El sufijo -stan ( persa : ـستان , romanizado : stân después de una vocal; estân o istân después de una consonante ) tiene el significado de "un lugar que abunda en" [1] o "un lugar donde todo abunda" [2] en persa idioma. Al parecer, en los nombres de muchas regiones de Irán , Afganistán , y Centroamérica y el sur de Asia, así como en el Cáucaso y Rusia .
Etimología y cognados
El sufijo -stan es análogo al sufijo -land , presente en muchos nombres de países y ubicaciones. El sufijo también se usa de manera más general, como en persa rigestân ( ریگستان ) "lugar de arena, desierto", golestân ( گلستان ) "lugar de flores, jardín", gurestân ( گورستان ) "cementerio, cementerio", Hindustân ( هندوستان ) " tierra del río Indo "( India ).
Originalmente un sustantivo independiente, este morfema se convirtió en un sufijo en virtud de aparecer con frecuencia como la última parte en compuestos nominales . Es de indoirania y en última instancia indoeuropeo origen: es cognado con el sánscrito sthāna ( devanagari : sánscrito : स्थान [stʰaːnɐ] ), que significa "el acto de estar de pie", del cual derivan muchos otros significados, incluyendo "lugar, ubicación; morada, morada", y en última instancia desciende del protoindo-iraní * sthāna- .
La raíz protoindoeuropea de la que se deriva este sustantivo es * steh₂- (reconstrucción anterior * stā- ) "estar de pie" (o "ponerse de pie, dar un paso en algún lugar, posicionarse"), que también es la fuente del inglés to stand , stehen alemán "to stand", stāre latino "to stand", stovėti lituano "to stand", стоять "stand" del ruso y del griego antiguo hístēmi ( ἵστημι ) "to make to stand, to set".
El estado inglés se origina de la misma raíz, a través del francés antiguo estat , del latín : status ("manera de estar de pie, actitud, posición, porte, modales, vestimenta, vestimenta" y otros sentidos), del latín : stāre . La palabra estadio también se origina de la raíz, a través del griego antiguo στάδιον ( stádion , "una medida de longitud, una pista de atletismo").
La palabra indoiraní tiene una contraparte eslava en la forma de protoeslava * stanъ . En ruso, стан ( stan ) significa "asentamiento" o "campamento semipermanente". En polaco , bielorruso y ucraniano , stan significa "estado" o "condición". En serbio , croata y macedonio se traduce como "apartamento" en su uso moderno, mientras que su significado original era "hábitat". La palabra eslovena , " stanovanje ", que se refiere a un apartamento u otro espacio de vida cerrado, es un derivado obvio de stan . En checo y eslovaco , significa "tienda" o, en términos militares, "cuartel general". En búlgaro , significa "un campamento", generalmente asociado con asentamientos nómadas semipermanentes o campamentos militares. En rumano , stână (un préstamo eslavo) se refiere a un asentamiento temporal o semipermanente utilizado para ovejas y rebaños de otros animales domésticos.
También en las lenguas germánicas , la raíz se puede encontrar en alemán: Stand ("lugar, ubicación; finca"), y proto-germánico * stadi- "lugar, ubicación" en alemán Stadt , holandés : stad , danés : sted , frisón occidental : stêd y lugar en inglés , todos significan "lugar" o "ciudad".
