Izquierda americana
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La izquierda estadounidense está formada por individuos y grupos que han buscado cambios igualitarios en las instituciones económicas, políticas y culturales de Estados Unidos. [1] Están activos varios subgrupos de ámbito nacional. Los liberales y progresistas creen que la igualdad se puede acomodar en las estructuras capitalistas existentes , pero difieren en su crítica del capitalismo y en el alcance de la reforma y el estado de bienestar . Anarquistas , comunistas y socialistascon imperativos internacionales también están presentes dentro de este macro-movimiento. [2] Muchas comunas y comunidades igualitarias han existido en los Estados Unidos como una subcategoría del movimiento comunitario intencional más amplio , algunas de las cuales se basaron en ideales socialistas utópicos . [3] La izquierda ha estado involucrada en los partidos demócrata y republicano en diferentes momentos, habiéndose originado en el Partido Demócrata-Republicano en oposición al Partido Federalista . [4] [5] [6]
Aunque la política de izquierda llegó a Estados Unidos en el siglo XIX, no hay partidos políticos de izquierda importantes en Estados Unidos. [7] Los académicos han estudiado durante mucho tiempo las razones por las que no han surgido partidos socialistas viables en los Estados Unidos. [8] Algunos escritores atribuyen esto a los fracasos de la organización y el liderazgo socialistas, algunos a la incompatibilidad del socialismo y los valores estadounidenses y otros a las limitaciones impuestas por la Constitución de los Estados Unidos . [9] Vladimir Lenin y Leon Trotsky estaban particularmente preocupados porque desafió a los marxistas ortodoxoscreencias de que el país industrializado más avanzado proporcionaría un modelo para el futuro de las naciones menos desarrolladas. Si el socialismo representaba el futuro, entonces debería ser más fuerte en Estados Unidos. [10] Si bien las ramas del Partido de los Trabajadores se fundaron en las décadas de 1820 y 1830 en los Estados Unidos, defendieron la reforma agraria , la educación universal y la mejora de las condiciones de trabajo en forma de derechos laborales , no de propiedad colectiva , que desaparecieron después de que se tomaron sus objetivos. por la democracia jacksoniana . Samuel Gompers , líder de la Federación Estadounidense del Trabajo, pensó que los trabajadores deben confiar en sí mismos porque cualquier derecho otorgado por el gobierno podría ser revocado. [11]
El malestar económico en la década de 1890 estuvo representado por el populismo y el Partido Popular . Aunque utilizó una retórica anticapitalista , representó las opiniones de los pequeños agricultores que querían proteger su propia propiedad privada , no un llamado al comunismo , colectivismo o socialismo . [12] Los progresistas de principios del siglo XX criticaron la forma en que se había desarrollado el capitalismo, pero eran esencialmente de clase media y reformistas; sin embargo, tanto el populismo como el progresismo llevaron a algunas personas a la política de izquierda y muchos escritores populares del período progresista eran de izquierda. [13] Incluso la Nueva Izquierdase basó en tradiciones democráticas radicales en lugar de ideología de izquierda. [14] Friedrich Engels pensó que la falta de un pasado feudal era la razón por la que la clase trabajadora estadounidense tenía valores de clase media. Max Weber y Antonio Gramsci, que escribieron en un momento en que la industria estadounidense se estaba desarrollando rápidamente hacia el sistema de producción en masa conocido como fordismo , vieron el individualismo y el liberalismo del laissez-faire como creencias estadounidenses compartidas fundamentales. Según el historiador David De Leon, el radicalismo estadounidense tenía sus raíces en el libertarismo y el sindicalismo más que en el comunismo,Fabianismo y socialdemocracia , oponiéndose al poder centralizado y al colectivismo. [15] El carácter del sistema político estadounidense es hostil hacia terceros y también se ha presentado como una razón para la ausencia de un partido socialista fuerte en los Estados Unidos. [dieciséis]
La represión política también ha contribuido a la debilidad de la izquierda en Estados Unidos. Muchas ciudades tenían escuadrones rojos para monitorear e interrumpir a los grupos de izquierda en respuesta a los disturbios laborales como el motín de Haymarket . [17] Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la Ley Smith hizo ilegal la pertenencia a grupos revolucionarios. Después de la guerra, el senador Joseph McCarthy utilizó la Ley Smith para lanzar una cruzada ( macartismo ) para purgar a los presuntos comunistas del gobierno y los medios de comunicación. En la década de 1960, el FBI 's COINTELPRO programa supervisado, se infiltró, interrumpido y desacreditada grupos radicales en los Estados Unidos. [18]En 2008, se reveló que la policía de Maryland había agregado los nombres y la información personal de los manifestantes contra la guerra y los opositores a la pena de muerte a una base de datos que estaba destinada a ser utilizada para rastrear terroristas. [19] Terry Turchie, un ex subdirector adjunto de la División Antiterrorista del FBI, admitió que "una de las misiones del FBI en sus esfuerzos de contrainteligencia era tratar de mantener a estas personas (progresistas y socialistas autodenominados) fuera de oficina." [20]
Historia
Orígenes y desarrollos (~ 1600-1900)
Muchas tribus indígenas en América del Norte practicaron lo que los marxistas llamarían más tarde comunismo primitivo , lo que significa que practicaron la cooperación económica entre los miembros de sus tribus. [21]
Los primeros socialistas europeos que llegaron a América del Norte fueron una secta cristiana conocida como labadistas , que fundó la comuna de Bohemia Manor en 1683, a unas 60 millas (97 km) al oeste de Filadelfia , Pensilvania . Su forma de vida comunitaria se basaba en las prácticas comunitarias de los apóstoles y los primeros cristianos. [22]
Los primeros socialistas laicos estadounidenses fueron inmigrantes marxistas alemanes que llegaron después de las revoluciones de 1848 , también conocidos como Forty-Eighters . [23] Joseph Weydemeyer , un colega alemán de Karl Marx que buscó refugio en Nueva York en 1851 después de las revoluciones de 1848, estableció la primera revista marxista en los Estados Unidos, llamada Die Revolution , pero cerró después de dos números. En 1852 estableció el Proletarierbund , que se convertiría en la American Workers 'League, la primera organización marxista en los Estados Unidos, pero también fue de corta duración, ya que no logró atraer una membresía nativa de habla inglesa. [24]
En 1866, William H. Sylvis formó el National Labor Union (NLU). Frederich Albert Sorge, un alemán que había encontrado refugio en Nueva York después de las revoluciones de 1848, llevó al Local No. 5 de la NLU a la Primera Internacional como Sección Uno en los EE. UU. En 1872, había 22 secciones, que podían albergar un convención en Nueva York. El Consejo General de la Internacional se trasladó a Nueva York con Sorge como Secretario General, pero tras un conflicto interno, se disolvió en 1876. [25]
Siguió una ola más grande de inmigrantes alemanes en las décadas de 1870 y 1880, que incluyó a seguidores socialdemócratas de Ferdinand Lassalle . Lasalle creía que la ayuda estatal a través de la acción política era el camino a la revolución y se oponía al sindicalismo, que consideraba inútil, creyendo que, según la ley de hierro de los salarios, los empleadores solo pagarían salarios de subsistencia. Los lassalleanos formaron el Partido Socialdemócrata de América del Norte en 1874 y tanto marxistas como lassalleanos formaron el Partido de los Trabajadores de los Estados Unidos en 1876. Cuando los lassalleanos obtuvieron el control en 1877, cambiaron el nombre por el de Partido Socialista del Trabajo de América del Norte.(SLP). Sin embargo, muchos socialistas abandonaron por completo la acción política y se pasaron al sindicalismo. Dos ex socialistas, Adolph Strasser y Samuel Gompers , formaron la Federación Estadounidense del Trabajo (AFL) en 1886. [23]
Los anarquistas se separaron del Partido Laborista Socialista para formar el Partido Socialista Revolucionario en 1881. En 1885 tenían 7.000 miembros, el doble de los miembros del SLP. [26] Se inspiraron en el Congreso Anarquista Internacional de 1881 en Londres. Había dos federaciones en los Estados Unidos que se comprometieron a adherirse a la Internacional. Una convención de inmigrantes anarquistas en Chicago formó la Asociación Internacional de Trabajadores (Black International), mientras que un grupo de nativos americanos en San Francisco formó la Asociación Internacional de Trabajadores (Red International). [27] Tras una violenta manifestación en Haymarket.en Chicago en 1886, la opinión pública se volvió contra el anarquismo. Si bien se puede atribuir muy poca violencia a los anarquistas, el intento de asesinato de un financiero por un anarquista en 1892 y el asesinato en 1901 del presidente estadounidense, William McKinley , por un anarquista profeso llevaron a la terminación del asilo político para los anarquistas en 1903. [ 28] En 1919, tras las redadas de Palmer , los anarquistas fueron encarcelados y muchos, incluidos Emma Goldman y Alexander Berkman , fueron deportados. Sin embargo, el anarquismo volvió a alcanzar gran notoriedad pública con el juicio de los anarquistas Sacco y Vanzetti , que serían ejecutados en 1927 [29].
