El inglés australiano ( AusE , AusEng , AuE , AuEng , en-AU ) es el conjunto de variedades del idioma inglés nativo de Australia .
Inglés australiano | |
---|---|
Región | Australia |
Hablantes nativos | 16,5 millones en Australia (2012) [1] 3,5 millones de hablantes de inglés L2 en Australia (Crystal 2003) |
Familia de idiomas | |
Formas tempranas | |
Sistema de escritura | Latín (alfabeto inglés) Braille inglés unificado [2] |
Códigos de idioma | |
ISO 639-3 | - |
Glottolog | aust1314 |
IETF | en-AU[3][4] |
El inglés australiano es el idioma común del país y el idioma nacional de facto , aunque Australia nunca ha dictado legalmente un idioma oficial . El inglés es el primer idioma de la mayoría de la población , siendo el único idioma que se habla en el hogar para aproximadamente el 72,7% de los australianos . [5] También es el idioma principal utilizado en la educación obligatoria, así como en las legislaturas y tribunales federales, estatales y territoriales.
El inglés australiano comenzó a diferir del inglés británico e irlandés después de que la Primera Flota estableció la Colonia de Nueva Gales del Sur en 1788. El inglés australiano surgió de un 'crisol' dialectal creado por la mezcla de los primeros colonos que eran de una variedad de regiones dialectales de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda . [6] En la década de 1820, el discurso de los colonos nativos era reconociblemente distinto del de los hablantes de las islas británicas. [7]
El inglés australiano se diferencia de otras variedades de inglés en su fonología , pronunciación , léxico , modismo , gramática y ortografía . [8] El inglés australiano es relativamente consistente en todo el continente, sin embargo, abarca numerosas variedades regionales y socioculturales . "Australiano general" describe el dialecto estándar de facto que se percibe como libre de marcadores regionales o socioculturales pronunciados y que se utiliza a menudo en los medios de comunicación.
Historia
El inglés australiano más antiguo fue hablado por la primera generación de colonos nativos de la Colonia de Nueva Gales del Sur desde finales del siglo XVIII . Estos niños nacidos en el país estuvieron expuestos a una amplia gama de dialectos de todas las islas británicas . [9] El proceso de nivelación y koineización de dialectos que siguió produjo una nueva variedad relativamente homogénea de inglés que fue fácilmente entendida por todos. [6] El libro de Peter Miller Cunningham de 1827 Two Years in New South Wales describió el acento y el vocabulario distintivos que se habían desarrollado entre los colonos nativos. [9]
Los dialectos del sureste de Inglaterra , incluido el más notablemente el tradicional dialecto cockney de Londres , fueron particularmente influyentes en el desarrollo de la nueva variedad y constituyeron "la principal entrada de los diversos sonidos que se utilizaron para construir" el inglés australiano. [9] Todas las demás regiones de Inglaterra estuvieron representadas entre los primeros colonos. Una gran proporción de los primeros convictos y colonos eran de Irlanda y hablaban irlandés como única o primera lengua . A ellos se unieron otros hablantes no nativos de inglés de Escocia y Gales .
La primera fiebre del oro australiana en la década de 1850 inició una gran ola de inmigración , durante la cual aproximadamente el dos por ciento de la población del Reino Unido emigró a las colonias de Nueva Gales del Sur y Victoria . [10] La fiebre del oro trajo inmigrantes e influencias lingüísticas de muchas partes del mundo. Un ejemplo fue la introducción de vocabulario del inglés americano , incluidos algunos términos que luego se consideraron típicamente australianos, como bushwhacker y squatter . [11] Esta influencia estadounidense continuó con la popularidad de las películas estadounidenses de principios del siglo XX y la afluencia de personal militar estadounidense durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial ; visto en la perdurable persistencia de términos universalmente aceptados como okay y chicos . [12]
La publicación de Edward Ellis Morris 's Austral English: A Dictionary Of Australasian Words, Phrases And Usages en 1898, que catalogó extensamente el vocabulario del inglés australiano, inició una ola de interés académico y codificación durante el siglo XX que dio lugar a que el inglés australiano se estableciera como una variedad endonormativa con sus propias normas y estándares internos. Esto culminó en publicaciones como la primera edición de 1981 del Macquarie Dictionary , un importante diccionario del idioma inglés basado en el uso australiano, y la primera edición de 1988 del Australian National Dictionary , un diccionario histórico que documenta la historia del vocabulario y el idioma del inglés australiano.
Fonología y pronunciación
La forma más obvia en la que el inglés australiano se distingue de otras variedades de inglés es a través de su pronunciación única. Comparte la mayor similitud con el inglés de Nueva Zelanda . [13] Como la mayoría de los dialectos del inglés, se distingue principalmente por su fonología vocal . [14]
Vocales
![](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Australian_English_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Australian_English_vowel_chart.svg.png)
![](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Australian_English_diphthong_chart_-_part_1.svg/220px-Australian_English_diphthong_chart_-_part_1.svg.png)
![](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Australian_English_diphthong_chart_-_part_2.svg/220px-Australian_English_diphthong_chart_-_part_2.svg.png)
Las vocales del inglés australiano se pueden dividir según su longitud. Las vocales largas, que incluyen monoftongos y diptongos , corresponden principalmente a las vocales tensas utilizadas en los análisis de la pronunciación recibida (RP), así como a sus diptongos de centrado. Las vocales cortas, que consisten sólo en monoftongos, corresponden a las vocales laxas RP.
Existen pares de vocales largas y cortas con calidad de vocales superpuestas que otorgan una distinción de longitud fonémica del inglés australiano , que también está presente en algunos dialectos regionales del sureste del Reino Unido y dialectos de la costa este en los EE. [16] Un ejemplo de esta característica es la distinción entre ferry / ˈfeɹiː / y fairy / ˈfeːɹiː / .
Al igual que con el inglés neozelandés y el inglés americano general, la fusión de vocales débiles se completa en inglés australiano: la / ɪ / no acentuada se fusiona con / ə / ( schwa ), a menos que vaya seguida de una consonante velar. Ejemplos de esta característica son los siguientes emparejamientos, que se pronuncian de manera idéntica en inglés australiano: Rosa's y roses , así como Lennon y Lenin . Otros ejemplos son los siguientes pares, que riman en inglés australiano: abbott con conejo y cavarlo con intolerante .