Países
País | Capital | Divisa | Área km² | Población | Guarida. / km² |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afganistán | Kabul | Afgano afgano | 652,230 | 31,575,000 | 43,5 |
Kazajstán | Nur-Sultan | Tenge kazajo | 2,724,900 | 18,312,000 | 6.3 |
Kirguistán | Bishkek | Som kirguís | 199.900 | 6.020.000 | 27,8 |
Pakistán | Islamabad | Rupia pakistaní | 796,095 | 212,745,000 | 226,6 |
Tayikistán | Dushanbe | Somoni tayikistaní | 143,100 | 9.050.000 | 55,9 |
Turkmenistán | Ashgabat | Manat de Turkmenistán | 488,100 | 5,660,000 | 10,5 |
Uzbekistan | Tashkent | Uzbekistán soʻm | 447,400 | 33,250,000 | 67,5 |
Algunas de estas naciones también fueron conocidas con el sufijo latino -ia durante su tiempo como repúblicas soviéticas : Turkmenistán era frecuentemente Turkmenia , Kirguistán a menudo Kirguizia , e incluso Uzbekistán era muy raramente Uzbekia . [3] [4]
Nombres nativos
- Armenia Hayastan ( Armenia )
- Haya- proviene de leyendas que mencionan a Hayk, el fundador patriarcal de la nación armenia. Los nombres pueden haber incluido alguna vez a Haykastan.
Nombres de países en varios idiomas
Nombre inglés | Nombre persa | Nombre turco | Nombre armenio |
---|---|---|---|
Armenia | Armanestân - ارمنستان | Ermenistán | Hayastan - Հայաստան |
Bulgaria | Bulgharestân - بلغارستان | Bulgaristan | - |
porcelana | - | - | Čʿinastan - Չինաստան |
Croacia | - | Hırvatistán | - |
Inglaterra | Engelestân - انگلستان | - | - |
Imperio etíope ( Etiopía y Eritrea ) | - | - (anteriormente Habeşistan) | - |
Georgia | Gorjestân - گرجستان | Gürcistan | Vrastan - Վրաստան |
Grecia | - | Yunanistan | Hunastan - Հունաստան |
Hungría | Majarestan مجارستان | Macaristan | - |
India | Hindustan هندوستان | Hindistan | Hndkastan - Հնդկաստան |
Mongolia | Mogholestan - مغولستان | Moğolistan | - |
Polonia | Lahestân - لهستان | - (anteriormente Lehistan) | Lehastan - Լեհաստան |
Arabia Saudita | Arabestân-e Sa'udi - عربستان سعودی | Suudi Arabistan | - |
Serbia | Serbestân - صربستان | Sırbistan | - |
divisiones administrativas
País | Unidad subnacional | Capital | Área km² | Población | Guarida. / km² | Tipo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iran | Golestán | Gorgan | 20,367 km² | 1,777,014 | 87 / km² | Provincias de Irán |
Juzestán | Ahvaz | 64.055 km² | 4.531.720 | 71 / km² | ||
Kurdistán | Sanandaj | 29.137 km² | 1,603,011 | 55 / km² | ||
Lorestán | Khorramabad | 28.294 km² | 1,716,527 | 61 / km² | ||
Sistan y Baluchistán | Zahedan | 181.785 km² | 2,775,014 | 15 / km² | ||
Pakistán | Baluchistán | Quetta | 247.190 km² | 12,344,408 | 36 / km2 | Provincia de pakistán |
Gilgit-Baltistán | Gilgit | 72.971 km² | 1.800.000 | 19 / km2 | Región autónoma de Pakistán | |
Rusia | Bashkortostán | Ufa | 143.600 km² | 4.072.292 | 28,36 / km² | Repúblicas de rusia |
Daguestán | Makhachkala | 50,300 km² | 2,910,249 | 57,86 / km² | ||
Tartaristán | Kazán | 68.000 km² | 3,786,488 | 55,68 / km² | ||
Azerbaiyán | Gobustán | Gobustán | 1.369,4 km² | 37,137 | 27 / km² | Divisiones administrativas de Azerbaiyán |
Kazajstán | Turkestán | Turkestán | 117.249 km2 | 2.685.009 | 23 / km² | Regiones de Kazajstán |
Uzbekistan | Karakalpakstán | Nukus | 164,900 km² | 1,711,800 | 7,5 / km² | Una república autónoma dentro de Uzbekistán |
Irak | Kurdistán | Erbil (Hewlêr) | 78.736 km² | 5.500.000 | Región autónoma de Irak | |
Afganistán | Nuristan | Parun | 9.225,0 km² | 140,900 | 15 / km² | Provincia de afganistán |
India | Rajasthan | Jaipur | 342,239 km² | 68,548,437 | 200 / km² | Estado de la India |
Ciudades y condados
En afganistán
- Arghistan
- Ajristan
- Gulistan
- Kohistan [a]
- Malestan
- Raghistan
- Shahristan
- ^ Varios lugares comparten este nombre.
