 2014 [290] y Japón en septiembre de 2014. [291] Las entregas en Australia comenzaron en diciembre de 2014. [292]
Las ventas globales acumuladas del Model S superaron la marca de 50.000 unidades en octubre de 2014. [293] En 2014 se vendieron un total de 31.655 unidades en todo el mundo, lo que permitió que el Model S se clasificara como el segundo vehículo eléctrico enchufable más vendido del mundo después del Nissan. Leaf ese año. [294] En 2014, aproximadamente el 55% de las entregas del Model S se realizaron en América del Norte, el 30% en Europa y el 15% en el mercado de Asia y el Pacífico. [295]
- 2015
Se vendieron un total de 21,577 unidades en todo el mundo durante el primer semestre de 2015, de las cuales, 11,532 se entregaron solo durante el segundo trimestre, un 52% más que en el mismo trimestre del año anterior. [296] [297] [298] A junio de 2015[actualizar], el Model S se vendió en 30 países. [296] Se entregaron un total de 11,597 autos Model S durante el tercer trimestre, un 49% más que en el mismo trimestre de 2014. [277] Un total de 17272 Model S se entregaron durante el cuarto trimestre, un 76% más que en el mismo. trimestre del año anterior y estableciendo un nuevo récord para la mayor cantidad de autos entregados en un trimestre. [278] [299] Las ventas globales del Model S superaron el hito de las 100.000 unidades en diciembre de 2015, tres años y medio después de su introducción. [53] Un total de 50.446 sedán Model S se vendieron en todo el mundo en 2015, lo que convirtió al Model S en el automóvil eléctrico enchufable más vendido del mundo en 2015, por delante del Nissan Leaf (aproximadamente 43.000 unidades). [278] [300]
A diciembre de 2015[actualizar], se vendió un total de 107.228 sedán Model S en todo el mundo desde su presentación, lo que lo ubica como el segundo automóvil enchufable más vendido del mundo después del Nissan Leaf (200.000). [278] [300] Estados Unidos siguió siendo el mercado más grande con 63.161 unidades vendidas. [278] [301] Noruega figura como el mercado extranjero más grande del Modelo S, [302] con 10.062 nuevas unidades registradas, [303] [304] [305] seguida de China con 5.524 unidades registradas hasta septiembre de 2015, [78] [306 ] y los Países Bajos con 4.382 unidades registradas a finales de diciembre de 2015. [307]
- 2016
Las ventas globales del Model S totalizaron 12,420 unidades durante el primer trimestre de 2016. [308] Las ventas durante el segundo trimestre de 2016 fueron más bajas de lo anticipado por Tesla, con 9,764 autos Model S entregados en todo el mundo durante el trimestre. Aunque la producción aumentó un 20% con respecto al trimestre anterior, la cantidad de vehículos en tránsito a fines de junio de 2016 fue mucho más alta de lo esperado (5.150, incluidos los modelos X), lo que representa el 35,8% de la cantidad de vehículos entregados en el trimestre (14.402 vehículos incluido el Model X). [309] [310]
Las entregas en el tercer trimestre de 2016 totalizaron 16,047 unidades, para ventas acumuladas de 38,231 autos Model S durante los primeros nueve meses de 2016, [308] [309] [311] permitiendo que el Model S se clasifique como el plug-in más vendido del mundo. coche durante este período, justo por delante del Nissan Leaf. [312] Las ventas globales del Model S superaron las 150.000 unidades en noviembre de 2016, cuatro años y cinco meses después de su introducción, con la mayor participación, 57%, en los EE. UU. [54] Con un estimado de 12,700 unidades entregadas durante el cuarto trimestre de 2016, las ventas totalizaron alrededor de 50,931 unidades en 2016, [308] [309] [311] [313] haciendo del Model S el auto enchufable más vendido del mundo para el segundo año consecutivo. [31] [32] Estados Unidos recibió alrededor de 29,156 unidades, seguido de China con 6,334, superando a Noruega como el mayor mercado del Model S en el extranjero. [31] [314] [315]
A diciembre de 2016[actualizar], alrededor de 158,159 autos Model S se han vendido en todo el mundo desde su introducción, [54] [313] haciendo del Model S el segundo auto eléctrico enchufable más vendido del mundo después del Nissan Leaf (250,000), y por delante del Volt / Familia Ampera de híbridos enchufables (134,500). [316]
- 2017
Tesla entregó su Model S número 200.000 en el cuarto trimestre de 2017. [25] Aproximadamente 54.715 coches Model S se vendieron en todo el mundo en 2017. [317] [318] [319] [320] De estos, se estima que 26.500 se entregaron en el Estados Unidos (48,4%), su principal mercado. [321] Después de ser el automóvil enchufable más vendido del mundo durante dos años consecutivos, el Model S se clasificó en 2017 como el segundo automóvil enchufable más vendido del mundo después del automóvil urbano BAIC EC-Series , que vendió más de 78,000 unidades en China durante 2017. [25] A diciembre de 2017[actualizar], con entregas globales de alrededor de 212,874 unidades, el Tesla Model S continuó clasificándose como el segundo auto enchufable más vendido del mundo después del Nissan Leaf (300,000). [25]
- 2018
Las ventas globales del Model S superaron el hito de las 250.000 unidades en septiembre de 2018 y, a fines de 2018, continuaron clasificándose como el segundo automóvil eléctrico más vendido de la historia después del Nissan Leaf . [25] [26] [27] [28] Las entregas mundiales totalizaron 50.630 vehículos en 2018. [26] [27] [28] [322] A diciembre de 2018[actualizar], las ventas globales totalizaron alrededor de 263,504 unidades desde el inicio. [25] [26] [27] [28] [322] Estados Unidos es el mercado más grande de Tesla, con casi 144.000 unidades entregadas desde 2012. China ocupa el segundo lugar, seguido de Noruega. [323] [324] [325]
Ventas por pais
La siguiente tabla muestra las ventas por año para los países más vendidos hasta diciembre de 2019:
País | Ventas acumuladas | % de ventas globales [a] | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estados Unidos [323] [30] [278] [301] [321] | ~ 144,562 | 55,9% | ~ 25,745 | 26.500 | 29,156 | 25,202 | 16.689 | ~ 18.650 | ~ 2620 | |
China [78] [306] [314] | 11,858 [b] | [C] | [C] | [C] | 6.334 | 3.025 [b] | 2,499 | N / A | N / A | |
Noruega [303] [304] [305] [326] [327] [328] | 20,639 | 7,4% | 1,181 | 3.633 | 3.712 | 2.051 | 4.039 | 4.040 | 1.983 | N / A |
Países Bajos [329] [330] [331] [332] [333] [334] | 13,839 | 5,3% | 5.633 | 2.051 | 1,693 | 1.805 | 1,465 | 1,192 | N / A | |
Canadá [335] | 6.731 | 3,2% | 1,675 | 1,466 | 2.010 | 847 | 638 | 95 | ||
Alemania [91] [336] [337] [338] [339] [340] | 7.551 | 2,9% | 1.248 | 2,241 | 1,474 | 1,582 | 815 | 191 | N / A | |
Reino Unido [341] [342] [343] [344] | 9.300 [d] | 2,9% | 1,756 | 2.518 | 2,367 | 1,389 | 698 | N / A | N / A | |
Suiza [e] [345] | 4.695 | 2,2% | 1,131 | 1.299 | 1,556 | 496 | 213 | N / A | ||
Dinamarca [346] [347] [348] | 3.432 | 1,6% | 46 | 78 | 2,736 | 460 | 112 | N / A | ||
Suecia [349] [350] [351] [352] [353] | 3,788 | 1,4% | 883 | 800 | 838 | 996 | 266 | 5 | N / A | |
Francia [354] [355] [356] [357] | 3.455 | 1,3% | 749 | 850 | 785 | 708 | 328 | 35 | N / A | |
Bélgica [358] [359] [360] [361] [362] | 3.358 | 1,3% | 535 | 659 | 675 | 820 | 521 | 148 | N / A | |
Hong Kong [363] | 2.221 [f] | 1,0% | [C] | [C] | 2.221 | N / A | N / A | N / A | ||
Austria [364] [365] [366] [367] | 1.835 | 0,9% | | | 584 | 575 | 492 | 136 | 48 | N / A | |
Australia [368] [369] | ~ 1319 | 0,6% | [C] | [C] | ~ 1250 | 69 [g] | N / A | N / A | ||
Italia [370] [371] | 662 | 0,3% | 264 | 218 | 120 | 52 | 8 | N / A | ||
Global [25] [26] [27] [28] [322] | 263,504 | 50,630 [26] [27] [28] [322] | 54.715 [25] | 50,931 [31] | 50,446 [278] [300] | 31.655 [294] | 22 477 [285] | ~ 2650 [273] | ||
|
Asia / Pacífico
Australia
The first nine units were delivered in Sydney on December 9, 2014. Tesla also opened its first store and service centre in St Leonards, and its first Supercharger station at Pyrmont in December 2014. Initially, only two versions were available, the 60 and the 85. The Model S P85D had deliveries scheduled to begin in June 2015.[373][374]
As of December 2014[update], a total of 65 Model S cars were registered in New South Wales and only four in Victoria.[375] At the end of March 2015, registrations totaled 119 in New South Wales and 54 in Victoria. Although there were no sales figures reported for Tesla in other states, the combined sales of these two states alone were enough for the Model S to rank as the top selling all-electric car in the country for the first quarter of 2015, ahead of the BMW i3 (46) and the Nissan Leaf (31).[375]
China
The first deliveries took place on April 22, 2014.[288] The Model S has the same standard equipment as the continental European version, but was adapted to provide larger back seats because the car was expected to be driven by a chauffeur.[376] Only two versions with an 85 kWh battery pack are available in the Chinese market, standard and performance.[377]
Chinese sales up to June 2014 were estimated between 1,000 to 1,300 units.[378][379] JLWarren Capital, an equity firm, estimated that about 2,800 Tesla Model S cars have been imported to China by mid September 2014, but only 432 had received the license plates.[380] According to a Tesla spokesman, the major reasons for the discrepancy could be that registration rules were holding deliveries in Shanghai, and Tesla only recently was able to start delivering the electric cars to customers who bought them in Shanghai. Secondly, many Chinese customers have delayed taking possession of their Model S car while waiting for the government to add the Tesla to the list of electric vehicles exempt from its 8% to 10% purchase tax.[380][381] As of December 2014[update], Tesla had imported 4,800 Model S cars, but only 2,499 of those vehicles were registered for road use in China.[306]