Daniel De Leon , quien se convirtió en líder del SLP en 1890, lo tomó en una dirección marxista. Eugene V. Debs , quien había sido un organizador de la American Railway Union formó el rival Partido Socialdemócrata de América en 1898. Miembros del SLP, dirigido por Morris Hillquit y opuesto al dominio personal dominante de De Leon y su comercio anti-AFL La política sindical se unió a los socialdemócratas para formar el Partido Socialista de América (SPA). En 1905, una convención de socialistas, anarquistas y sindicalistas desencantados con la burocracia y el sindicalismo artesanal de la AFL, fundó la rival Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), encabezada por figuras comoWilliam D. "Big Bill" Haywood , Helen Keller , De Leon y Debs. [30]
Los organizadores de la IWW discreparon sobre si la política electoral podría emplearse para liberar a la clase trabajadora. Debs dejó la IWW en 1906, y De Leon fue expulsado en 1908, formando un rival "Chicago IWW" que estaba estrechamente vinculado al SLP. La ideología de la IWW (de Minneapolis) evolucionó hacia el anarcosindicalismo , o "sindicalismo industrial revolucionario", y evitó por completo la actividad política electoral. [31] Tuvo éxito en la organización de trabajadores migratorios no calificados en los oficios de madera, agricultura y construcción en los estados occidentales y trabajadores textiles inmigrantes en los estados orientales y ocasionalmente aceptó la violencia como parte de la acción industrial. [32]
La SPA se dividió entre reformistas que creían que el socialismo se podía lograr mediante una reforma gradual del capitalismo y revolucionarios que pensaban que el socialismo solo podría desarrollarse después de que el capitalismo fuera derrocado, pero el partido marcó un camino central entre los dos. [33] La SPA alcanzó la cima de su éxito en 1912 cuando su candidato presidencial recibió el 5,9% del voto popular. El primer congresista socialista, Victor L. Berger, había sido elegido en 1910. A principios de 1912, había 1.039 funcionarios socialistas, incluidos 56 alcaldes, 305 concejales y concejales, 22 oficiales de policía y algunos legisladores estatales. Milwaukee, Berkeley, Butte, Schenectady y Flint estaban dirigidos por socialistas. Un rival socialista de Gompers obtuvo un tercio de los votos en un desafío por el liderazgo de la AFL. El SPA tenía 5 periódicos diarios en inglés y 8 en idiomas extranjeros, 262 semanarios en inglés y 36 en idiomas extranjeros, y 10 mensuales en inglés y 2 en idiomas extranjeros. [34]
La entrada estadounidense en la Primera Guerra Mundial en 1917 condujo a una histeria patriótica dirigida contra alemanes, inmigrantes, afroamericanos, trabajadores con conciencia de clase y socialistas, y la Ley de Espionaje y la Ley de Sedición consiguientes se utilizaron en su contra. El gobierno hostigó a los periódicos socialistas, la oficina de correos negó al SP el uso del correo y los militantes pacifistas fueron arrestados. Pronto Debs y más de sesenta líderes de la IWW fueron acusados de los hechos. [35]
Escisión comunista-socialista, el New Deal y los sustos rojos (1910-1940)
En 1919, John Reed , Benjamin Gitlow y otros socialistas formaron el Partido Laborista Comunista de América , mientras que las secciones extranjeras socialistas dirigidas por CE Ruthenberg formaron el Partido Comunista. Estos dos grupos se combinarían como el Partido Comunista de EE . UU. (CPUSA). [36] Los comunistas organizaron la Liga de Unidad Sindical para competir con la AFL y afirmaron representar a 50.000 trabajadores. [37]
En 1928, tras las divisiones dentro de la Unión Soviética, Jay Lovestone , que había reemplazado a Ruthenberg como secretario general de la CPUSA tras su muerte, se unió a William Z. Foster para expulsar a los antiguos aliados de Foster, James P. Cannon y Max Shachtman , quienes eran seguidores. de Leon Trotsky . Después de otra disputa entre facciones soviéticas, Lovestone y Gitlow fueron expulsados y Earl Browder se convirtió en líder del partido. [38]
Cannon, Shachtman y Martin Abern establecieron la Liga Comunista Trotskista de América y reclutaron miembros del CPUSA. [39] La Liga luego se fusionó con AJ Muste 's Partido de los Trabajadores de América en 1934, formando el Partido de los Trabajadores . Los nuevos miembros incluyeron a James Burnham y Sidney Hook . [40]
En la década de 1930, el Partido Socialista estaba profundamente dividido entre una vieja guardia, dirigida por Hillquit, y militantes más jóvenes, que simpatizaban más con la Unión Soviética, dirigidos por Norman Thomas . La Vieja Guardia abandonó el partido para formar la Federación Socialdemócrata . [41] Tras las conversaciones entre el Partido de los Trabajadores y los Socialistas, los miembros del Partido de los Trabajadores se unieron a los Socialistas en 1936. [42] Una vez dentro, operaron como una facción separada. [43] Los trotskistas fueron expulsados del Partido Socialista al año siguiente y establecieron el Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores (SWP) y el ala juvenil de los socialistas, la Liga Socialista de Jóvenes (YPSL) se unió a ellos.[44] Shachtman y otros fueron expulsados del SWP en 1940 por su posición en la Unión Soviética y establecieron el Partido de los Trabajadores . En unos meses, muchos miembros del nuevo partido, incluido Burnham, se habían marchado. [45] El Partido de los Trabajadores pasó a llamarse Liga Socialista Independiente (ISL) en 1949 y dejó de ser un partido político. [46]
Algunos miembros de la Vieja Guardia del Partido Socialista formaron el Partido Laborista Estadounidense (ALP) en el estado de Nueva York, con el apoyo del Congreso de Organizaciones Industriales (CIO). La derecha de este partido se separó en 1944 para formar el Partido Liberal de Nueva York . [47] En las elecciones de 1936, 1940 y 1944, el ALP recibió 274.000, 417.000 y 496.000 votos en el estado de Nueva York, mientras que los liberales recibieron 329.000 votos en 1944. [48]
Derechos civiles, guerra contra la pobreza y la nueva izquierda (décadas de 1950 a 1960)
En 1958, el Partido Socialista dio la bienvenida a ex miembros de la Liga Socialista Independiente , que antes de su disolución en 1956 había sido dirigida por Max Shachtman . Shachtman había desarrollado una crítica neomarxista del comunismo soviético como " colectivismo burocrático ", una nueva forma de sociedad de clases que era más opresiva que cualquier forma de capitalismo. La teoría de Shachtman era similar a la de muchos disidentes y refugiados del comunismo, como la teoría de la " nueva clase " propuesta por el disidente yugoslavo Milovan Đilas (Djilas). [49] El ISL de Shachtman había atraído a jóvenes como Irving Howe ,Michael Harrington , [50] Tom Kahn y Rachelle Horowitz. [51] [52] [53] La YPSL se disolvió, pero el partido formó un nuevo grupo juvenil con el mismo nombre. [54]
Kahn y Horowitz, junto con Norman Hill , ayudaron a Bayard Rustin con el movimiento de derechos civiles . Rustin había ayudado a la propagación del pacifismo y la no violencia a los líderes del movimiento de derechos civiles, como Martin Luther King . El círculo de Rustin y A. Philip Randolph organizaron la Marcha de 1963 en Washington , donde Martin Luther King pronunció su discurso Tengo un sueño . [55] [56] [57] [58]
Michael Harrington pronto se convirtió en el socialista más visible de los Estados Unidos cuando su The Other America se convirtió en un éxito de ventas, tras una larga y elogiosa reseña neoyorquina de Dwight Macdonald . [59] Harrington y otros socialistas fueron llamados a Washington, DC, para ayudar a la administración Kennedy y luego el gobierno de Johnson 's guerra contra la pobreza y la Gran Sociedad . [60]
Shachtman, Harrington, Kahn y Rustin defendieron una estrategia política llamada "realineamiento" que priorizaba el fortalecimiento de los sindicatos y otras organizaciones progresistas que ya estaban activas en el Partido Demócrata. Contribuir a las luchas cotidianas del movimiento por los derechos civiles y los sindicatos había ganado credibilidad e influencia socialistas, y había ayudado a empujar a los políticos del Partido Demócrata hacia posiciones " social-liberales " o socialdemócratas , al menos en el ámbito civil. derechos y la guerra contra la pobreza. [61] [62]
Harrington, Kahn y Horowitz eran funcionarios y miembros del personal de la Liga para la Democracia Industrial (LID), que ayudó a iniciar la Nueva Izquierda Estudiantes por una Sociedad Democrática (SDS). [63] Los tres oficiales de LID chocaron con los activistas menos experimentados de SDS, como Tom Hayden , cuando la Declaración de Port Huron de este último criticó la oposición socialista y liberal al comunismo y criticó al movimiento sindical mientras promocionaba a los estudiantes como agentes del cambio social. [64] [65] LID y SDS se dividieron en 1965, cuando SDS votó para eliminar de su constitución la " cláusula de exclusión " que prohibía la membresía de los comunistas: [66]La cláusula de exclusión de la SDS había prohibido a los "defensores o apologistas del" "totalitarismo". [67] La eliminación de la cláusula invitó efectivamente a "cuadros disciplinados" a intentar "tomar el control o paralizar" a la SDS, como había ocurrido con las organizaciones de masas en los años treinta. [68] Posteriormente, el marxismo-leninismo , particularmente el Partido Laborista Progresista , ayudó a escribir "la sentencia de muerte" para SDS, [69] [70] [71] [72] que, sin embargo, tenía más de 100 mil miembros en su apogeo.