En armenia
- Burastan
- Dzorastan
- Mrgastan
- Aygestan
En Iran
- Ardestan
- Bajestan
- Chamestan
- Dashtestan
- Golestán
- Jovestan
- Khalajastan
- Larestán
- Mehrestán
- Parchestan [a]
- Sarvestan
- Shahrestán [b]
- Takestan
- Tangestan
- ^ Varios lugares comparten este nombre.
- ^ En el idioma persa , Shahrestan es también un sustantivo común que significa "condado". Está a nombre de los condados de Irán .
En Pakistán
- Baluchistán
- Kohistan
- Waziristán del Norte
- Waziristán del Sur
En Tayikistán
- Buston
- Kuhistoni Mastchoh
- Shahriston
- Guliston
En otros países
- Elbistan , Turquía
- Gulistan , Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Gulistan , Uzbekistán
- Turkestán , Kazajstán
Regiones
- Arabistan - el nombre de la Península Arábiga y otros significados
- Arbayistan - un sátrapa sasánida en la antigüedad tardía
- Asoristán - la provincia de Babilonia bajo el Imperio Sasánida
- Azadistán - un estado de corta duración en la provincia iraní de Azarbaijan bajo Mohammad Khiabani
- Balawaristan - un nombre histórico revivido de Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistán
- Baluchistán / Baluchistán: una región de Irán , Afganistán y Pakistán
- Baltistán : una región del norte de Pakistán
- Bantustan : una 'patria' negra sudafricana y del suroeste de África del apartheid (el término acuñado por analogía)
- Desierto de Cholistan : una región desértica en Punjab , Pakistán
- Dardistan – a region in northern Pakistan of Dardu speakers
- Dihistan – a Sasanian province
- East Pakistan – the historic name for pre-independence Bangladesh
- East Turkestan or Uyghuristan – a region dominated by Uyghurs, located in northwest China
- Frangistan – a historical term used (by Muslims and Persians in particular) to refer to Western or Christian Europe
- Gharjistan – a medieval region in Afghanistan
- Hazaristan – the Hazarajat, homeland of the Hazaras in central Afghanistan
- Hindustan – Persian name for India, broadly the Indian subcontinent.
- Kabulistan – a historical name of the territory centered around present-day Kabul Province of Afghanistan
- Kadagistan – Kadagistan was the name of an eastern Sasanian province in the region of Tokharistan (in what is now north-eastern Afghanistan).
- Kafiristan (land of the infidels) – historic region in Afghanistan until 1896, now known as Nuristan. A similarly-named region exists in north Pakistan.
- Kohistan – several regions of this name exist
- Kurdistan – Kurdish region. See also Iranian Kurdistan, Iraqi Kurdistan, Syrian Kurdistan, and Turkish Kurdistan.
- Lazistan – Persian name of Lazica, an ancient Georgian monarchy in western Georgia.