Tesla's CEO expressed disappointment with the Chinese sales, as stock continued to be high by early 2015.[382] As sales improved, Model S sales reached 2,147 units representing an 80% share of the imported plug-in hybrid or electric car segment in China for the first half of 2015.[383] Sales totaled 3,025 units during the first nine months of 2015,[78] for cumulative registrations of 5,524 units through September 2015.[78][306] Tesla's initial sales target for 2015 was 10,000 units.[384] Sales totaled 6,334 units in 2016.[314] By mid-2018, China ranked as Tesla’s second largest market after the U.S.[324]
Hong Kong
Sales of the Model S began in July 2014.[290] According to Tesla, as of June 2015[update], Hong Kong has the world's highest density of Tesla superchargers, with eight stations comprising a total of 36 supercharger stalls. This infrastructure allows most Model S owners to have a supercharger within 20 minutes' drive.[385] Sales totaled 2,221 units in 2015,[363] and by August 2016 about 80% of 5,800 EVs in Hong Kong were Teslas.[386]
Europe
Retail deliveries began in Europe in early August 2013, in Norway, Switzerland and the Netherlands.[283] The two biggest markets for the Model S in Europe are Norway and the Netherlands.[387] The Model S, with about 3,900 units sold, ended 2013 as the third-best selling all-electric car in Europe after the Nissan Leaf and the Renault Zoe.[388][389] A total of 8,734 Model S cars were sold in 2014, representing a market share of 15.5% of new all-electric passenger car sales in Europe,[390] and again allowing the Model S to rank as the third best selling all-electric car in Europe after the Leaf and the Zoe.[390] Accounting for sales during the first nine months of 2014, the Model S outsold the Audi A8, BMW 7 Series and Jaguar XJ, ranking second in the European luxury vehicle segment after the Mercedes-Benz S-Class.[391]
European Model S sales in 2015 totaled 15,515 units, ranking second after the Renault Zoe (18,727) and ahead of the Leaf (15,455). The Model S captured 15.9% of the European all-electric segment sales in 2015.[392] The Model S topped the European luxury car segment in 2015, ahead of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (14,990), the segment's leader in previous years.[393] Norway was the largest market in 2015 with 4,039 units sold.[305] Cumulative Model S sales in Europe totaled 28,149 units by the end of 2015.[388][390][392]
Czech Republic
A total of 23 units were sold during 2014.[394]
Denmark
During its first full month in the Danish market, the Model S was the top selling electric vehicle with 42 units sold.[395] Sales were 112 units in 2013 and 460 in 2014.[346] Model S sales constituted 35% of the sales of luxury cars by mid 2014.[396] A Model S was tested as a taxi, but high price and low range made the project uneconomical.[397][398] When the AWD model was announced in Autumn 2014, used Model S were sold fast at high price.[399]
In October 2015, the Danish Parliament approved to phase out the tax exemption for electric vehicles, and customers rushed to order the Model S before the price increase. It became the most sold car of any kind in Denmark in December 2015, with 1,248 cars delivered that month, out of 1,573 electric cars sold in December. This is the first time ever that an electric car is the best selling car in Denmark.[24] The Model S comprised 98% of luxury cars sold in Denmark in 2015.[400] Cumulative sales in the country reached 3,308 units through December 2015, of which, a record of 2,736 units were sold in 2015.[346] Sales plummeted to 78 units in 2016 after the phasing out of the country's tax break for electric vehicles at the end of 2015.[347][401]
Germany
The company announced that by November 2013 the first Tesla Supercharger stations would open between Munich and Stuttgart, Munich and Zurich, Switzerland, and Cologne and Frankfurt. Tesla planned to cover more than 50% of Germany by the end of March 2014, and 100% by the end of 2014. Germany would then have the most Superchargers per capita of any country. By late 2013 Tesla announced a goal to sell 10,000 Model S in Germany in 2015.[402]
Registrations totaled 815 units in 2014, representing 2.7% of the luxury segment sales in the country.[337] As of November 2015[update], cumulative registrations totaled 2,354 units.[336][337][403] A total of 1,474 Model S cars were registered in Germany in 2016.[338]
Netherlands
The first deliveries in the country occurred on August 22, 2013, at Tesla's European Distribution Center in Tilburg.[74] A total of 1,194 units were sold in 2013.[329] After the end of the registration tax exemption, sales fell significantly, and only 262 units were sold during the first four months of 2014.[404] In April 2014 the Schiphol Group announced that three companies were selected to provide all-electric taxi service in Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The concessions started on June 1, 2014, and service is provided with 100 Tesla Model S cars, which jointed service to the electric buses and hybrid cars already operating at the airport.[405]
Sales in 2015 totaled 1,805 units,[331] and declined to 1,693 in 2016.[332] As of October 2016[update], combined registrations of the Model S (5,681) and the Model X (250) represented 48.6% of the 12,196 all-electric cars on Dutch roads at the end of that month.[406] The Model S remained as the all-time top selling all-electric car in the Netherlands with 6,049 cars registered at the end of December 2016.[407]
Norway
The first delivery of a Model S in Europe took place in Oslo on August 7, 2013.[408] By the end of August 2013, Europe's first six charging stations were opened, in Lyngdal, Aurland, Dombås, Gol, Sundebru and Lillehammer.[409] That month 186 units were delivered, ranking second among all-electric cars behind the Nissan Leaf (448 units).[410] Sales surged in September totaling 616 units, beating the Leaf and achieving an overall new car market share of 5.1%.[20][21][22]
In 2013, a five-month waiting list emerged creating a used market.[411][412] Sales dropped to 98 units in October,[413] before jumping back to 527 units in November, ranking it number two in new car registrations after the Volkswagen Golf.[414] In December, sales of 553 units made it the top-selling new car again and capturing a 4.9% market share of new car sales.[23] With less than five months of sales, the Model S ranked 20th for the year with a market share of 1.4% of Norwegian new car sales, Tesla's largest in Europe.[415][416]
The Model S topped the monthly sales ranking for a third time in March 2014, with 1,493 units sold, breaking the 28-year-old monthly sales record, surpassing the Ford Sierra, which sold 1,454 units in May 1986.[417][418] Sales totaled 2,056 Model S cars during the first quarter of 2014, making the Model S the best selling new car in Norway during this period. The Model S captured a 5.6% market share of new car sales and 38.8% of the new plug-in electric car segment during this quarter.[417][419][420] By the end of 2014, the Model S ranked as the fifth best selling new car in the Norwegian market, with 4,040 units registered and a market share of 2.8% of new car sales in the country that year.[304]
As of July 2014[update], Norway ranked as Tesla's largest overseas market, with an average of 436 Model S sedans sold per month since August 2013. In comparison, the average in the United States was about 1,630 units delivered per month since the electric car went on sales in 2012.[302] As of December 2015[update], Norway continued as the second largest Model S market by volume, with about 9.4% of cumulative global sales.[300] After a stagnant year of 4,000 plus deliveries for 2015, deliveries of Tesla dropped 54% in the first quarter and 52% in the second quarter of 2016 in Norway.[421] Tesla Model S registrations in Norway totaled 2,051 new units in 2016 and 3,712 in 2017.[327] Since its introduction, a total of 15,825 new Model S cars have been registered in Norway through December 2017.[303][304][305][326][327]
Switzerland
Retail deliveries began in August 2013,[283] and a total of 213 units were registered in 2013.[345] The Model S, with 496 units registered, ranked as the top selling plug-in electric car in the country in 2014.[422] With 835 units sold during the first seven months of 2015, the Model S outsold combined Swiss sales of the luxury segment including such models as the Mercedes S-Class, Audi A8 and BMW 7 Series during the same period.[423] Cumulative Model S sales totaled 3,060 units up until June 2016, which includes units sold in Liechtenstein.[345]
United Kingdom
Deliveries began in June 2014,[289] and a total of 698 units were registered in the UK by the end of 2014.[424] Model S owners are also exempted from the London congestion charge.[425] During the first half of 2016, slightly more Model S cars were registered in the UK than in Norway, the largest Model S market in Europe. During the first six months of 2016 a total of 1,263 Model S sedans were registered in the UK and 1,248 in Norway.[426] A total of 3,907 Model S sedans were registered in the UK at the end of September 2016.[344]
North America
Canada