Escisión SDUSA-SPUSA, base de las protestas DSOC-DSA y contra la OMC (décadas de 1970 y 1990)
En 1972, el Partido Socialista votó para cambiarse su nombre a Socialdemócratas, EE.UU. (SDUSA) por 73 votos contra 34 en su Convención de diciembre; sus presidentes nacionales fueron Bayard Rustin , un líder de paz y derechos civiles, y Charles S. Zimmerman , un funcionario del Sindicato Internacional de Trabajadoras de la Confección de Mujeres (ILGWU). [73] En 1973, Michael Harrington renunció a SDUSA y fundó el Comité Organizador Socialista Democrático (DSOC), que atrajo a muchos de sus seguidores del antiguo Partido Socialista. [74] El mismo año, David McReynoldsy otros del ala pacifista y de retirada inmediata del antiguo Partido Socialista formaron el Partido Socialista de Estados Unidos . [75]
Cuando la SPA se convirtió en SDUSA, [73] la mayoría tenía 22 de 33 votos en el comité nacional de SDUSA (enero de 1973). Dos grupos minoritarios de SDUSA se asociaron con otras dos organizaciones socialistas, cada una de las cuales se fundó más tarde en 1973. Muchos miembros del grupo de Michael Harrington ("Coalición"), con 8 de 33 escaños en el comité nacional de 1973 SDUSA, [76] se unieron DSOC de Harrington. Muchos miembros del caucus Debs, con 2 de los 33 escaños en el comité nacional de 1973 de SDUSA, [76] se unieron al Partido Socialista de los Estados Unidos (SPUSA).
De 1979 a 1989, miembros de SDUSA como Tom Kahn organizaron la recaudación de fondos de la AFL-CIO de $ 300,000, que compraron prensas de impresión y otros suministros solicitados por Solidarnosc (Solidaridad), el sindicato independiente de Polonia . [77] [78] [79] Los miembros de SDUSA ayudaron a formar una coalición bipartidista (de los partidos demócrata y republicano) para apoyar la fundación del National Endowment for Democracy (NED), cuyo primer presidente fue Carl Gershman . La NED asignó públicamente 4 millones de dólares de ayuda pública a Solidaridad hasta 1989. [80] [81]
En la década de 1990, los anarquistas intentaron organizarse en América del Norte en torno al Amor y la Ira , lo que atrajo a varios cientos de activistas. En 1997 comenzaron a proliferar las organizaciones anarquistas. [82] Un movimiento anarquista exitoso fue Food not Bombs , que distribuía comidas vegetarianas gratuitas. Los anarquistas recibieron una significativa cobertura mediática por su interrupción de la conferencia de la Organización Mundial del Comercio de 1999 , llamada Batalla en Seattle , donde se organizó la Red de Acción Directa . La mayoría de las organizaciones duraron poco y el anarquismo entró en declive tras una reacción de las autoridades que se incrementó tras los ataques del 11 de septiembre de 2001.
Occupy, campañas de Bernie Sanders y victorias electorales de DSA (2000-presente)
En las elecciones presidenciales de 2000 , Ralph Nader y Winona LaDuke recibieron 2.882.000 votos o el 2,74% del voto popular en la lista del Partido Verde . [83] [84]
El cineasta Michael Moore dirigió una serie de películas populares que examinan los Estados Unidos y su política gubernamental desde una perspectiva de izquierda, incluyendo Bowling for Columbine , Sicko , Capitalism: A Love Story y Fahrenheit 9/11 , que fue el documental más taquillero de todos los tiempos. . [85]
En 2011, las protestas de Occupy Wall Street exigiendo rendición de cuentas por la crisis financiera de 2007-2008 y contra la desigualdad comenzaron en Manhattan , Nueva York y pronto se extendieron a otras ciudades del país, pasando a conocerse más ampliamente como el movimiento Occupy . [86]
Kshama Sawant fue elegida para el Ayuntamiento de Seattle como candidata abiertamente socialista en 2013. Fue reelegida en 2015. [87] [88] [89]
Bernie Sanders , un socialista democrático que se describe a sí mismo y que se postula como independiente , [90] ganó su primera elección como alcalde de Burlington, Vermont en 1981 y fue reelegido por tres mandatos adicionales. Luego representó a Vermont en la Cámara de Representantes de EE. UU. Desde 1991 hasta 2007, y posteriormente fue elegido senador de Vermont por Vermont en 2007, cargo que aún ocupa. [91] [92] [93] Aunque no ganó la nominación presidencial del Partido Demócrata en 2016Sanders ganó el quinto mayor número de votos en las primarias de cualquier candidato en una carrera de nominación, demócrata o republicana, y causó un gran revuelo en Michigan y muchos otros estados. [94]
La miembro de los Socialistas Demócratas de América , Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, derrotó al titular de diez mandatos Joe Crowley en las primarias de la Cámara de Representantes de NY-14 y ganó sus elecciones generales. Es la mujer más joven elegida al Congreso y se postuló en una plataforma progresista . En términos generales, la izquierda estadounidense moderna se caracteriza por organizaciones como los Socialistas Demócratas de América, la organización socialista más grande de Estados Unidos con más de 70.000 miembros. La DSA ha experimentado un gran resurgimiento en el crecimiento con la campaña presidencial de Bernie Sanders en 2016 y continúa creciendo a pesar de haber tenido una membresía de alrededor de 5,000 miembros hace solo una década. A diferencia de otras partes de la izquierda moderna como el Partido Socialista por la Igualdad, el DSA no es un partido político y sus candidatos afiliados usualmente se postulan en una boleta demócrata o independiente. La publicación socialista de mayor circulación en los EE. UU., Jacobin , junto con otras publicaciones de izquierda como Dissent y Monthly Review , se han vuelto cada vez más populares con el resurgimiento del socialismo democrático posterior a Sanders y Ocasio-Cortez.
Corrientes politicas
Anarquismo
El anarquismo en los Estados Unidos surgió por primera vez del socialismo individualista , librepensador y utópico , tipificado por el trabajo de pensadores como Josiah Warren y Henry David Thoreau . Esto se vio ensombrecido por un movimiento de masas, cosmopolita y de clase trabajadora entre las décadas de 1880 y 1940, cuyos miembros eran en su mayoría inmigrantes recientes, incluidos los de ascendencia alemana, italiana, judía, mexicana y rusa. [95]
Figuras prominentes de este período incluyen a Albert Parsons y Lucy Parsons , Emma Goldman , Carlo Tresca y Ricardo Flores Magón . El movimiento anarquista alcanzó notoriedad debido a los violentos enfrentamientos con la policía , los asesinatos y la sensacional propaganda del miedo rojo , pero la mayor parte de la actividad anarquista tuvo lugar en el ámbito de la agitación y la organización sindical entre trabajadores mayoritariamente inmigrantes. Las organizaciones anarquistas incluyen:
- Cruz Negra Anarquista [96]
- Gente anarquista de color
- Federación Anarquista Rosa Negra / Federación Anarquista Rosa Negra
- Primero de Mayo Alianza Anarquista
- Comida, no bombas [96]
- Colectivo Anarquista Green Mountain
- Trabajadores industriales del mundo [97]
- Asociación Internacional de Trabajadores
- Justicia local a global [96]
- Liga Socialista Revolucionaria
- Unión de trabajadores rusos
- Alianza de Solidaridad de los Trabajadores [96]
- Fiesta Internacional de la Juventud
De Leonismo
El de Leonismo , conocido ocasionalmente como marxismo-de Leonismo, es una variante ideológica marxista libertaria desarrollada por el activista estadounidense Daniel De Leon .
Partido Laborista Socialista
Fundado en 1876, el Partido Laborista Socialista (SLP) fue un partido reformista, pero adoptó las teorías de Karl Marx y Daniel De León en 1900, lo que llevó a la deserción de los reformadores al nuevo Partido Socialista de América (SPA). Disputó las elecciones, incluidas todas las elecciones para presidente de los Estados Unidos desde 1892 hasta 1976. Algunos de sus miembros prominentes incluyeron a Jack London y James Connolly . Para 2009 había perdido sus instalaciones y dejó de publicar su periódico, The People . [98]
En 1970, un grupo de disidentes abandonó el SLP para formar la Reconstrucción Socialista. La Reconstrucción Socialista expulsó a algunos de sus disidentes, que formaron el Grupo Foro Socialista. [99]
Socialismo democrático y socialdemocracia
| Parte de una serie sobre |
| Democracia social |
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The Socialist Party of America was founded in 1901. Eugene Debs ran as the party's presidential candidate five times and received 6% of the popular vote in 1912. The party suffered political repression during World War I due to its pacifist stance and broke into factions over whether or not to support the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and whether or not to join the Comintern. The Socialist Party was re-formed in the mid-1920s but stopped running candidates after 1956, having been undercut by Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal and the resulting leftward movement of the Democratic Party to its right, and by the Communist Party on its left. In the early 1970s, the party split into tiny factions.
After 1960 the Socialist Party also functioned "as an educational organization".[100] Members of the Debs–Thomas Socialist Party helped to develop leaders of social-movement organizations, including the civil-rights movement and the New Left.[101][102] Similarly, contemporary social-democratic and democratic-socialist organizations are known because of their members' activities in other organizations.