- Lezgistan – ethnolinguistic region in southern Dagestan and northern Azerbaijan
- Moghulistan (Mughalistan) – a historical area in Central Asia that included parts of modern-day Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Xinjiang
- North Waziristan – northern part of Waziristan region in Pakistan
- Pashtunistan – the area of Afghanistan and North-Western Pakistan historically inhabited by the Pashtun tribes
- Qabailistan – a region in western Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Quhistan – a region of medieval Persia, essentially the southern part of Greater Khorasan
- Registan – historic site in Samarkand, meaning "place of sand"
- Russian Turkestan – Turkestan in the Russian Empire, later Turkestan Autonomous SSR
- Sakastan or Sistan – a historical and geographical region in present-day eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) and southern Afghanistan
- Saraikistan – a region in the south-western part of Punjab, Pakistan with a majority of Saraiki speakers
- South Waziristan – southern part of Waziristan region in Pakistan
- Tabaristan – a historical region along the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea
- Talyshstan – ethnolinguistic region in the SE Caucasus and NW Iran
- Tokharistan, Tocharistan or Tukharistan, also known as Balkh or Bactria – the ancient name of a historical region in Central Asia, located between the range of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya (Oxus)
- Turgistan or Turestan – a Sasanian province
- Turkestan or Turkistan – ethnolinguistic region of Turkic peoples and languages, encompassing Central Asia, northwest China, parts of the Caucasus and Asia Minor
- Uyghurstan, China, same as East Turkestan
- Waziristan – a region of northwest Pakistan
- Zabulistan – a historical region roughly corresponding to today's Zabul Province in southern Afghanistan.
Nombres propuestos
- Khalistan or Sikhistan – a proposed country created from areas within India and Pakistan with a Sikh majority.
- Maronistan – a proposed name for Maronite state in Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War.[5]
- Romanistan – a proposed country for the Romani people.
- Sunnistan, Shiastan and Kurdistan – a proposed division of Syria and Iraq where Sunni-majority, Shia-majority and Kurdish-majority areas can have their own countries.
- Zazaistan – a suggested name for the region where the Zazas live.
Ficticio
- Adjikistan – a fictional central Asian country in the videogame SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Combined Assault.
- Aldastan – a fictional central Asian country consisting of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, from Command & Conquer: Generals.
- Ardistan and Djinnistan – two ficitonal countries in the novel Ardistan und Djinnistan by Karl May.
- Avgatiganistan – a pun of 'Afghanistan', it means 'Fried eggs' ('Avga tiganista') in Greek. Fictional country by author Eugene Trivizas.
- Azadistan – a fictional kingdom from the anime Mobile Suit Gundam 00, It means "free land".
- Azmanastan (or Uzmenistan) – a fictional country and region in the film The Expendables 3.
- Bangistan – a fictional country in the Bollywood movie Bangistan (2015) starring Riteish Deshmukh and Pulkit Samrat.
- Bazrakhistan – a fictional former Soviet republic in the movie Act of War (1998) starring Jack Scalia.
- Belgistan – a fictional Middle Eastern country in the anime Gasaraki.
- Berzerkistan – a fictional republic run by genocidal terrorist godhead and President for life Trff Bmzklfrpz, in the comic strip Doonesbury.
- Brajikistan – a fictional country from season 2 of the teen sitcom Wingin' It.
- Cobrastan – a fake fictional country made up by a character named Jorji Costava in his passport from the game Papers, Please.
- Derkaderkastan – a fictional Middle Eastern country in Team America: World Police.
- Franistan – a fictional country referred to in the television show I Love Lucy.
- Hachmachistan – fictional country in Kickin' It
- Helmajistan – a fictional area from the anime Full Metal Panic!.
- Howduyustan ("how do you stand?") – a fictional country from Uncle Scrooge comic book stories.
- Irakistan – a fictional country in the game Broforce
- Iranistan – an oriental region of Hyborea (Conan the Barbarian stories).
- Istan – a fictional island state in the online role-playing game, Guild Wars Nightfall.
- Kamistan (Islamic Republic of) – a fictional Middle Eastern country featured in the television series 24.
- Kazanistan – an ideal state imagined by John Rawls in The Law of Peoples, in which there is a system of law, legal representation for all groups, and a respect for basic human rights, but not full democracy.