The first Model S sedans were delivered in December 2012. Cumulative sales totaled 3,590 units as of December 2015[update], and ranks as the second best-selling plug-in car in the country ever after the Chevrolet Volt (5,415) and ahead of the Nissan Leaf (3,198). The Model S was the top selling plug-in electric car in Canada in 2015 with 2,010 units sold.[335]
Mexico
Retail sales began in Mexico City in December 2015. Initially, no Supercharger stations are available in the country.[427]
United States
The first delivery took place on June 1, 2012.[428] Deliveries for retail customers in the United States started on June 22, at a special event held at the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California.[12] The first 1,000 production units were Signature and Signature Performance limited editions equipped with an 85 kWh battery pack.[273] Cumulative sales passed the 50,000 unit milestone in early July 2015.[429]
About 2,620 units were sold in the U.S. during 2012 out of 2,650 units delivered in North America.[273][301] California is the largest American regional market for the Model S.[387] In March 2013, Tesla reported the delivery of the 3,000th Model S in California, representing around 50% of US sales to that date.[430][431] During the first quarter of 2013 the Model S ranked as the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the U.S. with about 4,900 units delivered, followed by the Chevrolet Volt with 4,244 units.[282][432][433] During 2013, the Model S was called as the least stolen car in the United States by the Value Walk financial website, with a theft rate of 0.15 per 1,000 units produced. By comparison, the U.S. average is 3.51 cars stolen per 1,000 produced.[434]
According to Edmunds.com, between January and August 2013 the Model S achieved a high market share of new car sales among the U.S. most expensive ZIP codes, as rated by Forbes, led by California. Atherton ranked first with a 15.4% share, followed by Los Altos Hills with 11.9%, and Portola Valley with 11.2%. During this period the Model S had the highest number of new passenger car registrations in 8 of the 25 most expensive American ZIP codes.[435] With 8,347 units sold in 2013, it was the third-best selling luxury car in California (after the Mercedes-Benz E-Class and BMW 5 Series sedans),[436] with a 9.8% share of the Californian luxury and sports segment.[437] As of November 2013[update], the Model S was available nationwide, with California having 48% share U.S. sales.[438]
American sales totaled about 18,650 units in 2013,[439][440] placing the Model S as the third selling plug-in electric car after the Chevrolet Volt (23,094) and the Nissan Leaf (22,610).[301] Also in 2013, the Model S was the top seller in the full-size luxury sedan category, ahead of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class at 13,303.[439] In 2014, 16,689 Model S sedans were delivered, down 10.5% from 2013, but the electric sedan ranked again as the third best selling plug-in car in the U.S.[278][440]
In 2015 the Model S ranked as the top selling plug-in electric car in the U.S, with 25,202 delivered, surpassing both the Leaf (17,296) and the Volt (15,393).[278][441][442] The Model S was also the country's best-selling car in the large luxury segment among comparably priced four-door sedans, ahead of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (21,934) and BMW 7 Series (9,292).[278] Registrations in California totaled 10,723 units in 2015, representing a 12.1% market share of the state's luxury and sports segment, making the Model S the third best selling car in the segment after the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (12,324) and BMW 5 Series (11,133).[443] By the end of 2015, cumulative sales in the American market represented almost 60% of Model S global sales since its introduction.[300]
Tesla reported 9,156 units sold nationwide in the third quarter of 2016, up 59% from the same quarter in 2015, allowing the Model S to lead national sales in the large luxury car segments, representing almost a third of the segment sales, and ahead of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (4,921) and the BMW 7 Series (3,634).[444] The Model S was the top selling plug-in electric in the American market for the second year in a row with an estimated 29,156 units delivered in 2016.[30] Registrations in California totaled 11,326 units in 2016, representing a 14.1% market share of the state's luxury and sports segment, making the Model S the second best selling car in the segment after the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (11,684) and ahead of the BMW 5 Series (10,551).[445] According to Wards's Auto, the Model S topped the American upper luxury segment in 2016, followed by the Mercedes S-Class (18,803) and the BMW 7-Series (12,918).[446] An estimated 92,317 Model S cars have been sold in the United States up until December 2016,[30] representing about 57% of Model S global sales through November 2016.[54]
Model S sales in the American market passed the 100,000th unit mark in early June 2016, achieving this milestone in less time since inception than both the Chevrolet Volt and the Nissan Leaf.[447][448] A total of 11,813 Model S were sold in California in 2017, representing of 16.0% of the state's luxury and sports segment, ranking second after the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (12,326).[449] Among all-electric models sold in California in 2017, the Model S listed second after the Chevrolet Bolt (13,487).[450] An estimated 26,500 Model S cars were sold in the U.S. in 2017, down 9.1% year-on-year,[321] but allowing the Model S to end 2017 as the best selling plug-in car in the American market for the third consecutive year.[25] California registrations represented 44.6% of national sales.[321][449] Cumulative sales since inception totaled an estimated 118,817 units through December 2017.[30][321]
- Owners profile
Owners of the Model S are overwhelmingly male and over 45 years old.[451]
- Retail sales model disputes
Tesla sells its cars directly to consumers without creating a dealer network, as other manufacturers have done and as many states require by legislation. In support of its approach, the company has fought legal and legislative battles in Ohio, New Jersey, New York and other states.[452][453] With law changes in recent years in New Jersey, New York, Maryland, Ohio, and Pennsylvania the Tesla direct sales model is permitted in 22 states as of March 2015.[454][455] As of May 2015[update] the sales procedure in other states such as Texas is somewhat different with the Tesla salesperson being prevented from discussing prices, the actual sale having to be made online and the sales tax having to be paid up front. Delivery of a Tesla car to a Texas address is no different than in other states.[456] Consequently, while Tesla showcases and sells its cars directly to the consumer in Tesla Stores abroad, it operates a mix of Tesla Stores and Tesla Galleries in the US.[457]
Seguridad
Safety features
External video | |
---|---|
NHTSA Frontal crash test on YouTube | |
NHTSA Side crash test on YouTube | |
NHTSA Pole crash test on YouTube | |
Euro NCAP crash test on YouTube | |
Tesla EV Safety Training for rescuers on YouTube |
In 2014, the Model S has a 5-star safety rating from both Euro NCAP and the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).[458][459] At that time, only two other cars had earned the same recognition since 2011 (when the NHTSA introduced its latest rating scheme).[460]
NHTSA[461] | Euro NCAP[462] | IIHS[463][464] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Overall | Small overlap | Acceptable | ||
Frontal, driver | Adult occupant | 31 pts / 82% | Moderate overlap frontal offset | Good | |
Frontal, passenger | Child occupant | 38 pts / 77% | Side impact | Good | |
Side, driver | Pedestrian | 24 pts / 66% | Roof strength | Good | |
Side, passenger | Driver assist | 9 pts / 71% | Roof strength (P100D) | Acceptable | |
Side pole, driver | Headlights | Poor | |||
Rollover | / 5.7% |
However, in July 2017, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) found that during front crash tests, the Model S safety belts let the driver's torso move too far forward, resulting in the head striking the steering wheel hard through the airbag. This problem was already pointed out in one of the IIHS's earliers tests, to which Tesla responded they would improve their safety belt design, which, according to the IIHS's latest tests, has not been done. The IIHS also gave the Model S the worst possible rating for its headlights.[465] The report caused Tesla to lose 6.4% of its stock value.[464]
First crash with battery fire
The first widely reported Model S fire occurred several minutes after the vehicle hit metal debris on the Washington State Route 167 highway in Kent, Washington on October 1, 2013.[466] The driver "was able to exit the highway as instructed by the onboard alert system, bring the car to a stop and depart the vehicle without injury".[467] He then contacted authorities and, while awaiting their arrival, smoke began coming out the front of the vehicle. The driver stated that he hit something while exiting the HOV lane.[466][468][469] Tesla stated that the fire was caused by the "direct impact of a large metallic object to one of the 16 battery modules", and that by design, the modules were separated by firewalls, limiting the fire to "a small section in the front of the vehicle".[466]