Democratic Socialists of America
Michael Harrington resigned from Social Democrats, USA early in 1973. He rejected the SDUSA (majority Socialist Party) position on the Vietnam War, which demanded an end to bombings and a negotiated peace settlement. Harrington called rather for an immediate cease fire and immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam.[103] Even before the December 1972 convention, Michael Harrington had resigned as an Honorary Chairperson of the Socialist Party.[73] In the early spring of 1973, he resigned his membership in SDUSA. That same year, Harrington and his supporters formed the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (DSOC). At its start, DSOC had 840 members, of which 2 percent served on its national board; approximately 200 had been members of Social Democrats, USA or its predecessors whose membership was then 1,800, according to a 1973 profile of Harrington.[104]
The DSOC became a member of the Socialist International. It supported progressive Democrats including DSOC member Congressman Ron Dellums and worked to help network activists in the Democratic Party and in labor unions.[105]
In 1982, the DSOC established the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) upon merging with the New American Movement, an organization of democratic socialists mostly from the New Left.[106] Its high-profile members included Congressman Major Owens, Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib, Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Congressman Ron Dellums, multiple state legislators (Sara Innamorato, Lee J. Carter, Summer Lee, Julia Salazar), and William Winpisinger, President of the International Association of Machinists.[107][circular reference] In 2019 at the Democratic Socialists of America convention in Atlanta, Georgia, DSA confirmed its support for Senator Bernie Sanders in the 2020 United States presidential election.[108]
Since the 2016 United States presidential election, the DSA has grown to more than 50,000 members, making it the largest socialist organization in the United States.[109] In 2017, DSA left the Socialist International, citing its support of neoliberal economic policies.[110]
Social Democrats, USA
The Socialist Party of America changed its name to Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA) in 1972.[73] In electoral politics, SDUSA's National Co-Chairman Bayard Rustin stated that its goal was to transform the Democratic Party into a social-democratic party.[111] SDUSA sponsored a conferences that featured discussions and debates over proposed resolutions, some of which were adopted as organizational statements. For these conferences, SDUSA invited a range of academic, political, and labor-union leaders. These meetings also functioned as reunions for political activists and intellectuals, some of whom worked together for decades.[112]
Many SDUSA members served as organizational leaders, especially in labor unions. Rustin served as President of the A. Philip Randolph Institute,[113] and was succeeded by Norman Hill. Tom Kahn served as Director of International Affairs for the AFL–CIO.[58] Sandra Feldman served as President of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT).[114] Rachelle Horowitz served as Political Director for the AFT and serves on the board for the National Democratic Institute. Other members of SDUSA specialized in international politics. Penn Kemble served as the Acting Director of the U.S. Information Agency in the Presidency of Bill Clinton.[115][116] After having served as the U.S. Representative to the U.N.'s Committee on human rights during the first Reagan Administration,[117] Carl Gershman has served as the President of the National Endowment for Democracy.[118]
Socialist Party USA
In the Socialist Party before 1973, members of the Debs Caucus opposed endorsing or otherwise supporting Democratic Party candidates. They began working outside the Socialist Party with antiwar groups such as the Students for a Democratic Society. Some locals voted to disaffiliate with SDUSA and more members resigned; they re-organized as the Socialist Party USA (SPUSA) while continuing to operate the old Debs Caucus paper, the Socialist Tribune, later renamed The Socialist. The SPUSA continues to run local and national candidates, including Dan La Botz' 2010 campaign for US Senate in Ohio that won over 25,000 votes and Pat Noble's successful election onto the Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education in 2012 and subsequent re-election in 2015. The SPUSA has run or endorsed a presidential ticket in every election since its founding, most recently nominating Greens party co-founder and activist Howie Hawkins in the 2020 presidential election.
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Christian democracy
American Solidarity Party
The American Solidarity Party (ASP) is a fiscally progressive and socially conservative Christian-democratic political party with a Social-democratic[119] faction in the United States.[120][121] It favors a social market economy (Rhine capitalism) with a distributist flavor,[122][123] that seeks "widespread economic participation and ownership" through supporting small business[123] and providing a social safety net programs. It also has a minor Anti-capitalism faction[124]. The party's name was inspired by Solidarnosc (Solidarity), the independent labor-union of Poland.[125]
Green politics
Green Party of the United States
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The Green Party of the United States is a eco-socialist party whose platform emphasizes environmentalism, non-hierarchical participatory democracy, social justice, respect for diversity, peace, and nonviolence.[126][127][128][129][130] At their 2016 party convention in Houston, the party changed its platform to support a decentralized form of eco-socialism based on workplace democracy.[131][132]
In the 2000 presidential election, Ralph Nader and Winona LaDuke received 2,882,955 votes or 2.74% of the popular vote.[133]
In the 2016 election, Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein and running mate Ajamu Baraka qualified to be on the ballot in 44 states and the District of Columbia, with 3 additional states allowing write-in votes.[134][135]
The Greens/Green Party USA is a much smaller group focusing on education and local, grassroots organizing.
Marxism–Leninism
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Marxism–Leninism has been advocated and practiced by American communists of many kinds, including pro-Soviet, Trotskyist, Maoist, or independent.[136]
American Party of Labor
The American Party of Labor was founded in 2008 and adheres to Hoxhaism.[137] It has its origins in the activities of the American communist Jack Shulman, former secretary of Communist Party USA leader William Z. Foster; and the British Marxist-Leninist Bill Bland. Members of the American Party of Labor had previously been active in Alliance Marxist-Leninist and International Struggle Marxist-Leninist, two organizations founded by Shulman and Bland. The present-day APL sees itself as upholding and continuing the work of Shulman and Bland. Although not a formal member of the International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle), the APL is generally supportive of its line and maintains friendly relations with a number of foreign communist parties including the Chilean Communist Party (Proletarian Action), the Turkish Labour Party (EMEP), the Labour Party of Iran, and the Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist).
It has been involved in a number of events, such as a 2013 protest against the Golden Dawn in Chicago,[138] a 2014 meeting on the Ukraine[139] and a protest against Donald Trump at the 2016 Republican National Convention.[140] A significant program of the American Party of Labor is "Red Aid: Service to the People", which involves providing food, clothing and other assistance to the poor and homeless in impoverished communities, and has been established in multiple US cities.[141][142][143]
Its current organ, The Red Phoenix, carries articles concerning contemporary political issues and theoretical and historical questions.
Communist Party USA
Established in 1919, the Communist Party USA (CP) claimed a membership of 100,000 in 1939 and maintained a membership over 50,000 until the 1950s. However, the 1956 invasion of Hungary, McCarthyism and investigations by the House Unamerican Activities Committee (HUAC) contributed to its steady decline despite a brief increase in membership from the mid-1960s. Its estimated membership in 1996 was between 4,000 and 5,000.[144] From the 1940s, the FBI attempted to disrupt the CP, including through its Counter‐Intelligence Program (COINTELPRO).[145]
Several Communist front organizations founded in the 1950s continued to operate at least into the 1990s, notably the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, the American Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born, the Labor Research Association, the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, and the U.S. Peace Council. Other groups with less direct links to the CP include the National Lawyers Guild, the National Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, and the Center for Constitutional Rights.[146] Many leading members of the New Left, including some members of the Weather Underground and the May 19th Communist Organization were members of the National Lawyers Guild.[147] However, CP attempts to influence the New Left were mostly unsuccessful.[148] The CP attracted media attention in the 1970s with the membership of the high-profile activist, Angela Davis.[149]
The CP publishes the People's World and Political Affairs. Beginning in 1988, the CP stopped running candidates for President of the United States.[150] After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, it was found that the Soviet Union had provided funding to the CP throughout its history. The CP had always supported the positions of the Soviet Union.[151]
Because of the continued slip into an ideology of social democracy that began after the death of CPUSA National Chair Gus Hall, dissident groups began to form around the country that were opposed to the increased pro-capitalist policies of the CPUSA National Committee. There was a fear among members that the CP was on the road to liquidation as a political party. There were several telltale signs that this was happening. The new National Chairman of the CP, Sam Webb began exploring ways to fund the party which suffered a great loss of financial assistance when Mikail Gorbachev assumed leadership of the CP of the Soviet Union. The party began to invest in real estate around the country and used party funds to refurbish its headquarters in New York. The CP leased out several floors of their headquarters to local businesses such as Wix, a website design company. They also leased out the first floor to an art supply company, closing the bookshop of International Publishers, the CP publishing company. Currently, there are no CP bookstores around the country. The CP then made the decision not to print its weekly newspaper, the People's Weekly World. The paper is only available online. The party's online theoretical journal, Political Affairs, was also discontinued. Currently, the CP does not have an organizing department. Dues books have been continued. No attempt has been made to establish ties with the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) which is the largest socialist-communist trade union federation in the world.
Freedom Road Socialist Organization
The Freedom Road Socialist Organization (FRSO) was founded in 1985 through the mergers of Maoist and Marxist–Leninist organizations active near the end of the New Communist Movement. The FRSO grew out of an initial merger of the Proletarian Unity League and the Revolutionary Workers Headquarters. Some years later, the Organization for Revolutionary Unity and the Amilcar Cabral/Paul Robeson Collective merged into the FRSO.