La mayoría de las variedades de inglés australiano exhiben solo una división parcial del baño-trampa . Las palabras baño , hierba y no se pueden pronunciar siempre con el "largo" / ɑː / de padre . Por el contrario, a lo largo de la mayor parte del país, el "plano" AE / / del hombre es la pronunciación dominante para la una vocal en las siguientes palabras: baile , de avance , de plantas , de ejemplo y respuestas . La excepción es el estado de Australia Meridional , donde se ha producido una división más avanzada del baño-trampa, y donde la pronunciación dominante de todas las palabras anteriores incorpora el "largo" / ɑː / de padre .
monoftongos | diptongos | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
vocales cortas | Vocales largas | ||||
IPA | ejemplos | IPA | ejemplos | IPA | ejemplos |
ʊ | f oo t , h oo d , ch oo k | ʉː [nb 1] | g oo SE , b oo , wh o' d | ɪə | n oído , b oído d , h oído [nb 2] |
ɪ | k yo t , b i d , h i d , | iː [nb 3] | fl ee ce , be ea d , h ea t | æɔ | m ou º , b deba la d , h ow' d |
mi | dr e ss , l e d , h ea d | mi | squ are , b are d , h aire d | ɒʉ | g oa t , b o d e , h oe d |
ə | comm a , una pelea , wint er | ɜː | n ur se , b ir d , h ear d | ɐɪ | f a ce , b ai t , m a de |
æ | tr a p , l a d , h a d | æː | b a d, s a d, m a d | ɑɪ | pr i ce , b i TE , h i de |
ɐ | str u t , b u d , h u d | ɐː | st ar t , p al m , b a th [nb 4] | oɪ | ch oi ce , b oy , oi l |
ɔ | l o t , cl o th , h o t | oː | º ou lucha , n o º , f o ce | ||
|
Consonantes
Hay poca variación en los conjuntos de consonantes que se utilizan en los diferentes dialectos del inglés, pero hay variaciones en la forma en que se utilizan estas consonantes. El inglés australiano no es una excepción.
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | metro | norte | norte | |||||
Explosiva | fortis | pag | t | k | ||||
lenis | B | D | ɡ | |||||
Africada | fortis | tʃ | ||||||
lenis | dʒ | |||||||
Fricativa | fortis | F | θ | s | ʃ | h | ||
lenis | v | D | z | ʒ | ||||
Aproximada | central | ɹ | j | w | ||||
lateral | l |
El inglés australiano es uniformemente no rótico ; es decir, el sonido / r / no aparece al final de una sílaba o inmediatamente antes de una consonante. Al igual que con muchos dialectos no róticos, la vinculación / r / puede ocurrir cuando una palabra que tiene una
Al igual que con el inglés norteamericano, el aleteo alveolar intervocálico es una característica del inglés australiano: prevocálica / t / y / d / surface como el tap alveolar [ɾ] después de sonorantes distintos de / m, ŋ / así como al final de una palabra o morfema antes de cualquier vocal en el mismo grupo de respiración. Ejemplos de esta característica son que los siguientes pares se pronuncian de forma similar o idéntica: último y escalera , así como puntuados y asaltados .
La caída de Yod generalmente ocurre después de / s / , / l / , / z / , / θ / pero no después de / t / , / d / y / n / . En consecuencia, el palo se pronuncia como / suːt / , el laúd como / ˈluːt / , Zeus como / ˈzuːs / y el entusiasmo como / ɛnˈθuːziæzəm / ; sin embargo, tune se pronuncia como // ˈtjuːn / , rocío como / ˈdjuː / y nuevo como // ˈnjuː / . Otros casos de / sj / y / zj / , junto con / tj / y / dj / , se han fusionado en / ʃ / , / ʒ / , / tʃ / y / dʒ / respectivamente para muchos hablantes. / j / generalmente se retiene en otros grupos de consonantes .
En común con la mayoría de las variedades de Scottish Inglés y Inglés Americano , el fonema / l / se pronuncia como una "oscuro" (velarised) l ( [ɫ] ) en todas las posiciones, a diferencia de otros dialectos tales como la Pronunciación Recibida y Hiberno (irlandés) Inglés , donde una luz l (es decir, un no-velarised l se utiliza) en muchas posiciones.
La fusión vino-lloriqueo se completa en inglés australiano.
Pronunciación
Las diferencias en el acento, las formas débiles y la pronunciación estándar de palabras aisladas se producen entre el inglés australiano y otras formas de inglés, las cuales, si bien son notables, no afectan la inteligibilidad.
Los afijos -ary , -ery , -ory , -bury , -berry y -mony (vistos en palabras como necesario, morera y matrimonio ) se pueden pronunciar con una vocal completa o una schwa. Aunque algunas palabras como necesarias se pronuncian casi universalmente con la vocal completa, es relativamente probable que las generaciones más antiguas de australianos pronuncien estos afijos con una schwa, mientras que las generaciones más jóvenes probablemente usen una vocal completa.
Las palabras que terminan en -ile átono derivan de los adjetivos latinos que terminan en -ilis se pronuncian con una vocal completa ( / ɑɪl / ), de modo que fértil suena como baldosa de piel en lugar de rimar con tortuga .