The module was evidently punctured by a "curved section" that fell off a truck and was recovered near the accident. Tesla stated that the debris punched a 3-inch (76 mm) diameter hole through the .25-inch (6.4 mm) armor plate under the vehicle, applying force of some 25 tons. Built-in vents directed the flames away from the vehicle so that the fire did not enter the passenger compartment. According to Tesla, the firefighters followed standard procedure; using large amounts of water to extinguish the fire was correct,[470] however, puncturing the metal firewall to gain access to the fire also allowed the flames to spread to the front trunk.[467] Tesla also stated that because the battery pack contains "only about 10% of the energy contained in a gasoline tank", the effective combustion potential of a single module is only about 1% that of a conventional vehicle.[467]
On October 24, 2013, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) announced, "After reviewing all available data, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has not found evidence at this time that would indicate the recent battery fire involving a Tesla Model S was the result of a vehicle safety defect or noncompliance with federal safety standards."[471] But the following month, the NHTSA opened a preliminary evaluation to determine "the potential risks associated with undercarriage strikes on model year 2013 Tesla Model S vehicles".[472][473] On March 28, 2014, NHTSA closed its investigation, claiming that the new titanium underbody shield and aluminum deflector plates, along with increased ground clearance, "should reduce both the frequency of underbody strikes and the resultant fire risk".[474]
Subsequent fires
On November 6, 2013, another fire broke out after a Model S struck a tow hitch on the roadway, causing damage beneath the vehicle.[475] The incidents led Tesla to extend its vehicle warranty to cover fire damage and to apply a software update to increase ground clearance when operating at highway speed.[472][476]
Another fire incident took place in Toronto, Canada, in early February 2014. The Model S was parked in a garage and was not charging when the fire started. The origin of the fire is undetermined.[477] According to Tesla "in this particular case, we don't yet know the precise cause, but have definitively determined that it did not originate in the battery, the charging system, the adapter or the electrical receptacle, as these components were untouched by the fire".[478]
Starting with vehicle bodies manufactured as of 6 March 2014[update], all units were outfitted with a triple underbody shield. Existing cars were retrofitted upon request or as part of a normally scheduled service.[479][480]
On January 1, 2016, a 2014 Model S caught fire while supercharging unsupervised in Brokelandsheia, Norway. The vehicle was destroyed but nobody was injured.[481][482][483] The fire was slow, and the owner had time to unplug the car and retrieve possessions.[484] An investigation by the Norwegian Accident Investigation Board (AIBN) indicated that the fire originated in the car, but was otherwise inconclusive.[485] In March 2016, Tesla stated that their own investigation into the incident concluded that the fire was caused by a short circuit in the vehicle's distribution box, but that the amount of damage prevented them from determining the exact cause.[484] Tesla stated that the Supercharger detected the short circuit and deactivated, and a future Model S software update would stop the vehicle from charging if a short circuit is detected.[486]
The National Transport Safety Board (NTSB) has stated that the Tesla’s electric cars are not more prone to fires than other vehicles on the road today.[487]
NHTSA safest car
On August 19, 2013, based on NHTSA safety ratings, a Tesla press release claimed that the Model S had achieved the best safety rating of any car ever tested. Tesla stated, "NHTSA does not publish a star rating above 5, however safety levels better than 5 stars are captured in the overall Vehicle Safety Score (VSS) provided to manufacturers, where the Model S achieved a new combined record of 5.4 stars."[488][489][490][491][492] However, a few days later NHTSA rebutted Tesla's claim, explaining that the rating for the Model S was equal to any other car receiving 5-stars, and claiming that the carmaker did not follow its advertising guidelines.[493][494][495]
Recalls
As of April 2018[update], Tesla has had six recalls for the Model S:[496][497]
- On June 14, 2013, Tesla issued a recall to all Model S vehicles manufactured between May 10, 2013, and June 8, 2013, due to improper methods for aligning the left hand seat back striker to the bracket, which could weaken the weld between the bracket and frame of the car.[498]
- On January 13, 2014, Tesla recalled Model S vehicles manufactured in 2013, because the adapter, cord, or wall outlet could overheat during charging.[499]
- On November 20, 2015, Tesla announced a voluntary worldwide recall of all of its 90,000 Model S vehicles, in order to check for a possible defect in the cars' front seat belt assemblies. The problem was raised in early November by one customer in Europe. Tesla's resulting investigation was unable to identify a root cause for the failure, and the company decided to examine every single car. Tesla reported that there have been no accidents or injuries related to the problem.[500][501]
- On January 20, 2017, Tesla recalled Model S from 2012 in January 2017 due to defective Takata airbags. Cars manufactured later (until 2017) have smaller risk, and may also be recalled.[502]
- On April 20, 2017, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 53,000 (~70%) of the 76,000 Model S and Model X vehicles it sold in 2016 due to faulty parking brakes.[503][504]
- On March 30, 2018, all 123,000 Model S cars manufactured before April 2016 were recalled due to excessive corrosion of the bolts which secure the power steering, particularly those cars used in cold countries where roads are salted.[497]
Reconocimiento
Awards
- 2013 AutoGuide.com Reader's Choice Car of the Year[505]
- 2013 World Green Car of the Year.[506]
- Automobile Magazine's 2013 Car of the Year, a unanimous decision.[507]
- CNET Tech Car of the Year for 2012[508]
- Consumer Reports gave the Model S a score of 103 out of 100, its highest ever. The Model S broke the rating scale of Consumer Reports during its most recent test.[509]
- Consumer Reports' 2013 survey of owner satisfaction produced a score of 99 out of 100, "the highest the magazine has seen in years."[510] In 2014 the Model S topped for the second year in a row Consumer Reports survey of owner satisfaction. This time the Model S had a score of 98 out of 100.[511]
- Consumer Reports found the Model S to be 'Best Overall' for 2014 across all 10 categories of cars, light trucks and SUVs, chosen from more than 260 vehicles the organization has recently tested. The magazine considers the Model S a "technological tour de force, while pricey, is brimming with innovation."[512] In 2015 they rated the Model S at 103 (breaking the scale).[513][514]
- Green Car Reports' Best Car To Buy 2013[515]
- Hagerty Greatest Car of the Decade (2010s)[516]
- Motor Trend 2013 Car of the Year, also a unanimous decision and the first winner in the award's history to not be powered by an internal combustion engine.[517] In 2019, Motor Trend selected it as the ultimate car of the year over the last 70 years.[35]
- Natural Resources Canada 2013 EcoENERGY for Vehicles Awards in the full-size category[518]
- Popular Science's Auto Grand Award Winner Best of What's New list 2012.[519]
- The Telegraph included the Model S in its list of the top 10 cars that changed the world published in December 2014, and also named the electric sedan the most important car of the last 20 years.[520][521]
- Time Magazine Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012 award.[522] In 2019, the model S was included in the Time Magazine list of best gadgets of the 2010s.[523]
- Yahoo! Autos 2013 Car of the Year.[524]
- American Automobile Association Green Car Guide 2015, top spot (P85D).[525] The Model S also won the 2014 AAA Green Car Guide.[526]
- 2019 Green Car Reports Car of the Decade.[527]
Distance records
A distance record of 670 mi (1,080 km) in a P100D was set on August 5, 2017, by Italian drivers, making the Model S the first production electric car to exceed 620 mi (1,000 km) on a single charge.[528] Previously the record of 560 miles (901.2 km) in a P100D was set on June 20, 2017, by Belgian drivers.[529] Before that the distance record was 452.8 miles (728.7 km) in a Model S. It was made by Norwegian Bjørn Nyland and Morgan Tørvolt on a flat stretch with low traffic around the supercharger in Rødekro, Denmark. All of these records used hypermiling techniques such as front motor only, low speed 24 mph (39 km/h), no air conditioning and minimal use of the brakes.[530][531] The first record of 423.5 miles (681.6 km) was set during November 2012 by David and Adam Metcalf.[532][533] These attempts were inspired by a blog written by Elon Musk about the planned range and efficiency of the Tesla Model S, offering a prize for anyone exceeding 400 miles (643.7 km) on a single charge, where it was estimated the 85 kWh model could do it by driving at a constant 36 mph (58 km/h) under ideal conditions.[534]
Lap records