In 1999, the FRSO split into two organizations, both of which retain the FRSO name to this day. The split primarily concerned the organization's continued adherence to Marxism–Leninism, with one side of the FRSO upholding Marxism–Leninism and the other side preferring to pursue a strategy of regrouping and rebuilding the Left in the United States. These organizations are commonly identified through their publications, which are Fight Back! News and Freedom Road, and their websites, (frso.org) and (freedomroad.org), respectively.
In 2010, members of the FRSO (frso.org) and other anti-war and international solidarity activists were raided by the FBI. Secret documents left by the FBI revealed that agents planned to question activists about their involvement in the FRSO (frso.org) and their international solidarity work related to Colombia and Palestine.[152] The FRSO (frso.org) works in the Committee to Stop FBI Repression.
Both FRSO groups continue to uphold the right of national self-determination for African-Americans and Chicanos. The FRSO (frso.org) works in the labor movement, the student movement, and the oppressed nationalities movement.
Party for Socialism and Liberation
The Party for Socialism and Liberation was formed in 2004 as a result of a split in the Workers World Party. The San Francisco, Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. branches left almost in their entirety and the party has grown significantly since then.[citation needed] The new party took control of the Worker's World Party front organization Act Now to Stop War and End Racism (A.N.S.W.E.R.) at the time of the split.[153]
Following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, A.N.S.W.E.R. organized the "Seize BP" campaign, which organized demonstrations calling for the U.S. federal government to seize BP's assets and place them in trust to pay for damages.[154]
The PSL has also been active in the antiracist movement, participating in protests across the country throughout 2020.[155][156] Several organizers in their Denver branch were arrested for their involvement in protests against the death of Elijah McClain.[157]
Progressive Labor Party
The Progressive Labor Party (PL) was formed as the Progressive Labor Movement in 1962 by a group of former members of the Communist Party USA, most of whom had quit or been expelled for supporting China in the Sino-Soviet split. To them, the Soviet Union was imperialist. They competed with the CP and SWP for influence in the anti-war movement and the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), forming the May 2 Movement as its anti-war front organization.[158] Its major publications are Progressive Labor and the Marxist–Leninist Quarterly.[159] They later abandoned Maoism, refusing to follow the line of any foreign country and formed the front group, the International Committee Against Racism (InCAR), in 1973. Much of their activity included violent confrontations against far-right groups, such as Nazis and Klansmen.[160] While membership in 1978 was about 1,500, by 1996 it had fallen below 500.[161]
Revolutionary Communist Party, USA
Formed in 1969 as the Bay Area Revolutionary Union (BARU), the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP) had almost one thousand members in twenty-five states by 1975. Its main founder and long-time leader, Bob Avakian, a Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) organizer had fought off attempts for control of the SDS by the Progressive Labor Party. The party has been unwaveringly Maoist.[162] Working through the U.S.-China Peoples Friendship Association, the party arranged for visits by Americans to China.[163] Their newspaper, Revolutionary Worker has featured articles supportive of Albania and North Korea, while the party, unusually for the Left, has been hostile to school busing, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), and gay rights. The party fell out of favour with the Chinese government after the death of Mao Zedong, partly because of the personality cult of the RCP leader. By the mid-1990s the party numbered fewer than 500 members.[164]
Workers World Party
The Workers World Party (WWP) was formed in 1958 by fewer than one hundred people who left the Socialist Workers Party after the SWP supported socialists in New York State elections. Their publication is Workers World. The party's position has developed from Trotskyism to independent Marxism–Leninism, supporting all Marxist states. They have been active in organizing protests against far-right groups. They were also notable for being the main US supporter of the former Ethiopian communist government. In the 1990s their membership was estimated at about 200.[165]
Their front group, Act Now to Stop War and End Racism (A.N.S.W.E.R.) organized the early protests against the war in Iraq, which brought hundreds of thousands of protesters to Washington, D.C. before the war had even begun.[166] However, following a split in the party in 2004, some members left to form the Party for Socialism and Liberation, taking leadership of A.N.S.W.E.R. with them. The Workers World Party then formed the Troops Out Now Coalition.[153]
Trotskyism
Many Trotskyist parties and organizations exist that advocate communism. These groups are distinct from Marxist–Leninist groups in that they generally adhere to the theory and writings of Leon Trotsky. Many owe their organizational heritage to the Socialist Workers Party, which emerged as a split-off from the CP.
Freedom Socialist Party
The Freedom Socialist Party began in 1966 as the Seattle branch of the Socialist Workers Party that had split from the party and joined with others who had not belonged to the SWP. They differed with the SWP on the role of African Americans, whom they saw as being the future vanguard of the revolution, and of women, emphasizing their rights, which they called "socialist feminism". Clara Fraser came to lead the party and was to form the group Radical Women.[167]
International Marxist Tendency
The US Section of the International Marxist Tendency is an American Trotskyist organization formed in 2002. The IMT is inspired by the theories of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, and Leon Trotsky, as well as British Trotskyist Ted Grant, and publishes a regular newspaper called Socialist Revolution (formerly Socialist Appeal). It also supports a publishing house called Marxist Books. The organization argues for a break with the Democrats and Republicans, and the formation of a mass working-class party with a socialist program.[168]
International Socialist Organization
The International Socialist Organization (ISO) was a group founded in 1977 as a section of the International Socialist Tendency (IST). The organization held Leninist positions on imperialism and considered itself a vanguard party, preparing the ground for a revolutionary party to hypothetically succeed it. The organization held a Trotskyist critique of nominally socialist states, which it considered class societies. In contrast to this, the ISO advocated the tradition of "socialism from below". It was strongly influenced by the perspectives of Hal Draper and Tony Cliff. It broke from the IST in 2001 but continued to exist as an independent organization for the next eighteen years.
The ISO emphasized educational work on the socialist tradition. Branches also took part in activism against the Iraq War, against police brutality, against the death penalty, and in labor strikes, among other social movements. At its peak in 2013, the group had as many as 1500 members. The organization argued that it was the largest revolutionary socialist group in the United States at that time. The ISO found itself in crisis early 2019, largely stemming from a scandal over the leadership's response to a 2013 sexual misconduct case. The ISO voted to dissolve itself in March 2019.
Socialist Action
Socialist Action was formed in 1983 by members, almost all of whom had been expelled from the Socialist Workers Party. Its members remained loyal to Trotskyist principles, including "permanent revolution", that they claimed the SWP had abandoned. Strongly critical of authoritarian regimes, including the Soviet Union and Iran, it championed socialist revolution in third world countries. It was an active participant in the Cleveland Emergency National Conference in September 1984, set up to challenge American policy in Central America, and played a major role in organizing demonstrations against American action against the Sandanista rebels in Nicaragua.[169]
Socialist Alternative
Although Socialist Alternative has sometimes pursued a democratic socialist strategy, most notably in Seattle where Kshama Sawant was elected to the Seattle City Council as an openly socialist candidate in 2013.,[87][88][89] it identifies as a Trotskyist political organization. Socialist Alternative is the U.S. affiliate of the International Socialist Alternative, which is a Brussels-based international of Trotskyist political parties.
Socialist Equality Party
The Socialist Equality Party (SEP) is a political party that formed after a 1964 ideological rupture with Socialist Workers Party over the issue of their support of the Fidel Castro government in Cuba, The SEP are composed of Trotskyists and are affiliated with the World Socialist Web Site.