Además, existen diversas diferencias de pronunciación en comparación con otras variedades de inglés en relación con varias palabras aisladas. Por ejemplo, como en el inglés americano, la vocal en el yogur y el prefijo homo- (como en homosexual u homofóbico ) se pronuncia como / ɒʉ / ("o larga") en lugar de / ɔ / ("o corta"); vitamina , migraña y privacidad se pronuncian con / ɑɪ / (como en el mío ) en lugar de / ɪ / , / i: / y / ɪ / respectivamente; el prefijo paedo- (como en pedófilo ) se pronuncia con / e / (como en rojo ) en lugar de / i: / ; muchos préstamos con / æ / en inglés británico (por ejemplo, pasta ) se pronuncian con / ɐː / ; el urinario se acentúa en la primera sílaba y se pronuncia con schwa / ə / en lugar de la segunda sílaba y / ɑɪ / ("i larga"); el acoso y el acoso se pronuncian con el acento en la segunda, en lugar de en la primera sílaba; y el sufijo -sia (como en Malasia , Indonesia y Polinesia ) se pronuncia / -ʒə / en lugar de / -zi: ə / , y la palabra foyer se pronuncia / ˈfoɪə /, en lugar de / ˈfoɪæɪ /. Al igual que con el inglés británico, la publicidad se enfatiza en la segunda sílaba y se pronuncia con / ɪ̝ / ; tomate y jarrón se pronuncian con / ɐː / (como en padre ) en lugar de / ɐɪ / ; zebra se pronuncia con / e / (como en rojo ) en lugar de / i: / ; la albahaca se pronuncia con / æ / ("a corta") en lugar de / ɐɪ / ("a larga"); y boya se pronuncia como / boɪ / (como en boy ) en lugar de / ˈbʉ: i: / . Ejemplos de pronunciaciones diversas que contrastan con los usos estándar estadounidenses y británicos son data , que se pronuncia con / ɐː / ("dah") en lugar de / æɪ / ("día"); granate (color), pronunciado con / ɒʉ / ("propio") en oposición a / ʉ: / ("oon"); y caché , pronunciado con / ɐɪ / en oposición a / æ / .
Variación
Diaphoneme | Lexical set | Cultivated | General | Broad |
---|---|---|---|---|
/iː/ | FLEECE | [ɪi] | [ɪi] | [əːɪ] |
/uː/ | GOOSE | [ʊu] | [ïɯ, ʊʉ] | [əːʉ] |
/eɪ/ | FACE | [ɛɪ] | [ɐ̟ɪ] | [ɐ̟ːɪ, a̠ːɪ] |
/oʊ/ | GOAT | [o̽ʊ] | [ɐ̟ʉ] | [ɐ̟ːʉ, a̠ːʉ] |
/aɪ/ | PRICE | [a̠ɪ̞] | [ɒɪ̞] | [ɒːɪ̞] |
/aʊ/ | MOUTH | [a̠ʊ] | [æo] | [ɛːo, ɛ̃ːɤ] |
Relative to many other national dialect groupings, Australian English is relatively homogenous across the country. Some relatively minor regional differences in pronunciation exist. A limited range of word choices is strongly regional in nature. Consequently, the geographical background of individuals may be inferred if they use words that are peculiar to particular Australian states or territories and, in some cases, even smaller regions. In addition, some Australians speak creole languages derived from Australian English, such as Australian Kriol, Torres Strait Creole and Norfuk.
Academic research has also identified notable sociocultural variation within Australian English, which is mostly evident in phonology.[19]
Regional variation
Although Australian English is relatively homogeneous, there are some regional variations. The dialects of English spoken in the various states and territories of Australia differ slightly in vocabulary and phonology.
Most regional differences are in word usage. Swimming clothes are known as cossies (pronounced "cozzies") or swimmers in New South Wales, togs in Queensland, and bathers in Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and South Australia.[20] What Queensland calls a stroller is usually called a pram in Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales, and Tasmania.[21]
Preference for some synonymous words also differ between states. Garbage (i.e., garbage bin, garbage truck) dominates over rubbish in New South Wales and Queensland, while rubbish is more popular in Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and South Australia.[21]
Additionally, the word footy generally refers to the most popular football code in an area; that is, rugby league or rugby union depending on the local area, in most of New South Wales and Queensland, and Australian rules football elsewhere. In some pockets of Melbourne & Western Sydney it will refer to Association football. Beer glasses are also named differently in different states. Distinctive grammatical patterns exist such as the use of the interrogative eh (also spelled ay or aye), which is particularly associated with Queensland. Secret Santa and Kris Kringle are used in all states, with the former being more common in Queensland.
- South Australia
The most pronounced variation in phonology is between South Australia and the other states and territories. The trap–bath split is more complete in South Australia, in contrast to the other states and territories in which it more complete. Accordingly, words such as dance, advance, plant, example and answer are pronounced with /aː/ (as in father) far more frequently in South Australia while the older /æ/ (as in mad) is dominant elsewhere in Australia.[21] L-vocalisation is also more common in South Australia than other states.
- Centring diphthongs
In Western Australian and Queensland English, the vowels in near and square are typically realised as centring diphthongs ("nee-ya"), whereas in the other states they may also be realised as monophthongs.[22]
- Salary-celery merger
A feature common in Victorian English is salary–celery merger, whereby a Victorian pronunciation of Ellen may sound like Alan and Victoria's capital city Melbourne may sound like Malbourne to speakers from other states. There is also regional variation in /uː/ before /l/ (as in school and pool).
- Full-fool allophones
In some parts of Australia, notably Victoria, a fully backed allophone of /ʉː/, transcribed [ʊː], is common before /l/. As a result, the pairs full/fool and pull/pool differ phonetically only in vowel length for those speakers. The usual allophone for //ʉː/ is further forward in Queensland and New South Wales than Victoria and the aforementioned pairs do not rhyme.
Sociocultural
The General Australian accent serves as the standard variety of English across the country. According to linguists, it emerged during the 19th century.[23] General Australian is the dominant variety across the continent, and is particularly so in urban areas.[24] The increasing dominance of General Australian reflects its prominence on radio and television since the latter half of the 20th century.
Recent generations have seen a comparatively smaller proportion of the population speaking with the Broad sociocultural variant, which differs from General Australian in its phonology. The Broad variant is also founds across the continent and is relatively more prominent in rural and outer-suburban areas.[25][26]
A largely historical Cultivated sociocultural variant, which adopted features of British Received Pronunciation and which was commonplace in official media during the early 20th century, had become largely extinct by the onset of the 21st century.[27]
Australian Aboriginal English is made up of a range of forms which developed differently in different parts of Australia, and are said to vary along a continuum, from forms close to Standard Australian English to more non-standard forms. There are distinctive features of accent, grammar, words and meanings, as well as language use.