In early September 2019, a prototype ("plaid" tri motor) Tesla Model S went faster than the official record for the fastest "four-door electric sports car" at the Laguna Seca Raceway, beating a previous time held by the Tesla Model 3 Performance.[535][536] Shortly after the release of the Porsche Taycan Turbo S, Tesla had booked exclusive testing time at the Nürburgring Nordschleife on September 18, 21, and 25, 2019.[537][538]
Controversias
Range limitation
On February 8, 2013, The New York Times published a review by John M. Broder about a trip between Washington, D.C., and Boston using Tesla's Supercharger network. At the time it included only two stations on the East Coast. Broder made a variety of critical claims about the battery's performance in cold weather and the distance between charging stations. The trip ended with the Model S carried by a flatbed truck to the Milford, Connecticut, station.[539]
Tesla responded by publishing logs of the vehicle's charge levels and driving speed that contradicted Broder's account on several factual details.[540] Tesla implied that Broder's behavior forced the car to fail. Broder replied to the criticism in a blog post and suggested that the speed discrepancies may have been because the car had been equipped with 19-inch wheels rather than the specified 21-inch wheels.[541] In the midst of the controversy, a CNN reporter recreated Broder's trip without exhausting the battery. However, two key differences distinguished the two journeys. The weather was about 10 °F (6 °C) warmer and CNN did the trip in one day; the Times let the car sit overnight without being plugged in.[542] A reporter from CNBC also recreated the trip in one day without incidents.[543] One week later, a group of Tesla owners recreated Broder's trip without problems. One owner was delayed because his car failed to charge and required two firmware updates.[544][545]
On February 18, 2013, The New York Times Public Editor Margaret Sullivan published an editorial stating that Broder took "casual and imprecise notes" of his test drive and did not use good judgment, but she maintained that the article was written in good faith. She also admitted that Broder's vehicle logs were "sometimes quite misleading."[546][547][548]
In July and September 2014 tests performed by an independent German car magazine in cooperation with the TÜV (German Association for Technical Inspection) and Tesla owners seemed to reveal issues with the battery's performance. According to the magazine, Tesla did not take up the invitation to repeat the test, and also seemed to refuse to offer vehicles for a second test.[549][550] A test performed by another German publication ("Die Welt") supported the findings.[551]
Production delay
In 2007, Tesla announced plans to build Model S sedans starting in 2009.[552] Production was delayed, and Tesla's website later stated that deliveries would start in 2011.[553] However, in January 2010, Musk stated that he expected to launch the Model S sedan "within two and a half years", translating to Q3 2012.[554]
Power dissipation when not in use
Older versions of the system software suffered from power drain issues when the car wasn't being used, with the batteries losing 4.5 kWh overnight (known commonly as "vampire drain").[555] System software v5.8 (v1.49.30), released December 12, 2013, reduced overnight energy loss substantially, to 1.1 kWh per night, or around 3 miles.[134]
Consumer Reports' recommendation
In October 2015, two months after naming the Tesla 'the best car ever tested,' Consumer Reports declined to give the Tesla Model S a "recommended" designation, citing too many complaints from owners. Complaints ranged from minor, such as misaligned doors and squeaky body, to severe – things like total drive train replacement and inoperable door handles. Tesla's shares dropped 15%, both because of the magazine's cut and because of concerns over the Tesla Model X luxury SUV.[49][556] Similarly, Edmunds.com found quality and safety issues in their long-term road test and "amassed quite the repair résumé during the last 17 months."[557] Both Edmunds and Consumer Reports reported issues, including the vehicle stalling while driving.[558]
In their 2016 Annual Auto Reliability Survey, Consumer Reports improved the Model S rating to average reliability, while reporting that the Model X has had significant malfunction issues. The magazine also raised "serious concerns about how some automakers, including Tesla, have designed, deployed, and marketed semi-autonomous technology."[50]
By 2017, in the Consumer Reports Car Reliability Survey, Tesla's position on the list had moved up four spots; the predicted reliability rating for Model S reached "above average" for the first time.[111]
In 2018 the annual consumer reports reliability survey found Tesla cars amongst the worst with the brand falling 6 spots from 2017 and third worst amongst the brands surveyed.[559][560] The Model S dropped "below average" in reliability with suspension problems and other issues that included the extending door handle.[560]
In 2019 the model S was given a Consumer Reports "recommended" designation[561] due to improved reliability, with the Model S being the second-most reliable out of four ultra-luxury cars tested.
Power discrepancy
The P85D "insane mode" was widely reported to have 691 horsepower,[562][563][564] but some owners reported 20% less power on the dynamometer in various circumstances.[565][566]
Manufacturers are required by EU law to display power "at full setting of the power controller" (from an external DC source when performing laboratory vehicle approval), but not necessarily to show power limited by battery. Other equipment must be removed, or their power added to the measurement.[104][567] Actual power available depends on circumstances,[104] as it does for piston cars[568] which until 1972 could be 25–30% less than given.[569][570]
As of November 2015[update], Tesla website showed battery-limited combined 345 kilowatts (463 hp) for P85D (397 kilowatts (532 hp) for "Ludicrous").[571][565] A lawsuit by 126 owners in Norway[572] was settled in December 2016.[573]
Power consumption
In early March 2016, a report by Stuff magazine revealed that test performed by VICOM, Ltd on behalf of Singapore's Land Transport Authority had found a 2014 Tesla Model S to be consuming 444 Wh/km (0.715 kW⋅h/mi),[574][575] which was greater than the 240 Wh/km (0.38 kW⋅h/mi) reported by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)[576] and the 181 Wh/km (0.291 kW⋅h/mi) reported by Tesla.[577] As a result, a carbon surcharge was imposed on the Model S, making Singapore the only country in the world to impose an environmental surcharge on a fully electric car.[578] The Land Transport Authority justified this by stating that it had to "account for CO
2 emissions during the electricity generation process" and therefore "a grid emission factor of 0.5 g/watt-hour was also applied to the electric energy consumption",[579] however Tesla countered that when the energy used to extract, refine, and distribute gasoline was taken into account, the Model S produces approximately one-third the CO
2 of an equivalent gasoline-powered vehicle.[577]
Later that month, the Land Transport Authority released a statement stating that they and the VICOM Emission Test Laboratory will be working with Tesla engineers to determine if there was a flaw in the test,[580] and a Tesla statement indicated that the discussions were "positive" and that they were confident of a quick resolution.[577]
Ver también
- Electric car use by country
- Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
- List of electric cars currently available
- List of fastest production cars by acceleration
- List of production cars by power output
- List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
- List of production battery electric vehicles
- List of Easter eggs in Tesla products
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- ^ a b "Tesla Q4 2016 Production and Deliveries". Tesla Motors (Press release). Palo Alto: Market Wired. January 3, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
Tesla delivered approximately 22,200 vehicles in Q4, of which 12,700 were Model S and 9,500 were Model X.
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- ^ Schmitt, Bertel (March 7, 2017). "The Tesla China Numbers That Elon Musk Won't Tell You". Forbes. Retrieved March 7, 2017. Norway was the largest Model S overseas market in 2015, and China ranked as Tesla's most important market behind the U.S. in 2016.
- ^ Cobb, Jeff (January 9, 2017). "Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's The Best-Selling Plug-in Car In History". HybridCars.com. Retrieved January 10, 2017. As of December 2016[update], the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales, the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500 vehicles sold.
- ^ "Tesla Q1 2017 Vehicle Production and Deliveries". Tesla Motors (Press release). Palo Alto: Market Wired. April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Tesla (NASDAQ: TSLA) delivered just over 25,000 vehicles in Q1, of which approx 13,450 were Model S and approx 11,550 were Model X.
- ^ "Update – Tesla Q2 2017 Vehicle Production and Deliveries". Tesla Motors (Press release). Palo Alto. July 7, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
Tesla (Nasdaq:TSLA) delivered just over 22,000 vehicles in Q2, of which just over 12,000 were Model S and just over 10,000 were Model X.