Socialist Workers Party
With fewer than one thousand members in 1996, the Socialist Worker's Party (SWP) was the second-largest Marxist–Leninist party in the United States.[170] Formed by supporters of Leon Trotsky, they believed that the Soviet Union and other Communist states remained "worker's states" and should be defended against reactionary forces, although their leadership had sold out the workers. They became members of the Trotskyist Fourth International.[171] Their publications include The Militant and a theoretical journal, the International Socialist Review.[172] Two groups that broke with the SWP in the 1960s were the Spartacist League and the Workers League (which would later evolve into the Socialist Equality Party).[173] The SWP has been involved in numerous violent scuffles.[174] In 1970 the party successfully sued the FBI for COINTELPRO, where the FBI opened and copied mail, planted informants, wiretapped members' homes, bugged conventions, and broke into party offices.[175] The party fields candidates for President of the United States.[174]
Solidarity
Solidarity is a socialist organization associated with the journal Against the Current. Solidarity is an organizational descendant of International Socialists, a Trotskyist organization based on the proposition that the Soviet Union was not a "degenerate workers' state" (as in orthodox Trotskyism) but rather "bureaucratic collectivism", a new and especially repressive class society.[176]
Spartacist League
The Spartacist League was formed in 1966 by members of the Socialist Workers Party who had been expelled two years earlier after accusing the SWP of adopting "petty bourgeois ideology". Beginning with a membership of around 75, their numbers dropped to 40 by 1969 although they grew to several hundred in the early 1970s, with Maoists disillusioned with China's new foreign policy joining the group.[177]
The League saw the Soviet Union as a "deformed workers' state", and supported it over some policies. It is committed to Trotskyist "permanent revolution", rejecting Mao's peasant guerilla warfare model. The group's publication is Workers Vanguard. Much of the group's activity has involved stopping Ku Klux Klan and Nazi rallies.[177]
Notable figures and current publications
People
- Bob Avakian – chairman of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA
- Bill Ayers – co-founder and co-leader of the Weather Underground
- John Bachtell – chairman of the Communist Party USA
- General Baker – leader of the League of Revolutionary Black Workers
- Roger Nash Baldwin – founding member of the ACLU
- Jack Barnes – Socialist Workers Party leader
- Harry Belafonte – singer, civil rights and social activist
- Edward Bellamy – utopian socialist author
- Victor L. Berger – Socialist Party of America congressman
- Grace Lee Boggs – Chinese-American Marxist
- James Boggs - African-American Marxist
- Murray Bookchin – anarchist and libertarian socialist theorist
- Earl Browder – Communist Party leader
- James P. Cannon – leader of the Socialist Workers Party
- Cesar Chavez – United Farm Workers leader
- Noam Chomsky – linguistics academic and anarchist activist
- Angela Davis – Communist Party leader
- Dorothy Day – founding member of the Catholic Worker Movement
- Daniel De Leon – Marxist theoretician and newspaper editor
- Eugene V. Debs – Socialist Party of America leader and presidential candidate
- David Dellinger – Socialist Party of America leader and pacifist
- Ron Dellums – Socialist congressman from California
- Farrell Dobbs – leader of the Socialist Workers Party
- Hal Draper – Young Peoples Socialist League leader and socialist intellectual
- W. E. B. Du Bois – civil rights activist
- Barbara Ehrenreich – co-chair of Democratic Socialists of America
- Albert Einstein – physicist
- Jane Fonda - New Left antiwar activist, actor, CED Founder, climate activist
- William Z. Foster – Communist Party leader
- Gil Green – Young Communist and Communist Party USA leader
- Emma Goldman – anarchist activist
- Laurence Gronlund – utopian socialist author
- Gus Hall – Communist Party leader and presidential candidate
- Dashiell Hammett – author
- Fred Hampton - Black Panther
- Michael Harrington – democratic socialist activist
- Tom Hayden – New Left activist and California assemblyman
- Bill Haywood – IWW labor activist
- Chris Hedges – dissident academic and Presbyterian Minister
- Alger Hiss – State Department official, accused Soviet spy
- Abbie Hoffman – Yippie activist
- Irving Howe – democratic socialist activist
- Mary Harris "Mother" Jones – IWW labor activist
- Tom Kahn – social democratic, civil rights and labor activist
- Helen Keller – author and activist
- Martin Luther King Jr. – civil rights activist
- Gloria La Riva – ten-time perennial presidential candidate for the Workers World Party and the Party for Socialism and Liberation
- Jack London – author
- Meyer London – Socialist Party of America congressman
- Vito Marcantonio – Socialist congressman from New York
- Sam Marcy – chairman of the Workers World Party
- A. J. Muste – pacifist, labor and civil rights activist
- Immanuel Ness – labor activist
- Huey P. Newton – leader of the Black Panther Party
- Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez – Representative for New York's 14th congressional district and democratic socialist
- Michael Parenti - academic
- A. Philip Randolph – civil rights and labor leader
- John Reed – journalist
- Paul Robeson – actor, civil rights and labor activist
- Jerry Rubin – Yippie activist
- Bayard Rustin – pacifist and civil rights activist
- C. E. Ruthenberg – Communist Party leader
- Bernie Sanders – Independent democratic socialist Senator and Democratic presidential candidate in the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections
- Margaret Sanger – reproductive rights and labor activist
- Kshama Sawant – Trotskyist activist and member of the Seattle City Council
- Max Shachtman – Marxist theorist and activist
- Irwin Silber – Marxist journalist
- Upton Sinclair – author and socialist politician
- Jill Stein – Green Party presidential candidate
- I. F. Stone – journalist
- Paul Sweezy – Marxist economist and journalist
- Norman Thomas – Socialist Party of America leader and presidential candidate
- Benjamin Tucker – anarchist and libertarian socialist thinker
- Mark Twain – author
- Henry A. Wallace – Former Vice President and presidential candidate of the Progressive Party in 1948.
- Cornel West – dissident academic
- Tim Wohlforth – Trotskyist leader
- Richard D. Wolff – academic
- Malcolm X – civil rights activist
- Howard Zinn – academic
Publications
- The New Hampshire Gazette, fortnightly, press run 5,500, founded 1756.[178]
- The Nation, weekly, established 1865. Circulation 190,000.[178]
- The Progressive, monthly, established 1909.[178]
- Monthly Review, monthly, established 1949. Circulation 7,000.[178]
- Dissent, quarterly, established 1954.[178]
- Texas Observer, established 1954.[178]
- Fifth Estate, quarterly, established 1965.[178]
- Review of Radical Political Economics, quarterly, established 1968.
- Dollars & Sense, bimonthly, established 1974.[178]
- Mother Jones, bimonthly, established 1974.[178]
- In These Times, monthly, established 1976. Circulation 17,000.[178]
- Z Magazine, monthly established 1977. Circulation 10,000 print and 6,000 online subscribers.[178]
- Labor Notes, monthly, established 1979.
- Utne Reader, bimonthly, established 1984. Circulation 150,000.[178]
- Left Business Observer, established 1986.
- The American Prospect, monthly, established 1990. Circulation 55,000.[178]* The Baffler, established 1988.[178]
- CounterPunch, semi-monthly, established 1994.
- CrimethInc., anarchist publishing collective established 1996.
- Working USA, quarterly, established 1997.[179]
- The Indypendent, published 17 times per year, established 2000.[178]
- Truthout, website, established 2001.
- Left Turn, website, established 2001.[178]
- Socialist Revolution[180] (formerly Socialist Appeal), established 2001.
- Black Commentator, web-only weekly, established 2002.[178]
- Jacobin, established 2010.
- It's Going Down, established 2016.
Public officeholders
Communist Party USA
Wisconsin
- Wahsayah Whitebird – Member of the Ashland, Wisconsin city-council.[181][182]
Green Party of the United States
There have been at least 65 officeholders for the Green Party of the United States.[183]
Arkansas
- Alvin Clay – Justice of the Peace Mississippi County, District 6 Elected: 2012
- Kade Holliday – County Clerk Craighead County, Arkansas Elected: 2012
- Roger Watkins – Constable Craighead County, District 5 Elected: 2012
California
- Dan Hamburg – Board of Supervisors, District 5, Mendocino County
- Bruce Delgado – Mayor, Marina (Monterey County)
- Larry Bragman – Town Council, Fairfax (Marin County)
- Renée Goddard – Town Council, Fairfax (Marin County)
- John Reed (politician)|John Reed – Town Council, Fairfax (Marin County)
- Gayle Mclaughlin – City Council, Richmond (Contra Costa)
- Deborah Heathersone – Town Council, Point Arena (Mendocino County)
- Paul Pitino – Town Council, Arcata (Humboldt County)
- John Keener (politician)|John Keener – City Council, Pacifica (San Mateo County)
- Vahe Peroomian – Board of Trustees, Glendale Community College District, Glendale (Los Angeles County)
- Amy Martenson – Board of Trustees, District 2, Napa Valley College, Napa (Napa County)
- April Clary – Board of Trustees, Student Representative, Napa Valley College, Napa (Napa County)
- Heather Bass – Board of Directors, Gilroy Unified School District, Gilroy, Santa Clara County
- Dave Clark – Board of Directors, Cardiff School District (San Diego County)
- Phyllis Greenleaf – Board of Trustees, Live Oak Elementary School District (Santa Cruz County)
- Adriana Griffin – Red Bluff Union School District, Red Bluff (Tehama County)
- Jim C. Keller – Board of Trustees, Bonny Doon Union Elementary School District, Santa Cruz County
- Brigitte Kubacki – Governing Boardmember, Green Point School, Blue Lake (Humboldt County)
- Jose Lara – Vice President and Governing Board Member, El Rancho Unified School District, Pico Rivera (Los Angeles)
- Kimberly Ann Peterson – Board of Trustees, Geyserville Unified School District (Sonoma County)
- Karen Pickett (politician)|Karen Pickett – Board Member, Canyon Canyon Elementary School District (Contra Costa County)
- Kathy Rallings – Board of Trustees, Carlsbad Unified School District, Carlsbad, San Diego County
- Sean Reagan – Governing Boardmember, Norwalk-La Mirada Unified School District, Norwalk (Los Angeles County)
- Curtis Robinson – Board of Trustees, Area 6, Marin County Board of Education (Marin County)