Academics have also noted the emergency of numerous ethnocultural dialects of Australian English that are spoken by people from some minority non-English speaking backgrounds.[28] These ethnocultural varieties contain features of General Australian English as adopted by the children of immigrants blended with some non-English language features, such as Afro-Asiatic languages and languages of Asia. Samoan English is also influencing Australian English.[29]
Vocabulario
Intrinsic traits
Australian English has many words and idioms which are unique to the dialect and have been written on extensively.
Internationally well-known examples of Australian terminology include outback, meaning a remote, sparsely populated area, the bush, meaning either a native forest or a country area in general, and g'day, a greeting. Dinkum, or fair dinkum means "true" or "is that true?", among other things, depending on context and inflection.[30] The derivative dinky-di means "true" or devoted: a "dinky-di Aussie" is a "true Australian".
Australian poetry, such as "The Man from Snowy River", as well as folk songs such as "Waltzing Matilda", contain many historical Australian words and phrases that are understood by Australians even though some are not in common usage today.
Australian English, in common with British English, uses the word mate to mean friend, as well as the word bloody as a mild expletive or intensifier.
Several words used by Australians were at one time used in the United Kingdom but have since fallen out of usage or changed in meaning there. For example, creek in Australia, as in North America, means a stream or small river, whereas in the UK it is typically a watercourse in a marshy area; paddock in Australia means field, whereas in the UK it means a small enclosure for livestock; bush or scrub in Australia, as in North America, means a wooded area, whereas in England they are commonly used only in proper names (such as Shepherd's Bush and Wormwood Scrubs).
Some elements of Aboriginal languages have been adopted by Australian English—mainly as names for places, flora and fauna (for example dingo) and local culture. Many such are localised, and do not form part of general Australian use, while others, such as kangaroo, boomerang, budgerigar, wallaby and so on have become international. Other examples are cooee and hard yakka. The former is used as a high-pitched call, for attracting attention, (pronounced /ˈkʉːiː/) which travels long distances. Cooee is also a notional distance: if he's within cooee, we'll spot him. Hard yakka means hard work and is derived from yakka, from the Jagera/Yagara language once spoken in the Brisbane region. Also of Aboriginal origin is the word bung, from the Sydney pidgin English (and ultimately from the Sydney Aboriginal language), meaning "dead", with some extension to "broken" or "useless". Many towns or suburbs of Australia have also been influenced or named after Aboriginal words. The best-known example is the capital, Canberra, named after a local Ngunnawal language word meaning "meeting place".[31]
Litotes, such as "not bad", "not much" and "you're not wrong", are also used. Diminutives and hypocorisms are common and are often used to indicate familiarity.[32] Some common examples are arvo (afternoon), barbie (barbecue), smoko (cigarette break), Aussie (Australian) and Straya (Australia). This may also be done with people's names to create nicknames (other English speaking countries create similar diminutives). For example, "Gazza" from Gary, or "Smitty" from John Smith. The use of the suffix -o originates in Irish: ó,[citation needed] which is both a postclitic and a suffix with much the same meaning as in Australian English.
In informal speech, incomplete comparisons are sometimes used, such as "sweet as" (as in "That car is sweet as."). "Full", "fully" or "heaps" may precede a word to act as an intensifier (as in "The waves at the beach were heaps good."). This was more common in regional Australia and South Australia[when?] but has been in common usage in urban Australia for decades. The suffix "-ly" is sometimes omitted in broader Australian English. For instance, "really good" can become "real good".
Australia's switch to the metric system in the 1970s changed most of the country's vocabulary of measurement from imperial to metric measures.[33] Since the switch to metric, heights of individuals are listed in centimetres on official documents such as a driver's licence and distances by road on signs are listed in terms of kilometres and metres.[34]
Comparison with other varieties
Where British and American English vocabulary differs, in different circumstances Australian English favours:
- A usage which is different from both varieties, as with footpath (US: sidewalk UK: pavement); capsicum (US: bell pepper UK: green/red pepper); lollies (US: candy UK: sweets); doona (US: comforter UK: duvet); or ice block/icy pole (US: popsicle UK: ice lolly)
- A usage which is shared with British English, as with mobile phone (US: cellular phone); or (vehicle) bonnet (US: hood)
- A usage which is shared with American English, as with truck (UK: lorry); or eggplant (UK: aubergine)
There are also terms shared by British and American English but not commonly found in Australian English, which include:[35]
- Abroad (Aus: overseas)
- Cooler/ice box (Aus: Esky)
- Flip-flops (Aus: thongs)
- Meadow (Aus: paddock)
- Pickup truck (Aus: ute)
- Wildfire (Aus: bushfire)
- Woods (Aus: bush)
In addition to the large number of uniquely Australian idioms in common use, there are instances of idioms taking different forms in Australian English than in other varieties, for instance:
- A drop in the ocean (as with UK usage) as opposed to US a drop in the bucket
- A way to go (as with UK usage) as opposed to US a ways to go
- Home away from home (as with US usage) as opposed to UK home from home
- Take with a grain of salt (as with US usage) as opposed to UK take with a pinch of salt
- Touch wood (as with UK usage) as opposed to US knock on wood
- Wouldn't touch with a ten-foot pole (as with US usage) as opposed to UK wouldn't touch with a barge pole
Terms ascribed different meanings in Australian English
There also exist words in Australian English which are ascribed different meanings from those ascribed in other varieties of English, for instance:[35]
- Asian in Australian and US usage commonly refers to people of East Asian ancestry, while in British English it commonly refers to people of South Asian ancestry
- Biscuit in Australian and UK usage refers to both US cookie and cracker, while in American English it refers to a leavened bread product
- (potato) Chips refers both to UK crisps (which is not commonly used in Australian English) and to US French fries (which is used alongside hot chips)
- Football in Australian English refers to Australian rules football, Rugby league or Rugby union. UK football is commonly referred to as soccer, while US football is referred to as gridiron
- Gammon in both forms ostensibly refers to a cut of pork, but in British English slang it is synonymous with a middle aged redneck; in Australian English slang it is used to indicate irony or sarcasm.
- Pants in Australian and US usage refers to UK trousers, but in British English refer to Australian English underpants
- Public school in Australian and US usage refers to a state school. Australian (in common with US) English uses private school to mean a non-government or independent school, in contrast with British English which uses public school to refer to the same thing.