- ^ "Tesla Q3 2017 Vehicle Deliveries and Production". Tesla. October 4, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
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- ^ a b c d "Tesla Fourth Quarter 2018 Delivery". Palo Alto: Tesla. January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
- ^ a b Mark Kane (January 3, 2019). "U.S. Tesla Sales In December 2018 Up By 249%". Inside EVs. Retrieved January 28, 2019. Cumulative sales in the U.S. of the three Tesla models available in 2018 totaled 351,298 vehicles, consisting of 143,892 Model S cars, 141,546 Model 3 cars, and 65,852 Model X SUVs, all, since inception.
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- ^ Holter, Mikael (January 26, 2019). "Tesla doubles service staff in key Norway market to address customer frustration". Bloomberg. Automotive News Europe. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
The Nordic country has become the California-based carmaker’s third-biggest market.
- ^ a b Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2017). "Bilsalget i 2016" [Car sales in 2016] (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017. Tesla Model S registrations in Norway totaled 2,051 new units in 2016.
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- ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2, 2019). "Bilsalget i 2018" [Car sales in 2018] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
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- ^ "Verkoopstatistieken" [Sales Statistics] (PDF) (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. January 27, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 9, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015. Download the pdf file for detailed sales by model during 2014: "nieuwverkoop personenautos 201412 Archived 2015-02-01 at the Wayback Machine".
- ^ a b "Nieuwverkoop Personenautos Per Merk/Model" [New passenger cars sales by brand/model] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. January 2016. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2016. A total of 1,805 Model S cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2015".
- ^ a b "RAI BOVAG Persbericht Verkopen Personenauto's" [RAI BOVAG Press Release car sales] (PDF) (in Dutch). =RAI Vereniging. January 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017. A total of 1,693 Model S cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2016."
- ^ "Maandelijkse verkoopcijfers" [Monthly sales figures] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. January 22, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018. Download the XLS file "Personenauto's maandrapportage nieuwverkopen 2017" – A total of 2,051 Model S cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2017."
- ^ RAI Vereniging (January 7, 2019). "Maandelijkse verkoopcijfers" [Monthly sales figures] (in Dutch). RAI. Retrieved January 14, 2019. Download the XLS file "Personenauto's maandrapportage nieuwverkopen 2018" - A total of 1,613 i3 cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2018."
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- ^ a b "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Dezember 2016 nach Segmenten und Modellreihen" [New registrations of passenger cars in December 2016 by segments and models] (PDF) (in German). Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA). January 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017. A total of 1,474 Model S cars were registered in Germany in 2016.
- ^ Bekker, Henk (January 9, 2018). "2017 (Full Year) Germany: Best-Selling Electric Car Brands and Models". best-selling-cars.com. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
- ^ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (January 2019). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2018 (FZ 11) (xlsx, 75 KB, Datei ist nicht barrierefrei)" [New registrations of passenger cars by segments and models in December 2018] (in German). KBA. Retrieved January 14, 2019. Click on the link Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Marken und Modellreihen im Dezember 2018 (FZ 11) (xlsx, 75 KB, Datei ist nicht barrierefrei) to download the file with registrations figures by model.
- ^ "Plug-in grant eligible vehicles licensed (at the end of Q3 2017)". UK: RAC Foundation. January 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018. This figure corresponds to eligible vehicles for the plug-in car and van grant schemes as licensed in the UK at the end of Q2 2017 (not cumulative sales).
- ^ "Plug-in grant eligible vehicles licensed (at the end of Q1 2016)". UK: RAC Foundation. Retrieved June 7, 2016. Figures correspond to the number of vehicles registered at the end of the corresponding quarter.
- ^ Lilly, Chris (September 17, 2015). "Outlander PHEV tops ultra-low emission league table as plug-in sales soar". Next Green Car. Retrieved September 24, 2015. A total of 1,047 Model S cars were registered in the UK at the end of June 2015.
- ^ a b "Plug-in grant eligible vehicles licensed (at the end of Q3 2016)". UK: RAC Foundation. March 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017. A total of 3,907 Model S cars were registered in the UK at the end of September 2016.
- ^ a b c "Autoverkäufe nach Modellen – Modellstatistik" [Passenger cars by model – Statistics by model] (in German). Auto Schweiz Suisse. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2018. Under "Modellstatistik Januar - Dezember 2017" download the xls file for 2017 sales, under "Modellstatistiken 2011–2016" download the xls file "ModellePW2016" for 2016 sales, click "2015 Statistik" to download the file "ModellePW2015" with sales by model for 2015, "2014 Statistik" to download the file "ModellePW2014" with sales by model for 2014, and "2013 Statistik" to download the file "ModellePW2013" with sales by model for 2013.
- ^ a b c "Statistik – Nyregistreringstal – Personbiler – Pr.model: januar–juni 2016" [Statistics – Passenger cars by model: January–June 2015] (in Danish). Bilimp. July 2016. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2016. "Select "2015 or 2014 or 2013 – Hele året" for the corresponding year and click on "Pr. model" for details of sales by brand and model.
- ^ a b "Bilsalget i december samt hele 2016" [Car sales in December and throughout 2016] (in Danish). Bilimp. January 3, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017. Download the file "12-2016.xls" and click on the tab "Pressemeddelelse"
- ^ "ÅRETS BILSALG 2017" [Car sales 2017] (in Danish). Bilimp. January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018. Download the file "12-2017.xls" and click on the tab "Pressemeddelelse"
- ^ "Topplistan december 2014 (def)" [Highscore in December 2014 (definitely)] (PDF) (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. January 6, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
- ^ "Nyregistreringar december 2016 def" [New Registrations December 2015 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. January 4, 2016. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016. Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" See table: Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar December 2015
- ^ "Nyregistrerade miljöbilar december 2016 (def)" [New Registrations Super Green car December 2016 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. January 4, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Download the file "Nyregistrerade miljöbilar december 2016 (def)".
- ^ "Definitiva nyregistreringar under 2017" [Definitive new registrations in 2017] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018. Download the pdf file "PressRel1712_DEF.pdf" See table: "Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2017"
- ^ Bil Sweden (January 7, 2019). "Nyregistreringar december 2018 (def)" [Definitive new registrations December 2018 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved January 20, 2018. Download the pdf file "PressRel1812_DEF.pdf" See table: "Nyregistrerade laddbara personbilar december 2018"
- ^ Torregrossa, Michaël (January 15, 2014). "Tesla Model S – Plus de 22.000 ventes dans le monde en 2013" [Tesla Model S – More than 22,000 sales worldwide in 2013] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved February 12, 2015. A total of 15 units were registered in France in 2013.
- ^ "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en France" [Sales figures & electric car registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre. January 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017. See "Ventes de voitures électriques" in 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013. It shows all-electric car registrations between 2010 and 2016. A total of 785 Model S cars were registered in 2016, 708 in 2015 and 328 in 2014.
- ^ "Près de 31 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en France en 2017 !" [Nearly 31,000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2017!] (in French). France: France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE. January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
- ^ France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (January 9, 2019). "Baromètre annuel : près de 40 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en France en 2018 !" [Annual barometer: nearly 40,000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2018!] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
- ^ Pontes, Jose (January 18, 2014). "Belgium December 2013". EV Sales. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
- ^ "Immatriculations de Voitures Neuves Par Marque – December 2015" [New Car Registrations per Brand – December 2015] (PDF) (in French). Fédération Belge De L´Autombile Et Du Cycle (FEBIAC). January 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016. See in the left side cumulative sales for 2015 (820) and 2014 (521).
- ^ Pontes, Jose (January 24, 2017). "Belgium December 2016". EV Sales. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- ^ Pontes, Jose (January 4, 2018). "Belgium December 2017". EV Sales. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- ^ Jose Pontes (January 4, 2019). "Belgium December 2018". EV Sales. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
- ^ a b Soo, Zen (January 25, 2016). "With Tesla's Model S now Hong Kong's top-selling sedan, chief Elon Musk predicts city to become world leader in electric vehicles". South China Morning Post. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
- ^ "Bundesländer-Statistik – Dezember 2015" [Federal Statistics – December 2015] (in German). Myampera.wordpress.com. August 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016. Click on the tables by model by year.
- ^ "Neuzulassungen nach Jahren" [Registrations by year] (in German). Statistik Austria. January 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015. Download the pdf file "Kfz-Neuzulassungen Jänner bis Dezember 2014" for Tesla's monthly sales during 2014.
- ^ "BEV Overview table – Austria". European Alternative Fuels Observatory. March 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Filter by country Austria.