- Christopher Sabec (politician)|Christopher Sabec – Governing Boardmember, Lagunitas School District (Marin County)
- Katherine Salinas – Governing Boardmember, Arcata School District, Arcata (Humboldt County)
- Jeffrey Dean Schwartz – Governing Boardmember, Arcata School District, Arcata (Humboldt County)
- Alex Shantz – Board of Trustees, St. Helena Unified School District, Napa County
- Dana Silvernale – Governing Boardmember, North Humboldt Union High School (Humboldt County)
- Jim Smith (politician)|Jim Smith – President, Canyon School Board, Canyon Township (Contra Costa County)
- Logan Blair Smith – Little Shasta Elementary School District, Montague (Shasta County)
- Rama Zarcufsky – Governing Boardmember, Maple Creek School District (Humboldt County)
- John Selawsky – Rent Stabilization Board, Berkeley (Alameda County)
- Jesse Townley – Rent Stabilization Board, Berkeley (Alameda County)
- Jeff Davis (politician)|Jeff Davis – Board of Directors, Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (Alameda and Contra Costa Counties)
- Karen Anderson (politician)|Karen Anderson – Board of Directors, Coastside Fire Protection District (San Mateo County)
- Robert L. Campbell – Scotts Valley Fire District (Santa Cruz County)
- William Lemos – Fire Protection District, Mendocino (Mendocino County)
- Russell Pace – Board of Directors, Willow Creek Fire District (Humboldt County)
- John Abraham Powell – Board of Directors, Montecito Fire District, Montecito (Santa Barbara County)
- Larry Bragman – Board of Directors, Division 3, Marin Municipal Water District Board (Marin County)
- James Harvey (politician)|James Harvey – Board of Directors, Montara Water and Sanitary District (San Mateo County)
- Randy Marx – Board of Directors, Fair Oaks Water District, Division 4 (Sacramento County)
- Jan Shriner – Board of Directors, Marina Coast Water District (Monterey County)
- Kaitlin Sopoci-Belknap – Board of Directors, Humboldt Bay Municipal Water District, Division 1 (Humboldt County)
- James Barone – Boardmember, Rollingwood-Wilart Recreation and Parks District (Contra Costa County)
- William Hayes (California politician)|William Hayes – Board of Directors, Mendocino Coast Park and Recreation District (Mendocino County)
- Illijana Asara – Board of Directors, Community Service District, Big Lagoon (Humboldt County)
- Gerald Epperson – Board of Directors, Crocket Community Services District, Contra Costa County
- Joseph Gauder – Boardmember, Covelo Community Services District, Covelo (Mendocino County)
- Crispin Littlehales – Boardmember, Covelo Community Services District, Covelo (Mendocino County)
- George A. Wheeler – Board of Directors, Community Service District, McKinleyville (Humboldt County)
- Mathew Clark – Board of Directors, Granada Sanitary District (San Mateo County)
- Nanette Corley – Director, Resort Improvement District, Whitehorn (Humboldt County)
- Sylvia Aroth – Outreach Officer, Venice Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
- Robin Doyno – At-Large Community Officer, Mar Vista Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
- Janine Jordan – District 4 Business Representative, Mid-Town North Hollywood Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
- Jack Lindblad – At Large Community Stakeholder, North Hollywood Northeast Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
- Johanna A. Sanchez – Secretary, Historic Highland Park Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
- Johanna A. Sanchez – At-Large Director, Historic Highland Park Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
- Marisol Sanchez (politician)|Marisol Sanchez – Area 1 Seat, Boyle Heights Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
- William Bretz – Crest/Dehesa/Harrison Canyon/Granite Hill Planning Group (San Diego County)
- Claudia White – Member, Descanso Community Planning Group (San Diego County)
- Annette Keenberg – Town Council, Lake Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
- Rama Zarcufsky – Governing Boardmember, Maple Creek School District (Humboldt County)
Socialist Alternative
Washington
| Election year | No. of Seattle City Council members | % of Seattle City Council members | +/- |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | 0 / 9 | 0 | |
| 2015 | 1 / 9 | 11.11 | |
| 2019 | 1 / 9 | 11.11 |
- Kshama Sawant – Seattle City Council, Position 2
Socialist Party USA
New Jersey
| Election year | No. of Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education members | % of Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education members | +/- |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 0 / 9 | 0 | |
| 2015 | 1 / 9 | 11.11 |
- Pat Noble – Member of the Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education for Red Bank
Vermont Progressive Party
- David Zuckerman – Lieutenant Governor
- Doug Hoffer – State Auditor
- Tim Ashe – Pro Tem of the Vermont Senate
- Chris Pearson – Member of the Vermont Senate
- Anthony Pollina – Member of the Vermont Senate
- Mollie S. Burke – Member of the Vermont House of Representatives
- Robin Chesnut-Tangerman – Member of the Vermont House of Representatives
- Diana Gonzalez – Member of the Vermont House of Representatives
- Sandy Haas – Member of the Vermont House of Representatives
- Selene Colburn – Member of the Vermont House of Representatives
- Brian Cina – Member of the Vermont House of Representatives
- Jane Knodell – Burlington City Council President (Central District)
- Max Tracy – Burlington City Council (Ward 2)
- Sara Giannoni – Burlington City Council (Ward 3)
- Wendy Coe – Ward Clerk (Ward 2)
- Carmen Solari – Inspector of Elections (Ward 2)
- Kit Andrews – Inspector of Elections (Ward 3)
- Jeremy Hansen – Berlin Select Board
- Steve May Richmond Select Board
- Susan Hatch Davis – Former Member of the Vermont House of Representatives
- Dexter Randel Former Member of the Vermont House of Representatives & Former Troy Select Board
- Bob Kiss – Former Mayor of Burlington
- Peter Clevelle – Former Mayor of Burlington
- David Van Deusen – Former Moretown Select Board & Former First Constable
Working Families Party
Connecticut
- Edwin Gomes – Member of the Connecticut Senate from the 23rd district
New York
- Diana Richardson – Member of the New York State Assembly from the 43rd district
See also
- African-American leftism
- Espionage Act of 1917
- Handschu agreement
- History of the socialist movement in the United States
- House Un-American Activities Committee
- Liberalism in the United States
- Millennial socialism
- Modern liberalism in the United States
- Progressivism in the United States
- Red Scare
References
- ^ Buhle, Buhle and Georgakas, p. ix.
- ^ Buhle, Buhle and Georgakas, p. vii
- ^ Iaácov Oved (1987). Two Hundred Years of American Communes. Transaction Publishers. pp. 9–15. ISBN 9781412840552.
- ^ Hushaw, C. William (1964). Liberalism Vs. Conservatism; Liberty Vs. Authority. Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown Book Company. p. 32.
- ^ Ornstein, Allan (March 9, 2007). Class Counts: Education, Inequality, and the Shrinking Middle Class. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 56–58. ISBN 9780742573727.
- ^ Larson, Edward J. (2007). A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign. p. 21. ISBN 9780743293174.
The divisions between Adams and Jefferson were exasperated by the more extreme views expressed by some of their partisans, particularly the High Federalists led by Hamilton on what was becoming known as the political right, and the democratic wing of the Republican Party on the left, associated with New York Governor George Clinton and Pennsylvania legislator Albert Gallatin, among others.
- ^ Archer 2007.
- ^ Lipset & Marks, p. 9
- ^ Lipset & Marks, p. 11
- ^ Lipset & Marks, p. 16
- ^ Lipset & Marks, pp. 19–23
- ^ Draper, pp. 36–37
- ^ Draper, p. 41
- ^ Lipset & Marks, p. 23
- ^ Lipset & Marks, pp. 21–22
- ^ Lipset & Marks, p. 83
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- ^ a b Draper, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Coleman, pp. 15–16
- ^ Coleman, pp. 15–17
- ^ Draper, p. 13.
- ^ Woodcock, p. 395
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- ^ Woodcock, p. 399-400
- ^ Draper, pp. 14–16.
- ^ Draper, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Draper, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Draper, pp. 22–24.
- ^ Draper, pp. 41–42.
- ^ Ryan, p. 13.
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- ^ Ryan, p. 35.
- ^ Ryan, p. 36.
- ^ Alexander, pp. 765–767.
- ^ Alexander, p. 777.
- ^ Alexander, p. 784.
- ^ Alexander, p. 786.
- ^ Alexander, p. 787.
- ^ Alexander, p. 792-793.
- ^ Alexander, pp. 803–805.
- ^ Alexander, p. 810.
- ^ Stedman and Stedman, p. 9
- ^ Stedman and Stedman, p. 33
- ^ Page 6: Chenoweth, Eric (Summer 1992). "The gallant warrior: In memoriam Tom Kahn" (PDF). Uncaptive Minds: A Journal of Information and Opinion on Eastern Europe. 1718 M Street, NW, No. 147, Washington DC 20036, USA: Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe (IDEE). 5 (20): 5–16. ISSN 0897-9669. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2015.CS1 maint: location (link)
- ^ Isserman, The other American, p. 116.
- ^ Drucker (1994, p. 269)
- ^ Horowitz (2007, p. 210)
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- ^ Alexander, p. 812-813.
- ^ Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait (1973; University of California Press, 1986). ISBN 978-0-520-05505-6
- ^
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- ^ Horowitz (2007, pp. 220–222)
- ^ a b Saxon, Wolfgang (April 1, 1992). "Tom Kahn, leader in labor and rights movements, was 53". The New York Times.
- ^
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- Reprinted in collection: Macdonald, Dwight (1985) [1974]. "Our invisible poor". Discriminations: Essays and afterthoughts 1938–1974 (reprint ed.). Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80252-2.
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- ^ Isserman, Maurice (June 19, 2009). "Michael Harrington: Warrior on poverty". The New York Times.
- ^ Isserman, The other American, pp. 169–336.
- ^ Drucker (1994, pp. 187–308)
- ^ Miller, pp. 24–25, 37, 74–75: c.f., pp. 55, 66–70 : Miller, James. Democracy is in the Streets: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994 ISBN 978-0-674-19725-1.
- ^ Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS, pp. 22–25.
- ^ Miller, pp. 75–76, 112–116, 127–132; c.f. p. 107.
- ^ Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS, p. 105.
- ^ Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS, pp. 25–26
- ^ Gitlin, p. 191.
Todd Gitlin. The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (1987) ISBN 0-553-37212-2. - ^ Sale, p. 287.