- Pudding in Australian and US usage refers to a particular sweet dessert, while in British English it can refer to dessert (the food course) in general
- Prawn in Australian English refers both to large and small crustaceans, while in British English it refers to large crustaceans (with small crustaceans referred to as shrimp) and in American English the term shrimp is used universally for large and small crustaceans
- Thong in both US and UK usage refers to Australian English G-string (underwear), while in Australian English it refers to US and UK flip-flop (footwear)
- Vest in Australian and US usage refers to UK waistcoat but in British English refers to Australian English singlet
- Wanker in Australian English refers to a pretentious person while in British English it refers to an obnoxious person
British English terms not commonly used in Australian English
A non-exhaustive selection of British English terms not commonly used in Australian English include:[36]
- Artic/articulated lorry (Aus: semi-trailer)
- Aubergine (Aus: eggplant)
- Bank holiday (Aus: public holiday)
- Barmy (Aus: crazy/mad)
- Bedsit (Aus: studio apartment)
- Bin lorry (Aus: garbage truck)
- Bobby (Aus: police officer)
- Bollocks (Aus: nonsense)
- Cagoule (Aus: raincoat)
- Candy floss (Aus: fairy floss)
- Cash machine (Aus: automatic teller machine/ATM)
- Chav (Aus: lower socio-economic person comparable to bogan, also eshay)
- Child-minder (Aus: babysitter)
- Chivvy (Aus: nag)
- Chrimbo (Aus: Christmas)
- Chuffed (Aus: proud)
- Cleg (Aus: horsefly)
- Clingfilm (Aus: Glad wrap/cling wrap)
- Community payback (Aus: community service)
- Comprehensive school (Aus: state school/public school)
- Cooker (Aus: stove / oven)
- Coppice (Aus: cleared bushland)
- Council housing (Aus: public housing)
- Counterpane (Aus: bedspread)
- Courgette (Aus: zucchini)
- Crèche (Aus: child care centre)
- Current account (Aus: transaction account)
- Dell (Aus: valley)
- Do (Aus: party)
- Doddle (Aus: an easy task)
- Doss (Aus: bludge)
- Drawing pin (Aus: thumb tack)
- Dungarees (Aus: overalls)
- Dustbin (Aus: garbage bin/rubbish bin)
- Dustcart (Aus: garbage truck/rubbish truck)
- Duvet (Aus: doona)
- Elastoplast/plaster (Aus: band-aid)
- Electrical lead (Aus: electrical cord)
- Estate car (Aus: station wagon)
- Fairy cake (Aus: cupcake)
- Father Christmas (Aus: Santa Claus)
- Fen (Aus: swamp)
- Free phone (Aus: toll-free)
- Git (Aus: idiot/moron)
- Goose pimples (Aus: goose bumps)
- Hairgrip (Aus: hairpin/bobbypin)
- Half-term (Aus: school holiday)
- Heath (Aus: shrubland)
- Hoover (v) (Aus: to vacuum)
- Horsebox (Aus: horse float)
- Ice lolly (Aus: ice block/icy pole)
- Juicy bits (Aus: pulp)
- Kip (Aus: sleep)
- Kitchen roll (Aus: paper towel)
- Knackered (Aus: tired/worn out)
- Landslip (Aus: landslide)
- Lavatory (Aus: toilet) (lavatory used for toilets on transportation/aeroplanes)
- Lido (Aus: public swimming pool)
- Lorry (Aus: truck)
- Loudhailer (Aus: megaphone)
- Mackintosh (Aus: raincoat)
- Mangetout (Aus: snow pea)
- Marrow (Aus: squash)
- Minidish (Aus: small satellite dish)
- Moggie (Aus: domestic short-haired cat)
- Moor (Aus: swampland)
- Nettled (Aus: irritated)
- Nick (n) (Aus: prison/jail)
- Nosh (Aus: meal)
- Nought (Aus: zero)
- Off-licence (Aus: bottle shop)
- Pavement (Aus: footpath)
- Pelican crossing (Aus: pedestrian crossing/zebra crossing)
- Peaky (Aus: sickly)
- People carrier (Aus: people mover)
- Pikey (Aus: itinerant/tramp)
- Pillar box (Aus: post box)
- Pillock (Aus: idiot/moron)
- Plimsoll (Aus: sandshoe)
- Polo neck (Aus: skivvy)
- Poorly (Aus: unwell)
- Potato crisps (Aus: potato chips)
- Press-up (Aus: push-up)
- Pushchair (Aus: stroller/pram)
- Red/green pepper (Aus: capsicum)
- Rodgering (Aus: rooting)
- Saloon car (Aus: sedan)
- Sellotape (Aus: sticky tape)
- Shan't (Aus: will not)
- Skive (v) (Aus: to wag)
- Sleeping policeman (Aus: speed hump/speed bump)
- Snog (v) (Aus: pash)
- Sod (Aus: someone or something that is unpleasant)
- Spinney (Aus: shrubland)
- Strimmer (Aus: whipper snipper/line trimmer)
- Swan (v) (Aus: to leave ostentatiously)
- Sweets (Aus: lollies)
- Tangerine (Aus: mandarin)
- Tipp-Ex (Aus: white out/liquid paper)
- Turning (n - where one road branches from another) (Aus: turn)
- Utility room (Aus: laundry)
- Value-added tax (VAT) (Aus: goods and services tax (GST))
- Wellington boots (Aus: gumboots)
- White spirit (Aus: turpentine)
American English terms not commonly used in Australian English
A non-exhaustive list of American English terms not commonly found in Australian English include:[37]
- Acclimate (Aus: acclimatise)
- Airplane (Aus: aeroplane)
- Aluminum (Aus: aluminium)
- Automobile (Aus: car)
- Baby carriage (Aus: stroller/pram)
- Bangs (Aus: fringe)
- Baseboard (Aus: skirting board)
- Bayou (Aus: swamp/billabong)
- Bell pepper (Aus: capsicum)
- Bellhop (Aus: hotel porter)
- Beltway (Aus: ring road)
- Boondocks (Aus: the sticks/Woop Woop/Beyond the black stump)
- Broil (Aus: grill)
- Bullhorn (Aus: megaphone)
- Burglarize (Aus: burgle)
- Busboy (Aus: included under waiter)
- Candy (Aus: lollies)
- Cellular phone (Aus: mobile phone)
- Check (restaurant bill) (Aus: bill)
- Cilantro (Aus: coriander)
- Comforter (Aus: doona)
- Condo (Aus: apartment)
- Counter-clockwise (Aus: anticlockwise)
- Coveralls (Aus: overalls)
- Crapshoot (Aus: a risky venture)
- Diaper (Aus: nappy)
- Downtown (Aus: CBD)
- Drapes (Aus: curtains)
- Drugstore (Aus: pharmacy/chemist)
- Drywall (Aus: plasterboard)