- ^ Pontes, Jose (January 17, 2018). "Austria December 2017". EV Sales. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- ^ Gasnier, Mat (January 12, 2016). "Australia Full Year 2015: Mazda first full importer to #2 in record market". Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved January 18, 2016. Model S deliveries estimated at 1,250 units in 2015.
- ^ David McCowen (May 26, 2015). "Why the Tesla is Australia's best-selling electric car". Drive. Retrieved January 18, 2016. There were 65 Tesla Model S registered in New South Wales at the end of 2014, and 4 in Victoria.
- ^ "BEV Overview table - Italy". European Alternative Fuels Observatory. March 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Filter by country Italy.
- ^ Luca Moroni (January 6, 2018). "Dados para a venda de carros elétricos na Itália em dezembro de 2017" [Electric car salles data in Italy in December 2017] (in Italian). Green Start. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- ^ "Tesla CHAdeMO Adapter". Archived from the original on April 7, 2017.
- ^ Philippe Crowe (December 9, 2014). "Tesla Officially Open For Business in Australia". HybridCars.com. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
- ^ Eric Loveday (December 10, 2014). "Tesla Model S Launches in Australia; First Australian Supercharger Comes Online". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
- ^ a b David McCowen (May 26, 2015). "Why the Tesla is Australia's best-selling electric car". Drive. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
- ^ Ucilia Wang (November 5, 2013). "Tesla Makes Record Delivery of Model S, Promises A 'Pioneering Approach' To Servicing Its Cars". Forbes. Retrieved November 5, 2013. Over 5,500 units delivered during 3Q 2013.
- ^ Eric Loveday (January 23, 2014). "Tesla Model S 85 kWh 'Fairly Priced' From $121,000 in China". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
- ^ Alan Ohnsman (July 30, 2014). "Tesla Seen Reporting Record Deliveries on China Expansion". Bloomberg News. Retrieved July 31, 2014. Sales in China up to June 2014 are estimated at about 1,000 units by Barclays analysts.
- ^ Michelle Jones (July 9, 2014). "Tesla Motors' Q2 Delivery Guidance Hinges on China". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved July 31, 2014. Based on several sources Chinese sales are estimated between 1,000 to 1,300 units through June 2014
- ^ a b Charles Fleming (September 26, 2014). "Are Teslas disappearing in China?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 16, 2014. Estimates by JLWarren Capital.
- ^ Sarita Pereira (October 16, 2014). "Tesla Motors: The Road To China Is Getting Harder". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
- ^ Angelo Young (March 16, 2015). "Tesla Motors Inc in China: Hundreds Of Model S Cars Sent To China Are Unsold, According To 'Insiders'". International Business Times. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
CEO Elon Musk has admitted the Model S isn't selling as well as expected.
- ^ Staff (August 6, 2015). "Tesla sells well in China but Q2 report indicates losses". Greentech Leaf. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
- ^ Xiang, Nina (December 9, 2016). "After Three Years In China: What Are Tesla's Hits And Misses?". China Money Network. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
- ^ Zen Soo (July 2, 2015). "Hong Kong now has highest density of Tesla superchargers in the world". South China Morning Post. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
- ^ Lambert, Fred (September 5, 2016). "Tesla has 80% market share of Hong Kong's growing electric vehicle market, German automakers are not happy". Electrek. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ^ a b Angelo Young (September 2, 2014). "Tesla Motors' Tesla Model S Is Outselling Nissan Leaf in Northern European Markets". International Business Times. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
- ^ a b Neil Winton (February 6, 2014). "Electric Car Sales in Western Europe Spurt, But From Miniscule Base". Forbes. Retrieved February 16, 2014. Sales figures based on Automotive Industry Data (AID). About 3,900 Tesla Model S cars were sold in Europe in 2013..
- ^ Pontes, Jose (January 26, 2014). "Europe December 2013". EVSales.com. Retrieved February 16, 2014. The Tesla Model S ranked as the third best selling all-electric passenger car and as the seventh among highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles..
- ^ a b c "Nissan LEAF is the best-selling electric car in Europe for fourth year in a row" (Press release). Rolle, Switzerland: Nissan Europe. January 19, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
- ^ Jeremy Bennett (October 17, 2014). "New cars: Europe's recovery continues – JATO". Automotive Management online. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
- ^ a b Association Nationale pour le Développement de la Mobilité Electrique (March 24, 2016). "Quelle est la place de la France sur le marché européen du véhicule électrique ?" [What is the place of France in the European electric vehicle market] (in French). AVERE France. Retrieved March 27, 2016. A total of 97,687 all-electric vehicles were registered in the European market in 2015. The top selling electric cars were the Renault Zoe (18,727), the Tesla Model S (15,515), and the Nissan Leaf (15,455).
- ^ Automotive Industry Data (AID) (April 1, 2016). "Tesla's Model S outsold Mercedes S-Class in Europe last year". AID Newsletter. Retrieved April 7, 2016. During 2015 Tesla Models S sales in Western Europe totaled 15,787 units, while Mercedes-Benz S-Class sales totaled 14,990 units.
- ^ Kreč, Luboš; Skoupá, Adéla (April 10, 2015). "Drahým autům se v Česku daří. Lamborghini chce prodávat 15 vozů ročně" [Expensive cars in the Czech Republic. Lamborghini wants to sell 15 cars a year]. Hospodářské noviny (in Czech). Retrieved April 13, 2015.
- ^ Eric Loveday (October 9, 2013). "Tesla Model S Soars to Top of EV Sales Chart in Denmark". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
- ^ Kurt Hedevang (February 11, 2014). "Tesla spurter fra luksusbilerne" (in Danish). Jyllandsposten. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
- ^ "RTT med Cleardrive og TaxiNord 4×48 til test af Tesla Model S Archived 2015-04-13 at the Wayback Machine" 25. 07. 2012
- ^ Larsen, Lars-Bo (August 16, 2014). "Forsøg med eltaxa stopper" [Trial ends for electric taxi]. Politiken. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
- ^ Graubæk, Allan (October 10, 2014). "Ny Tesla får brugt-salget til at eksplodere" [New Tesla makes second-hand sale explode]. Politiken. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
- ^ Rydberg, Anders Vestergaard; Baunsgaard, Casper (June 2016). "Assessment of the Danish Car Market - With Emphasis on Consumer Behaviour" (PDF). Aarhus University, School of Business and Social Sciences. pp. 8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
- ^ Lambert, Fred (August 10, 2016). "Tesla victim of its own success in Denmark: 2 to 3 months wait for service, some owners are furious". Electrek. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
- ^ "Tesla eyes annual sales of 10,000 cars in Germany, Musk says". Automotive News Europe. Reuters. October 26, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
- ^ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (December 2015). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im November 2015" [New registrations of passenger cars by segments and models in November 2015] (PDF) (in German). KBA. Retrieved December 16, 2015.[dead link] A total of 1,348 Model S sedans were registered in Germany between January and November 2015.
- ^ RAI (May 2014). "Nieuwverkoop Per Merk/Model" [New Sales By Brand / Model] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
- ^ Schiphol Group press release (April 9, 2014). "Schiphol kiest voor duurzaam taxivervoer: Tesla" [Schiphol chooses sustainable taxi: Tesla] (in Dutch). Groen7.nl. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
- ^ Cobb, Jeff (November 17, 2016). "The Netherlands Becomes Sixth Country To Buy 100,000 Plug-in Vehicles". HybridCars.com. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
- ^ "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer – Top 5 geregistreerde modellen plug-in hybride elektrische auto – Top 10 geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische auto" [Figures electric transport – Top 5 registered plug-in hybrids – Top 10 registered fully electric vehicle models]. Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Dutch National Office for Enterprising - (in Dutch). BovagWebsite. January 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017. With a total of 25,984 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs registered by the end of December 2016, the plug-in hybrid is the all-time top registered plug-in electric vehicle in the Netherlands. The Tesla Model S is the best selling all-electric car with 6,049 units registered.