Sale described an "all‑out invasion of SDS by the Progressive Labor Party. PLers—concentrated chiefly in Boston, New York, and California, with some strength in Chicago and Michigan—were positively cyclotronic in their ability to split and splinter chapter organizations: if it wasn't their self‑righteous positiveness it was their caucus‑controlled rigidity, if not their deliberate disruptiveness it was their overt bids for control, if not their repetitious appeals for base‑building it was their unrelenting Marxism". Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS, pp. 253. - ^ "The student radicals had gamely resisted the resurrected Marxist–Leninist sects ..." (p. 258); "for more than a year, SDS had been the target of a takeover attempt by the Progressive Labor Party, a Marxist–Leninist cadre of Maoists", Miller, p. 284. Miller describes Marxist Leninists also on pages 228, 231, 240, and 254: c.f., p. 268.
- ^ Gitlin, p. 191.
Todd Gitlin. The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (1987) p. 387 ISBN 0-553-37212-2. - ^ Sale wrote, "SDS papers and pamphlets talked of 'armed struggle,' 'disciplined cadre,' 'white fighting force,' and the need for "a communist party that can guide this movement to victory"; SDS leaders and publications quoted Mao and Lenin and Ho Chi Minh more regularly than Jenminh Jih Pao. and a few of them even sought to say a few good words for Stalin". p. 269.
- ^ a b c d Anonymous (December 31, 1972). "Socialist Party now the Social Democrats, U.S.A." New York Times. p. 36. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
- ^ Isserman, p. 311.
- ^ Isserman, p. 422.
- ^ a b Anonymous (January 1, 1973). "'Firmness' urged on Communists: Social Democrats reach end of U.S. Convention here". New York Times. p. 11.
- ^ Horowitz (2007, pp. 204–251)
- ^ Shevis (1981, p. 31):
Shevis, James M. (1981). "The AFL-CIO and Poland's Solidarity". World Affairs. World Affairs Institute. 144 (Summer): 31–35. JSTOR 20671880. - ^ Opening statement by Tom Kahn in Kahn & Podhoretz (2008, p. 235):
Kahn, Tom; Podhoretz, Norman (2008). Sponsored by the Committee for the Free World and the League for Industrial Democracy, with introduction by Midge Decter and moderation by Carl Gershman, and held at the Polish Institute for Arts and Sciences, New York City in March 1981. "How to support Solidarnosc: A debate" (PDF). Democratiya (Merged with Dissent in 2009). 13 (Summer): 230–261. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 17, 2011. - ^ "The AFL–CIO had channeled more than $4 million to it, including computers, printing presses, and supplies" according to Horowitz (2009, p. 237).
- ^ Puddington (2005):
Puddington, Arch (2005). "Surviving the underground: How American unions helped solidarity win". American Educator. American Federation of Teachers (Summer). Retrieved June 4, 2011. - ^ Graeber
- ^ "2000 Presidential Popular Vote Summary for all Candidates Listed on at Least One State Ballot". Federal Elections Commission. December 2001.
- ^ "The Nader Campaign and the Future of U.S. Left Electoral Politics". Monthly Review. February 2001.
- ^ "Documentary". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
- ^ Joanna Walters (October 8, 2011). "Occupy America: protests against Wall Street and inequality hit 70 cities". The Guardian.
- ^ a b Kevin Roose (May 26, 2014). "Meet the Seattle Socialist Leading the Fight for a $15 Minimum Wage". nymag.com.
- ^ a b Joseph Kishore (November 20, 2013). "Socialist Alternative candidate wins in Seattle City Council election". World Socialist Web Site.
- ^ a b Kirk Johnson (December 28, 2013). "A Rare Elected Voice for Socialism Pledges to Be Heard in Seattle". The New York Times.
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- ^ Nate Silver (July 27, 2016). "Was The Democratic Primary A Close Call Or A Landslide?". FiveThirtyEight.
- ^ Kenyon Zimmer (2010). ""The Whole World is Our Country": Immigration and Anarchism in the United States, 1885–1940". University of Pittsburgh.
- ^ a b c d Amster, p. xii
- ^ Amster, p. 3
- ^ ALB
- ^ Alexander, p. 932
- ^ Hamby (2003, p. 25, footnote 5):Hamby, Alonzo L. (2003). "Is there no democratic left in America? Reflections on the transformation of an ideology". Journal of Policy History. 15 (The future of the democratic left in industrial democracies): 3–25. doi:10.1353/jph.2003.0003. S2CID 144126978.
- ^ Aldon Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change (New York: The Free Press, 1994)
- ^ Maurice Isserman. If I Had a Hammer...The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left (Basic Books, 1987). ISBN 0-465-03197-8.
- ^ Drucker (1994, pp. 303–307)
- ^ O'Rourke (1993, pp. 195–196):
O'Rourke, William (1993). "L: Michael Harrington". Signs of the literary times: Essays, reviews, profiles, 1970–1992'. The Margins of Literature (SUNY Series). SUNY Press. pp. 192–196. ISBN 978-0-7914-1681-5.Originally: O'Rourke, William (November 13, 1973). "Michael Harrington: Beyond Watergate, Sixties, and reform". SoHo Weekly News. 3 (2): 6–7. ISBN 9780791416815. - ^ Isserman, pp. 312–331: Isserman, Maurice (2001) The Other American: The Life of Michael Harrington. New York: Perseus Books.
- ^ Isserman, p. 349: Isserman, Maurice (2001) The Other American: The Life of Michael Harrington. New York: Perseus Books.
- ^ List of Democratic Socialists of America members who have held office in the United States
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- ^ "DSA Votes for BDS, Reparations, and Out of the Socialist International".
- ^ Fraser, C. Gerald (September 7, 1974). "Socialists seek to transform the Democratic Party" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 11.
- ^ Meyerson, Harold (Fall 2002). "Solidarity, Whatever". Dissent. 49 (4): 16. Archived from the original on June 20, 2010.[clarification needed]
- ^ See
- Anderson, Jervis (1997). Bayard Rustin: Troubles I've seen. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 9780060167028.*D'Emilio, John (2003). Lost prophet: Bayard Rustin and the quest for peace and justice in America. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-82780-3.
- Republished as Lost prophet: The life and times of Bayard Rustin. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 2004. ISBN 0-226-14269-8.
- ^ Berger, Joseph (September 20, 2005). "Sandra Feldman, scrappy and outspoken labor leader for teachers, dies at 65". The New York Times.
- ^ Holley, Joe (October 19, 2005). "Political activist Penn Kemble dies at 64". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Penn Kemble: Dapper Democratic Party activist whose influence extended across the spectrum of US politics (21 January 1941 –15 October 2005)". The Times. London. October 31, 2005.
- ^ Nossiter, Bernard D. (March 3, 1981). "New team at U.N.: Common roots and philosophies". The New York Times (Late City final ed.). section A, p. 2, col. 3.
- ^ "Meet Our President". National Endowment for Democracy. Archived from the original on April 26, 2008. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
- ^ Liberation Caucus of ASP 🧡, & (Liberation Caucus of the American Solidarity Party). (2021, October 28). Thread: What is the Liberation Caucus? We are a voting bloc caucus of @AmSolidarity, with members of varying backgrounds, unified by common principles. We seek to dismantle capitalism, racism and misogyny, and promote an ownership society through deliberative democracy. [Tweet]. @LiberationASP. https://twitter.com/LiberationASP/status/1453750965803393026
- ^ Black, Susannah (August 15, 2016). "Mr. Maturen Goes to Washington". Front Porch Republic. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
What’s next may be hinted at by a 51 year old devout Catholic, businessman, and semi-professional magician named Mike Maturen, who recently accepted the presidential nomination of the American Solidarity Party, the only active Christian Democratic party in the nation.
- ^ "Christian Democracy". American Solidarity Party. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
- ^ "Christian Democracy". American Solidarity Party. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
- ^ a b "Did you know there's a third party based on Catholic teaching?". Catholic News Agency. October 12, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
We believe in the economic concept of distributism as taught by GK Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc.
- ^ Liberation Caucus of ASP 🧡, & (Liberation Caucus of the American Solidarity Party). (2021, October 28). Thread: What is the Liberation Caucus? We are a voting bloc caucus of @AmSolidarity, with members of varying backgrounds, unified by common principles. We seek to dismantle capitalism, racism and misogyny, and promote an ownership society through deliberative democracy. [Tweet]. @LiberationASP. https://twitter.com/LiberationASP/status/1453750965803393026
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- ^ George & Wilcox, p. 95
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- ^ George & Wilcox, pp. 97–98
- ^ George & Wilcox, p. 103
- ^ George & Wilcox, p. 98
- ^ George & Wilcox, p. 99
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External links
- "The Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance versus the 'pure and simple trade union'", 1900 debate, Daniel De Leon and Job Harriman
- "Is Russia a socialist Community?", 1950 debate, Earl Browder, C. Wright Mills and Max Shachtman
- "Why No Revolution? A Short History of American Left Movements", Part 1: early 1800s to 1945, Part 2: 1945–2012, 2012, featuring Joe Uris
- "Second Thought" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJm2TgUqtK1_NLBrjNQ1P-w
- Left-wing politics in the United States
- Political movements in the United States
- Progressivism in the United States
- Reform movements