- Dumpster (Aus: skip bin)
- Dweeb (Aus: nerd)
- Eraser (Aus: rubber)
- Fall (season) (Aus: autumn)
- Fanny pack (Aus: bum bag)
- Faucet (Aus: tap)
- Flashlight (Aus: torch)
- Freshman (Aus: first year student)
- Frosting (Aus: icing)
- Gasoline (Aus: petrol)
- Gas pedal (Aus: accelerator)
- Gas Station (Aus: service station/petrol station)
- Glove compartment (Aus: glovebox)
- Golden raisin (Aus: sultana)
- Grifter (Aus: con artist)
- Ground beef (Aus: minced beef/mince)
- Hood (vehicle) (Aus: bonnet)
- Jell-o (Aus: jelly)
- Ketchup (Aus: tomato sauce)
- Ladybug (Aus: ladybird)
- Mail-man (Aus: postman/postie)
- Mass transit (Aus: public transport)
- Math (Aus: maths)
- Mineral spirits (Aus: turpentine)
- Nightstand (Aus: bedside table)
- Obligated (Aus: obliged)
- Out-of-state (Aus: interstate)
- Pacifier (Aus: dummy)
- Parking lot (Aus: car park)
- Penitentiary (Aus: prison/jail)
- Period (Aus: full stop)
- Play hooky (Aus: to wag)
- Popsicle (Aus: ice block/icy pole)
- Railroad (Aus: railway)
- Railroad ties (Aus: Railway sleepers)
- Rappel (Aus: abseil)
- Realtor (Aus: real estate agent)
- Root (Aus: barrack)
- Row house (Aus: terrace house)
- Sales tax (Aus: goods and services tax (GST))
- Saran wrap (Aus: plastic wrap/cling wrap)
- Scad (Aus: a large quantity)
- Scallion (Aus: spring onion)
- Sharpie (pen) (Aus: texta)
- Shopping cart (Aus: trolley)
- Sidewalk (Aus: footpath)
- Silverware/flatware (Aus: cutlery)
- Soda pop (Aus: soft drink)
- Stick shift (Aus: manual transmission)
- Streetcar (Aus: tram)
- Sweatpants (Aus: tracksuit pants/trackies)
- Tailpipe (Aus: exhaust pipe)
- Takeout (Aus: takeaway)
- Trash can (Aus: garbage bin/rubbish bin)
- Trunk (vehicle) (Aus: boot)
- Turn signal (Aus: indicator)
- Turtleneck (Aus: skivvy)
- Upscale/downscale (Aus: upmarket/downmarket)
- Vacation (Aus: holiday)
- Windshield (Aus: windscreen)
Gramática
The general rules of English Grammar which apply to Australian English are described at English grammar. Grammatical differences between varieties of English are minor relative to differences in phonology and vocabulary and do not generally affect intelligibility. Examples of grammatical differences between Australian English and other varieties include:
- Collective nouns are generally singular in construction, e.g., the government was unable to decide as opposed to the government were unable to decide or the group was leaving as opposed to the group were leaving.[38] This is in common with American English.
- The past tense and past participles of the verbs learn, spell and smell are often irregular (learnt, spelt, smelt) in Australian English.[39] This also the case in British English.
- Australian English has an 'extreme distaste' for the modal verbs shall (in non-legal contexts), shan't and ought (in place of will, won't and should respectively), which are encountered in British English.[40]
- Using should with the same meaning as would, e.g. I should like to see you, encountered in British English, is almost never encountered in Australian English.
- River follows the name of the river in question, e.g., Brisbane River, rather than the British convention of coming before the name, e.g., River Thames. This is also the case in North American English. In South Australian English however, the reverse applies when referring to the following three rivers: Murray, Darling and Torrens.[41]
- While prepositions before days may be omitted in American English, i.e., She resigned Thursday, they are retained in Australian English: She resigned on Thursday. This is shared with British English.
- The institutional nouns hospital and university do not take the definite article: She's in hospital, He's at university.[42] This is in contrast to American English where the is required: In the hospital, At the university.
- On the weekend is used in favour of the British at the weekend which is not encountered in Australian English.[43]
- Ranges of dates use to, i.e., Monday to Friday, rather than Monday through Friday. This is shared with British English and is in contrast to American English.
- When speaking or writing out numbers, and is always inserted before the tens, i.e., one hundred and sixty-two rather than one hundred sixty-two. This is in contrast to American English.
- The preposition to in write to (e.g. I'll write to you) is always retained, as opposed to American usage where it may be dropped.
- Australian English does not share the British usage of read (v) to mean study (v). Therefore, it may be said that He studies medicine but not that He reads medicine.
- When referring to time, Australians will refer to 10:30 as half past ten and do not use the British half ten. Similarly, a quarter to ten is used for 9:45 rather than (a) quarter of ten, which is sometimes found in American English.
- Australian English does not share the British English meaning of sat to include sitting or seated. Therefore, uses such as I've been sat here for an hour are not encountered in Australian English.
- To have a shower or have a bath are the most common usages in Australian English, in contrast to American English which uses take a shower and take a bath.[44]
- The past participle of saw is sawn (e.g. sawn-off shotgun) in Australian English, in contrast to the American English sawed.
- The verb visit is transitive in Australian English. Where the object is a person or people, American English also uses visit with, which is not found in Australian English.