- ^ Antony Ingram (August 7, 2013). "First 2013 Tesla Model S Delivered Outside North America – In Oslo". Green Car Reports. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
- ^ Kane, Mark (August 30, 2013). "First Six Tesla Supercharger Stations Up And Runing(sic) in Norway; ~ 120 kW of Power". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
- ^ "Rekordsalg av elbiler i august" [Record sales of electric cars in August] (in Norwegian). Grønn bil. September 2, 2013. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
- ^ "Tesla's $110,000 Model S is now Norway's best-selling car". The Globe and Mail. Reuters. October 9, 2013. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
- ^ Eric Loveday (October 9, 2013). "Norwegians Buying "Used" Tesla Model S Sedans at Prices Higher Than New to Avoid 5-Month Wait". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
- ^ "Nissan Leaf tops Norway Oct. car sales, beats Toyota Auris, VW Golf". Automotive News Europe. Reuters. November 1, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
- ^ OFV (December 2, 2013). "Bilsalget i november OFV AS" [Car sales in August] (in Norwegian). Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken (OFV). Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
- ^ Mat Gasnier (January 5, 2014). "Norway Full Year 2013: VW Golf No. 1, Nissan Leaf on podium!". Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
- ^ Angelo Young (December 13, 2013). "Tesla Owners in Norway Get $134,000 Tax Break, Which Is More Than The Base Price of the Model S". International Business Times. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
- ^ a b Ståle Frydenlund (April 2, 2014). "Tesla knuste 28 år gammel rekord" [Tesla broke 28-year-old record] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Archived from the original on April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
- ^ John D. Stoll (April 2, 2014). "Tesla Breaks Norway's All-Time Sales Record". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
- ^ Staff (April 2, 2014). "Elbilsalget i mars slo alle rekorder" [Electric vehicle sales in March broke all records] (in Norwegian). Grønn bil. Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
- ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (April 2014). "Bilsalget i mars" [Car sales in March] (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014. A total of 36,492 new passenger cars were registered in Norway during the first quarter of 2014. The Model S ranks first with 2,056 units and a market share of 5.6%, followed by the VW Golf with 1,577 (4.3%) and the Nissan Leaf with 1,559 (4.3%)
- ^ Lambert, Fred (July 5, 2016). "Tesla Model S deliveries down 52% in Norway during the second quarter". Retrieved July 8, 2017.
- ^ Pontes, Jose (January 18, 2015). "Switzerland December 2014". EVSales.com. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
- ^ Automotive Industry Data (AID) (August 25, 2015). "Switzerland's status-conscious rich dump conventional luxury saloons for Tesla's Green-Halo Model S". AID Newsletter. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
- ^ Natalie Middleton (June 26, 2015). "Outlander PHEV tops ultra-low emission league table as plug-in sales soar". Fleet World. Retrieved January 22, 2016. A total of 698 Model S sedans were registered in the UK through December 2014
- ^ Neil Thomason (January 21, 2015). "FleetPoint first impressions of the Tesla Model S". FleetPoint.org. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
- ^ Lambert, Fred (September 8, 2016). "UK becomes Tesla's biggest European market, surpassing even Norway – for the moment". Electrotek. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
- ^ Mark Kane (December 24, 2015). "Tesla Model S Now on Sale in Mexico". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved December 24, 2015. See more details in video (in Spanish).
- ^ John Voelcker (June 6, 2012). "First 2012 Tesla Model S Delivered To Earliest Depositor Steve Jurvetson (Video)". Green Car Reports. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
- ^ Cobb, Jeff (July 6, 2015). "Tesla Model S Crosses 50,000 U.S. Sales Milestone". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved July 6, 2015. A total of 49,720 Model S sedans had been sold in the U.S. through June 2015, of which, about 11,900 were sold during the first half of 2015. The 50,000 unit milestone was passed in early July 2015.
- ^ John Voelcker (March 22, 2013). "Tesla Model S Update: 3,000th Electric Sedan Delivered In CA". Green Car Reports. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
- ^ Jay Cole (March 22, 2013). "Tesla: Model S Production Now More Than 500 Per Week, Over 12 Million Total Miles Driven So Far". Inside EVs. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
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- ^ Jessica Caldwell (October 31, 2013). "Drive by Numbers – Tesla Model S is the vehicle of choice in many of America's wealthiest zip codes". Edmunds.com. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
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- ^ a b Mark Rogowsky (January 16, 2014). "Tesla Sales Blow Past Competitors, But With Success Comes Scrutiny". Forbes. Retrieved January 17, 2014. About 18,000 units were sold in the U.S. in 2013.
- ^ a b Cobb, Jeff (January 6, 2015). "December 2014 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved January 10, 2015. A total of 16,550 Model S sedans were sold in the U.S. in 2014. See section "December 2014 Battery Electric Car Sales Numbers"
- ^ Cobb, Jeff (January 6, 2016). "December 2015 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
- ^ Cobb, Jeff (October 6, 2015). "Tesla Model S is America's Best-Selling Plug-in Car This Year". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
- ^ California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) (February 2016). "California New Vehicle Registrations Expected to Remain Above 2 Million Units in 2016" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016. Registrations through December 2015 since 2011. Revised figures for 2014.
- ^ Randall, Tom (October 12, 2016). "Tesla Dominates U.S. Luxury Sedan Sales". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
- ^ California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) (February 2017). "State New Vehicle Market Up Slightly in 2016; Similar Outlook for 2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2017. Registrations through December 2016 since 2012. Revised figures for 2015.
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- ^ Loveday, Eric (June 19, 2017). "Tesla Model S Sales Surpass 100,000 in U.S." InsideEVs.com. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
- ^ Loveday, Eric (June 23, 2017). "Tesla Model S Sales Hit 100,000 In U.S. Quicker Than Chevy Volt, Nissan LEAF". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
- ^ a b California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) (February 2018). "New Vehicle Registrations in State Predicted to Exceed 2 Million Units Again in 2018" (PDF). CNCDA. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
- ^ Baker, David R. (February 28, 2018). "Top-selling electric car in California is not a Tesla". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
- ^ Mosendz, Polly (July 13, 2016). "What Happens When You Die Waiting for a Tesla?". Bloomberg. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
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- ^ Voelcker, John (June 21, 2013). "New York Auto Dealers Try To Make Registering Tesla Stores Illegal". Green Car Reports. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
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- ^ a b c Christopher Jensen (October 2, 2013). "Tesla Says Car Fire Started in Battery". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
- ^ a b c Steven Russolillo (October 4, 2013). "Musk Explains Why Tesla Model S Caught on Fire". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
- ^ Phillipe Crowe (October 4, 2013). "Tesla Model S Catches Fire". HybridCars.com. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
- ^ Voelcker, John (October 3, 2013). "First Tesla Model S Fire Caused By Collision With Road Debris". Green Car Reports. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
- ^ 2012–2013 Model S Emergency Response Guide (PDF). Tesla Motors. 2013. p. 18. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
If the high voltage battery becomes involved in fire or is bent, twisted, damaged, or breached in any way, or if you suspect that the battery is heating, use large amounts of water to cool the battery. DO NOT extinguish fire with a small amount of water. Always establish or request an additional water supply.
- ^ David Shepardson (October 24, 2013). "U.S. will not open investigation into Tesla fire". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
- ^ a b Bill Vlasic and Jaclyn Trop (November 19, 2013). "After 3 Fires, Safety Agency Opens Inquiry into Tesla Model S". The New York Times. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
- ^ Eric Loveday (November 19, 2013). "NHTSA Opens Formal Investigation into 13,108 Model Year 2013 Tesla Model S Sedans Sold in US (Update)". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
- ^ Danielle Ivory (March 28, 2014). "Federal Safety Agency Ends Its Investigation of Tesla Fires". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
- ^ Trop, Jaclyn (November 7, 2013). "Another Fire Raises Questions for Tesla". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
- ^ Voelcker, John (November 19, 2013). "Tesla Fires: NHTSA Will Probe, Warranty To Cover Fire Damage, Ride-Height Tweak". Green Car Reports. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
- ^ Lopez, Linette (February 13, 2014). "Another Tesla Caught on Fire While Sitting in a Toronto Garage This Month". Business Insider. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
- ^ Ohnsman, Alan (February 14, 2014). "Tesla Investigating Cause of Fire in Toronto With Model S". Bloomberg News. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
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Otras lecturas
- van Gilluwe, Frank (2013). Tesla Model S - Best Car Ever! (1st. ed.). FAQware. ISBN 978-0-9860689-0-4.
See book review: "Tesla Model S Best Car Ever!" is the Book All Model S Owners Should Own (Book Review)". InsideEVs. December 13, 2013. - Howe, Nick J. (2014). Owning Model S: The Definitive Guide to Buying and Owning the Tesla Model S (1st. ed.).
See book review: "Owning A Tesla Model S: New Book Offers Tips, Tricks, Inside Info (Book Review)". Green Car Reports. May 27, 2017.
enlaces externos
- Model S – official site at Tesla
- 2012 Tesla Model S test and range verification
- Comparison of the Model S against other PEVs available in the U.S., Business Insider
- Should Battery Fires Drive Electric Cars Off the Road?, Scientific American, November 12, 2013.
- Road test, Total Car Magazine
- Track test, Teslarati