- Kehjistan – the state of the eastern jungles in the game Diablo II.
- Kerplakistan – fictional country in Big Time Rush
- Kekistan – a fictional country created by 4chan members that has become a political meme and online movement.
- Kerakhistan – a fictional Middle Eastern country featured in the tabletop miniature wargame Battlefield Evolution.
- Kreplachistan – a fictional country in the Austin Powers film series.
- Langbortistan – a fictional country in the Danish Donald Duck cartoons
- Lojbanistan – the fictional country lojbanists imagine themselves inhabiting[6][7]
- Moldovistan – a fictional island country in The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest.
- Obristan – a fictional country in Papers, Please.
- Paristan or Pari-estan – a fairyland in the folklore of Middle East, South Asia and Central Asia.
- Pokolistan – a fictional country in DC Comics.
- Serdaristan – a fictional country in Battlefield: Bad Company.
- Takistan – a fictional country in ARMA 2: Operation Arrowhead.
- Tazbekistan – a fictional central Asian nation in the BBC television series Ambassadors.
- Trashcanistan – a fictional country mentioned by the hosts of "MXC".
- Turaqistan – a fictional country in the movie War, Inc.
- Turgistan – a fictional central Asian dictatorship in 6 Underground (film).
- Turmezistan – a fictional country in Doctor Who.
- Tyrgyzstan – a fictional country in the BBC television drama The State Within.
- Urzikstan – a fictional country in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2019 video game)[8]
- Yakyakistan – a fictional northern country in My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic.
- Youstinkistan – fictional country in The Fairly OddParents
- Zekistan – a fictional central Asian nation in the video game Full Spectrum Warrior.
Otro
- Absurdistan – sometimes used to satirically describe a country where everything goes wrong
- Ancapistan – a name (often satirically) given to an imaginary anarcho-capitalist country or society
- Bimaristan – a kind of hospital in medieval Persia and the medieval Islamic world
- Bradistan – a moniker for Bradford, England, owing to its large population of Pakistani worker migrants
- Canuckistan (full name being The People's Republic of Soviet Canuckistan) – epithet for Canada, used by Pat Buchanan on October 31, 2002, on his television show on MSNBC in which he denounced Canadians as anti-American and the country as a haven for terrorists. He was reacting to Canadian criticisms of US security measures regarding Arab Canadians[9]
- Cavaquistan (Cavaquistão in Portuguese) – a name coined after the former Portuguese President and Prime-Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, referring to the regions of Portugal where he achieved landslide victories in the elections held in the late 1980s and early 1990s (especially in the Viseu District[10]); intended pun with Kazakhstan (Cazaquistão in Portuguese[11])
- Dalitstan.org – a Dalit advocacy website active until mid-2006,[12] one of 18 websites that were blocked by the Indian government to check for hate messages following the 2006 Mumbai train bombings.[13]
- Dondestan – an album by Robert Wyatt. Sounds like Spanish: "¿Dónde están?", lit. 'Where are they?'.
- Españistán, from España (Spain), humorous expression of the country as a traditional and banana-republic.
- Extremistan and Mediocristan – used by author Nassim Nicholas Taleb to illustrate concepts of black swan theory in The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable
- Filmistan – a film-production company
- Fondukistan or Fondoqestān – an early medieval settlement and Buddhist monastery in Afghanistan
- Gazimestan – name of a monument commemorating the historical Battle of Kosovo
- Hamastan – a concept of a Palestinian Islamic government with Sharia as law
- Iranistan – a pseudo-orientalist mansion built for P. T. Barnum in 1848 in Connecticut
- Islamistan – means 'Land of Islam', used in various contexts
- Londonistan – French counter-terrorism agents gave the British/English capital of London this sobriquet. Sometimes used derogatorily to refer to the large immigrant, especially Muslim, population in London.