- An outdoor event which is cancelled due to inclement weather is rained out in Australian English. This is in contrast to British English where it is said to be rained off.[45][46]
- In informal speech, sentence-final but may be used, e.g. I dont want to go but in place of But I don't want to go.[40] This is also found in Scottish English.
- In informal speech, the discourse markers yeah no (or yeah nah) and no yeah (or nah yeah) may be used to mean no and yes respectively.[47]
Ortografía y estilo
As in all English-speaking countries, there is no central authority that prescribes official usage with respect to matters of spelling, grammar, punctuation or style.
Spelling
There are several dictionaries of Australian English which adopt a descriptive approach. The Macquarie Dictionary is most commonly used by universities, governments and courts as the standard for Australian English spelling. The Australian Oxford Dictionary is another commonly-used dictionary of Australian English.
Australian spelling is significantly closer to British than American spelling, as it did not adopt the systematic reforms promulgated in Noah Webster's 1828 Dictionary. Notwithstanding, the Macquarie Dictionary often lists various American spellings as acceptable secondary variants. The minor systematic differences which occur between Australian and American spelling are summarised below:[48]
- French-derived words which in American English end with or, such as color, honor and labor, are spelt with our in Australian English: colour, honour and labour. An exception is the Australian Labor Party which uses the or spelling. Some (especially SA) placenames use "Harbor", notably Victor Harbor.
- Words which in American English end with ize, such as realize, recognize and organize are spelt with ise in Australian English: realise, recognise and organise. The British Oxford spelling, which uses the ize endings, is not used in Australian English.
- Words which in American English end with yze, such as analyze, paralyze and catalyze are spelt with yse in Australian English: analyse, paralyse and catalyse.
- French-derived words which in American English end with er, such as fiber, center and meter are spelt with re in Australian English: fibre, centre and metre (the unit of measurement only, not physical devices; so gasometer, voltmeter).
- Words which end in American English end with log, such as catalog, dialog and monolog are usually spelt with logue in Australian English: catalogue, dialogue and monologue, however the Macquarie Dictionary lists the log spelling as the preferred variant for analog.
- Ae and oe are often maintained in words such as oestrogen and paedophilia, in contrast to the American English practice of using e alone (as in estrogen and pedophilia). The Macquarie Dictionary has noted a shift within Australian English towards using e alone, and now lists some words such as encyclopedia and fetus with the e spelling as the preferred variant.
- A double-consonant l is retained in Australian English when adding suffixes to words ending in l where the consonant is unstressed, contrary to American English. Therefore, Australian English favours cancelled, counsellor, and travelling over American canceled, counselor and traveling.
- Where American English uses a double-consonant ll in the words skillful, willful, enroll, distill, enthrall, fulfill and installment, Australian English uses a single consonant: skilful, wilful, enrol, distil, enthral, fulfil and instalment.
- The American English defense and offense are spelt defence and offence in Australian English.
- In contrast with American English, which uses practise and license for both nouns and verbs, practice and licence are nouns while practise and license are verbs in Australian English.
Examples of individual words where the preferred spelling is listed by the Macquarie Dictionary as being different from current British spellings include program (in all contexts) as opposed to programme, analog as opposed to analogue, livable as opposed to liveable, guerilla as opposed to guerrilla, verandah as opposed to veranda, burqa as opposed to burka, and pastie (noun) as opposed to pasty.[48] Unspaced forms such as onto, anytime, alright and anymore are also listed as being equally as acceptable as their spaced counterparts.[48]
Different spellings have existed throughout Australia's history. What are today regarded as American spellings were popular in Australia throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the Victorian Department of Education endorsing them into the 1970s and The Age newspaper until the 1990s. This influence can be seen in the spelling of the Australian Labor Party and also in some place names such as Victor Harbor. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary has been attributed with re-establishing the dominance of the British spellings in the 1920s and 1930s.[49] For a short time during the late 20th century, Harry Lindgren's 1969 spelling reform proposal (Spelling Reform 1 or SR1) gained some support in Australia and was adopted by the Australian Teachers' Federation.[50]
Punctuation and style
Prominent general style guides for Australian English include the Cambridge Guide to Australian English Usage, the Style Manual: For Authors, Editors and Printers, the Australian Handbook for Writers and Editors and the Complete Guide to English Usage for Australian Students.
Both single and double quotation marks are in use, with single quotation marks preferred for use in the first instance, with double quotation marks reserved for quotes of speech within speech. Logical (as opposed to typesetter's) punctuation is preferred for punctuation marks at the end of quotations. For instance, Sam said he 'wasn't happy when Jane told David to "go away"'. is used in preference to Sam said he "wasn't happy when Jane told David to 'go away.'"
The DD/MM/YYYY date format is followed and the 12-hour clock is generally used in everyday life (as opposed to service, police, and airline applications).
With the exception of screen sizes, metric system units are used in everyday life, having supplanted Imperial units upon the country's switch to the metric system in the 1970s.
In betting, decimal odds are used in favour of fractional odds, used in the United Kingdom, or moneyline odds, used in the United States.
Keyboard layout
There are two major English language keyboard layouts, the United States layout and the United Kingdom layout. Keyboards and keyboard software for the Australian market universally use the US keyboard layout, which lacks the pound sterling, euro and negation symbols and uses a different layout for punctuation symbols than the UK keyboard layout.
Ver también
- The Australian National Dictionary
- Australian English vocabulary
- New Zealand English
- South African English
- Zimbabwean English
- Falkland Islands English
- Diminutives in Australian English
- International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
- Strine
Referencias
Citations
- ^ English (Australia) at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- ^ "Unified English Braille". Australian Braille Authority. 18 May 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ "English"; IANA language subtag registry; named as: en; publication date: 16 October 2005; retrieved: 11 January 2019.
- ^ "Australia"; IANA language subtag registry; named as: AU; publication date: 16 October 2005; retrieved: 11 January 2019.
- ^ "2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016". Abs.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ a b Burridge, Kate (2020). "Chapter 11: History of Australian English". In Willoughby, Louisa (ed.). Australian English Reimagined: Structure, Features and Developments. Routledge. pp. 178¬–181. ISBN 978-0-367-02939-5.
- ^ Burridge, Kate (2020). "Chapter 11: History of Australian English". In Willoughby, Louisa (ed.). Australian English Reimagined: Structure, Features and Developments. Routledge. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-367-02939-5.
- ^ Cox, Felicity (2020). "Chapter 2: Phonetics and Phonology of Australian English". In Willoughby, Louisa (ed.). Australian English Reimagined: Structure, Features and Developments. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-367-02939-5.
- ^ a b c Moore, Bruce (2008). Speaking our Language: the Story of Australian English. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-19-556577-5.
- ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (1993). The Rush that Never Ended: a History of Australian Mining (4 ed.). Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-84557-6.
- ^ Baker, Sidney J. (1945). The Australian Language (1st ed.). Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
- ^ Bell, Philip; Bell, Roger (1998). Americanization and Australia (1. publ. ed.). Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 0-86840-784-4.
- ^ Trudgill, Peter and Jean Hannah. (2002). International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English, 4th ed. London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-80834-9, p. 4.
- ^ Harrington, J.; F. Cox & Z. Evans (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics. 17 (2): 155–84. doi:10.1080/07268609708599550.
- ^ a b c Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
- ^ Mannell, Robert (14 August 2009). "Australian English – Impressionistic Phonetic Studies". Clas.mq.edu.au. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007), p. 343.
- ^ Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 597
- ^ Mannell, Robert (14 August 2009). "Robert Mannell, "Impressionistic Studies of Australian English Phonetics"". Ling.mq.edu.au. Archived from the original on 31 December 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ^ Kellie Scott (5 January 2016). "Divide over potato cake and scallop, bathers and togs mapped in 2015 Linguistics Roadshow". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ^ a b c Pauline Bryant (1985): Regional variation in the Australian English lexicon, Australian Journal of Linguistics, 5:1, 55–66
- ^ "regional accents | Australian Voices". Clas.mq.edu.au. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ^ Bruce Moore (Australian Oxford Dictionary) and Felicity Cox (Macquarie University) [interviewed in]: Sounds of Aus (television documentary) 2007; director: David Swann; Writer: Lawrie Zion, Princess Pictures (broadcaster: ABC Television).
- ^ Australia's unique and evolving sound Archived 27 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine Edition 34, 2007 (23 August 2007) – The Macquarie Globe
- ^ Das, Sushi (29 January 2005). "Struth! Someone's nicked me Strine". The Age.
- ^ Corderoy, Amy (26 January 2010). "It's all English, but vowels ain't voils". Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ Jamieson, Maya (12 September 2017). "Australia's accent only now starting to adopy small changes". SBS News.
- ^ "australian english | Australian Voices". Clas.mq.edu.au. 30 July 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ^ https://www.abc.net.au/article/13079360
- ^ Frederick Ludowyk, 1998, "Aussie Words: The Dinkum Oil On Dinkum; Where Does It Come From?" (0zWords, Australian National Dictionary Centre). Access date: 5 November 2007. Archived 16 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Canberra Facts and figures". Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ Astle, David (12 March 2021). "Why do Aussies shorten everything an itsy-bitsy-teeny-weeny bit?". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ "History of Measurement in Australia". web page. Australian Government National Measurement Institute. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
- ^ Wilks, Kevin (1992). Metrication in Australia: A review of the effectiveness of policies and procedures in Australia's conversion to the metric system (PDF). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. p. 114. ISBN 0-644-24860-2. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
Measurements used by people in their private lives, in conversation or in estimation of sizes had not noticeably changed nor was such a change even attempted or thought necessary.
- ^ a b "The Macquarie Dictionary", Fourth Edition. The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, 2005.
- ^ "The Macquarie Dictionary", Fourth Edition. The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, 2005. Note: Entries with Chiefly British usage note in the Macquarie Dictionary and reference to corresponding Australian entry.
- ^ The Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition. The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, 2005. Note: Entries with Chiefly US usage note in the Macquarie Dictionary and reference to corresponding Australian entry.
- ^ Pena, Yolanda Fernandez (5 May 2016). "What Motivates Verbal Agreement Variation with Collective Headed Subjects". University of Vigo LVTC.
- ^ https://about.abc.net.au/abc-editorial/the-abc-style-guide/
- ^ a b Collins, Peter (2012). "Australian English: Its Evolution and Current State". International Journal of Language, Translation and Intercultural Communication. 1: 75. doi:10.12681/ijltic.11.
- ^ "Geographical names guidelines". Planning and property. Attorney-General's Department (Government of South Australia). August 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- ^ Siegel, Jeff (2010). Second Dialect Acquisition. ISBN 978-0-521-51687-7.
- ^ Hewings, Matthew (1999). Advanced Grammar in Use. p. 214.
- ^ Cetnarowska, Bozena (1993). The Syntax, Semantics and Derivation of Bare Normalisations in English. p. 48. ISBN 83-226-0535-8.
- ^ "The Macquarie Dictionary", Fourth Edition. The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, 2005
- ^ "Collins English Dictionary", 13th Edition. HarperCollins, 2018
- ^ Moore, Erin (2007). Yeah-no: A Discourse Marker in Australian English (Honours). University of Melbourne.
- ^ a b c "The Macquarie Dictionary", 8th Edition. Macquarie Dictionary Publishers, 2020.
- ^ "Endangered Languages and Cultures » Blog Archive » Webster in Australia". Paradisec.org.au. 30 January 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ "Spelling Reform 1 – And Nothing Else!". Archived from the original on 30 July 2012.
Works cited
- Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 341–350, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192, S2CID 232349884
Otras lecturas
- Korhonen, Minna (2017). Perspectives on the Americanisation of Australian English: A Sociolinguistic Study of Variation (PhD thesis). University of Helsinki. ISBN 978-951-51-3559-9.
- Mitchell, Alexander G. (1995). The Story of Australian English. Sydney: Dictionary Research Centre.
enlaces externos
- Aussie English, The Illustrated Dictionary of Australian English
- Australian National Dictionary Centre
- free newsletter from the Australian National Dictionary Centre, which includes articles on Australian English
- Australian Word Map at the ABC—documents regionalisms
- R. Mannell, F. Cox and J. Harrington (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Aussie English for beginners—the origins, meanings and a quiz to test your knowledge at the National Museum of Australia.