- Muristan – a complex of streets and shops in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem
- New Yorkistan – the title of the cover art for the December 10, 2001 edition of The New Yorker magazine
- The New Yorkistan map itself included various districts ending in -stan, e.g., Bronxistan, Cold Turkeystan, Fuhgeddabouditstan, Gaymenistan, Taxistan, Youdontunderstandistan, etc.
- Paganistan – the pagan/neo-pagan community of Minneapolis-Saint Paul in Minnesota[14]
- Quebecistan – a term coined by Barbara Kay in 2006
- Registan – a UNESCO World Heritage Site in central Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Sarvestan – a Sasanian-era palace in the Iranian province of Sarvestan
- Shabestan – an underground space, usually found in traditional architecture of mosques, houses, and schools in ancient Persia
- Shahrestan (several meanings)
- Skateistan – a skateboarding/educational organization based in Kabul, Afghanistan
Ver también
- -abad
- -an
- -desh
- -land
- -patnam
- -pur
- -tania
Referencias
- ^ Hayyim, Sulayman, "ستان", New Persian-English Dictionary, 2, Tehran: Librairie imprimerie Béroukhim, p. 30 Quote= ستان (p. V2-0030) ستان (۲) Suffix meaning 'a place abounding in'. Ex. گلستان a flower or rose-garden. Syn. زار See گازار Note. This suffix is pronounced stan or setan after a vowel, as in بوستان boostan, a garden, and هندوستان hendoostan, India; and estan after a consonant. Ex. گلستان golestan, and ترکستان torkestan. However, for poetic license, after a consonant also, it may be pronounced setan. Ex. گلستان golsetan
- ^ Steingass, Francis Joseph, "ستان", A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, p. 655,
stān (after a vowel), istān (after a consonant), Place where anything abounds, as ḵẖurmāstān, A palm-grove, gulistān, A flower-garden, &c.
- ^ Google Ngram Uzbekia, Kirgizia, Turkmenia, Tajikia
- ^ Becker, Seymour (2004). Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924. Routledge. p. 553. ISBN 1-134-33582-2.
As early as June 1920, Lenin had toyed with the idea of dividing Russian Turkestan into three national regions: Uzbekia, Kirgizia and Turkmenia.
- ^ "Lebanese solution " 15 Jul 1978 " The Spectator Archive". The Spectator Archive.
- ^ "Lojbnaistan". lojban wiki. November 4, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
- ^ Cowan, John Waldemar (1997). "1". The Complete Lojban Language (First ed.). Fairfax, VA, USA: The Logical Language Group. p. 3. ISBN 0-9660283-0-9.
- ^ Stuart, Keith (May 31, 2019). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare returns to tread a moral minefield". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- ^ Allan, Chantal (2009). Bomb Canada: And Other Unkind Remarks in the American Media. Athabasca University Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-1-897425-49-7.
soviet%20canuckistan%20arab%20canadians.
- ^ "Cavaquistão continua irredutível e a votar laranja ("Cavaquistan remains unyielding and voting orange") (in Portuguese)". Visão. October 6, 2019.
- ^ Carla Fernandes (2016). Multimodality and Performance. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4438-9465-4.
- ^ Dibyesh Anand (October 15, 2011). Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-0-230-36263-5.
- ^ "Govt blocks 18 sites to check hate messages". The Times of India. July 19, 2006.
- ^ Pizza, Murphy (2009). "Schism as midwife: how conflict aided the birth of a contemporary Pagan community". In Lewis, James R.; Lewis, Sarah M. (eds.). Sacred schisms: how religions divide (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 249–261. ISBN 978-0-511-58071-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
[...] the Pagan community of the Minnesota Twin Cities, otherwise known by members as 'Paganistan.'
Otras lecturas
- Maciuszak, Kinga. The Persian Suffix -(e)stān ‘The Land Of’ Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 13 (2008): 119–140.
enlaces externos
- Harper, Douglas. "-stan". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- The dictionary definition of -stan at Wiktionary